How Big Was the Volcano That Formed the Valles Caldera?
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Volcanic Gases and Aerosols Guidelines Introduction
IVHHN Gas Guidelines www.ivhhn.org/gas/guidelines.html Volcanic Gases and Aerosols Guidelines The following pages contain information relating to the health hazards of gases and aerosols typically emitted during volcanic activity. Each section outlines the properties of the emission; its impacts on health; international guidelines for concentrations; and examples of concentrations and effects in volcanic contexts, including casualties. Before looking at the emissions data, we recommend that you read the general introduction to volcanic gases and aerosols first. A glossary to some of the terms used in the explanations and guidelines is also provided at the end of this document. Introduction An introduction to the aims and purpose of the Gas and Aerosol Guidelines is given here, as well as further information on international guideline levels and the units used in the website. A brief review of safety procedures currently implemented by volcanologists and volcano observatories is also provided. General Introduction Gas and aerosol hazards are associated with all volcanic activity, from diffuse soil gas emissions to 2- plinian eruptions. The volcanic emissions of most concern are SO2, HF, sulphate (SO4 ), CO2, HCl and H2S, although, there are other volcanic volatile species that may have human health implications, including mercury and other metals. Since 1900, there have been at least 62 serious volcanic-gas related incidents. Of these, the gas-outburst at Lake Nyos in 1986 was the most disastrous, causing 1746 deaths, >845 injuries and the evacuation of 4430 people. Other volcanic-gas related incidents have been responsible for more than 280 deaths and 1120 injuries, and contributed to the evacuation or ill health of >53,700 people (Witham, in review). -
Passive Monitoring of Ambient Reactive Gaseous Mercury in The
Passive Monitoring of Ambient Reactive Gaseous Mercury ihFin the Four Corners Area, Eastern OklhOklahoma, an d Central/East Texas: Important Method Evaluation and Baseline Work Presented at the National Air Toxics Monitoring and Data Analysis Workshop, Dallas, Texas, April 7, 2011. • Mark Sather, U.S. EPA Region 6, Air Quality Analysis Section • (214) 665-8353, [email protected] 1 Introduction • This presentation will summarize the first year of a two year monitoring project estimating reactive gaseous mercury (RGM, a.k.a. gaseous oxidized mercury, GOM) dry deposition in the Four Corners area and eastern Oklahoma, and preview a similar study to be done in Texas. • RGM of interest because of its chemical reactivity/water solubility; RGM readily deposits to water , soils and vegetation by both dry and wet processes; atmospheric lifetime = 0.5-2 days versus 0.5-2 years for elemental mercury which is mildly reactive and sparingly soluble in water. • Four Corners/Eastern Oklahoma project is a two year effort funded by U.S. EPA ORD Regional Applied Research Effort (RARE) program; the upcoming Texas study will also be funded by RARE . • Project Collaborators: U.S. EPA Region 6, U.S. EPA ORD, Frontier Geosci/lbliiences/Global Sciences, Ali on, NMED, NPS, USFS/ BLM, Jemez Pueblo/Valles Caldera Trust, Cherokee Nation. • Ambient monitoring began in August, 2009, and will run through the first part of August, 2011. 2 Project Objectives • To gather first-time RGM dry deposition estimates for 24 consecutive months at six sites in the Four Corners area to set a valuable ambient RGM dry deposition estimate baseline with proper assessment of: (a) the effectiveness of the Frontier Atmospheric Dry Deposition (FADD) surrogate surface devices in providing reliable RGM dry deposition estimates and (b) the inter-annual RGM dry deposition estimate variability. -
University of Edinburgh Postgraduate Journal of Culture and the Arts Issue 05 | Autumn 2007
University of Edinburgh Postgraduate Journal of Culture and the Arts Issue 05 | Autumn 2007 Title ‘The Four Horsemen of the Greenhouse Apocalypse’: Apocalypse in the Science Fiction Novels of George Turner Author Roslyn Weaver Publication FORUM: University of Edinburgh Postgraduate Journal of Culture and the Arts Issue Number 05 Issue Date Autumn 2007 Publication Date 12/12/2007 Editors Jack Burton & Hanna Sommerseth FORUM claims non-exclusive rights to reproduce this article electronically (in full or in part) and to publish this work in any such media current or later developed. The author retains all rights, including the right to be identified as the author wherever and whenever this article is published, and the right to use all or part of the article and abstracts, with or without revision or modification in compilations or other publications. Any latter publication shall recognise FORUM as the original publisher. “The Four Horsemen of the Greenhouse Apocalypse”: Apocalypse in the Science Fiction Novels of George Turner Roslyn Weaver, (University of Wollongong) … the realities of overpopulation, ineradicable pollution, rampant nationalism, and plain entrepreneurial greed – the four horsemen of the greenhouse apocalypse – closed around the planet. - George Turner, Down There in Darkness 13 In Postmodern Apocalypse , Richard Dellamora writes of a “pervasive sense of unease in contemporary existence”, arguing that the “lack of confidence in the possibility of shaping history in accord with human desire(s) provides the bass line of culture – political, economic, and aesthetic” (xi). More than a decade after Dellamora’s remarks, a collective dread evident in literature and film has not abated; rather, it has perhaps intensified. -
