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A publication of the American Philological Association Vol. 7 • Issue 1 • Spring 2008

From Sicily with Love: Book Review: Breaking The Myth of Galatea and Polyphemos in Ground. Pioneering Ian Fleming’s MOONRAKER Women Archaeologists by Ingrid Edlund-Berry by Patrick Callahan

“After all you must have had some Breaking Ground. Pioneering Women education?” Archaeologists. Getzel M. Cohen and Bond laughed. “Mostly in Latin and Martha Sharp Joukowsky, Editors. The Uni- Greek. All about Caesar and Balbus and versity of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor so on.”-You Only Live Twice, 86. 2004. Pp. 582; 24 pp. of b&w photo- ith the release of the film graphs; 9 pp. of maps. Clothbound WCasino Royale in November of $80.00. ISBN 0-472-11372-0. 2006 and the upcoming release of Quantum of Solace in Novem- Fig. 1. Statue group from the Museum at ntecedent, adventuress, or archaeolo - ber of 2008 revitalizing the Bond film Sperlonga. © Marco Prins and Jona Lender- A gist? These were the labels used to industry, there has been an enthusiastic ing. From Livius.org with permission. characterize some of the pioneering return to Ian Fleming’s 007 novels and women in anthropology and archaeology short stories. As old readers return and education, his Greek is a bit rusty when young readers begin to discover the fun in On Her Majesty’s Secret Service (1963) in an exhibit at the library of the University in reading these works, they will find the Corsican Mafioso and Bond’s future of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology with unanticipated pleasure a depth of father-in-law, Marc-Ange, must explain and Anthropology in 2000. In Breaking thought and subtlety in the 007 literary to Bond what he meant by keeping Ground we find twelve biographies of ερκος` works which are often lost in their film secret information within his ’ women who mostly fit in the third category, versions. This literary sophistication is οδοντων’ ` (“the hedge of the teeth,” 37), ranging in time from the mid 1800s to the of particular interest to those familiar a play upon a common Homeric phrase with the Greeks and Romans, since the to describe the mouth (e.g., Iliad 4.350: late 1900s. In her introduction to this col- novels are replete with the classical allu- “Son of Atreus, what word has escaped lection Margaret Cool Root highlights the sions and themes with which Fleming’s the hedge of your teeth?”). Large por- framework of society in which these Eton schooling – the British secondary tions of plot are remodeled on classical women were educated and how the limita- education emphasizing the classics – myth as well. For example, in Dr. No tions imposed on them by their own fami- made him familiar. (1958) the final sequence where the lies and the field of archaeology, just Often these classical allusions are heroine is tied up on the rocks of the quite explicit in the text. For example, island and Bond must fight off a giant beginning to emerge at this time as an aca- though we find out in You Only Live squid – which Fleming calls “the demic discipline, affected them individually Twice (1964) that Bond had a classical continued on page 2 and personally. Yet each of them made important contributions to the areas they studied, and their lives provide an insight Book Review: “atticus of rome”. . . . . 3 IMPERIUM KONFLIKT MYTHOS: into how they achieved what they did in THE BIMILLENARY OF THE BATTLE A TALE OF TWO BROTHERS: IN THE TEUTOBURG FOREST ...... 12 spite of outside obstacles. CARACALLA AND GETA ...... 4 The biographies of these pioneering Ask A Classicist...... 14 CLASSICA JAPONICA: GREECE AND women are written by their colleagues, ROME IN THE JAPANESE ACADEMIA A Cornucopia of Artists: The APA AND POPULAR LITERATURE...... 6 Comics Contest 2008 Debuts in their students, friends, and family members. Chicago ...... 14 The following list, a sort of table of contents, Book Review: “The Labors of Aeneas: What a Pain It Was to Found the Book Review: “The Unknown provides the best glimpse of the history and Roman Race” ...... 7 Socrates” ...... 18 influence of these women: ANCIENT OUTREACH: HONEYCOMBS, Book Review: “Roman Women”...... 22 continued on page 5

Inside BANQUETS, AND FLOWERY FIELDS OF KNOWLEDGE...... 8 Poetry Inspired By the Past...... 23 “Common is the word ‘friend’; Did You Know...... 10 GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS ...... 24 rare is true friendship.” Capital Campaign News ...... 11 – Phaedrus, Libellus 3.9.1. From Sicily akin to that of Polyphemos as portrayed in the Odyssey. He is, as Bond describes Fig. 2. "Cover," With Love to M (the head of MI6), something of a copyright © 2002 continued from page 1 loner (17), much like Polyphemos by Penguin Group (Odyssey 9.188-9). Like the Cyclops (USA) Inc., from mythical kraken” (201) – is reminiscent described by Homer (Odyssey 9.189, 215), MOONRAKER by of the myth of Andromeda, who is res- he thinks that he is “a law unto himself” Ian Fleming. Used cued by Perseus from a sea monster (79). And as if Fleming were winking by permission of (Ovid’s Metamorphoses 4.663-739). perpetually at Homer, he speaks again Penguin, a divi- Yet the most sustained and prevalent and again of Drax’s “deplorable man- sion of Penguin classical myth in a Bond novel appears in ners” (86, 96, 148) and presents us with Group (USA) Inc. Moonraker (1955). Here the villain’s name, the contradiction of a host (103) who is Sir Hugo Drax, is a bit deceptive about his trying to kill his guest. Even after Drax This is only a temporary victory for mythological antecedent. His actual name has shown his hand and has Bond and Fleming’s Odysseus. Soon he finds him- of Graf Hugo von der Drache might sug- Galatea Brand – a Scotland Yard agent self drawn to Drax’s complex on the cliffs gest that he is some sort of dragon, since posing as Drax’s assistant – tied up in his of Dover. This seaside lair of Drax bears Drache is German for dragon. However office, Drax still refers to them as his an uncanny resemblance to the seaside his physical descriptions paint a different “guests” in that manner that now has cave of Polyphemos. The Moonraker – monster at work in Fleming’s novel. For, become the cliché of cartoon villains an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile as becomes clear both in Drax’s character (203). This same theme of the relation- equipped with a nuclear warhead (see and his place within the plot, Drax is actu- ship between guest and host is equally Fig. 2) – itself is housed in a cave cut ally another Polyphemos, the Cyclops of prominent in the Odyssey, most especially forty feet into the white cliffs, while the Odyssey (Book 9) and later Greek and in 9.266-71, where Odysseus begs Drax’s house is described as being sur- Latin authors such as Euripides, Theocri- Polyphemos to treat him and his crew rounded by a remarkably high and thick tus, and Ovid. well and to beware the wrath of Zeus courtyard wall (100-1), matching the During 007’s previous adventure in who is guardian of hospitality. monstrous stone courtyard Homer Live and Let Die (1954), Bond had Fleming first placed Bond in this role describes as surrounding Polyphemos’ expressed the wish to find in his adversary as guest at the beginning of the novel in cave (Odyssey 9.184-6). Moreover, the cave “a giant, a Homeric slaying” (21) and that a game of bridge, where by a drunken serves the same sort of purpose for Bond is certainly what he now gets in Drax. deception he beats Drax at his own game as for Odysseus. Bond must hide as Drax The remarkable characteristic, indeed the of cheating. Even the element of mistak- blasts each ventilation shaft with steam in first Bond notes upon seeing him, is his en identity is present in this representa- a vain attempt to flush him out (224-6). huge and ogre-like physique (101, 103), tion of Book 9 of the Odyssey. To Drax Thinking that this has put an end to 007, exaggerated by his overly broad shoulders and the rest of the members of Blades Drax leaves to attend to the launch of the (38). Every part of the man is monstrously (M’s club), M and Bond pose as just an Moonraker. But sure enough, Bond has proportioned so that Fleming speaks of ordinary Admiral and Commander who survived, though in such bad shape that his hands as big (37, 39), his face as great had once seen action but now have some they must carry him out of Drax’s cave on and hairy (120, 133), and his nose as large vague job at the Ministry of Defense (33- a stretcher (239). This exit strategy, (66). Fleming even goes so far as to say 34). Drax, unaware of the danger posed, though somewhat askew, has its parallel that Drax has “ogre’s teeth” (206, 213). dismissively calls Bond “Commander in Odysseus’ own method of escape on Drax’s exposure to a bomb at the end Thingummy” (40) – an English~ equiva- the underside of a ram (Odyssey 9.444-5). of the Second World War made his face lent to that famous joke of Ουτις’ Thus far, the parallels have been in even more monstrous than his huge, ogre- (“Nobody,” Odyssey 9.366). But it is the plot and character, but Fleming makes like figure would have first suggested. moment of victory for Bond that finds the allusion explicit when he refers to This same blast left Drax’s right eye “a Drax most like Polyphemos (70): Drax’s Moonraker rocket as “a new toy surgical failure” (38). Because of an error for Cyclops” (201). Indeed, it is the new in the skin graft on his eyelids, Drax’s Drax’s first reaction was to lurch weapon of the Cyclops as it turns out: right eye is so large that Bond supposes forwards and tear Meyer’s cards out when it plunges into the sea and that he must put a patch on it when he of his hand. He faced them on the explodes causing a tidal wave that cap- sleeps (38). The likeness to the Cyclops’ table, scrabbling feverishly among sizes several distant observation boats them for a possible winner. eye is strengthened by Fleming’s prefer- Then he flung them back across the (236), there is a parallel to the moun- ence of speaking about Drax’s eyes sepa- baize. taintop that Polyphemos threw at rately depending on the context. When His face was dead white, but his eyes Odysseus’ ship (Odyssey 9.481-6). Drax is cold and calculating, Fleming blazed redly at Bond. Polyphemos and the Odysseus of refers to the unharmed left eye (70). Book 9 of the Odyssey contribute a good When Drax rages, Fleming describes his Here, Drax, like Polyphemos blindly deal to the character and relationship of monstrous right eye (60). More than this, feeling the rams as they exit the cave Drax and Bond. The introduction of almost all the descriptions of Drax’s right (Odyssey 9.440-2), is found madly feeling Galatea “Gala” Brand into the latter half eye seem to describe the wounding of among the cards for some way to stave of the novel extends the myth to that of Polyphemos’ eye by Odysseus (see Fig. off total defeat and then falls back with later antiquity. Gala repeatedly rebuffs 1). His eye is perpetually “red” (60, 70, a face drained of blood but his eyes full the advances made by Drax, creating a 81) or “bloodshot” (38) and accompanied of it. Polyphemos cannot detect the relationship between the two similar to by a description of blood being drained men tied beneath the rams, nor can that found, for example, in Theocritus’ from his face (70, 81). Drax see the real deck of cards hidden Eleventh Idyll, where Polyphemos sings The social character of Drax is also in Bond’s coat pocket. of his hopeless love for Galatea. 2 Though Bond certainly fares better Book Review: Atticus of Rome with Gala than Drax does, he also runs the risk in the novel of succumbing to by Margaret Antonitis the fate of Galatea’s unfortunate suitor, Acis, in Ovid (Metamorphoses 13.750- Denenberg, Barry. Atticus of Rome. master. Although they have not yet been in 897). This danger is most obvious when, Scholastic, Inc. (1-800-724-6527; http:// Capua a full day, Lucius Opimius orders sunning themselves beneath the Dover content.scholastic.com/), 2004. Pp. 166. the household back to Rome. cliffs, Bond – to distract himself from Hardcover $10.95. ISBN 0-439-52453-9. In Rome, we see the conspiracy against thoughts of her beauty – asks Gala the Augustus unfold. But will Lucius Opimius meaning of her name. It is only then she tticus of Rome is a novel for students and Atticus return in time? Are suspects reveals her real name to be Galatea and it is at this exact moment that Drax and A in grades 4-8. It is the first book in apprehended? Is Lucius Opimius really his henchmen blast the cliffs above and “The Life and Times” series, which focuses Augustus’ friend? As the story unfolds, Atti- send them down upon Bond, who by on young adults facing difficulties in ancient cus comes to realize how important his mis- the time the boulders fall, suddenly times. sions are and what effect they will have on finds himself in an embrace with Atticus of Rome focuses on Atticus, a the outcome of the conspiracy. Ultimately Galatea (152-4). This whole affair where twelve-year-old boy in 30 B.C., the year Atticus is rewarded for all the difficulties he the scorned suitor heaps rocks upon the beautiful nymph and the man in her after the man who would soon assume the has had to undergo, owing to an unexpect- embrace is a parallel to the unfortunate name of Augustus Caesar defeated Antony ed twist of fate at a gladiatorial show. demise of Acis at the hands of Polyphe- and Cleopatra at Actium. Immediately Atti- Atticus of Rome has not only a captivat- mos as described by Galatea in Ovid’s cus has to face several difficulties. The story ing storyline, but also an array of interest- Metamorphoses 13.873-85: begins with Roman soldiers invading Atticus’ ing minor characters. Lucius Opimius’ sec- When the great savage saw me and village in the middle of the night. Atticus and ond wife, for example, fifteen-year-old Lady Acis, unaware and not fearing any- his father escape their burning hut, leaving Claudia, is obsessed with gladiators. Blood- thing, he shouted, “I see you and I’ll Atticus’ mother and sister behind. The Roman thirsty, she attends a private show and make this the final tryst of your love.” And his voice was as great as an soldiers eventually drag them into captivity. demands a fight to the death. Among the angered Cyclops ought to have. Aetna After three days Atticus is separated from his members of Lucius Opimius’ household staff bristled with the clamor. But fright- father and sold to a slave trader. is his most trusted astrologer, Aristide, who ened, I plunged below the nearby sea. Atticus is subsequently sold for the high spends hours calculating the stars and birth My hero, son of Symaethis, had turned his back in flight and had said, price of 1500 denarii to a wealthy and charts. Lucius Opimius confides in him fre- “Help me, Galatea, I pray! Parents, influential political figure in Rome named quently and also gives him the task of tutor- come and admit one about to die into Lucius Opimius. After he is taken to Lucius ing young Atticus in rhetoric and writing. your realms.” The Cyclops followed Opimius’ house and nursed back to health Atticus greatly respects Aristide, often and launched an overturned portion of a mountain; and although the extreme by the family physician, Cassius Macedo, spending his free time observing the corner of the heap reached him, it he starts his job as Lucius Opimius’ person- astrologer at work. By memorably narrating nevertheless buried all of Acis. al slave, a much-longed-for position among the tale of Spartacus, the slave who defied What is extraordinary in all these paral- the rest of the household slaves. From the Rome, Aristide teaches Atticus that there is lels is the wonderful way in which Flem- start Atticus is treated better than the other life beyond submissive slavery. ing seamlessly weaves together the slaves, occupying a bedroom in the main Another intriguing minor character is many stories of Odysseus, Polyphemos, house close to Opimius’ room and accom- Galerius Traculus, a wealthy Roman citizen and Galatea into what is, after all, a panying his master on all of his daily whom Lucius Opimius gives Atticus the diffi- genre of literature not accustomed to be duties. They greet clients, visit the barber- cult and unpleasant task of shadowing. known for literary subtleties or meaning- ful, learned allusions. Though the reader shop, and spend time at the baths. Atticus Through Atticus’ comical observations we may enjoy the spy novel on the simplest pays close attention to everything that is learn that Traculus is a disgustingly obese of levels, Moonraker and other 007 novels going on and learns about the inner work- man with a bad comb-over, known for cheat- hold hidden depths of pleasure for the ings of Rome’s political system. ing people in real estate and treating his classicist and classical enthusiast. But When Lucius Opimius hears about a slaves very cruelly. Despite the man’s obvi- the real surprise is to discover that such a conspiracy against his close friend Augus- ous shortcomings, Lucius Opimius invites popular hero of print and film is in fact a clever composite of classical myth and tus, he enlists Atticus to ascertain the details Traculus to his dinner party, much to the literature. of the plot. Atticus undertakes missions both amazement of all the other guests. Traculus to the barbershop and a gladiatorial show and his wife enter Opimius’ house already Patrick Callahan (pcallahan@fordham. to observe and report back everything that drunk and heavily drenched in perfume. edu) is a 3rd year Ph.D. student in classical he sees and hears. Unexpectedly, however, Clearly Denenberg paints Galerius Traculus philology at Fordham University and grad- Lucius Opimius orders his household to pre- as the antithesis of an ideal Roman citizen. uate of the University of Dallas. His pare to leave for his villa in Capua for the Throughout the novel Denenberg intro- research, which includes a wide range of interests in reception studies, primarily summer. Once they have relocated in duces the reader to many cultural aspects focuses on Pindar and Aeschylus. Capua, a senator, Caius Curtius, arrives in of ancient Rome, vividly describing an opu- the middle of the night with news for the lent Roman villa, the crowded streets of continued on page 4 3 Book Review: Atticus of A TALE OF TWO BROTHERS: Rome continued from page 3 CARACALLA AND GETA

