731

Index

a particle affinity for water 510 food crops 389–392 absorbing aerosols 511 physical properties 509 nonfood crops 390, 393–394 absorption opacity 250 sampling concerns 501 treatment technologies 390 accumulation mode particles size distribution 499–502 advanced treatment 395 499, 551 volcanic eruptions 493 disinfection 395 acid drainage dust 674 water‐containing 498 Airborne Microwave Observatory of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 677 aerosol chemical speciation monitor Subcanopy and Subsurface acid‐mine drainage (AMD) 677, 678 (ACSM) 508 (AirMOSS) 260–261 acid‐rock drainage (ARD) 677–678 aerosol mass spectrometry airborne sensors acid‐rock generation (ARG) 677 (AMS) 508 AirMOSS 260–261 activated carbon 355, 366, 489 Agency for Toxic Substances and E‐SAR/F‐SAR/PLMR2, 261–262 activated sludge process 367 Disease Registry and features 260 adiabatic lapse rate 514 (ATSDR) 596 HyMap 259–260 Administrative Law and Rulemaking agitated tank leaching systems 677 unmanned aerial systems Procedure 47–48 agricultural reuse, of reclaimed 262–263 adsorption 176, 366 wastewater unmanned aerial vehicles advection 174 advantages 388 (UAVs) 259 advection–dispersion–reaction constituents of concern air‐cooled slag 680 equation (ADRE) 615 emerging of 389 air cyclones, solid waste 652, 653 aeolian dust 493 macronutrients and air pollution control aerodynamic particle diameter micronutrients 389 Air Pollution Control Act 453 498, 501 salinity 389 Clean Air Act 453 AERONET 504 design considerations control of particulates aerosol(s) 551 compatibility and baghouse 470–476 aging processes 501–502 reliability 395 control devices efficiency chemical composition 506–508 salinity 395 of 460 climate 511–513 seasonal demand, variations cyclones 461–465 definition 493 in 395 electrostatic precipitators density 498 COPYRIGHTEDimpoundments MATERIAL 465–470 diameter growth factor 509 artificial snowmaking 395 mechanical collectors 460–461 emission control technology contact‐and noncontact‐type emissions of particulates 513–514 impoundment 396 aerodynamic behavior of formation 501–502 design considerations 397 particles 458 hygroscopic diameter growth nutrient 396 characteristics of 457–458 factor 511 pathogens 396 chemical and physical hygroscopicity 508–512 recreational impoundments 395 characteristics 453 light extinction properties 511 treatment objectives 396–398 control technologies 455–456 meteorology 511–513 treatment technologies 396 cost of control devices 457 optical properties 502–506, 509 treatment objectives gas cleaning 457

Handbook of Environmental Engineering, First Edition. Edited by Myer Kutz. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

0003947046.INDD 731 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 732 Index

air pollution control (cont’d ) aquifers baghouse National Emissions Inventory solute transport 312–313 fabric selection 472–473 (NEI) 454 unconfined aquifers 310 preformed spray towers 474 particle settling, by gravity 458 wells in 311–312 pulse‐jet baghouse 472 PM‐2.5 emission 455 artificial intelligence reverse air cleaning 471 PM‐2.5 particulates 454 algorithms 648 shaker‐type fabric filters 470–471 PM‐10 particulates 454 artificial neural network 92 venturi scrubbers 474–476 process optimization cellular automata 92 wet collectors 473–474 456–457 fuzzy cognitive mapping 92–93 balanced scope, definition 716 gaseous compounds, control of artificial snowmaking 395 baler 664–665 oxides of nitrogen (NOx) 476 asbestos 545 ballistic separation 660–662 packed towers 487–488 ASTM C618, 601 basic oxygen furnace (BOF) reactions 476–481 atmospheric aerosols 679, 680 sulphur dioxide, control of ambient aerosols 498–499 Beer‐Lambert Law 23, 504 481–483 accumulation mode bench‐scale laboratory volatile organic compounds particles 499 development 694 488–491 Aitken modes 499 beta‐attenuation monitor mass wet scrubbers 484–487 coarse mode particles 499 concentrations 496 National Ambient Air Quality nucleation 499 bioaerosols 497 Standards (NAAQS) 453 particle size measurements control of 554–555 regenerative thermal oxidizer 499–501 indoor 553–554 491 gaseous medium 497 sampling 554 Air Pollution Control Act 453 history and regulation 493–494 biogas 418 air separators 649–652 particle concentration biogeochemical processes 72–73 air stripping 356–358 measurements bioleaching, of ores 676 air velocity measurements 494–497 biological aerated filters 369 538–539 particle size effects 497 biological agents 546 Aitken modes 499 particle size measurements biomass burning source testing 510 aluminium 679, 681 aerodynamic diameter 498 biomass smoke aerosols 494, ambient aerosols 498–499 terminal settling velocity 502, 510 accumulation mode particles 499 497–498 black acid 685 Aitken modes 499 particulate matter 493 blister copper 681 coarse mode particles 499 atmospheric deposition 495 boiler water makeup 403 nucleation 499 atmospheric radiation measurement boundary layer parameterization 72 particle size measurements (ARM) 508 boundary layer turbulence 71–72 499–501 atmospheric visibility 495 briquettes/cubes 661–663 ambient noise measurement attenuation Brownian diffusion 497 community noise 577–579 engineered 579–580 Brownian motion 552 roadside noise 575–577 natural 580 Buckingham–Darcy Equation sound level meters 574–575 processes 593 steady‐state evaporation and standards 578–579 audit exercise plan infiltration 160–162 American Association of State audit program development 716 transient infiltration 162–163 Highway and checklists 716 Transportation Officials reporting procedures 716 c (AASHTO) 442 timing and frequency 716 calcium oxide (CaO) 482, 602–603 American Institute of Chemical upcoming audit program California bearing ratio (CBR) Engineers’ Centre for Waste 716–717 602–605 Reduction Technologies waste audit scope 715–716 California Gold Rush 674 (AIChE–CWRT) 698 audit team formation 714–715 carbonaceous aerosols 510 Amprobe SM‐20A 575 carbon dioxide (CO2) 544, 681, 682 anaerobic digestion 370 b carbon monoxide (CO) 521, anaerobic pretreatment 418 Background site, Bosque del Apache, 545–546 anaerobic processes 369–370 New Mexico 506 Caro’s acid 675 anthropogenic emissions 503 backscatter 251 casting sands 680

0003947046.INDD 732 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM Index 733

