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Home , Caldera, Clarence Dutton, Crater Lake, Explosive eruption, Mazamas, Mount Mazama

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY and the —OURVOLCANICPUBLIC and Crater : Growth and Destruction of a Cascade

or more than 100 years, F scientists have sought to unravel the remarkable story of ’s formation. Before Crater Lake came into existence, a cluster of volcanoes dominated the . This cluster, called Mount Mazama (for the Portland, , climbing club the ), was destroyed during an enormous 7,700 years ago. So much molten was expelled that the summit area collapsed during the eruption to form a large volcanic , or . Subsequent smaller eruptions occurred as began to fill the caldera to eventually form the The cataclysmic eruption deepest lake in the . of Mount Mazama 7,700 Decades of detailed scientific years ago began with a towering column of studies of Mount Mazama and and ash, as depicted in this new maps of the floor of Crater painting by Paul Rockwood (image courtesy of Crater Lake reveal stunning details of Lake National Park Museum and Archive Collections). the volcano’s eruptive history and After the collapse of the identify potential hazards from summit of the volcano, the caldera filled with water to future eruptions and . form Crater Lake. (Photo by Willie Scott, USGS)

formation of Crater Lake and with it the Applegate and Garfield Peaks. During the When of the U.S. demise of Mount Mazama. growth of Mount Mazama, repeatedly Geological Survey (USGS) visited Crater carved out classic U-shaped valleys. Some Lake, Oregon in 1886, he was awestruck by its Mount Mazama were filled with from later eruptions, amazing beauty: “as the visitor reaches the Mount Mazama was formed over a period while others, such as Kerr Notch and Sun brink of the cliff, he suddenly sees below him of nearly half a million years by a succession Notch, were not. an expanse of ultramarine blue of a richness of overlapping volcanoes. The first eruptions By about 30,000 years ago, Mount and intensity which he has probably never about 420,000 years ago built Mount Scott, Mazama began to generate increasingly seen before, and will not be likely to see located just east of Crater Lake. Over the next explosive eruptions that were followed by again.” He spent nearly a month sounding the several hundred thousand years, Mount Scott thick flows of silica-rich lava, an outward sign depths of the lake from a rowboat, wondering and other nearby volcanoes became extinct, of the slow accumulation of a large volume of at the forces that could create such a while new volcanoes grew to the west. Layers highly explosive deep beneath the magnificent landscape. In the more than 100 of lava flows from these volcanoes are visible volcano. Grouse Hill and Redcloud Cliff are years since Dutton’s first survey, scientists in the caldera walls and in landmarks along thick lava flows erupted between 30,000 and have steadily unraveled the mystery of the the south rim of Crater Lake, including 25,000 years ago. Another such eruption

U.S. Department of the Interior USGS Fact Sheet 092-02 U.S. Geological Survey August 2002 Caldera Walls Tell the Story of Mount Mazama

Beginning about 30,000 years A thick layer of ago, eruptions of a silica-rich pumice and magma called ash from the signaled the beginning of eruption that explosive eruptions that would formed Crater lead to the cataclysmic Lake caldera eruption. During one such blankets much eruption about 7,900 years ago, of the caldera the white layer of pumice and rim. Other ash beneath Llao Rock was layers of formed. After the explosive pumice and phase ended, the thick lava ash, like the flow of Llao Rock oozed over orange Pumice the pumice and ash. Castle (circled), are deposits from older, smaller explosive eruptions.

The earliest eruptions about 420,000 years ago built Mount Scott.

After the eruptions at Mount Scott, a series of successively younger overlapping volcanoes grew to the west. Landmarks along the south rim of Crater Lake caldera, such as , are made up of lava flows erupted from these volcanoes over several hundred thousand years. Glaciers carved classic U-shaped valleys on the flanks of Mount Mazama during ages, including the valleys of Sun Notch and Kerr Notch.

400,000 year-old lava flows make up , the oldest rocks exposed above lake level within the caldera.

