AFRICI\ Vol 21 0 No4 0 1991 ISSN 0256-2804 Reg
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AFRICI\ ISSN 0256-2804 ) 0 1 0 2 d e t a d ( r e h s i l b u P e h t y b d e t vol n a r g e c n e c i l 21 r e d n u y a 0 w e t no4 a G t e n i b a S y b d 0 e c Reg. u 1991 d o No r p . e 61 R / 00002108 Africa Insight is an independent publication which Annual subscription endeavours to promote insight into the process of Rand Monetary Area R 50,00 change and development in Africa. Elsewhere R 50.00 Airmail rates on application The Institute does not necessarily subscribe to the opinions of contributors. Each volume corresponds with a calendar year and consists of four numbers. © Copyright reserved. The AFRICA INSTITLITE OF SOLITH AFRICA renders a research and information service. It was Contributions and subscriptions should be sent to: founded in 1960 by the South African universities and The Editor the Suid-Afi'ikaanse Akademie vir Wetel1skap el1 KUl1s POBox 630 as a central and academically independent African PRETORIA 000 I studies centre. The Institute is governed by a council Republic of South Africa on which these organizations, amongst others. are Telephone: (012) 28-6970 represented. Telefax: (012) 323-8153 Findings and analysis are disseminated through peri Editor: Richard Cornwell odicals and other publications, the library, news Asst. Editor: Marita Snyman media. and public appearences by members of the Institute's staff. Editorial Committee Dr Simon Baynham The Africa Institute of South Africa (reg no 61/00002/08) Dr Andre du Pisani is registered as a non-profit association. Dr Denis Fair Prof Richard Haines Ms Frieda Harmsen Council ) Dr Stan Schoeman 0 Prof P Smit (Chairman), Prof PANel (Deputy 1 0 Chairman). Prof W J Breytenbach. Prof J A Heyns, 2 Hon Justice V G Hiemstra, Mr W B Holtes, Prof D A d Publications e Kotze, Dr 0 C Krogh, Sir Richard Luyt, Prof G t a Africa Insight Maasdorp. Prof A C Nkabinde, Dr P S Rautenbach. d ( Country surveys Mr 0 Sole, Prof L T Taljaard, Prof H J van Aswegen, r Research communications e Prof N J van der Merwe. h s Occasional papers i l Maps and statistics b u Africa Institute Bulletin (members only) P Director: Dr G M E Leistner e h t Assistant Director: P W Esterhuysen y b Secretary: B C Fisher d e Chief Researchers: Dr Simon Baynham t n Dr Denis Venter a r g e c n e c i l r e d n u y a w e t a G t e Graphic arts by AI Graphics cc, Pretoria. n i b a S Printed by Colour Press (Pty) Ltd. Johannesburg. y b d e c u d o r p e R AFRICI\. vol 21 0 no4 0 1991 ISSN 0256-2804 Reg. No. 61/00002108 an independent publication which promotes insight into the process of change in Africa. Cover by William Steyn Comment A milepost on Africa's road to democracy - Erich Leistner 212 Political economy The political economy of informal economies - Dr Rene Lemarchand 214 Policy impact of democracy in South Africa - Prof Fanie Cloete 222 Madagascar: Change and continuity - Eduardo Serpa 233 Administration Inertia in African public administration: An examination of some causes and remedies - Dr S K Asibuo 246 ) 0 1 0 2 Development d e t a Training for development: At the crossroads - Prof Hennie Swanepoel 252 d ( West Africa's river basin organizations - Denis Fair 257 r e h s i l b Security u P Geopolitics, glasnost and Africa:s second liberation: Political and security implications for the continent e h t - Dr Simon Baynham 263 y b d e t Land policy n a r The dilemmas of land policy in Zimbabwe - Jeffrey Herbst 269 g e c n e c Bookshelf 277 i l r e d n u y a w e t a G t e n i b a S y b d e c u d o r p e R Comment----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A milepost on Africa's road to democracy Erich Leistner, Director of the Africa Institute President Kaunda's spectacular elect role and violence was minimal. Re The incoming government - and with oral defeat at the hands of Frederick gardless of how the country's party it the tender flower of Zambian demo Chiluba and the MMD on 31 October political life may develop in future, the cracy - face an awesome task of eco 1991 not only reflected the Zambian two presidential candidates have set an nomic reconstruction and development. people's exasperation over increasingly example of magnanimity and maturity By comparison, the rebuilding of the intolerable) living conditions. It also that puts many leaders of old-estab war-shattered German and Japanese 0 illustrated1 black Africa's growing disil lished democracies to shame. economies after 1945 was child's play 0 2 lusionment with political leaders who Of Kaunda it has been said that noth because these two countries disposed of d hade gained power