Central Pollution Control Board climate change impact analysis rivers basins, in San Juan (CPCB) 578 anthropogenic hazards Mountains, Colorado CEQ regulations 50–51 air pollution 89 river channel extraction 106 CERCLA deforestation and scale characterization 103–104 cleanup standards 62 desertification 89 terrain analysis 104–106 liability 61–62 automated land cover stratification, statistics in climatology national priorities list and cleanup of Alpine Environments geostatistics 97–98 process 62 111–114 linear regression analysis and CerOx process 365 climate data significance test 97 Chapter 62‐610 of the Florida data sources and PCA (EOF) and wavelet Administrative Code for collaborations 96 analysis 98 Reuse of Reclaimed Water and filling spatial data gaps 97 time and space analysis Land Application 380 filling temporal data climate data and climatic chemical metallurgy wastes gaps 96–97 skills 94–95 hydrometallurgical wastes modeling data 95–96 integration of 95 electrorefining/electrowinning observational data 95 urbanization and greenhouse gas 685–686 climate hazards emission 94 pickling liquors 686 cryosphere 89–90 in United States 83 precipitation 682–685 flooding 89 climate downscaling 76–77 principal methods 678 sea level rise 90 climate modeling pyrometallurgical wastes wildfire 89 atmosphere‐ocean‐land gaseous wastes 680–682 critical zone concept system 67 solid wastes 679–680 critical zone boundary conditions and vertical chemical oxygen demand observatories 86–87 coordinate 70 (COD) 720 definition 84 centennial time scales, chemical precipitation 682–685 life‐sustaining resources 84 multidecadal to 76 chemical process design 698 long‐term processes and climate downscaling 76–77 chlorine residual 398 impacts 85 components 73 circular economy 629 physical, chemical, and computer code generation 67 Clean Air Act 453, 494, 681 biological processes 85 developmental cycle 67 motor vehicles and fuels 54 short‐term processes and discretization and numerical National Ambient Air Quality impacts 85 methods 68–70 Standards and State societal adaptations 85 historical development Implementation Plans 52–53 soil erosion, rates of 85 coupled atmosphere‐ocean National Emissions Standards for soil profile 85 models 68 Stationary Sources 53–54 spatial and temporal scales 85 earth system model (ESM) 68 prevention of significant surface and nearsurface weather forecasting 67–68 deterioration (PSD) systems 83 interannual‐to‐decadal time scales, requirements 53 terrestrial life 85 climate prediction on 75–76 Regulation of Greenhouse Gases water resource 85 physical and subgrid‐scale 54–55 geomorphometry parameterization clean air delivery rate (CADR) 529 research and biogeochemical processes cleaner production 689, 690 applications 99–100 72–73 Clean Water Act 351 software package boundary layer turbulence National Pollutant Discharge evaluation 100–102 71–72 Elimination System geophysical hazards gravity wave drag 72 Permits 56 earthquakes 88 land surface processes 72 Technology‐Based Effluent landslide 89 moist processes and cloud Limitations 56–57 volcanic eruptions 88–89 physics 71 Water Quality Standards 57–58 modeling glacier change 106–111 radiative processes 71 Clean Water Act and the National risk control research on 67 Pretreatment Program (40 artificial intelligence 91–92 statistical model 77 CFR 403) 371 mitigation 93 validation of model 67 climate change 51–52, 541 radar technology 91 validations of models 73–74

0003947046.INDD 733 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 734 Index

cloud microphysics 71 critical zone concept dissolved organic carbon CLTs see column leach tests (CLTs) critical zone observatories 86–87 (DOC) 378 coal combustion products definition 84 dissolved oxygen depletion (CCPs) 599 life‐sustaining resources 84 nitrification 339 coarse mode particles 499, 551 long‐term processes and redox sequence 339–341 Code of Federal Regulation impacts 85 double‐ring infiltration method 172 (CFR) 583, 590, 595 physical, chemical, and biological Douglas’s hierarchical Coke 681 processes 85 procedure 704 colloidal particles 684 short‐term processes and drift velocity 531 color sorting 643–644 impacts 85 dripper method 173 column leach tests (CLTs) 611, 612 societal adaptations 85 dry and wet sieving methods 140–141 combustion aerosols 493 soil erosion, rates of 85 dual energy X‐ray transmission combustion, outdoor air 521–522 soil profile 85 (DE‐XRT) 645 Common Law 48–50 spatial and temporal scales 85 dump leaching 677 common sense approach 718 surface and nearsurface DuPont’s 10‐step method of community noise pollution systems 83 Engineering Evaluations 577–579 terrestrial life 85 for Pollution Prevention compaction/baling 663–665 water resource 85 698, 699 completely mixed flow reactor cubed sphere method 70 dust (CMFR) cyclones solid wastes 680 conservation of mass law 522 multicyclones 462 vs. urban‐industrial pollution constant coefficients 523–524 performance of aerosols 510 material balance 522 separators 462–464 dynamical downscaling 76 quantity of material per time 523 pressure drop 464–465 complex waste minimization spiral motion 461 e audit 720 vane‐axial cyclones 461 Earth’s surface 499 Comprehensive Environmental Earth system model (ESM) 68 Response, Compensation, and d Eddy‐current separation 657–659 Liability Act (CERCLA) 589 Darcy’s law 158–159, 311 effective curve number (ECN) 427 Comprehensive Environmental data quality objectives (DQOs) electrical mobility sizing Response, Compensation, and definition 14 techniques 499 Liability Information System feasibility 16 electric arc furnaces (EAF) 679–681 (CERCLIS) 597 geographic area 15–16 electrochemical process 365 conceptual design 693 quantitative DQOs 15 electrokinetic (EK) treatment 209 condensation particle counter (CPC) sampling and analysis plan 15 amendments 210 496–497, 500 decibel, noise level 573–574 bioremediation and Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity density/gravity separation biotreatment 210 Generators (CESQG) 595 air cyclones 652 chelating agents 210 conservation of mass law 522 air separators 649–652 chemical surfactants 210 constant‐head flow method 170 heavy media separators 652–653 crude oil recovery constant head test 435 stoners 652 field evidence of oil 234–235 constant injection method 538 deposition velocity 524–526 laboratory evidence 232–234 construction and demolition desalination 375 direct electric current in soils 210 (C&D) 599 detection approaches 23 and electrochemical remediation continental drift 94 diethanolamine (DEA) 682 methods 210 convective parameterization 71 differential mobility analyzer electrochemical transformations cooling water systems 402 (DMA) 499, 510 219–222 copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) 682, diffusion 174 electrodialysis 210 683, 685 direct measurement 13 electrokinetic extraction corrugated cardboard (OCC) 638 disinfection by‐products ammonium, NH4 + cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) 11 (DBPs) 346 extraction 224 coulter counter method 142 disk screen 638 containment 232 coupled model intercomparison dispersion 174–176 cyanide and fluoride extraction project (CMIP) 74 dissolved air flotation (DAF) 359 224–225