Photos by Ed Klimasauskas, USGS about 7,900 years ago formed a white layer of Sometime after these eruptions, the Chaski pumice and ash and the thick lava flow of Bay , the top of which is still visible Llao Rock. Within 200 years of the eruption above the southern shore of Crater Lake, at Llao Rock, another thick lava flow erupted slumped into the caldera and ran up onto the near present-day Cleetwood Cove. These edge of the central platform. Other eruptions reached a peak 7,700 years ago in within the caldera were deflected by the base the largest explosive eruption in the of Wizard and the central platform, during the past 1 million years. burying craters and other features on the lake floor with even more . Mount Mazama’s Final Eruption The last known eruption at Crater Lake occurred when a small erupted The cataclysmic eruption of Mount under water on the east flank of the base of Mazama 7,700 years ago started from a single about 4,800 years ago. Since vent on the northeast side of the volcano as a that time, the volcano has remained quiet, towering column of pumice and ash that allowing as much as 100 feet (30 m) of reached some 30 miles (50 km) high. Winds sediment to accumulate on the lake bottom. carried the ash across much of the and parts of southern . So much magma erupted that the volcano began The Future to collapse in on itself. As the summit collapsed, circular cracks opened up around The long history of volcanic activity at the peak. More magma erupted through these Crater Lake suggests strongly that this cracks to race down the slopes as pyroclastic volcanic center will erupt again. The most flows. Deposits from these flows partially recent eruptions occurred on the lake floor in filled the valleys around Mount Mazama with the western part of the caldera. Future up to 300 feet (100 m) of pumice and ash. As eruptions are more likely to occur in the same more magma was erupted, the collapse area than farther east. Interaction of magma progressed until the dust settled to reveal a and lake water at shallow levels (less than 100 volcanic depression, called a caldera, 5 miles feet or a few tens of meters) could generate (8 km) in diameter and one mile (1.6 km) that throw large rocks and ash out deep. beyond the caldera walls. The largest explosions could produce pyroclastic surges, hot, rapidly moving clouds of gas and ash, Crater Lake which could move out a few miles from vents Soon after the cataclysmic eruption, along the margin of the lake. Eruptions in eruptions from new vents within the caldera deeper water are less likely to be explosive or built the base of Wizard Island and the central affect areas around the rim. An eruption platform. As eruptions continued, rain and similar to the one 7,700 years ago is unlikely snowmelt also began to fill the caldera. For because large volumes of magma are not the next few hundred years, eruptions from available to cause such an eruption. these new vents kept pace above the rising Landslides from the caldera walls can water level. Lava flowed into the deepening cause waves that flood shoreline areas, but one lake, creating benches on the flanks of the that could cause overtopping or failure of the growing cones that tell scientists how deep the caldera walls and catastrophic draining of lake was during these eruptions. One set of Crater Lake is unlikely. At its lowest point, eruptions from a crater on the west edge of the the caldera rim is more than 500 feet (165 m) central platform formed lava tubes or channels above the lake level. Only major volcanic that sent lava far out onto the caldera floor. activity could cause the caldera walls to fail Later eruptions from a vent in the northern and result in flooding of lowland areas below part of the caldera, just south of present-day Crater Lake. Cleetwood Cove, built Merriam Cone. The Crater Lake lies within a region where the erupting Merriam Cone probably never ’s is being gradually stretched. The reached the lake surface. The ever-deepening faults that accommodate this extension could lake eventually drowned the central platform produce damaging earthquakes in Crater Lake Cataclysmic eruption to present. Eruptions of ash and volcano as well. Only Wizard Island managed National Park today. The West Klamath Lake pumice: The cataclysmic eruption started from a vent on the to grow high enough to stay above the zone consists of numerous faults, one of northeast side of the volcano as a towering column of ash, with pyroclastic flows spreading to the northeast. Caldera waterline. The last eruptions at Wizard Island which passes 1/2 mile west of Rim Village. collapse: As more magma was erupted, cracks opened up took place when the lake was about 260 feet Although earthquakes as large as magnitude around the summit, which began to collapse. Fountains of (80 m) lower than today. All of this activity 7.0 are possible, scientists believe that they pumice and ash surrounded the collapsing summit, and pyroclastic flows raced down all sides of the volcano. occurred within 750 years after the occur only about once every 3,000 to 10,000 explosions: When the dust had settled, the new caldera was cataclysmic eruption. The water level years. Such earthquakes could cause landslides 5 miles (8 km) in diameter and 1 mile (1.6 km) deep. Ground continued to rise until reaching near present- large enough to generate dangerous waves on water interacted with hot deposits causing explosions of steam and ash. Today: In the first few hundred years after day levels, where it encountered a thick layer Crater Lake. Smaller earthquakes are much the cataclysmic eruption, renewed eruptions built Wizard of porous deposits in the northeast caldera more likely, but they are unlikely to trigger Island, Merriam Cone, and the central platform. Water filled the new caldera to form the deepest lake in the United wall. These deposits stabilize lake levels like large landslides. States. Figure modified from diagrams on back of 1988 an overflow drain in a bathtub. USGS map “Crater Lake National Park and Vicinity, Oregon.” Probing the Depths