Rome, and the baths. He also depicts a by R. J. Schork Roman wedding, dinner party, and differ- he fatally ill Septimius Severus titles were to be re-carved or erased; ent types of gladiators. Such descriptions Tran a hand over the stone urn pre- coins featuring his brother’s “head” enable his younger readers to understand pared for his ashes and said, were to be melted down or the despised what it was like to live in Rome during the “This will contain a man on whom the portrait chipped away. In the minutes of entire world set no limits” (Dio Cassius a council meeting from a Nile-side time of Augustus. 77.15.4). The geographical facts of his town, Geta and several other ill-fated As a critically acclaimed author of non- political and military career justify the members of the imperial family are fiction and historical fiction, Denenberg is Emperor’s elegiac exaggeration. He was briefly mentioned; a decade later, after well-known for his contributions to several born in Leptis Magna (coastal Libya); their disgrace, the names were blotted young adult series, including the “Dear proclaimed Rome’s master in Upper out in black ink. Think of a modern America,” “My Name is America,” and the Pannonia (along the middle Danube); censor with a heavy magic marker at fought the Empire’s barbarian foes – work on copies of a classified document. “Royal Diaries“ series, for Scholastic, Inc. and an occasional Roman rebel – at My initial survey of Septimius In addition to writing books, Denenberg Byzantium (later Constantinople, now Severus’ active duty throughout the volunteers as director of Creative Writing Istanbul), in Syria, Mesopotamia (Iraq), Empire underscored the immense span and Library Services at an independent Parthia (Iran), Egypt, the northern rim of Roman rule in the early third century. school dedicated to the education of gifted of the Sahara, central Gaul, and Caledo- In what follows, the geographical scope children from low-income families in Stam- nia (Scottish Highlands); in early A.D. of the fraternal rage expressed by ford, Connecticut. 211 he died at York (north of England), Severus’ elder son will also highlight the and his urn was escorted back to Rome cross-cultural expanse of the realm Denenberg’s background in working for burial by his two young sons. through a paradoxical focus on the mon- with young adults and young adult literature Severus left some concise advice for umental absence of Geta, Caracalla’s is apparent from various features of his his heirs, Caracalla and Geta, the new rival-victim. novel. He has arranged the layout of the co-emperors: “Get along with each Rome. The Forum Romanum was book using a format designed to maximize other, give huge bonuses to the troops, the heart of the capital city. Among its young readers’ comprehension. Atticus of pay no attention to anyone else” (Dio surviving structures is the Arch of Septi- Cassius 77.15.2). The primary element mius Severus, erected in A.D. 203 to Rome begins with a “Cast of Characters” in that paternal legacy was immediately commemorate his defeat of the Parthi- that briefly describes each character in the ignored. On their trip to Rome for the ans. Caracalla and Geta were too young book; this not only helps young readers get funeral, the brothers occupied separate to have been carved into the formulaic a sense of what the story is about, but also quarters; in the imperial city, their siege and battle scenes on both frontal functions as a point of reference throughout palace was split with guards stationed at panels, but it is likely that the image of the novel. Denenberg concludes the novel passageways. There was talk of dividing the younger brother was officially the Empire: Europe and western North removed from the bronze statuary group with a “Historical Note,” in which he Africa would go to the elder, Caracalla, on top of the arch. The elaborate dedi- recounts the history of Rome from the found- with a capital at Rome; the Asiatic catory inscription in the monument’s ing in 753 B.C. down to the age of Augus- provinces and Egypt were for Geta, central “attic” was certainly modified tus, calling attention to the important contri- with a capital at Alexandria or Antioch. after Geta’s death and dishonor: the butions that the Romans made to later West- The actual division of territory was entire fourth line (where his name and ern civilization. By furnishing young readers forestalled by murder. Caracalla pre- titles originally appeared) has been re- tended reconciliation in their mother’s cut to form an additional honorific detail with background information about the apartments, where a detachment of his about Caracalla and his triumphant story, this section of the book encourages escorts broke cover to assassinate Geta father. Another arch honoring the impe- further study of the Roman world. Atticus of (late A.D. 211). The elder son sought to rial family was built near Rome’s Rome provides students with a fun, adven- mollify their mother, Julia Domna, by ancient market at more or less the same ture-filled story while familiarizing them with permitting his brother to be buried with time by the city’s cattle-merchants and the history and culture of ancient Rome. full imperial honors. Geta was even its moneymen. Here again, all traces of accorded traditional posthumous deifi- the images of Geta, as well as of Cara- cation: sit divus, dum non sit vivus (“Let calla’s disgraced wife (Plautilla) and Margaret Antonitis (ADAMM001@ him be an immortal, as long as he’s father-in-law (Gaius Fulvius Plau- hartfordschools.org) teaches Latin to sixth dead,” Historia Augusta: Geta 2.9). tianus), have been obliterated and two graders at Classical Magnet School in Hart- After these concessions to his moth- lines in the dedicatory inscription modi- ford, CT. She graduated from Assumption er, however, Caracalla tried to fortify his fied to eliminate any reference to these College in Worcester, MA. with a B.A. in position by embarking on a campaign of three proscribed “non-persons.” Classics and English, and she received her damnatio memoriae, a modern term for an Libya. At Leptis Magna (Severus’ ancient practice. By imperial command, birthplace) a four-sided arch was erected M.A.T. in Latin and Classical Humanities from images of Geta on every monument to celebrate imperial concordia (harmo- the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. were to be cut away or defaced; all ny) as personified by the first family. She lives in Meriden, CT. with her husband. inscriptions containing his name and After the murder of Geta mocked that 4 continued on page 20 Book Review: Breaking Ground. Pioneering Women Archaeologists continued from page 1