0003947046.INDD 734 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM Index 735

and extraction 222–223 energy efficiency retrofits 541–542 turbulent line plumes 322 hexavalent chromium energy‐induced waste minimization unsteady source conditions 325 extraction 225 networks (EIWAMINs) 706 turbulent jets NaCl extraction/ energy minimization program 714 in crossflow 319–320 separation 223 enforcement and liability pollutant transport 320 ‐ perchlorate, ClO4 extraction citizen suits 63 in quiescent flow 318–319 223–224 monitoring compliance and environmental impact statements stabilization and immobilization violence 64–65 (EIS) 50 228–232 penalties, for violating environmental law, for engineers sulfate, nitrate and chloride environmental laws 63–64 Administrative Law and extraction 225–226 environmental audits 594–596 Rulemaking Procedure unsaturated soils 226–227 environmental fluid mechanics 47–48 VOCs, PAHs, and organic advection‐diffusion CERCLA acids 227–228 equations 313–314 cleanup standards 62 electromigration 211–212 nonuniform and turbulent liability 61–62 electroosmosis mixing 317 national priorities list and EO efficiency coefficient 214 pure diffusion 314–316 cleanup process 62 Helmholtz‐Smoluchowski (H–S) steady downstream Clean Air Act theory 212 concentration field 317 motor vehicles and fuels 54 ionic conductance 213 stream‐wise advection 317 National Ambient Air Quality Lehigh EK test cell groundwater flow Standards and State assembly 214 Darcy’s law 311 Implementation Plans 52–53 nonlinearity and hydraulic head and hydraulic National Emissions Standards nonuniformity 213 conductivity 310–311 for Stationary Sources 53–54 parallel resistances models 213 saturated/unsaturated prevention of significant wet clay systems 213 zones 310 deterioration (PSD) ζ potential 213 solute transport, in aquifers requirements 53 mathematical modeling of 312–313 Regulation of Greenhouse transport 216–219 unconfined aquifers 310 Gases 54–55 nonpolar compounds 210 wells, in aquifers 311–312 Clean Water Act pH fronts and hydrogen and open‐channel flow National Pollutant Discharge chlorine gas 210 gradually varied flow 305–307 Elimination System porosity and biodiversity 210 specific energy 304–305 Permits 56 redox reactions 211 uniform flow 304 Technology‐Based Effluent electrometallurgy 679 unsteady flow equations Limitations 56–57 electrorefining (ER) 679, 685–686 307–308 Water Quality electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) surface waves Standards 57–58 514 linear wave theory 309–310 Common Law 48–50 design parameters 469–470 spatial and temporal enforcement and liability dry and wet systems 465 scales 308 citizen suits 63 particle charging 466–468 Stokes wave theory 309 monitoring compliance and particle filtration 530–531 2D regular surface gravity violence 64–65 wet ESP 468–469 waves 309 penalties, for violating electrowinning (EW) 679, 685–686 wind‐generated waves 308 environmental laws 63–64 Emergency Planning and Community turbulent buoyant plumes environmental statutes 46 Right‐to‐Know Act bent‐over plumes 322–323 Judicial Review 48 (EPCRA) 589 chemically reacting National Environmental Policy emission control technology, plumes 324–325 Act 50–52 aerosols 513–514 confined and semiconfined Resource Conservation and emissions 557–559 plumes 325–326 Recovery Act endocrine disrupting compounds round turbulent plumes hazardous waste management (EDCs) 379 321–322 59–60 end‐of‐pipe treatment 709, 710 in stratified ambient 324 identification and classification energy balance methods 272 turbulent fountains 325 wastes 58–59

0003947046.INDD 735 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 736 Index

environmental law, for engineers stratified sampling 22 flotation 359–360 (cont’d ) uncertainty and contributing flowsheet analysis 701–702 land disposal restrictions 60 errors 21 qualitative methods 702–703 nonhazardous waste environmental systems analysis quantitative methods 703–706 management 59 cost‐benefit analysis 11 fly ash waste incineration 60–61 energy and exergy analysis 1–2 ASTM C618, 601 source of law 45 environmental input‐output calcium oxide (CaO) 602–603 US Federal System 46–47 analysis 5 freeze–thaw cycles 606–608 environmental noise pollution environmental management geotechnical performance ambient noise measurement systems 4–5 602–604 community noise 577–579 environmental risk leachate roadside noise 575–577 assessment 3–4 chemical analysis 608–614 definition of 565–566 life cycle assessment 5–9 groundwater numerical engineered attenuation 579–580 life cycle costing 7 modeling 614–616 human health effects on 566–567 material flow analysis (MFA) 2–3 MSWI 611 level of 573–574 social life cycle assessment 7, recycled waste materials 600 natural attenuation 580 9–11 stabilizing agent and soil noise guidelines 578 substance flow analysis 3 amendment 601–602 nuisance of 578 European automobile food crops 389–392 sound manufacturers 673 formaldehyde 544 characteristics of 569–570 eutrophication 341 formaldehyde (HCHO) 541 propagation 567–569 evaporation method 172 forward scatter 251 tinnitus 566 evapotranspiration Freundlich model 366 urban areas 565–566 empirical methods, vegetation froth flotation 661 environmental process design 705 indices 286–287 environmental remediation hybrid methods, FVC‐LST g clean up process 597 Space 287 gaseous emissions 721 HRS 596–597 surface energy balance (SEB) gaseous wastes 680–682 NPL 596 models gases filter 551–553 PA/SI 596 SEBS algorithm 285–286 adsorption processes 531–532 RI/FS 597 S–SEBI algorithm 286 evaluating performance environmental reuse, of reclaimed exclusion 176–177 529–530 wastewater Experimental Synthetic Aperture Gaussian dispersion modeling 502 constituents of concern Radar (E‐SAR) 261 geometrical spreading see sound chlorine residual 398 divergence nutrients 398 f GIS data 17 organic matter 398 falling‐head flow method 170–171 gold ores 674, 678 total dissolved solids 398 falling head test 434–435 gravity separation see density/gravity design considerations Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste separation stream flow augmentation 400 Amendments (HSWA) 589 gravity wave drag 72 wetland 400 Federal Highway Administration green chemistry, principles of treatment objectives (FHWA) 578 693, 694 stream augmentation 399, fiber filters 530 green economy 629 401–402 Field and Laboratory Emission Cell grid/systematic sampling 22 wetlands 398–399 (FLEC) 558 ground granular blast furnace slag treatment technologies 399 Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on (GGBFS) 680 environmental sampling approaches Climate Change (IPCC) groundwater flow grid or systematic sampling 22 Report 67 Darcy’s law 311 hypothetical composite sampling filtration 359 gravity currents grid 20 Finding of No Significant Impact anatomy of 327–328 judgmental sampling 22 (FONSI) 50 inertial propagation 328 non‐composite sampling 18 fine‐mode particles 495 viscous propagation 328–329 random sampling 22 finite difference methods 69 hydraulic head and hydraulic stratified random sampling 22 finite volume methods 69 conductivity 310–311

0003947046.INDD 736 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM Index 737