Details of features beneath the surface of Crater Lake constructed using data from the 2000 bathymetry survey. Colors range from orange to blue with increasing water depth.

For more than 100 years, scientists within the still-hot debris shortly after the have marveled at Crater Lake’s great depth cataclysmic eruption. and sought to unravel the mysteries hidden A later USGS party mapped areas Ed Klimasauskas, Charles Bacon, beneath its surface. Clarence Dutton of the where large amounts of heat escaped from and Jim Alexander USGS led the first expedition to determine the lake floor. In 1988 and 1989, scientists the depth of the lake in 1886. With a lead from , the National Graphics and layout by weight and piano wire, Dutton’s party made Park Service, and the USGS explored parts Ed Klimasauskas, Bobbie Myers, and Peter Dartnell 168 soundings from a rowboat and reported of the lake floor with a manned a maximum depth of 1,996 feet (608 m). The submersible, paying special attention to the COOPERATING ORGANIZATIONS National Park Service made additional warm areas identified earlier. Several dives National Park Service soundings of this type between 1938 and were devoted to exploring the volcanic Oregon State University 1940. features on the lake floor and to sampling University of New Hampshire It wasn’t until the advent of sonar that caldera-wall outcrops. The exploration with the of the caldera beneath the lake the submersible suggested the need for Crater Lake Natural History Association became clearer. In 1959, the US Coast and remapping the lake floor with modern Geodetic Survey obtained more than 4,000 techniques to provide a bathymetric (depth) echo soundings and provided a more map for interpreting the postcaldera accurate estimate of the maximum depth of geologic history and as a base for further For more information contact: Crater Lake – 1,932 feet (589 m). Contours study of the lake itself. U.S. Geological Survey of these data revealed the principal The new bathymetric mapping was Cascades Volcano features on the floor of Crater Lake – the completed in the summer of 2000 by 1300 SE Cardinal Court, Bldg. 10, Suite 100 central platform, Merriam Cone, a small scientists from the USGS, the National Park Vancouver, WA 98683-9589 lava dome on the east side of Wizard Island, Service, the University of New Hampshire, Tel: (360) 993-8900, Fax: (360) 993-8980 and the Chaski Bay landslide – for the first andC&CTechnologies. Using a high­ http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/ time. About the same time, Crater Lake resolution acoustic mapping system or ranger-naturalist C. Hans Nelson collected mounted on a special boat, they collected USGS Volcano Hazards Program dredge samples that showed a variety of millions of accurately located echo http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ post-7,700-year eruptive activity. In 1979, soundings during a 5-day survey. The or Nelson returned to the lake as a USGS information gained from this latest survey USGS Crater Lake Data Clearing House marine and used acoustic imaging not only provided a new maximum depth for http://craterlake.wr.usgs.gov/ techniques (like making a CAT scan) of the Crater Lake – 1,949 feet (594 m) – but also or lake floor to discover that as much as 250 resulted in a detailed map of features on the Crater Lake National Park feet (75 m) of sediment had accumulated lake floor. By combining the new http://www.nps.gov/crla/ since caldera collapse. Nelson’s study bathymetric data with past decades of other See also What Are Volcano Hazards? found that beneath the sediment were many research, scientists now have the clearest (USGS Fact Sheet 002-97), depressions located along the caldera­ picture yet of events that happened since Fall—A “Hard Rain” of collapse ring fractures. These crater-like the massive eruption 7,700 years ago that Particles (USGS Fact Sheet 027-00) structures were probably formed by steam destroyed Mount Mazama and created explosions as water began to accumulate Crater Lake.

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