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Caucasian Review of International Affairs (CRIA) Is a Quarterly Peer-Reviewed, Non- Profit and Only-Online Academic Journal Based in Germany CCCAUCASIAN REVIEW OF IIINTERNATIONAL AAAFFAIRS Vol. 4 (((3(333)))) sssummersummer 2020201020 101010 EU DEMOCRACY PROMOTION THROUGH CONDITIONALITY IN ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD JANINE REINHARD EU ENGAGEMENT IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN GEORGIA : TOWARDS A MORE PROACTIVE ROLE MEHMET BARDAKÇI RELIGION AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS : A CASE STUDY OF 2008 RUSSIAN -GEORGIAN WAR INES -JACQUELINE WERKNER FROM RACKETEER TO EMIR : A POLITICAL PORTRAIT OF DOKU UMAROV , RUSSIA ’S MOST WANTED MAN KEVIN DANIEL LEAHY THE CRISIS OF GAZPROM AS THE CRISIS OF RUSSIA ’S “E NERGY SUPER -STATE ” POLICY TOWARDS EUROPE AND THE FORMER SOVIET UNION ANDREY KAZANTSEV EURASIAN BARGAINING , AGRICULTURE , AND THE DOHA ROUND SARITA D. JACKSON WAS KOSOVO ’S SPLIT -OFF LEGITIMATE ? BACKGROUND , MEANING AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE ICJ’ S ADVISORY OPINION HEIKO KRUEGER UKRAINE : A CHALLENGE FOR U.S., EU & NATO REGIONAL POLICY TAMERLAN VAHABOV ISSN: 1865-6773 www.cria -online.org EDITORIAL BOARD: Dr. Tracey German (King’s College Dr. Robin van der Hout (Europa-Institute, London, United Kingdom) University of Saarland, Germany) Dr. Andrew Liaropoulos (Institute for Dr. Jason Strakes (Analyst, Research European and American Studies, Greece) Reachback Center East, U.S.) Dr. Martin Malek (National Defence Dr. Cory Welt (George Washington Academy, Austria) University, U.S.) INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD: Prof. Hüseyin Bagci , Middle East Prof. Werner Münch , former Prime Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Minister of Saxony-Anhalt, former Member of the European Parliament, Germany Prof. Hans-Georg Heinrich, University of Vienna, Austria Prof. Elkhan Nuriyev , Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies under the Prof. Edmund Herzig , Oxford University, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan UK Dr. Roy Allison, London School of Prof. Rüdiger Kipke , University of Siegen, Economics and Political Science, London, Germany UK Prof. Robert Legvold , Columbia Dr. Michael Emerson , Centre for University, U.S. European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium Prof. Neil MacFarlane , Oxford University, UK Dr. Vladimer Papava , Former Minister of Economy of Georgia SENIOR EDITOR: Alexander Jackson ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Jesse Tatum MANAGING DIRECTOR: Farhad K. Rustamov The Caucasian Review of International Affairs (CRIA) is a quarterly peer-reviewed, non- profit and only-online academic journal based in Germany. The Review is an emerging research and analytical platform dedicated to a better understanding of the politics, security, and economics of the Caucasus and the wider Caspian region. CRIA’s primary goal is to produce an efficient dialogue and exchange of ideas on the Caucasus and beyond among practitioners, researchers and theorists from the region itself and abroad. All manuscripts, general correspondence and matters concerning the functioning of CRIA should be addressed to: [email protected] CRIA is indexed in the following research databases/citation indexes: Columbia International Affairs Online, Index Islamicus, ProQuest Research Library, EBSCOhost Political Science Complete, GALE, Directory of Open Access Journals, World Affairs Online, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Virtuelle Fachbibliothek Osteuropa, Global Development Network, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek, International Relations and Security Network, Social Sciences Eastern Europe, etc. External Reviewers for this Issue : Dr. Michael Barry, Dr. Robia Charles, Matthew Derrick. Editorial Assistants: Bahar Baser, Jan Künzl, Elchin Mammadov, Dumitru Minzarari Contacts: Eppsteiner Str. 2, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Tel: +49 69 138 76 684 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.cria-online.org ISSN: 1865–6773 © CRIA – All rights reserved. Copyright belongs to the CRIA, and written permission to reprint or republish in any form must be sought from the Editor-in-Chief. Articles published in CRIA do not necessarily represent the views of the Editors. VOL. 4 (3) – SUMMER 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS RESEARCH PAPERS EU Democracy Promotion through Conditionality in its Neighbourhood: The Temptation of Membership Perspective or Flexible Integration? (pp. 196-213) Janine Reinhard EU Engagement in Conflict Resolution in Georgia: Towards a More Proactive Role (pp. 214-236) Mehmet Bardakçı Religion and its Importance in International Politics: A Case Study of 2008 Russian-Georgian War (pp. 237-247) Ines-Jacqueline Werkner From Racketeer to Emir: A Political Portrait of Doku Umarov, Russia’s Most Wanted Man (pp. 248-270) Kevin Daniel Leahy The Crisis of Gazprom as the Crisis of Russia’s “Energy Super-State” Policy towards Europe