A Universal Severity Classification for Natural Disasters H. Jithamala Caldera1 and S. C. Wirasinghe2 1Department of Civil Engin
A Universal Severity Classication for Natural Disasters H. Jithamala Caldera ( [email protected] ) University of Calgary Schulich School of Engineering https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8896-7846 S. C. Wirasinghe University of Calgary Schulich School of Engineering Research Article Keywords: Universal Disaster Severity Classication Scheme, Global Disaster Severity Scale, Universal Standard Severity Index System, Extreme Natural Events, Disaster Denitions, Impact Assessment Posted Date: May 7th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-333435/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 1 A Universal Severity Classification for Natural Disasters 2 H. Jithamala Caldera1 and S. C. Wirasinghe2 3 1Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, [email protected], 4 0000-0001-8896-7846 5 2Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 0000-0001-5739-1290 6 ABSTRACT 7 The magnitude of a disaster’s impact cannot be easily assessed because there is no global method that provides 8 real magnitudes of natural disaster severity levels. Therefore, a new universal severity classification scheme for natural 9 disasters is developed and is supported by data. This universal system looks at the severity of disasters based on the 10 most influential impact factor and gives a rating from zero to ten; zero indicates no impact and ten is a world-wide 11 devastation. This universal system is for all types of natural disasters, from lightning strikes to super volcanic eruptions 12 and everything in between, that occur anywhere in the world at any time. -
VOLCANO-TECTONIC HISTORY of CRATER FLAT, SOUTHWESTERN NEVADA, AS SUGGESTED by NEW EVIDENCE from DRILL HOLE USW-VH-1 and VICINITY By
5)zt.-t"o En-, 6-.-5 f %. _rc . i%: .- 1 - . ~~Open-File Report 82-457 n-File Report 82-457 (.8X/1<~~/I I W II ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i UNITED STATES V DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY VOLCANO-TECTONIC HISTORY OF CRATER FLAT. SOUTHWESTERN NEVADA, AS SUGGESTED BY NEW EVIDENCE FROM DRILL HOLE USW-VH-1 AND VICINITY Open-File Report 82-457 1982 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. X 0 X 0 0- 0 Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey C- for the 3 z Nevada Operations Office -4i U.S. Department of Energy z (Memorandum of Understanding DE-AI08-78ET44802) U, I.- -4 Copies of this Open-file Report may be purchased from Open-File Services Section Branch of Distribution U.S. Geological Survey Box 25425, Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 PREPAYMENT IS REQUIRED Price information will be published in the monthly listing RNew Publications of the Geological Surveys FOR ADDITIONAL IXNFORAATION CALL: Commercial: (303)234-5888 FTS: 234-5888 Open-File Report 82-457 Open-File Report 82-457 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY VOLCANO-TECTONIC HISTORY OF CRATER FLAT, SOUTHWESTERN NEVADA, AS SUGGESTED BY NEW EVIDENCE FROM DRILL HOLE USW-VH-1 AND VICINITY By W. J. Carr CONTENTS Page Abstract... ....... .......... ............................... .........................a.. ............1 Introduction,............................................................ 1 Acknowledgments............................................... ...... ........ 3 Drill-hole location and history..................................... 3 Geologic framework of Crater Flat ...................................6 Aeromagnetic anomalies........................ oo..... ... .......... ..................7 Volcano-tectonic history of Crater Flat ....o........o .................. 9 Lithology of drill hole.'.. ............................. o..................... 12 Structural properties of the core.. -
Stratigraphic Nomenclature of ' Volcanic Rocks in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico
-» Stratigraphic Nomenclature of ' Volcanic Rocks in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico By R. A. BAILEY, R. L. SMITH, and C. S. ROSS CONTRIBUTIONS TO STRATIGRAPHY » GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1274-P New Stratigraphic names and revisions in nomenclature of upper Tertiary and , Quaternary volcanic rocks in the Jemez Mountains UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1969 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 15 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract.._..._________-...______.._-.._._____.. PI Introduction. -_-________.._.____-_------___-_______------_-_---_-_ 1 General relations._____-___________--_--___-__--_-___-----___---__. 2 Keres Group..__________________--------_-___-_------------_------ 2 Canovas Canyon Rhyolite..__-__-_---_________---___-____-_--__ 5 Paliza Canyon Formation.___-_________-__-_-__-__-_-_______--- 6 Bearhead Rhyolite-___________________________________________ 8 Cochiti Formation.._______________________________________________ 8 Polvadera Group..______________-__-_------________--_-______---__ 10 Lobato Basalt______________________________________________ 10 Tschicoma Formation_______-__-_-____---_-__-______-______-- 11 El Rechuelos Rhyolite--_____---------_--------------_-_------- 11 Puye Formation_________________------___________-_--______-.__- 12 Tewa Group__._...._.______........___._.___.____......___...__ 12 Bandelier Tuff.______________.______________... 13 Tsankawi Pumice Bed._____________________________________ 14 Valles Rhyolite______.__-___---_____________.________..__ 15 Deer Canyon Member.______-_____-__.____--_--___-__-____ 15 Redondo Creek Member.__________________________________ 15 Valle Grande Member____-__-_--___-___--_-____-___-._-.__ 16 Battleship Rock Member...______________________________ 17 El Cajete Member____..._____________________ 17 Banco Bonito Member.___-_--_---_-_----_---_----._____--- 18 References . -
Geothermal Hydrology of Valles Caldera and the Southwestern Jemez Mountains, New Mexico
GEOTHERMAL HYDROLOGY OF VALLES CALDERA AND THE SOUTHWESTERN JEMEZ MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4067 Prepared in cooperation with the OFFICE OF THE STATE ENGINEER GEOTHERMAL HYDROLOGY OF VALLES CALDERA AND THE SOUTHWESTERN JEMEZ MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO By Frank W. Trainer, Robert J. Rogers, and Michael L. Sorey U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4067 Prepared in cooperation with the OFFICE OF THE STATE ENGINEER Albuquerque, New Mexico 2000 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Water Resources Division Box 25286 5338 Montgomery NE, Suite 400 Denver, CO 80225-0286 Albuquerque, NM 87109-1311 Information regarding research and data-collection programs of the U.S. Geological Survey is available on the Internet via the World Wide Web. You may connect to the Home Page for the New Mexico District Office using the URL: http://nm.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Page Abstract............................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................ 2 Purpose and scope........................................................................................................................ -
A Vegetation Map of the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New
______________________________________________________________________________ A Vegetation Map of the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico ______________________________________________________________________________ A Vegetation Map of Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico 1 Esteban Muldavin, Paul Neville, Charlie Jackson, and Teri Neville2 2006 ______________________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY To support the management and sustainability of the ecosystems of the Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP), a map of current vegetation was developed. The map was based on aerial photography from 2000 and Landsat satellite imagery from 1999 and 2001, and was designed to serve natural resources management planning activities at an operational scale of 1:24,000. There are 20 map units distributed among forest, shrubland, grassland, and wetland ecosystems. Each map unit is defined in terms of a vegetation classification that was developed for the preserve based on 348 ground plots. An annotated legend is provided with details of vegetation composition, environment, and distribution of each unit in the preserve. Map sheets at 1:32,000 scale were produced, and a stand-alone geographic information system was constructed to house the digital version of the map. In addition, all supporting field data was compiled into a relational database for use by preserve managers. Cerro La Jarra in Valle Grande of the Valles Caldera National Preserve (Photo: E. Muldavin) 1 Final report submitted in April 4, 2006 in partial fulfillment of National Prak Service Award No. 1443-CA-1248- 01-001 and Valles Caldrea Trust Contract No. VCT-TO 0401. 2 Esteban Muldavin (Senior Ecologist), Charlie Jackson (Mapping Specialist), and Teri Neville (GIS Specialist) are with Natural Heritage New Mexico of the Museum of Southwestern Biology at the University of New Mexico (UNM); Paul Neville is with the Earth Data Analysis Center (EDAC) at UNM. -
The Science Behind Volcanoes
The Science Behind Volcanoes A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates, e.g., in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Plate hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so- called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth. Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. Volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere. -
Bailey-1976.Pdf