Jane Dieulafoy (1851-1916) Many of the by Eve Gran-Aymerich women included here Esther B. Van Deman (1862-1937) were involved by Katherine Welch in difficult Margaret Alice Murray (1863-1963) fieldwork in by Margaret S. Drower distant and sometimes Gertrude L. Bell (1868-1926) dangerous by Julia M. Asher-Greve lands. As Harriet Boyd Hawes (1871-1945) indicated on by Vasso Fotou and Ann Brown the maps at Edith Hayward Hall Dohan (1879-1943) the back of Fig. 3. Theresa Goell, used by permission of Martha Lubdell. by Katherine Dohan Morrow the book, these women archaeologists worked in areas far afield: Persia (Jane Hetty Goldman (1881-1972) Dieulafoy), Egypt (Margaret Alice), Iraq The biographers raise questions about by Machteld Mellink and Kathleen (Gertrude L. Bell), Crete (Harriet Boyd their subjects that pertain not only to the Quinn Hawes and Edith Hall Dohan), Turkey history of women archaeologists but to the Gertrude Caton-Thompson (1888-1985) field as a whole. To what extent does it by Margaret S. Drower help us evaluate and appreciate a scholar’s work if we know his or her personal life Dorothy Annie Elizabeth Garrod (1892- These women archaeologists have made contributions to history? Theresa Goell (see Fig. 3), for 1968) example, suffered from otosclerosis; her by Ofer Bar-Yosef and Jane Callander our understanding of the health issues had an impact upon her abili- Winifred Lamb (1894-1963) ancient world in Africa, the ty to interact with students and colleagues. by David Gill Middle East, and the And to what extent are the women Mediterranean. described in this book unusual in their seek- Theresa B. Goell (1901-1985) ing of goals? by Donald Sanders and David Gill Editors Getzel M. Cohen and Martha Kathleen Kenyon (1906-1978) Sharp Joukowsky have provided, for the by William G. Dever (Hetty Goldman, Winifred Lamb, and general reader as well as for students of Theresa Goell), central Africa (Gertrude archaeology and women’s studies, an Caton-Thompson, and Kurdistan (Dorothy informative work and a valuable tool for While individual readers may find some Garrod). further research. As archaeology continues of these women’s names more familiar than The biographies chosen for this volume to expand in time and place, we are able others, in each case the biographies pro- illustrate not only the differences in the pro- to follow trends in education and research, vide information about the background and fessional lives of these women scholars and while the family trees of teachers and stu- education of the women discussed, as well archaeologists but also the ways in which dents indicate the close-knit interaction that as an analysis of their contributions as their personal lives had an impact on their governs our work. excavators, museum scholars, teachers, or careers: their marital status and the great writers. However, what makes Breaking variety of their cultural and social back- Ingrid Edlund-Berry (iemeb@mail. Ground different from an encyclopedic col- grounds affected their activities as highly utexas.edu) is Professor of Classics at the lection is that the biographers also attempt intelligent and adventurous individuals. University of Texas at Austin. She has exca- to gain an understanding of the lives of Depending on the relationship between the vated in Tuscany, southern Italy, and Sicily. these pioneering women and of their per- individual biographers and the women they Her main publications are on Etruscan sonal successes and failures. describe, the tone of each piece varies archaeology. This is a fascinating and thought- from informal and personal to more distant provoking book on many levels. For a read- and scholarly. The illustrations accompany- er interested in the history of archaeology, “The weak can overcome ing the biographies include images of work there is insightful evaluation of the lasting and defeat the strong in a in the field along with more formal contributions of scholars such as Esther van just cause.” portraits. Deman for Rome and ancient Italy and – Sophocles, Oedipus Kathleen Kenyon for Jericho and Jerusalem. at Colonus, 880. 5 CLASSICA JAPONICA: GREECE AND ROME IN THE JAPANESE ACADEMIA AND POPULAR LITERATURE by Akihiko Watanabe n October 12, 2007, the presti- Ogious Japan Academy, which was founded in 1879 and counts the Duke of Edinburgh among its members, elected as its twenty-fourth president Dr. Masaaki Kubo, a distinguished academic and public figure. Dr. Kubo may also be known to some American classicists as an alumnus of the Harvard Classics Depart- ment and a former junior fellow of its Center for Hellenic Studies. As this example highlights, despite the wide geographical and cultural divide between the Mediterranean and East Asia, the discipline of Western classics has attract- ed enough devotees to make its presence felt in the intellectual history of Japan Fig. 4. Illustrated woodblock edition of Eiri isoho monogatari, during the last four and a half centuries published in 1659. Used with the permission of the University of that it has been cultivated there. Tsukuba Library. (http://www.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/exhibition/ The Greco-Roman classics first came jyousetu/nihon/isop.html) to Japan together with Portuguese traders and missionaries in the mid- for the rest of his life. the University College School in 1873, sixteenth century. A few Jesuit seminar- From the early seventeenth century before going on to study classics and ies were operating in Japan from around to the abolition of isolationist feudalism mathematics at Cambridge. As for 1580 to the early 1600s that provided (a period known as the Shogunate) in Oxford, the best-known Japanese who solid training to Japanese seminarians in 1868, European learning had a markedly studied classics there may be the schol- reading, writing, and speaking classical lower profile in Japan, although traces of ar-poet Junzabur¯o Nishiwaki (1894- Latin. The charismatic missionary and Greece and Rome do occasionally crop 1982). Nishiwaki traveled to Oxford in educator Alessandro Valignano (1539- up in records from this period. Writings the mid-1920s to study English litera- 1606) had confidence in the ability of by medical authors and other intellectu- ture, but, dissatisfied with that disci- his Japanese followers to imbibe Euro- als who were covertly studying Western pline in part because it was full of pean humanistic education. One of his culture show that the names of Aristotle female students, he turned to the more students, Martino Hara (c. 1569~1629), and Hippocrates were sometimes whis- “masculine” field of classics. Although proved him right by thanking him in a pered about. Aesop’s fables, on the his chief claim to fame today is as a flowery Latin oration delivered in the other hand, which had been imported modernist Japanese poet, he tried his then-Portuguese colony of Goa. The by Christian missionaries, proved popu- hand at some (excruciatingly bad) Latin text of this oration, printed in the 1588 lar and continued to circulate freely in verses as well. The first two lines of a pamphlet Oratio habita a Farad. Martino Japanese guise under the title Isoho poem in his Ambarvalia (1933) amply Iaponio (And Oration Held by Hara Marti- monogatari (The Tales of Isoho) (see Fig. demonstrate his disregard for, or igno- no of Japan), is the first known sample of 4). Nevertheless, classical references, rance of, Latin grammar, stylistics and Latin produced by a Japanese. Another along with awareness of and interest in metrics: early Japanese Latin writer is Ry¯ojun general European culture, occur infre- Got¯o (c. 1580~c. 1655?), baptized quently in the two and a half centuries …rosa, color tuus est murex aurora Miguel, who was educated in the of national isolation. doloris, Nagasaki Jesuit seminary. During his The Meiji Restoration of 1868 ah! Mota aura, ista tremitque coma. (Rose, your color is dawn, the seashell stay in the Philippines, he is known to changed everything. In a national drive of pain, have written an eight-line Ovidian elegy toward modernization and Westerniza- Ah! The breeze moves, and your hair celebrating the first translation of the tion, cultural exchange through visiting trembles). Bible into the native Ilokano language. foreigners and Japanese studying abroad The subsequent fate of Got¯o, however, began to flourish. The Greco-Roman In the United States, Sen Katayama shows that linguistic dexterity does not classics had a significant part to play. We (1859-1933) was perhaps the first Japan- necessarily signal lasting religious con- know, for example, that Dairoku ese student to major in classics. A desper- viction. Upon his return to Japan, when Kikuchi (1855-1917), who later became ately poor youth supporting himself he was arrested by the authorities and Minister of Education and did major through menial work, he nevertheless threatened with execution, he work in educational reform, studied found the time and energy to study renounced his faith and worked as a classics in Britain and was awarded first Greek and Latin at Grinnell College from translator and anti-Christian interrogator place in the Latin graduation exam at 1889 to 1893. He read Plato’s dialogues 6 continued on page 10 Book Review: The Labors of Aeneas: What a Pain It Was to Found the Roman Race by Rex Stem

Rose Williams. The Labors of Aeneas: What only significant change is to follow strict a Pain It Was to Found the Roman Race. chronological order (i.e., since the events Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers (www.bolc- of Books 2 and 3 occur earlier than those hazy.com), 2003. Pp. 108 + vi. Paperback of Book 1, Williams starts with Troy in Book $14. ISBN 0-86516-556-4. 2, and her Chapter 3 is Vergil’s Book 1). But because of the tone, the story becomes antae molis erat Romanam condere Williams’ own in many ways. She adds, for T gentem. This is the momentous final line example, some memorable characteriza- of the introduction to Vergil’s Aeneid tions of some of the mythological figures (1.33): “to found the Roman race was of that appear in the Aeneid, such as the cur- Fig. 5. A new presentation of Aeneas' such great effort.” The line is deliberately mudgeonly Charon, unkempt ferryman of travels and struggles. Used with permis- sion of Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. ponderous, emphasizing Aeneas’ struggle Hades (54), and the disorganized Sibyl, as the theme of the epic. Accordingly, Latin marking her prophecies on leaves to be it” (72). Her focus is not the deep humanity teachers have spent centuries making sure swept off by the wind instead of instituting of Vergilian struggle; the foibles of epic their students understand it just right, espe- a filing system (17). She also delights in grandeur make for better comic material. But cially the nifty genitive of description used offering explanations of some of the unusu- this is a rather educated roast, and one born predicatively. The taxed student mutters in al details or improbabilities of Vergil’s story from admiration, not mockery. Hence it is response: “The genitive of what? What a that the devoted reader can merrily take disappointing that Williams does not say pain!” Exactly right, says Rose Williams, into account. How can only one honey- anything about how to take Vergil seriously for it is from this line, and to the reward of cake feed three-headed Cerberus? There or how this book reflects her own long famil- all such students, that she subtitles her irrev- must have been at least three (55). Why iarity with him. At the minimum, an annotat- erent retelling of Vergil’s masterpiece: what did Aeneas place a lion skin under his ed recommended bibliography of how to a pain it was to found the Roman race. father as they fled Troy? Because old men approach Vergil in Latin and in English is a A life-long Latin teacher from Texas (for are bony and uncomfortable to carry (11). desideratum. more about the author, see www.roser- How did Aeneas acquire robes of Helen to The teacher in me sometimes bristled at williams.com), Williams knows plenty about give to Dido? A question “delicacy forbids a characterization I did not find apt – the genitive of description, but in The us to ask” (27). Patroklos does not die in a fair fight (9), Labors of Aeneas, she offers a very differ- Williams’ presumed audience for this and Vergil is not so clearly in the employ of ent approach to comprehending Vergil’s book is students who are also reading the Augustus (57) – but what would be the Aeneid. She cuts out the highfalutin’ stuff, Aeneid itself, either in Latin or in transla- point in quibbling? This book is the counter- replaces it with clear storytelling, and tion. Its brisk and jocular style would pro- point to a scholarly lecture. Williams’ mes- injects a strong dose of colloquial attitude. vide a nice diversion from conventional sage is to let go of pedantry and have fun, She stays close to Vergil’s story but makes it classroom work. Although best suited for for learning will still follow, likely even pros- more directly accessible to a modern youth- high-school readers, it can also be recom- per. Vergil’s manifest greatness as a poet ful audience by contextualizing plot and mended for the general reading public, will secure enough reverence for his motive in disarming and humorous ways. In though it is difficult to imagine contexts for achievement. But when you have had Williams’ version, for example, Dido’s which the general reading public would enough of the reverence, and you want to change of heart results from “some serious desire such a complete retelling of the follow Aeneas’ adventures without being curdling” in her “milk of human kindness” Aeneid in modern idiom. Teachers may be slowed by Vergil’s poetic gravity, read (36), and the Fury Allecto, flinging her the ones who enjoy this book the most, for Rose Williams. torch at the chest of Turnus, gives “new the more one knows the Aeneid, the more meaning to the word heartburn” (63). Juno one is likely to appreciate many of the Rex Stem ([email protected]) is Assis- also suffers heartburn upon seeing jokes. tant Professor of Classics at the University “Aeneas’ happy face” arrive in Italy at last Yet since the evident purpose of the book of California, Davis. He has published arti- (62): “Charm and audacity [Juno] had is to complement the Aeneid, Williams cles on various topics in Roman oratory expected in [Aeneas], considering his would have been wise to indicate explicitly and historiography, including one on Livy’s ancestry. She had never wasted a moment, that it should not be a substitute. The power characterization of Romulus that recently however, in suspecting that any son of of Vergilian pathos, such as at the death of appeared in the Transactions of the Ameri- Venus might have a brain” (73). Priam (10) or at Aeneas’ poignant inability can Philological Association. Williams presents Vergil’s twelve books to understand the events depicted on his of poetry in twelve prose chapters of her own shield, is largely absent from Williams: own, each about six to nine pages. Her “the great miracle is how he managed to lift 7 ANCIENT OUTREACH: HONEYCOMBS, BANQUETS, AND FLOWERY FIELDS OF KNOWLEDGE by Diane Johnson