and the Former Soviet Union (pp. 271-284) Andrey Kazantsev Eurasian Bargaining, Agriculture, and the Doha Round (pp. 285-292) Sarita D. Jackson COMMENTARIES Was Kosovo’s Split-off Legitimate? Background, Meaning and Implications of the ICJ’s Advisory Opinion (pp. 293-296) Heiko Krueger Ukraine: A Challenge for U.S., EU & NATO Regional Policy (pp. 297-305) Tamerlan Vahabov INTERVIEWS “It’s in Georgia’s interest to be friendly with Russia”, Interview with Dr. Alexander Rondeli, President of the Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies (pp. 306-308) “Russia Puts Comparatively Little Effort into Using Soft Power in the South Caucasus”, Interview with Dr. Timothy Blauvelt, Country Director in Georgia for American Councils for International Education (pp. 309-312) CAUCASIAN REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS VOL . 4 (3) – SUMMER 2010 © CRIA 2010 EU DEMOCRACY PROMOTION THROUGH CONDITIONALITY IN ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD : THE TEMPTATION OF MEMBERSHIP PERSPECTIVE OR FLEXIBLE INTEGRATION ? Janine Reinhard ∗∗∗ Abstract This paper examines the EU’s usage of conditionality for democracy promotion within the European Neighbourhood Policy and its conditions, possibilities and limitations. In doing so, I will first develop a theoretical framework for analysing mechanisms of democracy promotion in general and conditionality as a state-centred, rational-choice mechanism in particular. I will show that, apart from the attractiveness of the incentives, there are other variables crucial for a successful use of conditionality. Furthermore, conditionality might be used as a promising strategy for the formal implementation of democratic institutions. However, in completing the consolidation of democracy, conditionality is highly limited. The empirical part of the paper will focus on EU democracy promotion in Ukraine and the incentives the EU offers to Ukraine instead of a membership perspective. With the help of this case study it will be discussed whether these elements of flexible integration are suitable for promoting democracy. Examples of such incentives are a visa-free regime, a new enhanced agreement, or a free trade area. Keywords: Democracy promotion; democratization; EU External Action; Ukraine; European Neighbourhood Policy Introduction The prospect of European Union (EU) membership is often considered the most successful instrument for the promotion of democracy in post-communist countries. We can observe that all post-communist members of the EU are now more or less consolidated democracies, whilst all post- communist countries outside the EU are still on a path between open authoritarianism and hybrid regimes. As the democratisation of non-Member States is both a normative and strategic aim of the EU, democracy promotion is a main element of its foreign policy. It is reflected in its relations with third countries in general,1 particularly through the European Neighbourhood Policy.2 The ∗ Janine Reinhard is a Research Fellow and PhD-Candidate at the Department for Politics and Management at Konstanz University, Germany. She graduated from Hamburg University, Germany, with a degree in Political Sciences, Eastern European Studies and Public Law. During her research activities she spent time as a Visiting Fellow at Charles University Prague, Czech Republic; International Centre for Policy Studies in Kyiv, Ukraine; and the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine. 1 European Commission, Communication from the Commission: The European Union’s Role in Promoting Human Rights and Democratisation in Third Countries, COM(2001) 252 final (8 May 2001), available at http://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2001:0252:FIN:EN:PDF (accessed 10 April 2010). EU DEMOCRACY PROMOTION THROUGH CONDITIONALITY IN ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD 196 CAUCASIAN REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS VOL . 4 (3) – SUMMER 2010 © CRIA 2010 European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was designed in 2003 to “prevent the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours and to offer them the chance to participate in various EU activities, through greater political, security, economic and cultural co- operation.”3 At the same time, the prospect of membership for countries is restricted by the EU’s limited capacity for further enlargement due to its fear of internal efficiency problems in an enlarged Union. Thus, policymakers have to think about alternative integration models, keeping in mind the normative and strategic aim of the EU to promote democracy and ensure stability, peace and prosperity in third countries, especially as countries like Ukraine, Georgia or Moldova demand a membership perspective and have, according to Art. 49 TEU, a formal right to apply for membership. Conditionality serves in this context both as a promising tool of the EU to promote democracy and a theoretical framework to explain causalities between the prospect of EU membership and a successful
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