saturated/unsaturated zones 310 remediation high‐time resolution PM2.5 chemical solute transport, in clean up process 597 composition 508 aquifers 312–313 investigation/feasibility humidity ratio 540 unconfined aquifers 310 study 597 hydraulic head and hydraulic wells, in aquifers 311–312 NPL 596–597 conductivity 310–311 groundwater numerical PA/SI 596 hydrometallurgical wastes 676–677 modeling 614–616 toxicology 593–594 electrorefining/ groundwater recharge, of reclaimed Hazard Ranking System (HRS) electrowinning 685–686 wastewater 596–597 pickling liquors 686 algae blooms, reduce of 407 hazards precipitation 682–685 constituents of concern anthropogenic hazards hydrometallurgy 679 organic carbon and nutrients air pollution 89 hydroxide precipitation 682 407–408 deforestation and HYDRUS‐2D 615 pathogens 408 desertification 89 hygroscopic tandem differential redox potential 408 climate hazards mobility analyzer suspended solids 407 cryosphere 89–90 (HTDMA) 510 design considerations 410 flooding 89 Hyperspectral Mapper direct injection systems 407 sea level rise 90 (HyMap™) 259–260 nonpotable water source 406 wildfire 89 hypothetical composite sampling recharge basins 407 geophysical hazards grid 20 surface spreading 407 earthquakes 88 treatment objectives 408–4011 landslide 89 i treatment technologies 409 volcanic eruptions 88–89 icosahedral grid 69 vadose zone injection 407 interdisciplinary thinking impactor 631 group contribution theory 706 approach, in critical impoundments 675–676 zone 90–91 IMPROVE monitoring h health effects, pollutants network 506–507 haloacetic acid (HAA) asbestos 545 incinerators 590 compounds 378 biological agents 546 indoor air quality (IAQ) hammer mill 631–632 carbon dioxide 544 bioaerosols 553–555 hand‐sorting line 640–642 carbon monoxide 545–546 CMFR model 522–524 hazard and operability formaldehyde 544 combustion 521–522 (HAZOP) 703 nitrogen dioxide 543 deposition velocity 524–526 hazardous waste management ozone 543 emissions 59–60 radon 543 characterization 557–559 classifications for 583, 585 smoking 544–545 energy efficiency definition of 583 VOCs 543 retrofits 541–542 environmental audits heap leaching 677 health effects of (see health effects, 594–596 heat exchange network (HEN) pollutants) fate and transport 591–593 synthesis 705 indoor radon petroleum oil spill impact heat exchanger network synthesis control of 550–551 583–584 (HENS) 703 sources of 548–550 RCRA 585–586 heat‐induced waste minimization odors 559–560 imports/exports 587 networks (HIWAMINs) 706 outdoor air 521–522 injection well 587 heating, ventilation, and air‐ particles and gases filter 551–553 land disposal 587 conditioning (HVAC) 529 evaluating mixed wastes 586–587 heavy media separators 652–653 performance 529–530 permitting program 588 Helmholtz‐Smoluchowski (H–S) gas adsorption 531–532 solid waste 589 theory 212 particle filtration 530–531 TSDFs 589–590 high efficiency particle air pollutants 521 unit 590–591 (HEPA) 529 psychrometrics 540–541 universal wastes 586 High Park Fire 502 radon 546–548 USTs 589 biomass 496 thermal comfort 539–540 waste oil 586 northern Colorado 494 UVGI 527–528

0003947046.INDD 737 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 738 Index

indoor air quality (IAQ) (cont’d ) waste minimization cycle 711–712 pump‐and‐treat methods 210 ventilation and infiltration waste minimization programs transformation reactions 211 air age 536 710–711 integrated steel plants 679 air exchange effectiveness 536 Industrial Waste Management intensive sampling 14 airflow through openings Evaluation Model internal drainage method 173 534–535 (IWEM) 615 International Electrotechnical air leakage measurement inertial propagation 328 Committee 535–536 infiltration 532 (IEC) 574 driving mechanisms 532–533 infiltration test 435 International Network for Acid large building ventilation initial‐value‐problem approach 75 Prevention (INAP) 678 practices 534 injection well 587, 591 intertropical convergence zone residential ventilation practices inorganic toxicants (ITCZ) 74 533–534 heavy metals 347–348 inverse square law 572 ventilation efficiency 536 radionuclides 348 irrigation method 395 ventilation measurements in situ leaching of ores 677 isokinetic sampling 501 air velocity measurements in situ light scattering by particles 538–539 506 see also light scattering j fan pressurization 539 in situ PM2.5 mass measurement 496 judgmental sampling 22 tracer gas techniques in situ soil and sediment remediation Judicial Review 48 536–538 bioremediation and VOC 555–557 biotreatment 210 k industrial ecology 700 crude oil recovery Kelvin equation 511 industrial reuse, of reclaimed field evidence of oil 234–235 Kirchhoff’s law 250 wastewater laboratory evidence 232–234 Kozeny–Carman equation 431 constituents of concern direct electric current Kubelka–Munk radiative transfer boiler water makeup 403 electrochemical transformations equation 288 cooling water systems 402 219–222 design considerations 406 electromigration 211–212 l toilet flushing and on‐site electroosmosis 212–216 land disposal 60, 587 irrigation 401 mathematical modeling of landfill mining 628 treatment objectives 403–405 transport 216–219 landfills 590–591 treatment technologies 403, 406 electrochemical techniques 210 land surface processes 72 industrial waste auditing electrokinetic extraction land treatment units 591 + assessment phase ammonium, NH4 Large Quantity Generators material balance 719–722 extraction 224 (LQGs) 596 process flow diagrams 719 containment 232 laser diffractometry 142–143 unit operations 719 cyanide and fluoride extraction laser‐induced breakdown preassessment phase 224–225 spectroscopy (LIBS) 646 baseline information hexavalent chromium LCA see life cycle assessment (LCA) collection 717 extraction 225 leachate implementable options 718 NaCl extraction/separation 223 CLTs 611, 612 plant walk‐through 718 perchlorate, Cr(hydro)oxides 608, 610 ‐ preparatory work phase ClO4 extraction 223–224 groundwater numerical audit exercise plan 715–716 stabilization and immobilization modeling 614–616 audit team formation 714–715 228–232 MSWI 611 management groups 712–714 sulfate, nitrate and chloride pH conditions 609, 611 synthesis and preliminary analysis extraction 225–226 water leach tests 608 economical evaluation 724 unsaturated soils 226–227 lead 681 prioritizing waste reduction VOCs, PAHs, and organic Lehigh EK test cell assembly 214 options 724 acids 227–228 LIDAR 14 screening and selecting electrokinetic (EK) treatment 209 life cycle assessment options (see weighted sum oil transformation (LCA) 700–701 method) displacement 237–239 light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technical evaluation 723–724 laboratory evidence of 235–237 methods 506

0003947046.INDD 738 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM Index 739