n recent years scholarship in the arts edge is a form of entertainment. One Iand sciences has seen an extraordi- could probably survive without pursuing nary growth. Steadily keeping pace knowledge, but who would want to? with these specialized studies are vehi- According to Aristotle learning is natural cles of outreach, of which the purpose is to humans, and all naturally conditioned to make current research available to a things like eating and drinking and wider and more diverse audience. Peri- sleeping – and learning – are pleasant odicals (e.g., Amphora, Archaeology, and (Poetics 1448b-1489a). Some ancient Fig. 6. Ludwig von Drake educates Scientific American), television programs devotees of learning even referred to viewers on a variety of subjects. (e.g., The Public Broadcasting System’s their passion for facts as “the orgia (mys- © Disney. “Nature”), and radio shows (e.g., tery rites) of the Muses.” (Plutarch, National Public Radio’s “Science Fri- “Were the Athenians more glorious in mation-flowers where the reader could day”) inform the general public about war or in wisdom?” 348.) So outreach flit from one fact to another like a bee recent discoveries, theories, and new developed ways of keeping the fun in gathering honey. areas of research, while presenting spe- learning even when the data grew Some of the titles listed in Gellius’ cialized and complicated information in increasingly complex. miscellany convey another feature of a language and context intelligible to One modern way to keep learning these texts. Titles such as Lamp, Done in the non-specialist. fun is to employ non-threatening pre- my Free Time, and My Notebooks indicate Educated Greeks and Romans strug- senters: Disney’s Gyro Gearloose and that putting together a collection of facts gled to keep in touch with the special- Ludwig van Drake (see Fig. 6), for drawn from many specialized works was ists in their cultures as well. By the early example, or Bill Nye the Science Guy a long and laborious process. Gellius’ years of the Roman Empire, keeping up can lighten the intellectual burden of own miscellany was called Attic Nights; with the research of others had grown learning about such things as gravity, he had chosen this title, he relates in his complicated and difficult. Data could be condensation, or electricity. Using tech- preface, because “in the Attic country- hard to locate because they were imbed- nology to present complex material in side, through the long winter nights, I ded in lengthy texts, or a challenge to an analytical way – Powerpoint presen- undertook to devote my leisure hours to digest because they were presented in tations, for example, that can utilize compiling this miscellaneous collection.” complicated language. Or there were light, color, and sound to aid explana- Writers of miscellanies wanted their simply too many works to read. The tion – greatly increases our pleasure in readers to know that they had struggled Alexandrian scholar Didymus – an acquiring new information. hard and responsibly to select items that extreme case – gives us an idea of the Although ancient outreach had no were useful, tasteful, and worth learning. situation: a contemporary of Cicero, technology beyond writing, it recog- They pointed out that it was hard work Didymus authored some four thousand nized that its methods of presentation to gather specialized information, to monographs. He thereby acquired two were crucial to a successful learning select data worthy of the reader’s atten- significant nicknames: Guts-of-brass experience. One of its most successful tion, and to write down such material in (Χαλκεντερος` ) because of his work ethic, formats was the miscellany: an assort- Βιβλιολαθας` an appropriate fashion. and Forgot-the-book ( ) ment of disconnected facts arranged to Modern outreach usually has a wide because even he couldn’t remember all maximize the randomness of presenta- focus: the more minds reached, the that he had written. How then was the tion. The intriguing and colorful names more successful its mission. The ancient average educated, informed but busy of some of these collections emphasized writer of a miscellany, a person lucky adult supposed to benefit from this glut their variety. Aulus Gellius, who wrote enough to have received an education, of information? during the the middle years of the sec- has a more specific readership in mind: The answer in antiquity, as now, lay ond century of our era, refers in his pref- the educated adults seeking to learn in outreach. As knowledge continued to ace to miscellany-titles such as Muses, more, but severely limited by the grow more specialized and the busy but Amaltheia’s Horn, Honeycombs, Meadows, demands of adult responsibilities. This interested Greek or Roman grew more and Tapestry. Pliny the Elder, writing in writer knew that such readers had holes and more frustrated at not being able to the first century A.D., mentions works in their education. He or she saw a per- keep up with this new and increasingly called Impromptu and Violets. Gellius’ sonal collection of data as just the specialized information, a way was contemporary Clement of Alexandria means to fill those gaps. found to present material and explain its called his miscellany Crazy Quilt. These One of these agents of outreach, at significance while making it fun to titles show that their authors believed work during the time of Nero, was learn. The fun-element is important in the information contained in them was Pamphila, daughter of the grammarian outreach activities, for at the basis of sweet, easy to understand, and pleasant Soteridas; because her work has survived both modern and ancient concepts of to learn. Through their random arrange- only as quotations in later authors such as outreach is the conviction that it is fun ment they created a brilliant patchwork Diogenes Laertius and Photius, she and to learn and, therefore, acquiring knowl- of knowledge, a bright meadow of infor- her family cannot be more precisely 8 dated. As a child Pamphila had acquired the time when the weather’s so cold opportunity to learn new things, these from her father a basic literary education, its legs go numb. (5.12) authors provide examples of what edu- but once married and occupied with run- cation can do to better our lives. ning her household, her opportunities for Trying to sound non-scholarly, Greek Athenaeus and Macrobius construct filling the gaps in her knowledge were and Latin authors of miscellanies often models of individuals who have filled limited. So she found a way to supple- wrote up their data using familiar pat- nearly all the holes in their education: ment her education; whenever her hus- terns learned at school. A favorite type they are the ολως’ ` πεπαιδευµενοι` , “thor- band, a powerful and erudite man, told of entry in a miscellany was the chreia. oughly educated gentlemen.” As these her anything interesting, she wrote it This school exercise addressed an connoisseurs of knowledge expound down. Often Pamphila’s husband invited important event or a saying by a famous and listen in turn, they display just how his friends and colleagues to their home. person. Imagine George Washington’s impressive a broad and comprehensive According to Photius, the ninth-century famous line about not being able to tell education can be. Athenaeus’ figure of patriarch of Constantinople who read and a lie, or John Paul Jones’ statement Larensis, for example, never stops enjoyed her work, Pamphila listened to about not having yet begun to fight; reaching out to learn more. An expert in the conversations of these gentlemen then imagine a “two-pages double- Greek and Latin literature, Roman reli- when they came to visit. As soon as they spaced” essay explaining the quote and gion and civil law, left she would recall the most relevant why the event happened or why the facts she had heard, and add them to her words were appropriate, and you have a he had studied all these things during collection. After thirteen years of mar- good idea of the chreia. The miscel- his private hours…. His collection of riage she found that she had collected lanist’s chreia was usually much shorter, ancient Greek texts was so great that quite a large stock of material, and so she but followed the school format. Here is it surpassed those of all who have ever an example of a brief chreia from been admired for their libraries. set about selecting the best parts, writing (Sophists at Dinner 1.4) them down, and arranging them into a Aelianus’ Assorted Stories: miscellany. The result was a collection in Macrobius’ Praetextatus, as well-edu- thirty-three books, composed for a reader The tyrant Dionysius was under siege by the Carthaginians, and no salvation cated as Larensis in ancient legal forms whose formal opportunities to learn was in sight. He was despondent, and and religious rites, is adept at tracking were, like hers, practically nonexistent. had thought about running away. One down facts hidden in texts. Yet both In conveying complex data to the of his courtiers, a man named Ellopi- Larensis and Praetextatus are presented general public, modern outreach often des, approached him and said, ‘Diony- as extremely busy career-bureaucrats. restates complicated concepts in simpler sius, the tyranny makes a fine shroud.’ Within the dramatic framework of the terms to make them more accessible for Upon hearing this he was ashamed of miscellany, each has invited a group of non-specialists. A glance at the pages of himself, and so regained his spirit. scholarly specialists to dine with him. In modern magazines such as Natural History Then he went out with just a few men and did battle with many tens of thou- the relaxed setting of the banquet, or Smithsonian shows how the discussion Larensis and Praetextatus model the of complex data is also simplified sands, and made his power even greater than before. (4.8) correct way to confront experts, solicit through charts and line-drawings, sub- useful information, ask clarifying ques- titles, and text-boxes with definitions of Miscellanists could also dramatize data. tions, put data into a real-life context, relevant vocabulary. The ancient mis- Gellius, for example, after explaining in and all the while have great fun soaking cellanist, without recourse to printing, his own voice dozens of separate facts, up facts. simplified and demystified complex would sometimes construct a short dia- The Greek and Latin writers of information by rephrasing material to logue in which characters explained facts miscellanies still provide us with a lot of make it quicker and easier for the read- to each other. In one well-known passage entertainment. They tell many good (if er to process. For example, Claudius he presents the Greek philosopher Favor- not totally accurate) stories, and they Aelianus, in the preface to On Animals, a inus and the Roman statesman Fronto provide insight into what it meant to be miscellany presenting hundreds of facts discussing color words. By introducing a person of learning in the ancient and stories about animals, insects, birds two experts from different walks of life world. Although much of what ancient and fish, tells his readers, and having them compare notes on how readers considered informative modern their respective languages express various scholars now dismiss, we still mine the I have labored to create a keepsake Greek and Latin miscellanies for price- well worthy of serious attention, hues and tints, Gellius avoids sounding painstakingly gathering together all like a dictionary, while giving the reader a less anecdotes and quotations from that I could and clothing the results of chance to learn how the specialists works now lost: precious lines of the my research in a casual style. explain things across disciplines. comic playwrights, for example, are pre- Some authors even construct miscel- served in Attic Nights 2.23, where Gellius In fact Aelianus’ style is breathtakingly lanies that are dramatized throughout. analyzes and compares the Latin Caecil- casual. Consider, for example, this fact For example, Athenaeus’ Sophists at ius with the Greek Menander. These about bees: Dinner, Plutarch’s Table Talk, and Mac- old collections, quaint and antiquated robius’ Saturnalia are dramatized mis- though they be, serve to remind us of Here’s evidence that bees love their cellanies in which facts are conveyed the perennial sweetness of reaching out work. In the very coldest places, from through the conversation of guests at a to share learning with others. the setting of the Pleiades until the banquet or symposium. Plato’s dia- spring equinox, bees are stay-at- logues, which by the time of the miscel- Diane Johnson ([email protected]) homes and keep safe indoors in their is the Assistant Editor of Amphora and longing for warmth and avoidance of lanies had become standardized reading cold. For the rest of the year they hate at school, will have made such a sce- Associate Professor of Latin and Greek in the to be lazy and idle, and are good work- nario a familiar one. By displaying mem- Department of Modern and Classical Lan- ers. You’d only see a bee relax during bers of the educated elite taking every guages at Western Washington University. 9 Did You Know… CLASSICA JAPONICA: GREECE AND ROME IN THE JAPANESE ACADEMIA AND POPULAR John Steinbeck had printed in every one LITERATURE of his books the phrase ad astra per alia continued from page 6 porci (translated as “to the stars on the wings of a pig”; sometimes also written ad and Sophocles’ Antigone with great relish, ty of Tokyo was searching for a lecturer astra per alas porci, since alia does not but the Romans excited him less because in philosophy. His decision to seek the mean “wings.”). Steinbeck created a Piga- they seemed to be mere imitators of the post was to have major consequences for Greeks. Katayama went on to become a the inception of classical studies in sus (a winged pig) to represent man’s strug- founding member of the Japanese Com- Japan. He proved to be an extremely gle to soar despite being an earthbound munist Party and spent the last years of popular teacher at the University of creature. According to Elaine Steinbeck, his life in Stalinist Russia. Tokyo, and contemporary accounts the author’s wife, Steinbeck had a Floren- As for foreign educators invited to report that he had a cult following that tine artist, Count Fossi, help Japan in its modernization, there is none of his colleagues, Japanese or for- create the Pigasus (see some evidence that a few taught Latin eign, could rival. A gregarious bachelor on the side in connection with more utili- perpetually surrounded by students, he Fig. 7). To learn more, tarian subjects like law or medicine, but resembled a latter-day Socrates. His dis- visit the Martha H. their efforts were sporadic and incidental. ciples, many of whom went on to obtain Heasley Cox Center πιγασυς It was not until the 1890s, with the posts in the nascent university system of for Steinbeck Studies, Fig. 7. Pigasus. arrival of Raphael von Koeber (1848- Japan, invariably mention him in their at http://www.stein- Courtesy of the 1923), a philosopher of mixed Russian reminiscences with great affection. beck.sjsu.edu/biogra- Martha H. Heasley and German descent, that Western clas- Although Koeber was appointed to phy/pigasus.jsp. Cox Center for sical education with a solid linguistic teach modern European philosophy, he Steinbeck Studies. foundation again took root in Japan. Koe- believed that a foundation in the West- ber was in many ways a living embodi- ern classics, an asset conspicuously lack- Latin tattoos are still quite popular, even ment of European humanism. Born of a ing in his students, was essential to the with the rich and famous. The British soccer privileged background in Russia with understanding not only of his main sub- star, David Beckham, who is now play- imperial connections, he received thor- ject but also of European civilization in ing for the Los Angeles Galaxy, recently ough training in Greek and Latin in general. Some of his students began to added de integro (“again from the start”) childhood and as a youth studied piano take the Greek and Latin classes which under Tchaikovsky and Rubinstein. He Koeber offered for free outside of his to his collection of Latin tattoos which went on to study philosophy in German university contract. One of them was includes ut amem et foveam (“so that I love universities and by the 1890s had some Hidenaka Tanaka (1886-1974), who and cherish”) and perfectio in spiritu (“per- publications under his belt. went on to study classics at Oxford and fection in spirit”). Koeber was a young scholar in his in 1931, after submitting and defending mid-thirties when he heard from his for- a Latin dissertation on the use of the The German band Ista raps in Latin? Their mer mentors that the Imperial Universi- particle quin, became the first Japanese professor of classical languages and liter- 1998 album, Ista Omnia-Ista Optima (“All ature to be appointed at Kyoto Universi- the Best Things”) includes “Odi et Amo” (“I ty. (This Tanaka is to be distinguished Hate and I Love”), a tribute to Catullus. from the younger but much more Their newest single “Age Partes Tuas” is famous Michitar¯o Tanaka [1902-1985], a also available from their website. Ista is cur- philosopher and classicist who also rently on tour in Europe, appearing at the taught at Kyoto University. He was active in the media as a conservative 4th International Festival of Latin and Greek political commentator, and was known in Nantes, France, and at the European for his pro-American, pro-capitalist Culture Day, April 19th, 2008, in Kar- views in spite of the terrible physical lesruhe, Germany. No word yet on Ameri- injuries he had received in the allied can tour dates. To keep track of Ista, check firebombing of WWII.) out their website at www.ista-latina.de. Another classicist of note connected to Koeber is Shigeichi Kure (1897-1977; see Fig. 8). Kure did not meet Koeber Volkswagen has added the Eos (Dawn) to in person until the latter was on his the list of automobiles with Greek or Latin deathbed, but the humane demeanor of names. While Greek names are rare (the the aged European left a deep impres- Honda Odyssey and Volkswagen Phaeton Fig. 8. Shigeichi Kure (1897-1977), the sion on him. Kure was a student at the are still in production; the Oldsmobile first president of the Classical Society of University of Tokyo at the time and had Japan. Picture source: Seiyo Kotengaku Omega and Vauxhall/Opel Omega are originally intended to study medicine, Kenkyu = Journal of Classical Studies but changed his mind and went on to not), car lots are filled with Latin offerings, 26 (1978): 176. ISSN: 0447-9114. © pursue classics at the University of especially Toyotas (Corona, Corolla, Pre- Classical Society of Japan (email: Vienna and Oxford. He eventually via, Carina), Nissan (Maxima, Integra), [email protected], founded the Classical Society of Japan and Ford (Focus, Orion). website: http://www.bun.kyoto- in 1950 and became its first president. 10 u.ac.jp/classics/CSJ/csj.html). Kure is connected in turn to the pop- Capital Campaign News ular and internationally renowned author Yukio Mishima (1925-1970), who The APA’s Gatekeeper to Gateway Campaign will establish an Endowment studied Greek and read Plato’s Sympo- for Classics Research and Teaching and obtain the gifts necessary to receive sium in the original under Kure at the $650,000 offered in an NEH Challenge Grant. The Association is undertak- University of Tokyo. Among his other ing this Campaign to ensure that its members will have the scholarly and classics-inspired works, Mishima pro- pedagogical resources they need to do their work for decades to come. The duced an adaptation of Longus’ novel Campaign also shares with a wider public the excitement and commitment Daphnis and Chloe based on Kure’s that APA members have for their subjects. Below are highlights of recent Japanese translation of the Greek Campaign news. romance. Mishima’s novel, entitled The Sound of Waves, is widely available in • To date the APA has received more than $850,000 in pledges and gifts. English translation. Aside from transfer- ring the setting from Lesbos to the • Thanks to gifts and pledge payments already received, the Association Japanese countryside, Mishima made has already claimed two installments of challenge grant matching funds (a total of $210,000) from the NEH.