by mobilizing the ing ever became him as the manner of well-qualified and motivated - if numer t masses'a desire for freedom and pros his leaving his job, bowing to the will ically depleted - labour forces with d ( perity, but who had effectively brought of the people; while Chiluba has called capable managers and administrators r theme greater poverty and oppression upon his countrymen to practise for anxious to repair the badly damaged h thans that experienced under colonial giveness, reconciliation and unity, and transport, power and other infrastruc i l domination.b to respect Kaunda: "He is the founding tures and to rebuild bombed-out factor u Similar to peoples elsewhere in Afri father of our nation and he must remain ies, offices and dwellings. P ca,e Zambians have long lost the naive in our hearts ... we must ensure nothing By contrast, the Zambian economy is h belieft that the leaders who had once is done to harass him." not only disastrously run-down and bur effectivelyy expressed their yearnings, The Zambian leaders' manifestations dened by impossible debt obligations b actuallyd work for the public good once of political maturity and sophistication (the foreign debt is US$7,8 bn and e theyt are in control. They have learned encourage hopes of similar advances in amounts to $1 000 per head) it is also n thata power inevitably corrupts unless the sphere of economic policy and pub severely distorted structurally: it is over r checkedg by democratic processes and lic administration. The Kaunda govern whelming dependent on the declining e publicc accountability. Twenty-seven ment's nepotism and gross mismanage copper mines; about 130 poorly man n yearse of listening to Kaunda preaching ment have devastated the productive aged and generally ill-designed para c i Humanisml have taught them that high sectors, the physical infrastructure, edu statal corporations (including the mines) soundingr phrases are no substitute for cation, health and other social services. account for four-fifths of the country's e goodd government. The economy is still as overwhelmingly modem economy; the agricultural poten n u The Zambian masses' greater aware dependent on rapidly dwindling copper tial is unusually good but grossly nessy and sophistication is also demon reserves as it was 27 years ago. Ac neglected, and increasing quantities of a stratedw by the fact that, notwithstanding cording to current estimates, the copper food have to be imported; the civil e oftent vicious campaigning before the mines will be practically worked out by service and the parastatals are demoral a election,G tribalism played no significant the year 2010. ized, vastly overstaffed, inefficient and t e n i b a S y b d e c u d o 212r Africa Insight, vol 21, no 4, 1991 p e R -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Comment corrupt; education, training and health the two Washington organizations is government will be sufficiently strong service have been reduced to a shambles resumed. With Chiluba in power, they and courageous politically. One is, for (seven out of nine provinces have been will be more favourably disposed, but instance, reminded that Chiluba had afflicted by severe outbreaks of cholera); ultimately outside assistance will hinge long been the leader of the powerful housing in urban areas, where about half on the effectiveness of the domestic 300 000 - strong mineworkers' union, the) population lives, has been badly reform programme. whose militancy played quite a role in 0 neglected;1 inflation is running at around Effective economic reform, however, appreciably raising the wage costs of lOOper0 cent a year; foreign exchange will entail considerable hardship for the the vital copper industry. Will he be 2 is d in extremely limited supply; and Zambian people: public sector employ prepared to antagonize this important e thet population is doubling about every ment must be vigorously reduced; the constituency? a 20d years. slashing of subsidies on maize-meal The Zambian election was a triumph ( r In September 1991, the IMF and will result in a higher cost of living, for democracy in Africa and a resound e Worldh Bank suspended their financial and the prices of basic foodstuffs must ing setback for one-man or one-party s i helpl because Kaunda was not prepared also rise in order to promote domestic rule. However, considering the daunt b to u reduce the high subsidy on maize production; users will increasingly ing economic hurdles facing the coun P meal (costing about $100 million a have to pay for social services; and so try, it is clear that Chiluba's victory at e year)h shortly before the elections.