light scattering 504–505 sampling and analysis plan 15 meteorology 508 lime kiln dust (LKD) 602, 603 direct measurement 13 micronutrients 389 linear absorption coefficient 250 environmental sampling microscale P2 approaches Linearized Richards’ Equation approaches 14 706–707 166–167 grid or systematic sampling 22 Mie scattering 251 linear wave theory 309–310 hypothetical composite sampling Milankovitch cycle 94 liquid wastes 675 grid 20 mineral dust aerosols 493 low‐level mixed waste (LLMW) 586 judgmental sampling 22 mineral processing techniques 675 non‐composite sampling 18 mine sites m random sampling 22 acid‐rock drainage 677–678 macronutrients 389 stratified random sampling 22 air‐borne losses 674 macroscale P2 approaches stratified sampling 22 environmental stewardship 674 industrial ecology 700 uncertainty and contributing hydrometallurgical wastes life cycle assessment 700–701 errors 21 676–677 magnetic drum 655 indirect measurement 13–14 metal consumption 673 magnetic head pulley 654 laboratory analysis metal mining countries 673 magnetic induction (MI) sorting extraction 22–23 mineral ore deposit 674 646–647 separation science 23–24 properties 674 magnetic separation LIDAR 14 tailings impoundments ferromagnetic materials 653 measurements and models 27 675–676 magnetic drum 655 monitoring plan 16 minimum efficiency reporting value magnetic head pulley 654 monitoring site selection (MERV) 531 plate/block magnet 657 process 16–18 mixed wastes 586–587 standard‐intensity 654 monitoring technologies 13 Monhemius diagram 683 suspended/overbelt 655–656 MSAT concentrations 16 monitoring site selection process manual/hand sorting 638–640 sources of uncertainty 25–26 air quality monitoring site 17 marine aerosols 500 mechanical collectors 460–461 feasibility considerations 16 mass exchange network (MEN) mechanical design/production GIS data 17–18 synthesis 705, 706 design 695 implementation phase 16 mass integration 703, 704 mechanical ventilation 532 local businesses and residents 16 material balance membrane bioreactors 368–369 national scale map layers, algorithm for textile industry 722 mesoscale P2 approaches EnviroAtlas 19 constructive material balance flowsheet analysis 701–702 selection considerations 720–722 qualitative methods and criteria 18 definition 719 702–703 spatial tools 17 evaluating and refining quantitative methods monoethanolamine (MEA) 682 721–722 703–706 MSWI see municipal solid waste sheet 719 unit operations 701, 702 incinerator (MSWI) sources of information 720 metal hydroxide formation 678 municipal solid waste (MSW) 628 tie compounds 720 metal recycling 673 municipal solid waste incinerator unit operations 720 metals industry, waste reduction in (MSWI) 611 material flow analysis 702 chemical metallurgy wastes material flow analysis (MFA) 2–3 678–679 n materials recycling 629 hydrometallurgical wastes NASA Soil Moisture Active and maximum contaminant levels 682–686 Passive (SMAP) 259 (MCL) 618 pyrometallurgical wastes National Ambient Air Quality mean free path 552 679–682 Standards (NAAQS) 495, measurement methods mine sites 674–675 520, 543 contaminants of concern 27–31 acid‐rock drainage 677–678 National Ambient Air Quality data quality objectives (DQOs) hydrometallurgical wastes Standards and State definition 14 676–677 Implementation Plans feasibility 16 tailings 52–53 geographic area 15–16 impoundments 675–676 National Emissions Inventory quantitative DQOs 15 metal sulfide formation 678 (NEI) 454

0003947046.INDD 739 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 740 Index

National Emissions Standards for particle filter economics 698–699 Stationary Sources 53–54 atmosphere size modes 551 environmental costs 698 National Environmental Policy drift velocity 531 establishing and maintaining 697 Act 50–52 evaluating performance 529–530 identification guidelines 693 and climate change 51–52 individual dynamics 552–553 integrated methodology 696–697 Federal Agency Planning single‐pass efficiency 529 at macroscale 700–701 50–51 size distributions 551–552 at mesoscale 701–706 National Pollutant Discharge type of 530 methodology continuum 692 Elimination System particle number concentrations 496 at microscale 706–707 Permits 56 particle size distribution 500–501 potential sources 692 National Pretreatment Program 351 particulate matter (PM) prevention methods 691–696 National Priorities List (NPL) 596 air quality 496 process elements for 692 naturallyoccurring, and/or in atmosphere 493 process operations stage 695–696 accelerator‐produced concentration measurements product/process engineering radioactive material 494–495 stage 695 (NARM) 586 industrial/combustion‐derived product/process synthesis 691 natural radioactivity 546–547 smoke 493 R&D stage 693–695 natural ventilation 532 particle size measurements 497 survey treatment techniques near infrared (NIR) sorting 644 removal mechanisms 514 699–707 Nernst–Planck equation 216 US National Ambient Air Quality pollution prevention assessment nested grid system 69 Standards 496 (PPA) 696 neutralization 361 pathogens 341–342 polydispersions 499 neutral pressure level (NPL) 533 pavement sublayer design 616 popcorn slag 680 nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 521, 543 pelletizing 661–663 porous pavement systems non‐composite sampling 18 percolation leaching techniques construction practices nonfood crops 390, 393–394 676–677 permeable interlocking concrete nonhazardous waste permeability pavers 446 management 59 constant head test 435 pervious concrete 445–446 nonlinear Richards’ equation 167 falling head test 434–435 porous asphalt 445 nonpotable water source 406 infiltration test 435 porous subbase 445 Nuclear Regulatory Commission Kozeny–Carman equation 431 postinstallation 446 (NRC) 587 vertical porosity distribution 431 subgrade preparation 444–445 nucleation 499, 502, 551, 683 pickling liquors 686 cost savings 430 nutrient 396 pig iron 680 driver safety 430 pilot‐plant‐scale development and field study measurements 426 o testing 695 hydraulic behavior octave bands 572 pinch technology 701, 702 flow routing 435–438 odors 559–560 Planck’s radiation law 250 underdrains 441–442 open‐channel flow plant walk‐through 718 undrained porous gradually varied flow 305–307 plate/block magnet 657 pavement 438–441 specific energy 304–305 plate reflectance 288 hydraulic conductivity 427 uniform flow 304 PM‐2.5 emission 455 hydraulic properties 427 unsteady flow equations 307–308 PM‐2.5 particulates 454 installation of 426 open‐pit mines 674 PM‐10 particulates 454 layout and siting 446 optical spectrometer 500 pneumatic jig 652 maintenance orographic gravity wave drag Polarimetric L‐band Microwave clogging 447 (GWD) 72 Radiometer (PLMR) 262 inspection 447 outdoor air 521–522 pollutants 521 mechanical sweeping 447 oxides of nitrogen (NOx) 476 pollution prevention (P2) power washing 447 ozone 543 bench‐scale laboratory sediments 447 development 694 vacuuming 447 p cost‐effective solutions 692 open‐graded friction course P2 see pollution prevention (P2) cost evaluation 698 (OGFC) 425 packed towers 487–488 definition 689, 690 permeability

0003947046.INDD 740 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM Index 741