• The Classical Association of the UK has pledged $200,000 to the Cam- paign in support of the American Office of l’Année philologique. Prof. The study and influence David Scourfield, Chair of Council of the CA, announced this gift during of Greek and Roman the Plenary Session at the Annual Meeting in Chicago. In recognition of this gift, a permanent fund for bibliography will be named for the CA. literature have a long history in Japan. • An Honorary Advisory Committee for the Campaign has been formed, and the APA is honored to welcome the first three distinguished members of this Committee. They are Erich Segal, Wolfson College, Oxford. Leonard E. Slatkin, Washington, DC Garry Wills, Evanston, IL numerous other changes to modernize, secularize and democratize the story. The APA encourages all members to be a part of this Campaign and to help The novel has been translated into a spread the word about its importance to the field of Classics. Please call the number of languages, including Arabic APA office or visit the Campaign web site, http://www.apaclassics.org/ and modern Greek, and has spawned campaign/campaign.html, for complete information. several movie adaptations in Japan. A diverse range of other authors has continued to publish works inspired by Greece and Rome since Mishima. Such the perceived discrepancy between the region so remote from the Occident, are the conservative Catholic Ayako mission of the contemporary university Japan appears to have a surprisingly Sono, whose historical novel Arekisando- and traditional humanities, may be long and widespread history of classical ria (Alexandria) show signs of papyrolog- familiar to classicists here. But the diffi- reception, this is thanks to the enthusi- ical as well as biblical research, the more culty is more acute in Japan, which is asm and hard work of foreigners and business-oriented Shiono Nanami, culturally and ethnically more remote Japanese alike who have devoted them- whose multi-volume historical survey from Europe. Moreover, the Japanese selves to teaching and studying the R¯omajin no monogatari (The Story of the university system as a whole is under Greco-Roman heritage, from Valignano Romans) has been a great commercial great strain due to the double blow of to the current president of the Japan success, and the postmodern Y¯oko diminishing state subsidies and declin- Academy. Tawada, the author of the omnibus ing college-age population. The Classi- Opium für Ovid (first published in cal Society of Japan (http://www.bun. Akihiko Watanabe (akihikow@hotmail. German) – just to mention three. kyoto-u.ac.jp/classics/CSJ/csj.html) is com) studies the Greco-Roman novel and More young Japanese people than upholding its mission stoically and hero- classical reception, and works on Latin com- ever seem to be interested in classical ically, as it has over the last half-century, position on the side. He has taught classics studies, possibly inspired by recent Hol- but most of its approximately 500 mem- and Japanese at the University of Kentucky lywood films like Troy and 300 which bers have appointments outside the dis- and Western Washington University, and have been distributed in Japan with cipline of classics. Job openings in clas- will be at the University of California-Davis great commercial success. Dr. Hermann sics or related fields such as ancient beginning in Fall 2008. Gottschewski, who teaches musicology Western history or philosophy have and Latin at the University of Tokyo, been rare in recent years. Yet, in spite of says that at the beginning of elementary these difficulties, classical studies is well Latin each year he regularly has about established in a few of the most presti- “Love the limb-loosener 100 students sign up (although perhaps gious universities (University of Kyoto, again sweeps me away—there ten or fewer survive the first year). Tokyo, Nagoya and a few other public Translating this popular interest into a and private institutions) and the survival is no defense against that robust academic presence has been of the field itself seems not to be threat- bitter-sweet creature.” more of a challenge. The basic problem, ened for the foreseeable future. If, for a – Sappho, Frag. 130. 11 IMPERIUM KONFLIKT MYTHOS: THE BIMILLENARY OF THE BATTLE IN THE TEUTOBURG FOREST by Herbert W. Benario

n the year 9 A.D., the German main venue will be in Ichieftain Arminius inflicted an over- the Stadthalle, a build- whelming defeat on a Roman army ing quite near the lake. of three legions, with auxiliaries, caval- The plan for the exhi- ry, and hangers-on, commanded by bition envisions seven Publius Quinctilius Varus. The two successive themes, trac- thousandth anniversary of the year in ing Rome’s growth and which this decisive battle occurred will increasing power until be commemorated in 2009, from May to its greatest height in the September, by a significant exhibition Augustan age. The sub- offered at three sites, the individual jects are: The Rise of themes of which are represented by the Rome – From the Vil- title of the project. IMPERIUM will lage on Seven Hills to a consider Rome’s expansion as an World Power; The Gold- empire, its undertakings in and against en Age – Art and Cul- the free Germans, and the career and ture at the Time of position of the governor, Varus. KON- Augustus; War and FLIKT will focus upon the battle itself, Peace – the Foreign Pol- with the battlefield as the centerpiece. icy of the Early Princi- MYTHOS will trace the development Fig. 9. Haltern, Kalkriese, and Detmold pate; Cemented Power – of the Arminius myth, from historical are in the northern part of Germany. Building Policy in Rome and in the person to symbolic figure, over a span of Provinces; In the Shadow of the Emper- some three and a half centuries. The potteries. Whether this work will have or – Policy on Marriage and Succession; first part will occur in Haltern am See, been accomplished by the year 2009 is A Roman Governor – the Administra- the second in Kalkriese, the third in uncertain. tion of the Imperium; Failure? – Augus- Detmold (see Fig. 9). This grand enter- An additional significant “remnant” tus and Germania. prise has been honored by the official of ancient Rome will greet visitors next In addition, the family background patronage of Germany’s chancellor, Dr. year, successively at all three sites. A and the advancing career of Publius Angela Merkel. replica of a Roman warship is under Quinctilius Varus will receive appropri- IMPERIUM: Haltern is located on construction, which will be anchored in ate attention. From his quaestorship ca. the Lippe River, approximately forty- the lake on the shores of which Haltern 22/21-19 through his consulship in 13 five kilometers east of the Rhine. The is located. Plans call for this vessel to B.C., jointly with the future emperor Lippe was the main invasion route into appear on many of the rivers important Tiberius, he proceeded steadily through northern Germany from the territory of in the history of Roman and German the accustomed senatorial career, hold- Germania Inferior. The legionary camp relations, such as the Rhine, Lippe, ing high posts in Africa and Syria, before that developed at the site was the Ems, Weser, Danube, and Elbe, as well he was assigned to Germany in succes- largest permanent fortress east of the as on the North Sea, sites important Rhine. When the Romans invaded, the both in this period at the end of the pre- Fig. 10. Roman busts from the LWL- camp was the last major indication of Christian era and during the much later Römermuseum at Haltern am See. their “domination” in the territory of barbarian movements. The exhibition’s Photo courtesy Herbert W. Benario. Germania libera, and on their return in late summer or early fall it was their first sight of “civilization.” All traces of the ancient fortifications have largely disap- peared. Yet this circumstance may well soon change. The museum at Haltern am See, the LWL-Römermuseum (see Fig. 10) , is the central location for the study and preservation of all traces of Rome’s presence in northwestern Germany. Its building is situated within the confines of a camp. Excavations are planned in the southwestern area for the coming years, with reconstructions of the west gate, the fortifications, barracks, and