VOL. 81, NO. 5 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH FEBRUARY 10, 1976 Volcanism, Structure,and Geochronologyof Long Valley Caldera, Mono County, California RoY A. BAILEY U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Reston, Virginia 22092 G. BRENT DALRYMPLE AND MARVIN A. LANPHERE U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Menlo Park, California 94025 Long Valley caldera, a 17- by 32-km elliptical depressionon the east front of the Sierra Nevada, formed 0.7 m.y. ago during eruption of the Bishoptuff. Subsequentintracaldera volcanism included eruption of (1) aphyric rhyolite 0.68-0.64 m.y. ago during resurgentdoming of the caldera floor, (2) porphyritic hornblende-biotiterhyolite from centersperipheral to the resurgentdome at 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 m.y. ago, and (3) porphyritic hornblende-biotiterhyodacite from outer ring fractures0.2 m.y. ago to 50,000 yr ago, a sequencethat apparently records progressivecrystallization of a subjacentchemically zoned magma chamber. Holocene rhyolitic and phreatic eruptions suggestthat residual magma was present in the chamber as recentlyas 450 yr ago. Intracaldera hydrothermalactivity beganat least0.3 m.y. ago and was widespreadin the caldera moat; it has sincedeclined due to self-sealingof near-surfacecaldera sediments by zeolitization, argillization, and silicificationand has becomelocalized on recentlyreactivated north- west-trendingSierra Nevada frontal faults that tap hot water at depth. INTRODUCTION concentrates were treated with a dilute HF solution to remove small bits of attached glassand fragments of other mineral In the westernUnited States,only three calderasare known grains. Obsidian used for dating was totally unhydrated and to be large enoughand young enoughto possiblystill contain not devitrified. Small blocks sawed from many of the hand residual magma in their chambers:the Vailes caldera (•1.1 specimenswere used for dating. -
Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic Eruptions •Distinguish between nonexplosive and explosive volcanic eruptions. • Identify the features of a volcano. • Explain how the composition of magma affects the type of volcanic eruption that will occur. • Describe four types of lava and four types of pyroclastic material. I. Volcanic Eruptions A. A volcano is a vent or fissure in the Earth’s surface through which molten rock and gases are expelled. B. Molten rock is called magma. C. Magma that flows onto the Earth’s surface is called lava. II. Nonexplosive Eruptions A. Nonexplosive eruptions are the most common type of volcanic eruptions. These eruptions produce relatively calm flows of lava in huge amounts. B. Vast areas of the Earth’s surface, including much of the sea floor and the Northwestern United States, are covered with lava form nonexplosive eruptions. Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii Island III. Explosive Eruptions A. While explosive eruptions are much rarer than non-explosive eruptions, the effects can be incredibly destructive. B. During an explosive eruption, clouds of hot debris, ash, and gas rapidly shoot out from a volcano. C. An explosive eruption can also blast millions of tons of lava and rock from a volcano, and can demolish and entire mountainside. Alaska's Mount Redoubt eruption in March 2009 IV. What Is Inside a Volcano? A. The interior of a volcano is made up of two main features. B. The magma chamber is the body of molten rock deep underground that feeds a volcano. C. The vent is an opening at the surface of the Earth through which volcanic material passes. -
Educators Guide
EDUCATORS GUIDE 02 | Supervolcanoes Volcanism is one of the most creative and destructive processes on our planet. It can build huge mountain ranges, create islands rising from the ocean, and produce some of the most fertile soil on the planet. It can also destroy forests, obliterate buildings, and cause mass extinctions on a global scale. To understand volcanoes one must first understand the theory of plate tectonics. Plate tectonics, while generally accepted by the geologic community, is a relatively new theory devised in the late 1960’s. Plate tectonics and seafloor spreading are what geologists use to interpret the features and movements of Earth’s surface. According to plate tectonics, Earth’s surface, or crust, is made up of a patchwork of about a dozen large plates and many smaller plates that move relative to one another at speeds ranging from less than one to ten centimeters per year. These plates can move away from each other, collide into each other, slide past each other, or even be forced beneath each other. These “subduction zones” are generally where the most earthquakes and volcanoes occur. Yellowstone Magma Plume (left) and Toba Eruption (cover page) from Supervolcanoes. 01 | Supervolcanoes National Next Generation Science Standards Content Standards - Middle School Content Standards - High School MS-ESS2-a. Use plate tectonic models to support the HS-ESS2-a explanation that, due to convection, matter Use Earth system models to support cycles between Earth’s surface and deep explanations of how Earth’s internal and mantle. surface processes operate concurrently at different spatial and temporal scales to MS-ESS2-e form landscapes and seafloor features.