constant head test 435 pregnant leach solution 676 soil production 549 falling head test 434–435 preliminary assessment (PA) 596 transport of 549 infiltration test 435 preliminary material balance 721 natural radioactivity 546–547 Kozeny–Carman equation 431 preparatory work phase, waste pollutants 543 vertical porosity auditing radioactive transformations 547 distribution 431 audit exercise plan 715–716 rainfall retention rates 426 pond design tools 427 audit team formation 714–715 random sampling 22 porosity management groups 712–714 rapid small‐scale column tests ASTM C1688/C1688M standard pressure outflow experiment 171 (RSSCTs) 366 test method 434 prevention of significant Rayleigh scattering 251 ASTM C1754/ C1754M‐12 deterioration (PSD) RCAs see recycled concrete standard test method requirements 53 aggregates (RCAs) 432–433 process energy integration/heat RCRA see Resource Conservation ASTM D7063/D7063M‐11 integration 703 and Recovery Act (RCRA) standard test method 432 process flow diagrams 719 R&D stage see research and hardened pervious product/process synthesis 691 development (R&D) stage concretes 430 prussian blue (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3) 675 recharge basins 407 image analysis techniques 433 psychrometrics 540–541 reclaimed asphalt materials nonminimal porosity 430 publicly owned treatment works (RPMs) 599 single‐sized aggregates 431 (POTW) 380 record of decision (ROD) 51 volumetric method 432–433 pulse‐jet cleaning system 470 recreational impoundments 395 rainfall retention rates 426 pyrite 678 recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) in road noise 430 pyrometallurgical wastes durability 617–618 sediment and debris 427 gaseous wastes 680–682 environmental suitability structural design iron ore concentrates 679 618–622 flexible pavements 442 solid wastes 679–680 geotechnical performance interlocking concrete 616–617 pavements 442 q pavement sublayer design 616 rigid pavements 442 quantitative data quality recycled waste materials 600–601 subgrade 443 objectives 15 recycled waste materials thickness design 443 benefit of 621 traffic 443 r fly ash 600 subsurface drainage 427 radiative transfer theory RCA 600–601 tire–pavement interaction 430 radiative transfer equation (RTE) recycling solid waste 668–669 in urban areas 430 for absorption and redox potential 408 water quality 428–129 emission 250–251 redox reactions 211 water quantity 429 scattering 251 redox sequence 339–341 potable reuse, of reclaimed radiative transfer modeling regenerative thermal oxidizer 491 wastewater microwave domain 253–254 Regulation of Greenhouse Gases constituents of concern 411 multiple‐flux models 253–254 54–55 design considerations 411, 414 plate models 252–253 Remediation Investigation/Feasibility treatment objectives 411–413 reflection and refraction Study (RI/FS) 597 treatment technologies 411 processes 251–252 remote sensing (RS) preassessment phase, waste auditing radioactive transformations 547 airborne sensors baseline information radionuclides 348 AirMOSS 260–261 collection 717 radon E‐SAR/F‐SAR/PLMR2, implementable options 718 activity 547 261–262 plant walk‐through 718 decay chain 547 and features 260 precipitation 361–362 see also health concerns 547–548 HyMap 259–260 chemical precipitation indoor unmanned aerial systems of environmental fluxes air control techniques 550–551 262–263 precipitation retrieval 282–284 Rn control 550 unmanned aerial vehicles radiometric signatures 282 soil characteristics 548–549 (UAVs) 259 preferential flow 169–170 soil gas concentration 549–550 environmental fluxes

0003947046.INDD 741 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 742 Index

remote sensing (RS) (cont’d ) static soil properties sampling approaches, environmental evapotranspiration 285–287 direct measurements 263 grid/systematic sampling 14, 22 precipitation 282–284 sampling methods 263 hypothetical composite sampling surface water storage and research and development (R&D) grid 20 fluxes 284–285 stage 693–695 intensive sampling 14 land surface temperature Resource Conservation and judgmental sampling 22 air temperature 272 Recovery Act (RCRA) non‐composite sampling 18 definition 269 585–586, 589 random sampling 22 linear split‐window algorithm facilities 589–591 stratified random sampling 22 270–271 hazardous waste management stratified sampling 22 nonlinear split‐window 59–60 uncertainty and contributing algorithm 271–272 identification and classification errors 21 SC methods 270 wastes 58–59 saturated/unsaturated zones 310 TIR data 269 imports/exports 587 scanning mobility particle sizer snow cover and water equivalent injection well 587 (SMPS) 499 biophysicochemical vegetation land disposal 587 sea level rise variables 279–282 land disposal restrictions 60 accommodation 121–124 radiometric signatures mixed wastes 586–587 background 119 276–277 nonhazardous waste causes 119–120 snow cover retrieval management 59 Chesterfield Heights 277–279 permit 588 community engagement 125 soil hydrostatic solid waste 589 cross‐disciplinary inquiry 126 properties 268–269 universal wastes 586 existing wetland area for soil minerals USTs 589 storage 127 carbonate minerals 264 waste incineration 60–61 full block raising/storage 126 chemical soil composition 265 waste oil 586 guiding principles 126 clay minerals 264 resource recovery 629 living shoreline 126–127 direct characterization and Reynolds number 501 observations of conditions 125 quantification 264 Richards’ Equation tidal check valves and EPA goethite 266 diffusion form of 164–166 SWMM modeling 127 iron minerals 264 Linearized Richards’ Equation water storage 127 iron oxides 266 166–167 the Hague sulfate minerals 264 nonlinear Richards’ equation 167 check valves 131–132 Vis‐NIR‐SWIR range 264 numerical solution 167–169 community engagement 130 soil moisture scaled forms of 169 guiding principles/cross‐ passive microwave soil hydraulic functions 159–160 disciplinary inquiry/ retrieval 273–276 roadside noise pollution 575–577 collaborators 130 radiometric signatures 273 road surface gravel (RSG) 602–605 sponges 132–134 soil organic matter (SOM) robot recycler sorting 647–649 stormwater retention decomposition stage 266 rock wastes 675 129–130 quantity and quality 266 rolling mills process 686 tidal barriers 130–131 soil reflectance 266 rotary screen 637–638 tidal flooding 129 soil texture 267–268 impacts of 120 spaceborne sensors s structures and adaptation GPM 259 Safe Drinking Water Act 587, 591 design landsat satellites 255–256 salinity 379, 389, 395 elevating structures 120–121 microwave sensors 256–257 salts protection 120 Moderate Resolution Imaging conventional pollutants retreat 121 Spectroradiometer irrigation 342 sea‐salt aerosol 499 (MODIS) 256 road salt 342–343 Seasonal Soil Compartment Sentinel‐1, 258–259 saltwater intrusion 343 (SESOIL) 615 Sentinel‐2 mission 256 well water contamination 343 secondary maximum contaminant SMAP 259 inorganic chemical levels (SMCL) 618 SMOS 257–258 constituents 378 sedimentation 141, 358–359

0003947046.INDD 742 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM Index 743