12 public, since the late nineteenth centu- exhibition devoted to the Germanic war- ry, there was no question, no doubt, no rior (see Fig. 11). Among the subjects need for further consideration, because will be the mode of fighting, the causes in 1875 a great statue to Arminius, first of war and conflict, and the failure to pro- identified with Hermann by Martin duce a lasting peace after the events of Luther, was erected on the heights A.D. 9. (For full descriptions of the history above Detmold. Yet the scholarly and of the site, its excavations, and finds, see antiquarian zeal in seeking what could M.B. Dick, “Of Battles and the Writing claim to be “the site” continued. Almost of History: The Battle of the Teutoburg sixty years ago, Walther John, in a brief Forest,” Amphora 4.1 [Spring 2005] 1-2, essay entitled Die Örtlichkeit der Varus- 8-9, and F.M. Bordewich, “The Ambush schlacht bei Tacitus (Göttingen 1950), con- That Changed History,” Smithsonian 36 cluded that Tacitus’ geographical infor- [September 2005] 74-81). mation is crucial in determining the location of the battle. His final sentence states (my translation): Fig. 11. A Roman cavalryman’s mask from the collection at the Kalkriese Muse- One must seek a regular three legion um. © Marco Prins and Jona Lendering. camp, which was surrounded by From Livius.org with permission. swamps and woods; and if we can fur- ther follow the words of Tacitus, a sion to Tiberius after the latter’s suc- person who comes from the middle cessful campaigns. It is likely that he Ems between the Ems and the Lippe as Germanicus did along the old army benefited substantially from his mar- roads into the territory of the “furthest riage into Augustus’ family, but events Bructeri” will find himself somewhere proved that he was the wrong man in very near the Varus camp, and as long the wrong place at the wrong time, a as this has not been covered by town civilian administrator where an experi- or city settlement, the possibility still enced military figure should have been. exists that it will one day be found. His end was decisive, and terrible (see H.W. Benario, “Teutoburg,” Classical The site is just north of highway World 96 [2002-2003] 397-406). B218, approximately eight kilometers KONFLIKT: From Haltern we east of the Bramsche exit from Auto- move to Kalkriese, both chronologically bahn E37, running north from and physically. Here it was, surely Osnabrück. It will be easily recogniza- beyond any reasonable doubt, that the ble by the tall tower which stands at one Fig. 12. The monument to Arminius at crushing defeat which Arminius inflicted end of the Kalkriese museum, immedi- Detmold. Photo courtesy Herbert W. upon his enemies occurred in the year 9 ately to the left as one enters the area, Benario. A.D. (B. Dreyer, “Der Fundplatz von which is well sign-posted. The unob- Kalkriese und die antiken Berichte zur structed view from its top gives a very MYTHOS: The prime attraction of Varuskatastrophe und zum Heerzug des clear sense of the topography of the Detmold in its presentation of Arminius’ Caecina,” Klio 87 [2005] 369-420, after a land, with the Kalkrieser Berg, part of afterlife is not in the city itself but on detailed consideration of the archaeolog- the Wiehengebirge, to the south, the the heights of a hill some five kilometers ical material and the literary tradition narrow pass through which the Romans to the southwest. Here stands his enor- concludes that Kalkriese was almost cer- advanced to the west, to the north the mous statue, the Hermannsdenkmal, the tainly the site.) This one victory, or dis- alternating areas of dry and wet sand, work of Joseph Ernst von Bandel, dedi- aster, depending upon one’s point of the Mittelland Kanal, and, beyond the cated in 1875 in the presence of Kaiser view, secured for Germany east of the trees, the great swamp. Such a survey Wilhelm I and Chancellor Bismarck, Rhine and north of the Danube freedom underscores Arminius’ brilliant choice which, with its lofty base, rises some from Roman rule. For centuries, howev- of terrain for his planned ambush of fifty-three meters in height (see Fig. 12). er, no one was able to locate the site of annihilation. He stands with sword raised; on the two the battle. All that was known was that it Just to the west of the museum is a sides of the blade are statements of Ger- was in the saltus Teutoburgiensis, a vast fenced area containing a short stretch of many’s beliefs in the early days of the area of northern Germany between the reconstructed wall, that shows how the German empire, Deutsche Einigkeit meine rivers Ems and Weser. Already by the Germans were able to remain hidden Stärke (German unity is my strength) middle of the sixteenth century the until the crucial signal was given and and Meine Stärke Deutschlands Macht (My search for the site of the battle had proves that planning for the assault had strength is Germany’s might). The stat- begun. For the next four and a half cen- been underway for some time. To imag- ue marks the culmination of the transi- turies, this quest continued, with ulti- ine some twenty thousand men fighting tion of Arminius from historical figure to mately more than seven hundred sug- (or attempting to fight) in that narrow symbolic hero and representative of the gestions, almost none of which could space boggles one’s mind. modern German people, a process which offer any evidence to support the claim The Kalkriese museum itself displays saw numerous dramas, operas (no fewer (see H. von Petrikovits, “Arminius,” the significant finds from the excavations than seventy-five are known, in which Bonner Jahrbücher 166 [1966] 175-193, at and offers informative narrative. A Arminius, his wife Thusnelda, and Varus 179). But in the minds of the general planned visitor center will present an appear, either singly or together), and continued on page 19 13 Ask A Classicist A Cornucopia of Artists: The APA Comics Contest to eight inches), speckled brown, with yel- 2008 Debuts in Chicago What do we know about that little low eyes encircled in white (see Fig. 13). By Chris Ann Matteo Qowl that accompanies Athena? The ancient Athenians, watching her as she hunted little rodents, bugs and toads, and the babies of other birds late in the n January 2008, the Outreach Committee That little bird with immense, insis- evening, will have heard her cry “kikkabau.” Idisplayed the winners and honorable men- Atent eyes stares at us from a num- (For Romans the cry sounded like “cucuba.”) tion finalists for the APA Comics Contest, a ber of surfaces. A full-faced and stylized Aristophanes has one of the ladies in the project complementing the academic panel, version, leggy, highlighted by prominent Lysistrata complain of being kept up all “Classics and Comics,” in Chicago, IL. ~ eyebrows, appears on Athenian tetradrach- night by Little Owl’s cries ( υπο’ ` των γλαυκων` The theme for the artwork, inspired by ~ mas from the end of the sixth century BC, … κικκαβαυ, l. 761). A fragment of the statue of Ceres that crowns the Chicago and continues to gaze as long as ancient Menander suggests that some people felt Board of Trade Building, focused on the Athens minted coins. It is still displayed on uneasy when hearing her call (frag. 534 K). Ceres/Proserpina myth. The entries the Greek euro, providing a striking symbol Little Owl’s status as a symbol of Athens revealed an impressive display of artistry, of Hellas across the centuries. Flip the came rather late. Homer found only one wit, and scholarship. Submissions came ancient coin over and you have the god- occasion to mention her cousin σκωψ` , the from an array of age groups and profes- dess Athena’s profile, her eye depicted Little Horned Owl (Odyssey 5.66); Hesiod sions: although the majority of entries came frontally: she and the bird form an attentive mentions no owls at all. The poets, perhaps from artists between ten and seventeen and inseparable pair. associating her with bad luck, do not years of age, there were many submissions Nowadays the bird has extended its include her among the pretty and winsome from classics professors, undergraduate range. From the Sather Classical Lectures birds whose songs touch the heart. Howev- and post-graduate students, and working and the Bolchazy-Carducci publishing house er, the Peripatetic naturalists, paradoxogra- graphic artists. The three First Place winners to the American Institute of Archaeology, phers (scholarly collectors of surprising in each of three categories (K-7th grade, scholars, classics aficionados, scholarly facts), and Roman polymaths like Pliny, are 8th-12th grade, and Adult) appear in this presses and impassioned philologists have full of information about her habits. From issue of Amphora. responded to the symbol by adopting it for the quantity of data they convey, we can The co-organizers of the panel, C. W. their own work. safely say that Little Owl enjoyed a very Marshall and George Kovacs, commented The bird’s proper name is Little Owl, rich folklore in antiquity. We hear stories of on the engaging wit of the First Place Win- Athene noctua, according to D’Arcy her war with the crows; of her ability to ner in the Adult category, Brian Delandro Thompson in the Glossary of Greek Birds, predict weather and dry spells; of the bad Hardison’s Breakfast: “The plight of the (available at http://www.archive.org/ luck that came to the house upon which she modern urban dweller is the constant pres- details/glossaryofgreekb00thomrich). The perched. In Ovid’s Metamorphoses she sure for time. Hardison depicts the small vic- genus, of course, derives its name from Lit- was once Nyctimene, the unfortunate tory of an everyman over urban life: the tle Owl’s patroness. The species name, princess of Lesbos transformed into an owl upper half of the page shows silhouettes, noctua, represents the bird’s Latin designa- by Athena out of pity for the girl’s fate. crowds, and a hurried glance at the watch tion, derived from its nocturnal activities. with cartoonish exaggeration until Ceres Being feminine in gender, the Latin name comes to the rescue. Her hand extends an allows us to refer to the bird as “she.” apple, presenting him with the fruit of the ~ The old Greeks called her γλαυξ, the earth, the gift of the goddess. The four small modern Greeks κουκουβαγια` . But she has panels in the upper register give way to two other names in that language: “goat-head” more expansive panels featuring Ceres, (αιγοκερως’ ` ), “night-crow” (νυκτικοραξ` ), and and a momentary connection between “witch” (στριξ,` cf. Italian striga, “witch”) human and divinity. The assured lines and suggesting an ancient and eerie presence professional inking provide a satisfying in folklore. One ancient name, τυτω,` per- emotional climax.” haps imitating an owl’s cry, forms the des- Among the school-age artists, Elizabeth ignation of one of the two families into Talamo’s The Composer’s Melody won First which all owls are divided: the Tytonidae. Place in the K-7th Grade category. Write Little Owl, however, belongs not to the Kovacs and Marshall of the thirteen-year- Tytonidae but to the populous Strigidae, a old’s artwork, “This is a complex example family that includes the horned, elf, and of lateral storytelling. The narrative of Ceres screech owls. Her genus, Athene, contains Fig. 13. Little Owl in Zoo Amersfoort, and Proserpina is presented in a way to a handful of species distributed throughout Netherlands. Photo by E. van Herk. express a child’s anxiety over her parents’ Wikipedia Commons, http://com- the temperate world, all of them small (six divorce. The teddy bear and the music, mons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons: 14 GNU_Free_Documentation_License. each inherited from a parent, become symbols of Jennifer’s physical attachment to her mother and her father, while the music further becomes an expression of the child’s own feelings of love toward the mother and resentment toward the father. The style is minimal and focused, typical of a child’s artwork: only the rele- vant details are included (there is a toy store, but no street, for example) and only key moments in the story are shown, indicating a great deal of time between each panel. The passing of time is also shown through changing hair and clothing. Ceres remains identifiable through her placement in the panel, her shoes, and her belt.” He Stole your Daughter, by seventeen-year old Dorian Kofinas of Apopka, FL, was awarded First Place in the 8- 12th Grade category. “Employing a beautiful juxta- position of movement and still- ness, Kofinas presents a story too powerful to be contained in a traditional panel sequence,” note Kovacs and Marshall. “We hear no words, because the precise words do not matter; the wordless scream of the figure in shadows at the top is all the more agonizing because we cannot hear it. Ceres literally runs across the top half of the page, but through slightly descending panels suggesting a katabasis, or a journey to the underworld, by the arrangement of the frames. The deep shadow conveys her sense of loss. Below, the kneeling Ceres is surrounded by the undulating empty space Fig. 14. Brian Delandro Hardison’s Breakfast, First Place in the Adult category. on the page, and the eyes (whose?) in the separate panel reinforce her isolation. garment, for here the loss is most keenly Chicago’s central role in that region of the Everything on the page directs the viewer to felt.” country, the Ceres comics contest raises the her momentary hesitation, as her By celebrating a mythological symbol of profile of the relevance of classical humani- hand approaches her daughter’s dropped the agricultural fertility of the Midwest and ties nationwide. continued on page 16 15 A Cornucopia of Artists: The APA Comics Contest 2008 Debuts in Chicago continued from page 15

Fig. 15. Dorian Kofinas’ He Stole your Daughter, First Place in the 8-12th Grade category.

16 Fig. 16. Elizabeth Talamo’s The Composer’s Melody, First Place in the K-7th Grade category.

® (ISSN 1542-2380) is pub- also aims to present a broad view of classical The APA welcomes everyone who shares lished twice a year by the culture and the ancient Mediterranean world this vision to participate in and support its American Philological to a wide audience. In short, the APA seeks programs. All APA members receive Ampho- Association (APA). The APA, founded in to preserve and transmit the wisdom and ra automatically as a benefit of membership. 1869 by “professors, friends, and patrons of values of classical culture and to find new Non-members who wish to subscribe to linguistic science,” is now the principal meanings appropriate to the complex and Amphora (for a very modest annual subscrip- learned society in North America for the uncertain world of the twenty-first century. tion fee of $10 U. S. in the U. S. and Canada study of ancient Greek and Roman lan- The APA’s activities serve one or more of for two issues; $15 elsewhere) may use the guages, literatures, and civilizations. While these overarching goals: online non-member subscription form at the majority of its members are university • To ensure an adequate number of well- http://www.apaclassics.org/outreach/ampho- and college classics teachers, members also trained, inspirational classics teachers at ra/Nonmember_Subs_Form.pdf. Nonmem- include scholars in other disciplines, primary all levels, kindergarten through graduate bers who wish further information about the and secondary school teachers, and interest- school; APA may write to The American Philologi- ed lay people. The APA produces several cal Association, 292 Logan Hall, University series of scholarly books and texts and the • To give classics scholars and teachers the of Pennsylvania, 249 S. 36th Street, journal Transactions of the American Philologi- tools they need to preserve and extend Philadelphia, PA 19104-6304, apaclassics@ cal Association. It holds an annual meeting their knowledge of classical civilization sas.upenn.edu. The APA Web site is each January in conjunction with the and to communicate that knowledge as www.apaclassics.org. Archaeological Institute of America. widely as possible; Members attending meetings of or making All of the APA’s programs are grounded • To develop the necessary infrastructure presentations to interested nonmembers are in the rigor and high standards of traditional to achieve these goals and to make the urged to request sample copies of Amphora philology, with the study of ancient Greek APA a model for other societies con- from the APA office for distribution to these and Latin at their core. However, the APA fronting similar challenges. audiences.

17 Book Review: The Unknown Socrates by Hans-Friedrich Mueller

William M. Calder III, Bernhard Huss, the transition from human being to idea. Marc Mastrangelo, R. Scott Smith, and The man was, in other words, a rock star. Stephen M. Trzaskoma. The Unknown This much Aristophanes’ Clouds demon- Socrates: Translations, with Introduction strated as early as 423 B.C. For ancient and Notes, of Four Important Documents in inquirers, as for us, access was soon limit- the Late Antique Reception of Socrates the ed to the image of Socrates, not the reality, Athenian. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, whoever the “real” but irrecoverable Inc. (www.bolchazy.com), 2002. Pp. 304 Socrates may have been. These texts matter + xvi. Paperback $57.00. ISBN 978-0- because they reveal Socrates’ early image. 86516-498-7. Diogenes Laertius most likely lived in the third century A.D. and wrote Lives of the ome find Socrates incredibly irritating. Eminent Philosophers. Diogenes uses biog- SThey dream of hemlock. The rest of us raphy to portray Socrates’ pragmatically may claim to admire or even love him. ethical character without the burden of Alcibiades, rich, connected, and famously philosophical theory. Despite the faults of

good-looking, tried to seduce him. his biographical method, our authors argue Fig. 17. A look at Socrates through Socrates, at least according to Plato, cud- that Diogenes’ portrayal has made an authors other than Plato. Used with dled chastely. But can we believe him? enduring contribution to Socrates’ image. permission of Bolchazy-Carducci What might other sources tell us about this And, whether or not they are true, the anec- Publishers, Inc. famous philosopher we think we know dotes are suggestive. Might Socrates really so well? have wed or had children by two women, Although we have speeches that claim Socrates was, well, not always so Pla- perhaps at the same time, in order to help to represent Socrates’ defense, did Socrates tonic. Although few have ever accepted increase the number of citizens at Athens? actually speak a word at his trial? In this Aristophanes’ comic caricature (Clouds), (Diogenes claims that he learned this from book’s third text, Maximus of Tyre, who the Socrates we find in Xenophon’s Memo- Aristotle.) Socrates’ patriotism emerges was reportedly at work during the reign of rabilia and Apology provided a solid para- from this story as clearly as it does from his Commodus (A.D.180-192), asks whether digm for the nineteenth century. It was the celebrated military service at Potidaea. Socrates, by refusing to respond to the work of the last century to replace Plato’s Apology of Socrates remains charges against him, did the right thing. Xenophon’s Socrates with the Socrates we famous; Xenophon’s Apology less so. But Does this then imply that Socrates’ contem- find described by Plato. Today, most schol- Libanius? Libanius was a fourth-century poraries, Xenophon and Plato (not to men- ars agree that Socrates, who left no writ- A.D. pagan luminary who composed his tion all those who followed), merely com- ings of his own, is difficult, if not impossi- Apology in a rapidly Christianizing world. posed their own fantasies of what Socrates ble, to recover, as an historical figure. Did Libanius have access to authentic his- should have said, had he spoken? Notable The five scholars who produced The torical documents now lost? Tantalizingly, scholars have sided with Maximus against Unknown Socrates acknowledge this difficul- Libanius constructs his defense to refute Plato, and Maximus’ essay offers a rousing ty, but are not daunted. They have assem- point by point the charges of Anytus, one defense of Socrates’ choice not to defend bled four essential but neglected sources of Socrates’ original accusers. Not all these himself. Socrates, he claims, by refusing to that all readers may profitably navigate in charges find counterparts in Plato or engage with those beneath his philosophi- search of their own Socrates: Diogenes Xenophon, and, as our authors point out, cal dignity, kept to a higher moral ground, Laertius’ Life of Socrates, Libanius’ Apology these late antique rhetorical exercises have and the Athenians eventually paid the of Socrates, Maximus of Tyre’s Whether tremendous potential historical value. Liban- penalty for their impiety. Maximus writes: Socrates Did the Right Thing When He Did ius worked very carefully within the context Not Defend Himself, and Apuleius’ On the of texts available to him, many of which Because they [the Athenians] slighted God of Socrates. Each text is translated as are irrevocably lost to us. We may also Zeus, plague fell upon them, and so too well as supplied with an introduction, bibli- read Libanius’ defense of Socrates against war from the Peloponnese. Because they ography, and running commentary. The charges of impiety in the early fourth centu- corrupted the youth, they suffered the misfortune at Deceleia, the catastrophe original texts (three in Greek and the last in ry B.C. as a defense in the fourth century in Sicily, and the disaster at the Helle- Latin) are reprinted from good editions. A A.D. of classical Greek culture against spont. This is how god passes judgment, general introduction and foreword describe attacks by a new Christian piety. The docu- this is how he condemns. (232) the genesis of the work, and explain why ment thus fascinates in two ways: it adds to these sources matter. what we may know about Socrates, and it Apuleius (mid-second century A.D.) pro- Even before his execution in 399 B.C., reveals to us that Socrates had become a vides our fourth document. On the God of Socrates, these scholars argue, was making rallying point in a late antique culture war. Socrates begins with a general examina- 18 tion of personal gods before it moves to a IMPERIUM KONFLIKT MYTHOS: discussion of Socrates’ daemon in particu- THE BIMILLENARY OF THE BATTLE IN THE lar (the god Socrates claimed spoke to him TEUTOBURG FOREST throughout his life, mainly to warn him not continued from page 13 to do things). Apuleius concludes that we may all, by living the philosophical life, other literary pieces in which he day. Arminius would have been pleased emulate Socrates’ exemplary care for his featured. (See H.W. Benario, “Arminius had he learned of the effect on the Ger- personal god. This demonology helps us, into Hermann: History into Legend,” mans’ greatest enemy. He would now as modern readers, make sense of a crucial Greece & Rome 51 [2005] 83-94.) be amused at the status that he and his ancient tradition that lacks ready parallels The museum itself is regional and triumph have attained among his comprehensive, and its Roman holdings descendants many generations removed. in our own at once more secular and relent- form only a small part of the whole. In lessly monotheistic age. 2009 two main halls will be devoted to The web address for the entire exhibit No matter how we read these fascinat- the exhibition, which will clearly detail is www.2000jahrevarusschlacht.de. ing documents, we gain fresh insights. The the modern afterlife of Germany’s first Socrates who emerges interests us no less national hero. Addresses of places mentioned and of than Plato's or Xenophon's, and he may The beginnings came in the fifteenth some other Roman museums in the gen- and early sixteenth centuries, with the eral neighborhood: well shed light that helps bring other ver- discovery of Tacitus’ Germania and sions of Socrates into sharper relief. We Annales. There then ensued much dis- 1. LWL-Römermuseum, Weseler observe too the irony that Socrates, who cussion and debate about the ancient Strasse 100, 45721 Haltern am See. was condemned for impiety towards his sense of the German people and the ancestral religion, should become a rhetori- world in which they lived. From these 2. Varusschlacht im Osnabrücker Land cal bulwark for traditional paganism as it views, which are both supported and gGmbH – Museum und Park struggled to stem the rising tides of a newer challenged by archaeological investiga- Kalkriese, Venner Strasse, 49565 tions, there gradually grew the myth of Bramsche. and increasingly aggressive faith. With this Arminius and its evolution into his pic- fine book in hand, one may truly say, ture as the model for German unifica- 3. Lippisches Landesmuseum Det- “Socrates, we hardly knew you!” tion and increasing political power. mold, Ameide 4, 32756 Detmold. When news of the disaster in the Hans-Friedrich Mueller (muellerh@ Teutoburg Forest reached Augustus, he 4. Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Col- union.edu) is the William D. Williams was so overwhelmed that, for several mantstrasse 14-16, Bonn. months, he did not shave or have his Professor of Classics at Union College in hair cut and occasionally banged his 5. Römisch-Germanisches Museum, Schenectady, New York. He is the author head against the doors of his home, cry- Roncalliplatz 4, Cologne. of Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus ing out in anguish, Quintili Vare, legiones (London: Routledge, 2002) and the editor redde! (Suetonius, Augustus 23.2; “Quin- 6. Regionalmuseum Xanten, very near of an abridgment of Edward Gibbon's tilius Varus, give me back my legions!”). the baths of the Archäologischer Park Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Each year thereafter, Augustus consid- Xanten (an extensive excavation site ered the day of the disaster a day of with many monuments rebuilt, in (New York: Modern Library, 2003). gloom and mourning; in other words, it whole or in part, vividly showing was for him a dies nefastus, an accursed what Trajan’s colonia, established at the beginning of the second century, was like).

Herbert W. Benario is Professor Emeritus Bring the APA Comics Contest 2008 Exhibit of Classics at Emory University. His partic- to Your Venue ular interests are Tacitus, the early princi- pate, and the classical tradition. He has been president of the Classical Association of the he APA Committee on Outreach will make the APA Comics Contest exhibit Middle West and South and the Vergilian Tavailable to schools, universities, libraries, and civic organizations interested in Society of America, and was Fulbright Pro- the classics. The submissions came from twelve U.S. states and Canada, and are fessor at the University of Passau, Germany, represented across ten 28” x 38” poster-boards for viewing on easels. The price is in the summer semester 1990. He first visited only the cost of shipping from one destination to the next. The exhibit is produced Detmold and saw the Hermannsdenkmal in 1952, when the statue was being repaired such that it can be easily transported and installed. and the sword was on the ground. For more details about arranging to have the exhibit visit your institution, please see the website, http://apacomics2008.blogspot.com, and please contact “To err is human; Outreach Committee member Chris Ann Matteo at [email protected] or no one except a fool errs 703.469.2191. over and over.” – Cicero, Philippics 12.2.5.

19 A TALE OF TWO BROTHERS: CARACALLA AND GETA continued from page 4

theme, Caracalla destroyed all of the from the sculptured images of his brother. The remains of head of the figure that originally stood London’s prominently between his father and river-wall. brother (clasping each other’s right Egypt. hands) was neatly sawn off and buried. Another This portrait-relic was uncovered early example of in the last century by an archaeologist at Caracalla’s the site. Today this entire concordia- efforts can scene from the frieze is on display at the be found on Libyan museum at Tripoli; the restored the banks of head of Geta is a modern replica (see the Nile at Fig. 18) – an Allied solider reportedly Esna (Greco- snatched the original as a bit of latter- Roman day booty during the North African Latopolis) in campaign in the early 1940s. Upper Britain. Incomplete evidence for its Egypt. shape and dedicatory purpose comes Although the from fragments of a sculptured arch shrine to Fig. 19. Drawing of the south wall of the with probable connections to Caracalla Khnum, the ram-headed god of the temple at Esna by Carl Richard Lepsius, and Geta that were reused, after the annual flood, was begun in the late sec- Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopi- mid-third century, to build a defensive ond century B.C., additions and alter- en 12. vols. (Monuments from Egypt and wall along the Thames River in the ations were made to the temple through- Ethiopia), 1949-1959. Abteilung IV. Roman city of Londinium. Scholars out the period of Roman domination. Band IX. Bl. 89c. debate the cause for the demolition of The Emperor Claudius (A.D. 41-54), for this monument that once stood at the example, probably supplied funds for figures of the two young pharaoh- entrance to a temple area in the city. the imposing forecourt with its giant pal- princes are untouched, since the royal Was it initially raised in honor of mette columns. In a typical scene of poses, regalia, and features are static; Clodius Albinus, a rebel commander in imperial commemoration, the painted but in each case the identification-hiero- Britain who declared himself emperor? sandstone reliefs depict Severus (with a glyphs for Geta have been plastered Or was the arch constructed a decade tall pharaonic crown and carrying a royal- over and re-carved for Caracalla. later at the direction of Geta during the Osiris scepter, flail, and crook) standing The officials at the riverside complex long campaign in northern Britain and before the beneficent Khnum, the god’s at Kom Ombo, farther south near Scotland? In either case, it would have wife, and their son. In a row behind the Aswan, were not so diligent. Within the been necessary to expunge any glorifica- Emperor is his family: Empress Julia precinct of the great double temple to tion of the disgraced “honoree.” Thus, Domna (with a solar-crown and transpar- the falcon-god Horus and the crocodile- the arch was dismantled and its image- ent Egyptian gown), Caracalla (with the god Sobek a small Roman-era chapel stones consigned to the recycling heap; double Red-and-White Crown of the once stood, most likely constructed a few fragments have been recovered Two Lands, scepter, flail, and crook), under the joint patronage of the co- and Geta (with the single White Crown emperors. Only the entrance, two dam- of Upper Egypt and scepter). Above aged pillars framing the gate, and the each member of the royal party in this platform floor of this shrine now remain. typical long-life-jubilee scene is a royal But in the sunken decoration of the cartouche with appropriate hieroglyphic doorjambs neither the name nor the fig- identification (see Fig. 19). ure of Geta has been defaced – this What is significant about this formu- exception emphasizes the rule. laic blessing-tableau is the fact that the These two temple-reliefs were carved entire figure of Geta has been carefully sometime during or shortly after an chiseled away, including the emblemat- extended official visit to Egypt by the ic ankh (the traditional Egyptian symbol Emperor Severus, his wife, and sons for “life”) that Severus’ wife and his during A.D. 199-201. Another artifact of sons hold in their right hands. The distinctly Egyptian origin survives, per- upper portion of the first cartouche cir- haps created on location to honor the cling Geta’s name has also been actual arrival of the Severan family in chipped away, but it is impossible to the province. In Egypt, high Roman offi- determine if this debasement of his cials and especially the Emperor himself titles was intentional or an accident of would have been formally received – as Fig. 18. Caracalla (left), Geta (center), time, since that portion of the carving is had been the pharaonic viziers or even and Severus from the Severan Arch at in fragmentary condition. Alterations to the Pharoah himself – by local adminis- Leptis Magna. © Jona Lendering. From another series of cartouches in the same trators and priests. When the procession Livius.org with permission. temple reinforce the vendetta: adjacent of honored visitors arrived at the city 20 gates (adventus in Latin), the municipal imitation of the images of Serapis, a delegation customarily welcomed them composite Greco-Egyptian divinity who with an image of the supreme ruler: shared characteristics of Osiris, majesty greeted majesty. Zeus/Jupiter, and other gods. In its During the Roman occupation of present condition, however, by far the Egypt, funerary portraits for wealthy most emphatic feature of the imperial citizens were often prepared by artists portraits on the tondo is the complete who applied wax-based (encaustic) or destruction of Geta’s face – and the fact egg-yolk-based (tempera) paints to thin that the scraped surface of this part of panels of wood, which were then insert- the panel was smeared with a layer of ed into wrappings of the deceased’s animal dung. This is damnatio memoriae mummy; sometime a full-length like- with a vengeance. ness was created directly on linen Syria. The next exhibit in the cam- shrouds. Whatever the technique or paign to eliminate all traces of Geta is a Fig. 20. The face of Geta (lower lefthand medium, these burial artifacts, famous straightforward piece of Roman engi- image) has been removed. Staatliche for their life-like quality, are traditionally neering: the arched bridge over the Museum zu Berlin. From Livius.org with called Fayyum portraits and were pro- Chabinas (now Cendere) River on the permission. duced only in Egypt during the mid- outer border of Syria. This stone struc- first to mid-third centuries A.D. They ture on the important military and com- two rulers. Some issues, however, are genuinely personal, true-to-life mercial road along the western edge of remained in circulation, but were literal- images. One similar example appears to the Euphrates plain was built (probably ly “de-faced.” On the Stratonicean spec- have been prepared to commemorate in the late first century A.D.) by troops imens the portraits of Geta were not a death, but the historic visit of an from the Fourth Scythian Legion. Dur- removed, with more or less care, perhaps imperial family. The exact provenance ing Severan times, four columns, per- by a heated chisel. Overstamps were of this painting is unknown. It was dis- haps topped by statues, were added to often added during this process of alter- covered somewhere in Egypt during the honor the family, an imperial pair flank- ation to emphasize the singular authority early twentieth century and is now in ing each end of the span. After the of the new regime: A small helmeted the Museum of Antiquities in Berlin. assassination of Geta, his column and its head and the Greek letters θεου (“[son] The wood panel has been cut into a cir- image were removed, and to this day of the god”) were most likely designed cle just under twelve inches in diame- the asymmetrical decoration of the to publicize the fact that Caracalla was ter, an easily portable size (see Fig. 20). bridge stands as an off-kilter monument now the sole heir of his newly deified The occasionally jagged and abraded to Caracalla’s fratricidal hatred. father. diameter suggests that this tondo (an The final exhibits in the catalogue of The diverse examples described Italian art-historical term for a round damnatio memoriae are modest in size, but above highlight the remarkable extent painting) could easily have been mount- immense in impact. In the ancient world of Roman rule over people of many lan- ed on a pole for more prominent display coins, beyond their basic economic func- guages, cultures, and religions. One rela- in an adventus-ceremony, and for subse- tion, were widely distributed as a primary tively minor aspect of Roman history is quent fixture in a position of honor in a media of imperial propaganda, with the its occasional deployment of damnatio shrine to the Emperor and his family. Emperor’s “head” on one side and a sym- memoriae, a formal decree – and often a All three of the males in this painting bolic message (of a battlefield success or a personal obsession – to remove every are crowned with golden, gem-studded political ideal) on the other. A series of trace of an opponent’s life and deeds. In wreaths, with a bit more modest tiara for provincial mints met expanded military the case of Caracalla and Geta, the sons the Empress. The family’s garments are payrolls and allowed the production of of Septimius Severus, fraternal rivalry white with purple and gold trim; the flexible, custom-designed images. escalated to fratricide and an all-out males hold scepters with small golden Coins survive from the reign of Septi- attempt to annihilate memory. Sculpture eagles at the top. To some scholars, the mius Severus that display portraits of his on arches was smashed, coins defaced or curls in Severus’ beard appear to be an sons and heirs, Caracalla or Geta or both melted down, temple friezes meticu- together, on the obverse; another exam- lously chiseled away, formal inscriptions ple has the Emperor joining right hands carefully altered, and provincial welcome- with the sons on the reverse. On a coin portraits smeared with filth. These Coming in minted in Britain in A.D. 208, Severus enduringly memorable examples of Future Issues appears, with a son at each side, stand- Caracalla’s vendetta and Geta’s post- ing on a parade-ground tribunal as troops mortem humiliation were also scattered Why Read Seneca the Younger? in battle-dress pass in review with their throughout the Empire, from the Tiber legionary standards and an eagle. These and Thames to the Nile and Euphrates. Euripides in Performance monetary testaments of harmony in the imperial family stand in graphic contrast R. J. (Joe) Schork ([email protected]) Alexander the Great and to a series of bronze coins originally has published widely in Classics, compara- the Mermaid minted in Stratonicea (now Eskihisar in tive literature, and James Joyce. Since retire- southwest Turkey) during the ten ment from the University of Massachusetts- Ovid in Images months of fraternal co-rule before Geta’s Boston, he frequently lectures on small cruise ships in the Mediterranean and Near Roman Oratory murder. Following Caracalla’s order of condemnation, local mints rushed to East. His new book, Antiquarian Zest Superheroes and Greek Mythology comply with the edict and melted down (about Romans in Egypt and Egypt’s impact most coins bearing the joint image of the on the Empire), will appear next year. 21 Book Review: Roman Women careful delineations made between the experiences of the upper and lower orders by Julie Langford of women, and D’Ambra’s skill at incorpo- Eve D’Ambra. Roman Women. Cambridge of ideal behavior for elite women to follow rating different types of evidence into her Introduction to Roman Civilization. Cam- and, in this function, served as part of the discussions. D’Ambra is at her best explain- bridge University Press, 2007. Paperback ideological cultural apparatus that sought ing particular artifacts; for me, the highlight $18.95. Pp. 238. 42 half-tone, 57 colour to control wives and mothers” (6). of the book is D’Ambra’s analyses of funer- plates. ISBN 0-521-52158-0. This sophisticated approach to texts and al stele and sarcophagi: what they can tell objects is matched by the careful distinc- us about how women were portrayed by s the second book in the Cambridge tions D’Ambra draws between Roman themselves and by their relatives, and how AIntroduction to Roman Civilization women of various classes. The second they depict women’s relationships with oth- series, Roman Women assumes, according chapter, “Marriage and the Family,” fol- ers (Chapter 3). Quite charmingly, D’Am- to the publisher’s website, “…no prior lows the different stages in a woman’s life, bra’s sense of marvel occasionally peeks knowledge of ancient Rome on the part of from youth and period of formal education through her learned discussion, and invites the reader.” It is a textbook that provides a to death, as well as the differing rules gov- readers to wonder aloud with her over the broad overview of the daily aspects of the erning each. D’Ambra persuasively meanings or interpretations of various arti- lives of women ranging from the highest explains how both moralizing examples facts. Such moments convey a sense of levels of society to the lowest, in chapters such as Lucretia and the condemnation of ongoing inquiry and emphasize that inter- exploring marriage and family, work and loose women such as Clodia were pretations are only that, interpretations. leisure, and the public life of women. As a employed rhetorically in order to control For all of these reasons, I have decided textbook Roman Women lacks an overarch- women’s sexual behavior. In Chapter 3, to make Roman Women a required text in ing thesis; however, even a specialist will my seminar, “Sex and the City.” There are find D’Ambra’s interpretations stimulating. some concerns, however, that will likely From the beginning, Professor D’Ambra provoke discussion. First, D’Ambra never strikes a balance between highlighting D’Ambra draws on defines “gender” as a social construction. those common experiences that draw mod- a wide variety of sources She also fails to define precisely what she ern women to the study of ancient ones, in her exploration of means by “Roman women”: though D’Am- while at the same time demonstrating the bra employs evidence from such far flung ways in which ancient lives were radically women’s experiences in outposts as Britain and Egypt, she does not different from our own. Her success in mak- the Roman world. acknowledge their radically different ing this connection comes from her careful lifestyles and cultures; instead, she refers to distinctions between the experiences of all women, both those from the provinces Roman women from different social back- (e.g., the women in the mummy paintings in grounds. D’Ambra employs an impressive “Women’s Work,” D’Ambra distinguishes Chapter 4; Boudicca in Chapter 2) and variety of sources in accessing the broad between the daily concerns of women from those in the capital, as “Roman.” Another range of female experiences: poetry, let- the senatorial and equestrian classes who problem, perhaps inevitable in so general ters, oratory, inscriptions, funeral stele and were focused upon domestic arts, childrear- an introduction, is the failure to underline sarcophagi, tableware, coins and jewelry. ing, education and personal adornment the radical social changes that accompa- Because these artifacts were not created by and those of women who worked in public, nied the shift from the Republic to the women, D’Ambra emphasizes that “it is participating in family businesses. Curious- Empire, and how these changes affected important to determine who is representing ly, however, D’Ambra discusses childrear- women. D’Ambra does include a brief his- them and for what purposes” (3). ing only in the context of upper class tory of Rome from 753 B.C. to the second For D’Ambra, these artifacts “take part women. Finally, in the last chapter, “Public century A.D. (28-39). But even when dis- in shaping realities and can elicit the tex- Life,” D’Ambra explores how a handful of cussing the question of political succession, ture of lives and social attitudes, if not prominent women in the Republic and she fails to mention the role of women in traces of emotions” (3). The book is particu- Empire played a role in public life through the Imperial families. larly interested in educating the reader the medium of their politically influential Signs of hasty or poor editing abound. about how material objects can reflect daily male relatives. She then turns to a discus- The maps are not numbered, and refer- life, but a closer reading reveals D’Ambra’s sion of the roles of women in Roman reli- ences to them seem to be an afterthought sophisticated claim that material culture gion, from the most publicly visible posi- (9). The editor should have insisted upon shapes realities. D’Ambra illustrates for tions of the Vestals, the Flaminica Dialis descriptive section-headings to clarify when example how clothing portrayed in poetry and the Regina Sacrorum, to the more typi- D’Ambra shifted from one class of women and art helped shape social ideals for these cal religious experiences of the majority of to another. “Gender and Status,” for women. Yet neither texts nor objects Roman women. The book ends without a instance, the title of the first chapter, does “…reflected reality in a truthful nor compre- conclusion or synthesis of the material. not help the reader to organize the informa- hensive way – rather, they provided models The strengths of Roman Women are the tion that follows. Finally, the illustrations, 22 which should be the strength of a book writ- Poetry inspired by ten by an art historian, are often too small for the reader to appreciate the details on the past which D’Ambra’s interpretations depend (e.g., Figure 52 on p. 105 and Figure 55 by Aislinn A. Melchior on p. 109). In fact, there are a number of illustrations that have little bearing on the Upon rereading Kalypso discussion at hand and are only referred to Catullus 63 on the briefly (e.g., Figure 17 on p. 40). Most of self-castration of I am the end of song, these shortcomings can be addressed and The anti-Muse, Attis Cessation of thought, corrected in a classroom setting. A more The reef that is woman. general reader, especially one unfamiliar We all strike at our pleasure, with the Roman world, will find the book As if that will make us stronger Narrative is a ship readable even if the details of D’Ambra’s And we can simply lay it aside in That sails by these benching sands. analyses may go unnoticed. Cambridge discreet parcels. My name veils the slow dearth of owes it to itself and D’Ambra to produce a As if we will not bleed long after we words, The stuttering failure of Odysseus’ second edition because Roman Women tear it From ourselves. As if we will not feel voice, has filled an important niche in Roman The shadow of memory between our Who came here draped in poetry gender-studies. thighs. Like the briny weed that wraps A shipwrecked corpse Julie Langford ([email protected]) is In the logic of Myth, this detached When washed ashore. an Assistant Professor of Roman History at desire He remembers some things the University of South Florida in Tampa. Can never just sit on a beach to be Devoured by the maw of a gull perhaps, She is currently working on a manuscript Or scavenged by the furtive grazing of Enough to cry, and taste that salt. exploring the intersection of masculinity, Dust colored crabs. Instead it grows It stirs some fond recollection ethnicity and divine approval under the greater: Of reefing the sails, and making Severan emperors. Into a foam draped Aphrodite, fast a witching wave, The linen, and the story he spun Or presses roots downward like reaching out of worms That storm, about the black pall of While the ovoid leaves of an the waves. Share Amphora almond tree Embrace the milky sky. My name is Kalypso. with your students, I conceal, and I cover, friends, and family! The pleasure we sought to master More muffling than the glebes of Will master us. We learn the slow toil of Troy, Are you looking for that unusual The ox, the steady sorrow of For to fall on this island, one falls gift for a friend or that gift domesticity, alone. appropriate for an outstanding stu- Severed entirely from the heady lust There is no song here. dent? Consider giving a subscrip- that makes Just the empty foam of love tion to Amphora! For just $10 in Garnet lights in the bowl of On the sanded shore, and the U.S. and $15 in Canada, you pomegranate seeds The stories steering far off can share the articles, reviews, and Which Hades places on our tongue: On the horizon. surprises of a year of Amphora with One. Two. Three. others – isn’t that what outreach is all about? Subscription forms are available Aislinn Melchior ([email protected]) is an Assistant Professor of Classics at the University on-line at http://www.apaclassics. of Puget Sound. She is currently at work on a book entitled Blood and Rhetoric that examines org/outreach/amphora/Nonmember how Julius Caesar represents violence in his commentarii. _Sub_Form.pdf. Pass Amphora on and make someone smile!

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