sensor‐based sorting gravimetric water content 138 soil water color sorting 643–644 mean particle density 138 characteristics 153–158 devices 643 porosity 138 electromagnetic water content laser‐induced breakdown void ratio 138 measurement techniques spectroscopy 646 volumetric water content 138 148–150 magnetic induction 646–647 heat pulse measurements energy state 150–153 near infrared 644 soil heat balance and subsurface Euclidean separation X‐ray fluorescence 644–645 evaporation 190–192 distance 147 X‐ray transmission 645–646 soil thermal property flow velocity of water 146 Sensor Integrated Environmental fitting 189–190 matric potential 147 Remote Research Aircraft soil water flux density and neutron scattering 147–148 (SIERRA) 262 direction 190 solute transport processes sequencing batch reactors 367–368 heat transport adsorption 176 shredders 632–635 analytical solutions to 185–186 advection 174 sick building syndrome (SBS) 555–556 conductive heat transport 185 advection‐dispersion equation Simplified‐Surface Energy Balance convective heat transport 185 and analytical solutions Index (S–SEBI) algorithm heat conservation equation 185 178–179 285–286 radiant heat transport 184–185 diffusion 174 single mass exchanger 705 size distribution and soil dispersion 174–176 single‐pass efficiency 529 classification exclusion 176–177 single‐ring infiltration method coulter counter method 142 unsaturated soils 177–178 172–173 dry and wet sieving specific surface of soils Site Inspection (SI) 596 methods 140–141 nonpolar gases, adsorption size separation, solid waste indirect methods, for of 145 disk screen 638 estimation 143–144 physical measurements 144 rotary screen/trommel 637–638 laser diffractometry 142–143 polar liquids, adsorption vibrating screen 637 PSD information for textural of 145–146 size/volume reduction equipment, classification 144 temperature effects, on biological solid waste sedimentation methods 141 activity 192–194 equipment factors 629–630 X‐Ray attenuation (SediGraph) thermal properties hammer mill 631–632 method 141–142 soil heat capacity 186–187 impactors 631 soil hydraulic properties soil thermal conductivity shredders constant‐head flow 187–189 bag opener 633–635 method 170 soil thermal diffusivity 189 flail mill 632–633 double‐ring infiltration water flow models knife shredder 633 method 172 Buckingham–Darcy wood grinders 635–636 dripper method 173 Equation 160–164 slags 673, 679–680 evaporation method 172 Buckingham–Darcy Law 159 Small Quantity Generators falling‐head flow method Darcy’s Law 158–159 (SQGs) 595 170–171 preferential flow 169–170 smoke particles internal drainage method 173 Richards’ Equation 159–160, biomass burning 494 pressure outflow 164–169 optical properties 494 experiment 171 soil water smoking 544–545 single‐ring infiltration characteristics 153–158 Smoluchowski’s theory 684 method 172–173 electromagnetic water content social life cycle assessment 7, 9–11 soil parameters measurement techniques soil conditions 395 breakthrough curve 179–182 148–150 soil hydraulic functions 159–160 solute concentration energy state 150–153 soil physical properties and processes measurement 182 Euclidean separation exploitation 137 soil temperature distance 147 fundamental mass‐volume direct soil contact temperature flow velocity of water 146 relationships measurement 183 matric potential 147 degree of saturation 138 noncontact soil temperature neutron scattering 147–148 dry bulk density 138 measurement 183–184 Solid Waste Disposal Act 585

0003947046.INDD 743 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 744 Index

solid wastes 589, 673, 674 sound pressure 569, 570 surface waves casting sands 680 vs. distance 573 linear wave theory 309–310 dust 680 vs. frequency 572–573 spatial and temporal scales 308 pyrometallurgical processes 679 vs. intensity 570–572 Stokes wave theory 309 slags 679–680 sound propagation 2D regular surface gravity solid waste separation and process direct sound path 568 waves 309 agglomeration (cubing and environmental elements of 567 wind‐generated waves 308 pelletizing) 661–663 pure sound wave 567 suspended/overbelt ballistic separation 660–661 reflected sound path 568 magnet 655–656 compaction/baling 663–665 sound wave mathematics 569 suspended solids 407 density/gravity separation wave fronts 568 sustainable development 627 air cyclones 652 source–sink mapping 704, 705 sustainable development goal (SDG) air separators 649–652 spaceborne sensors 2015, 709 heavy media separators GPM 259 systematic waste audit 725 652–653 landsat satellites 255–256 stoners 652 microwave sensors 256–257 t economic benefits 667–668 Moderate Resolution Imaging tailings impoundments 675–676 Eddy–current separation Spectroradiometer hydrometallurgical processing 657–659 (MODIS) 256 wastes 682 electrostatic separation Sentinel‐1, 258–259 liquid–solid separation 677 659–660 Sentinel‐2 mission 256 tapioca‐manufacturing factory employment benefits 668 SMAP 259 assessment phase 726 environmental benefits SMOS 257–258 economical evaluation 728 666–667 spatial tools 17 mass balance comparisons 728 froth flotation 661 speciation 346 preassessment phase landfill mining to circular spectral emission coefficient 250 725–726 economy 628–629 spectral methods 69 preparatory work phase 725 magnetic separation 653–657 spectral representation 69 starch milk production 727 manual/hand sorting 638–642 spectral scattering coefficient 251 synthesis and preliminary principles of 629 stack effect 533 analysis 726, 728, 729 recycling prospects 668–669 staggered grids 69 technical evaluation 728 reuse and recycling 627–628 star‐shaped disk screen wastewater characteristic robot sorting 647–649 638–639 loading 728 sensor‐based sorting starter dike 676 tau–omega model 274–276 642–647 statistical inference 14 Technology‐Based Effluent size separation statistical methods 272 Limitations 56–57 disk screen 638 statistical model 77 temperature‐vegetation index (TVX) rotary screen/trommel steel production 679 method 272 637–638 Stefan–Boltzmann law 250 TEOM technique 496 vibrating screen 637 Stokes wave theory 309 terminal settling velocity size/volume reduction stratified random sampling 22 497–498 equipment factors 629–630 stratified sampling 22 thermal comfort 539–540 size reduction equipment stream augmentation 399–402 thermal optical reflectance 630–635 substance flow analysis 3 (TOR) 506 wood grinders 635–636 sulfide mining 677 tinnitus, noise pollutin 566 solute transport, in aquifers sulfur dioxide (SO2) 481–483, 521, Title 22 of the California Code of 312–313 680–682 Regulations for Water sound divergence 570, 573 supercritical water oxidation Recycling Criteria 380 sound frequency 570 364–365 total cost assessment (TCA) 698 sound intensity 570 Superfund Amendments and total organic carbon (TOC) 378 sound level meters 574–575 Reauthorization Act total suspended particulate material Amprobe SM‐20A 575 (SARA) 589 (TSP) 495 roadside noise 575–577 surface impoundments 591 total volatile organic compounds sound power 569 surface spreading 407 (TVOCs) 555

0003947046.INDD 744 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM Index 745

toxicology 593–594 upstream method, tailings dike average concentrations 495 toxic organics 346–347 construction 676 chemical compatibility chart toxic substances urban areas see also environmental 590, 592 aesthetics vs. health 346 noise pollution US National Ambient Air Quality inorganic toxicants 347–348 human health effects 566–567 Standards 496 natural vs. alien 345–346 noise pollution 565–566 radionuclides 348 roadside noise 575–577 v speciation 346 rolling noise 580 vadose zone injection 407 toxic organics 346–347 sound level meters 574 vapors 673 trace chemical constituents 379 traffic noise 579 ventilation and infiltration tracer gas techniques 536–538 urban canopy model 72 air age 536 transmittance model 288 urban mining 628–629 air exchange effectiveness 536 treatment, storage and disposal urban reuse, of wastewater recycling airflow through openings facilities (TSDFs) decentralization 379 534–535 588–590 design considerations air leakage measurement trihalomethane (THM) constituent application 387 535–536 compounds 378 decentralized treatment and driving mechanisms 532–533 trommel screen 637–638 application 387 large building ventilation economic and technical practices 534 u viability 387 natural ventilation flow ultraviolet germicidal irradiation reliability 387 rates 535 (UVGI) temporal water balance 387 residential ventilation practices cooling coil 527 inorganic chemical constituents 533–534 design considerations 528 378–379 ventilation efficiency 536 effectiveness 528 microorganisms ventilation measurements environmental factors 528 indicator organisms 378 air velocity measurements inactivation rate 528 municipal wastewater 377 538–539 upper‐room 527 particulate matter 377–378 fan pressurization 539 ventilation ducts 527 pathogenic agents 377 tracer gas techniques 536–538 uncertainty analysis spraying/dripping 377 vibrating screen 637 complex entities 26 waterborne diseases 376 viscous propagation 328–329 contaminant assessment organic constituents 378 volatile organic compounds (VOC) process 26 trace chemical constituents 379 488–491, 521, 543 decision‐rule uncertainty 25 treatment objectives isotherms 556–557 exposure assessment 26 restricted urban reuse SBS 555–556 modeling uncertainties 25 380–384 surface interactions 556–557 Monte Carlo technique 25 unrestricted urban reuse 380 TVOC 555 numerical value uncertainties 26 treatment technologies volcanic activity 94 uncertainty factors (UFs) 26 advanced oxidation 386 variability and 25 depth filtration 385 w unconfined aquifers 310 disinfection 386 waste(s) Underground Injection Control filtration technologies 385 audit report 717 (UIC) 591 granular activated carbon 386 deepwater storage 678 underground sources of drinking membrane filtration end‐of‐pipe treatment 709 water (USDW) 587 385–386 generation audits 700 underground storage tanks natural treatment systems impoundment design 675 (USTs) 586, 589 386–387 management hierarchy 689, 690 unit operations 719 surface filtration 385 of milling operation 675 universal wastes 586 urea‐formaldehyde foam insulation at mine sites 673 unmanned aerial systems (UFFI) 544 recycling/reuse 712 262–263 US automobile industry 673 segregation of 718 unsaturated soils 177–178 U.S. Environmental Protection treatment cost 710 upflow anaerobic sludge blanket Agency (US EPA) 494, 583, valuable materials, recovery (UASB) 370 674, 691 of 700

0003947046.INDD 745 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 746 Index

waste auditing 712, 715–716 see waste reduction piping and control, flexibility also industrial waste auditing chemical metallurgy wastes of 414 housekeeping processes 715 678–679 power supply 414 inventory processes 715 hydrometallurgical wastes quality assurance program methodology steps 713 682–686 414–415 packaging processes 715 pyrometallurgical wastes storage requirements 415 production processes 715 679–682 treatment systems, monitoring tapioca‐manufacturing definition 690–691 of 414 factory 725–729 integrated methods 705 treatment technologies 375 waste treatment processes 715 mine sites 674–675 urban reuse of waste from electronic and electric acid‐rock drainage 677–678 decentralization 379 equipment (WEEE) hydrometallurgical wastes design considerations 387 652, 659 676–677 inorganic chemical constituents waste incineration 60–61 tailings impoundments 675–676 378–379 waste interception and allocation operational changes 696 microorganisms 376–378 networks (WINs) 706 pollution prevention programs organic constituents 378 waste minimization 629, 689, 690 economics 698–699 restricted urban reuse 380, advantages 711 integrated methodology 383, 384 analysis phase 712 696–697 trace chemical constituents 379 audit of target processes 715 prevention methods 691–696 treatment technologies 383, audit phase 711 survey treatment techniques 385–387 cleaner production cycle 711 699–707 unrestricted urban reuse design and development potential sources 692 380–382 phase 712 waste management hierarchy 689 in U.S., 375 development cycle 711–712 wastewater 721 wastewater treatment plants Douglas’s hierarchical wastewater recycling biological waste treatment procedure 704 agricultural reuse 388–395 activated sludge process 367 evaluation phase 712 desalination 375 anaerobic processes 369–370 implementation phase 712 energy source biological aerated filters 369 inception phase 711 anaerobic pretreatment 418 membrane bioreactors industrial waste auditing biogas 418 368–369 710–711 industrial wastewater sequencing batch reactors waste minimization and reuse treatment 421–422 367–368 technologies environmental reuse 397–400 types 367 aggregates 599 groundwater recharge 406–410 characteristics and requirements benefit of 621 for impoundments 395–397 categorical pretreatment durability 604–608 industrial reuse 400–406 standards 354 fly ash 600–602 in Israel 375 5‐day biochemical oxygen geotechnical performance legal and regulatory issues 416, demand (BOD5) 352 602–604 418–420 Effluent Guidelines and leachate nonpotable reclaimed Limitations 354 chemical analysis 608–614 wastewater 375 industrial facility 352 groundwater numerical nutrient recovery 422–423 local limits 354 modeling 614–616 planning and funding 416, 417 National Pretreatment RCA potable reuse of 410–414 Program 351 durability 617–618 public health protection 375 priority pollutants 351 environmental suitability public involvement and prohibited discharge standards 618–621 participation 418 352, 355 geotechnical performance reliability requirements chemical treatment 616–617 alarm systems 415 adsorption and ion exchange pavement sublayer design 616 Federal Water Quality 365–366 waste materials 599–601 Administration 414–416 chemical oxidation and waste oil 586 industrial pretreatment reduction 362–364 waste piles 591 program 415–416 electrochemical process 365

0003947046.INDD 746 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM Index 747

neutralization 361 water quality 428–129 water quality limits (WQLs) 612 precipitation 361–362 acid and pH Water Quality Standards 57–58 wet air oxidation and acid rain 345 water quantity 429 supercritical water mining and acid mine weatherization 541–542 oxidation 364–365 drainage 345 weighted sum method 722–724 physical unit process characteristics 333 wells, in aquifers 311–312 air stripping 356–358 direct biological health wet air oxidation 364–365 evaporation 361 impacts 333 wetlands 398–400 filtration 359 dissolved oxygen wet scrubbers flotation 359–360 depletion 339–341 mass transfer process 484 oil and grease removal emerging water pollutants 348–349 removal efficiencies 484 360–361 eutrophication 341 types of 487 sedimentation/clarification heat and temperature water‐soluble gases 484 358–359 biochemical reactions 343 windblown dust 499, 674 water flow models dissolved gases 343–344 wind‐generated waves 308 Buckingham–Darcy Equation species shifts and WiscLEACH 615, 616 steady‐state evaporation and survivability 344 wood grinders 635–636 infiltration 160–162 historical background World Health Organization transient infiltration ancient water sanitation 334–335 (WHO) 578 162–163 in London 335–336 Buckingham–Darcy Law 159 industrial/technological x Darcy’s Law 158–159 pollution 338–339 X‐ray attenuation (SediGraph) preferential flow 169–170 natural/conventional method 141–142 Richards’ Equation pollution 337–338 X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) sorting diffusion form of 164–166 pathogens 341–342 644–645 Linearized Richards’ salts 342–343 X‐ray transmission (XRT) sorting Equation 166–167 suspended solids 344–345 645–646 nonlinear Richards’ toxic substances equation 167 aesthetics vs. health 346 y numerical solution 167–169 inorganic toxicants 347–348 Yosemite National Park 504–505 scaled forms of 169 natural vs. alien 345–346 soil hydraulic functions radionuclides 348 z 159–160 speciation 346 ZenRobotics Recycler (ZRR) 647 water leach tests (WLTs) 608, 612 toxic organics 346–347 zinc 681

0003947046.INDD 747 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 0003947046.INDD 748 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 0003947046.INDD 749 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 0003947046.INDD 750 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 0003947046.INDD 751 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM 0003947046.INDD 752 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM