DOCSLIB.ORG

Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: the Indonesian Example

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: the Indonesian Example geosciences Review Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: The Indonesian Example Mukhamad N. Malawani 1,2, Franck Lavigne 1,3,* , Christopher Gomez 2,4 , Bachtiar W. Mutaqin 2 and Danang S. Hadmoko 2 1 Laboratoire de Géographie Physique, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, UMR 8591, 92195 Meudon, France; [email protected] 2 Disaster and Risk Management Research Group, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (B.W.M.); [email protected] (D.S.H.) 3 Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France 4 Laboratory of Sediment Hazards and Disaster Risk, Kobe University, Kobe City 658-0022, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper discusses the relations between the impacts of volcanic eruptions at multiple- scales and the related-issues of disaster-risk reduction (DRR). The review is structured around local and global impacts of volcanic eruptions, which have not been widely discussed in the literature, in terms of DRR issues. We classify the impacts at local scale on four different geographical features: impacts on the drainage system, on the structural morphology, on the water bodies, and the impact Citation: Malawani, M.N.; on societies and the environment. It has been demonstrated that information on local impacts can Lavigne, F.; Gomez, C.; be integrated into four phases of the DRR, i.e., monitoring, mapping, emergency, and recovery. In Mutaqin, B.W.; Hadmoko, D.S. contrast, information on the global impacts (e.g., global disruption on climate and air traffic) only fits Review of Local and Global Impacts the first DRR phase. We have emphasized the fact that global impacts are almost forgotten in the of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster DRR programs. For this review, we have extracted case studies from Indonesia, and compared them Management Practices: The to those of other regions, because Indonesia is home to >130 volcanoes and experienced several latest Indonesian Example. Geosciences 2021, volcanic eruptions with VEI > 5. 11, 109. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/geosciences11030109 Keywords: volcanic eruption; disaster risk management; risk mitigation; local impact; global impact Academic Editors: Gianluca Groppelli and Jesus Martinez-Frias 1. Introduction Received: 27 December 2020 Volcanic eruptions are considered major (very large) when the Volcanic Explosivity Accepted: 24 February 2021 Index (VEI) ≥ 5 [1,2]. The nature of the impacts of a VEI ≥ 5 eruption ranges from the Published: 1 March 2021 destruction of a city, an entire region, climate disturbances as well as to air travel [3–5]. Even an eruption with VEI < 5 may also have the potential to modify the environment Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral and landscape particularly in proximal and medial facies, as well as surrounding human with regard to jurisdictional claims in societies [2,6]. The variety of environmental destructions due to volcanic eruption differs published maps and institutional affil- from primary (e.g., summit collapse, vegetation burning, death), secondary (e.g., atmo- iations. spheric cooling, global warming), and tertiary (e.g., flood, famine, disease) effects [6]. It is mostly generated by gas emissions, ashes, lava flow, pyroclastic flow, lahar, debris flow, and landslide which results in local and global impacts [6]. The variety of impacts can be simplified at the local scale by their consequence in Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. various geographical features. Geographical features are any features on the Earth’s surface, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. whether natural or not, which can be characterized spatially and temporally [7]. It may be This article is an open access article classified into four categories: (i) the drainage system, (ii) the structure morphology, (iii) distributed under the terms and the water bodies, and (iv) the society and environment (e.g., Refs. [2,8]). Several studies of conditions of the Creative Commons local impacts have helped to design the disaster risk reduction (DRR) program on volcanic Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// disasters, e.g., monitoring and evacuation [9], total vulnerability assessment [10], livelihood creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ and resettlement [11,12]. At the global scale, the DDR issues such as air traffic disruptions 4.0/). Geosciences 2021, 11, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11030109 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciences Geosciences 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 19 Geosciences 2021, 11, 109 2 of 18 [10], livelihood and resettlement [11,12]. At the global scale, the DDR issues such as air trafficor climate disruptions disturbance or climate are more disturbance complex are because more complex a major eruptionbecause a maymajor impact eruption anyone may impactregardless anyone of their regardless geographic of their position geographic [13]. Unfortunately, position [13]. the Unfortunately, interaction of the both interaction local and ofglobal both impact local and with global DRR impact is undeveloped. with DRR DRRis undeveloped. is describe asDRR a systematic is describe effort as a systematic to reduce effortthe various to reduce types the of various causative types factors of causativ of disasterse factors by using of disasters various techniquesby using various or scientific tech- niquesapproaches or scientific [14]. approaches [14]. In thisthis study,study, we we present present Indonesian Indonesian cases cases both both of localof local and and global global impacts impacts along along with volcanoeswith volcanoes around around the world the world as a comparison. as a comparison. We also We describe also describe how they how relate they to relate disaster to disastermanagement management practices practices in order to in provide order to informed provide data informed for decision data for making. decision Indonesia making. is Indonesiaan archipelago is an archipelago country with country the highest with numberthe highest and number highest and density highest of activedensity volcanoes of active volcanoesin the world. in the Several world. active Several volcanoes active havevolcanoes become have open-laboratories become open-laboratories such as Merapi such inas MerapiCentral Java,in Central Agung Java, in Bali, Agung and in Sinabung Bali, and in Sinabung Sumatra (Figurein Sumatra1). Among (Figure 130 1). volcanoes Among 130 at present,volcanoes major at present, eruptions major have eruptions also repeatedly have also occurred repeatedly during occurred the historical during the period: historical e.g., period:Samalas e.g., (1257 Samalas CE), Tambora (1257 CE), (1815 Tambora CE), and (1815 Krakatoa CE), and (1883 Krakatoa CE) [5, 15(1883,16]. CE) [5,15,16]. Figure 1.1. DistributionDistribution of of active active volcanoes volcanoes in in Indonesia. Indonesia. Several Several volcanoes volcanoes create create remarkable remarkable eruption eruption by the by therange range of VEI of VEI3–7 (list 3–7 (listof VEI of VEIdata data Ref.: Refs.: [17,18]). [17 ,18]). 2. Local Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions 2.1. Impacts on the Drainage Systems Volcanic eruptions can lead to geomorphologicalgeomorphological transformations in valleys, talweg, and the hydrographic network due to erosion and sedimentation processes. For example, at Merapi volcano, the sediment supply from pyroclastic density currents into the river network leads leads to to riverbed riverbed aggradation aggradation and and subs subsequentlyequently riverbed riverbed incision incision [19]. [ 19The]. river The valleyriver valley morphology morphology has changed has changed from the from old the Me oldrapi Merapi (before (before 4.8 ka BP) 4.8 to ka the BP) new to the Merapi new (afterMerapi 4.8 (after ka BP) 4.8 edifice ka BP) by edifice detrital by fan detrital deposits, fan andesitic deposits, lava andesitic flows, lavatephra, flows, lapilli, tephra, and ashlapilli, layers and [20]. ash layersThese [materials20]. These buried materials the buriedeastern the drainage eastern system drainage of systemMerapi of during Merapi a majorduring flank a major collapse. flank During collapse. the During2006 CE theeruption, 2006 CE Merapi’s eruption, block-and-ash Merapi’s block-and-ash flow covered theflow interfluve covered theregion interfluve and the region main andvalley the on main the southern valley on flank the southern as long as flank ~7 km as long [21]. asIt ~7indicates km [21 ].that It indicatesthe materials that theproduced materials by produced volcanic byeruptions volcanic are eruptions substantial are substantialin shaping morphologyin shaping morphology and channel and stability. channel In the stability. case of In lahar/pyroclastic the case of lahar/pyroclastic input, the most input, hazard- the most hazardous location along a drainage system is river confluence. For instance, the ous location along a drainage system is river confluence. For instance, the Mapanuepe and Mapanuepe and Marella rivers’ confluence widened up to 1.3 km after lahar input from Marella rivers’ confluence widened up to 1.3 km after lahar input from the 1991 CE the 1991 CE Pinatubo eruption in Philippines [22]. Pinatubo eruption in Philippines [22]. In the tropics, sediment-discharge in volcanic rivers increases during and after erup- tions due to lahars, which can be either eruption-induced or rain-triggered during the Geosciences 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19 Geosciences 2021, 11, 109 3 of 18 In the tropics, sediment-discharge in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes / Edited by John P
    ISBN 978-1-61530-106-5 Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2011 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J. E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition John P. Rafferty: Associate Editor, Earth Sciences Rosen Educational Services Alexandra Hanson-Harding: Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Nicole Russo: Designer Matthew Cauli: Cover Design Introduction by Therese Shea Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes / edited by John P. Rafferty. p. cm.—(Dynamic Earth) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61530-187-4 ( eBook) 1. Plate tectonics.
    [Show full text]
  • He True Aim of China in Setting up the AIIB Challenging the International Financial Tsystem Or Securing Multilateral Credibility? Author Jianmin Jin by Jianmin Jin
    COVER STORY • Global Growth Strategy • 3-1 he True Aim of China in Setting up the AIIB Challenging the International Financial TSystem or Securing Multilateral Credibility? Author Jianmin Jin By Jianmin Jin The Chinese-initiative Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has been generating many headlines on the economic front of late — not without justification given its impact, sizeable enough to blow a big hole in the international development financing order. There is a wide range of opinion regarding the true aim of China in taking the lead to establish the AIIB, such as challenging the international financial order, securing geopolitical influence, securing benefits for the national economy, and establishing a new facility to mediate between capital surplus countries and capital deficit countries. My conclusion after examining the economic relationship between China and the rest of the world and various information coming out of China is that the true aim of China is both economic and diplomatic/ political: the former to secure the multilateral creditworthiness that is unavailable to China on its own, the latter to “exercise cooperative influence” (neutralize the idea of “China as a threat” by providing other countries with economic benefits through economic channels). New Silk Road Vision: “Stepped-up” Version regions, infrastructure was slow to develop, and the open-door policy of the Open-Door Policy was limited in scope. Moreover, the neighboring countries there were largely developing countries, so expectations for attracting capital and The Chinese initiative to establish the AIIB is founded on a regional technology appeared slim. development strategy: the “New Silk Road” strategy, or the “One Belt But 30 years later, things have changed.
    [Show full text]
  • From Poverty to Power, 2Nd Edition
    PART FIVE THE inTERnaTIOnal SYSTEM WHO RULES THE WORLD? 241 THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEm 244 THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEm 260 THE INTERNATIONAL AID SYSTEm 289 HOW CHANGE HAppENS: THE 2005 GLENEAGLES AGREEMENTS 311 INTERNATIONAL RULES AND NORMS 313 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FOR HUMANITARIAN RELIEF AND PEACE 317 HOW CHANGE HAppENS: LANDMINES, AN ARMS CONTROL SUCCESS STORY 333 CLIMATE CHANGE 335 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 351 WHO RULES THE WORLD? Global institutions such as the World Bank, the IMF, and the United Nations, transnational corporations, rich country governments, (and even interna- tional non-government organisations such as Oxfam) are sometimes viewed as the most powerful and dynamic forces in the fight against poverty and inequality. This book has argued, on the contrary, that the main actors are poor men and women and their national governments – a combination we have called active citizens and effective states. This is not to deny the power of global institutions. In tackling global poverty and inequality they can, by both action and omission, be either part of the solution or part of the problem. They can foster efforts to build an effective, accountable state and an active citizenry, or they can under- mine or even crush them. This part of the book examines those aspects of the international system most relevant to the fight against poverty and inequality, and explores how global institutions can be placed at the service of development. The web of international institutions, laws, regulations,
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Volcanic Deposits with Ground-Penetrating Radar
    Bull Volcanol (1997) 58:515–527 Q Springer-Verlag 1997 ORIGINAL PAPER J. K. Russell 7 M. V. Stasiuk Characterization of volcanic deposits with ground-penetrating radar Received: 10 May 1996 / Accepted: 27 December 1996 Abstract Field-based studies of surficial volcanic de- Key words Ground-penetrating radar 7 Volcanic posits are commonly complicated by a combination of deposits 7 Stratigraphy 7 Dielectric constant 7 Radar poor exposure and rapid lateral variations controlled velocity 7 Pyroclastic flow 7 Airfall 7 Lava by unknown paleotopography. The potential of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) as an aid to volcano- logical studies is shown using data collected from trav- erses over four well-exposed, Recent volcanic deposits Introduction in western Canada. The deposits comprise a pumice airfall deposit (3–4 m thick), a basalt lava flow (3–6 m Studies of surficial volcanic deposits are commonly lim- thick), a pyroclastic flow deposit (15 m thick), and an ited by incomplete exposure. Estimates of the physical internally stratified pumice talus deposit (60 m thick). properties, distributions, thicknesses, and internal Results show that GPR is effective in delineating major structures of the deposits are usually derived from stud- stratigraphic contacts and hence can be used to map ies on a few well-dissected outcrops. Ground-penetrat- unexposed deposits. Different volcanic deposits also ing radar (GPR) is a portable geophysical technique exhibit different radar stratigraphic character, suggest- which can provide ancillary information on the unex- ing that deposit type may be determined from radar posed parts of deposits, thereby facilitating many volca- images. In addition, large blocks within the pyroclastic nological studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of a Volcanic Eruption: Case Study: Mt. St. Helens
    Anatomy of a Volcanic Eruption: Case Study: Mt. St. Helens Materials Included in this Box: • Teacher Background Information • 3-D models of Mt. St. Helens (before and after eruption) • Examples of stratovolcano rock products: Tuff (pyroclastic flow), pumice, rhyolite/dacite, ash • Sandbox crater formation exercise • Laminated photos/diagrams Teacher Background There are several shapes and types of volcanoes around the world. Some volcanoes occur on the edges of tectonic plates, such as those along the ‘ring of fire’. But there are also volcanoes that occur in the middle of tectonic plates like the Yellowstone volcano and Kilauea volcano in Hawaii. When asked to draw a volcano most people will draw a steeply sided, conical mountain that has a depression (crater) at the top. This image of a 'typical' volcano is called a stratovolcano (a.k.a. composite volcano). While this is the often visualized image of a volcano, there are actually many different shapes volcanoes can be. A volcano's shape is mostly determined by the type of magma/lava that is created underneath it. Stratovolcanoes get their shape because of the thick, sticky (viscous) magma that forms at subduction zones. This magma/lava is layered between ash, pumice, and rock fragments. These layers of ash and magma will build into high elevation, steeply sided, conical shaped mountains and form a 'typical' volcano shape. Stratovolcanoes are also known for their explosive and destructive eruptions. Eruptions can cause clouds of gas, ash, dust, and rock fragments to eject into the atmosphere. These clouds of ash can become so dense and heavy that they quickly fall down the side of the volcanoes as a pyroclastic flow.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Sources for Tephra from AD 1259 Volcanic Signal in Antarctic Ice
    Multiple sources for tephra from AD 1259 volcanic signal in Antarctic ice cores Biancamaria Narcisi, Jean Robert Petit, Barbara Delmonte, Valentina Batanova, Joel Savarino To cite this version: Biancamaria Narcisi, Jean Robert Petit, Barbara Delmonte, Valentina Batanova, Joel Savarino. Mul- tiple sources for tephra from AD 1259 volcanic signal in Antarctic ice cores. Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 2019, 210, pp.164-174. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.005. hal-02350371 HAL Id: hal-02350371 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02350371 Submitted on 25 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Manuscript Details Manuscript number JQSR_2019_21 Title MULTIPLE SOURCES FOR TEPHRA FROM AD 1259 VOLCANIC SIGNAL IN ANTARCTIC ICE CORES Abstract Strong volcanic signals simultaneously recorded in polar ice sheets are commonly assigned to major low-latitude eruptions that dispersed large quantities of aerosols in the global atmosphere with the potential of inducing climate perturbations. Parent eruptions responsible for specific events are typically deduced from matching to a known volcanic eruption having coincidental date. However, more robust source linkage can be achieved only through geochemical characterisation of the airborne volcanic glass products (tephra) sometimes preserved in the polar strata.
    [Show full text]
  • Kata Pengantar
    KATA PENGANTAR Kegiatan ini merupakan program dari Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Wonosobo, dengan mengambil tema sebagai pembuatan jalur evakuasi bencana erupsi Gunungapi Sindoro di Kecamatan Kejajar. Laporan ini merupakan laporan akhir yang berisi materi mengenai latar belakang, maksud dan tujuan, sasasaran, keluaran, tinjauan pustaka serta metode penelitian, serta kajian analisis jalur evakuasi bencana Gunungapi Sindoro. Pada kegiatan ini selain survey dalam penentuan jalur evakuasi pada pemukiman di desa-desa di lereng Gunungapi Sindoro, juga digunakan teknik wawancara. Metode wawancara ini dipergunakan untuk mengetahui kesiapsiagaan masyarakat, selain itu masyarakat memberikan peran aktif dalam rangka mitigasi bencana khususnya bencana erupsi Gunungapi Sindoro. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa, Desa Buntu, Desa Sigedang, Desa Kreo, serta Desa Kejajar merupakan daerah-derah di lereng gunungapi Sindoro yang memiliki potensi ancaman tinggi hingga sedang. Penentuan titik kumpul beradarkan aksesibilitas, tersedianya fasilitas serta daya tampung yang relatif masal. Semoga laporan ini dapat digunkan sebagai pertimbangan dalam pemasangan jalur evakuasi serta penempatan lokasi titik kumpul. Atas saran dan nasihatnya kami ucapkan terima kasih. Tim Penyusun ii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ii DAFTAR ISI iii DAFTAR GAMBAR v DAFTAR TABEL vii BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1 1.1. Latar Belakang 1 1.2. Tujuan Kegiatan 5 1.3. Sasaran Kegiatan 6 1.4. Output Kegiatan 6 1.5. Lingkup Kegiatan 7 1.6. Referensi Hukum 7 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 8 2.1. GunungApi 8 2.2. Erupsi Gunung Berapi 13 2.3. Pengelolaan Bencana 15 2.4. Mitigasi Bencana 19 2.5. Jalur Evakuasi Bencana 20 2.6. Sistem Informasi Geografis 22 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN 23 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge Your Adrenaline by Taking One of These Volcano Indonesia Tours
    Challenge Your Adrenaline by Taking One of These Volcano Indonesia Tours As an archipelago, Indonesia lays on the meeting of several tectonic plates. Geologically, it is the reason why Indonesia has many volcanoes stretched from the West to the East. Though it sounds worrying to remember how dangerous a volcano can be, the area can be the perfect place to explore instead. Volcanoes are known for its fertile land and scenic view. Apparently, volcano Indonesia tour can be found across the country and below are six of the best destinations. 1. Mount Rinjani, Lombok Lombok Island on the Eastern Indonesia has the magnificent Mount Rinjani and its craters. This active volcano has three craters from its past eruption called the Kelimutu Lake. Mount Rinjani is the second highest volcano in Indonesia after Mount Kerinci in Sumatera. The lake has a magical view because each crater has different colors throughout the day. From afar, each of the craters would be seen to have green, blue, and red color. The local people have their own legend of the color of the craters. However, the color change might potentially be the result of the change in oxidation and reduction of the fluid in the craters. It may take around two days and one night to climb the mountain seriously and professionally. However, there are Indonesia tour packages that will offer an easier hiking option for beginners. 2. Mount Batur, Bali Mount Batur in Bali might be the easiest volcano to climb in the Indonesia tour list. In just less than three hours, you can get to the top of this active volcano.
    [Show full text]
  • Properties of Volcanic Ash and Pumice Concrete
    Properties of volcanic ash and pumice concrete Autor(en): Hossain, Khandaker M.A. Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: IABSE reports = Rapports AIPC = IVBH Berichte Band (Jahr): 81 (1999) PDF erstellt am: 27.09.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-61426 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch 145 IABSE COLLOQUIUM PHUKET 1999 \ Properties of Volcanic Ash and Pumice Concrete Khandaker M. A. HOSSAIN Khandaker M. A. Hossain, born in 1963, Lecturer in Civil Engineering received BSc and MSc in civil engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering The PNG University of Technology & Technology, Dhaka and PhD from Lae, Papua New Guinea Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • The Year Without a Summer
    The Year Without a Summer In 1816, half a foot of snow fell in New England. That would be Mount Tambora, an active completely unremarkable. Except that it was in one day—in June. stratovolcano that is a peninsula of and the highest That same summer, Mary Shelley spent a chilly vacation holed peak on the island of up indoors—and used the time to write Frankenstein. Crops Sumbawa in Indonesia. failed around the world, plunging Thomas Jefferson into serious Credit: Jialiang Gao (peace-on- debt for the rest of his life. Oats became scarce in Germany, earth.org) via Wikimedia Commons making horse travel expensive—and leading to the invention (CC BY-SA 3.0 [http://creative- of the bicycle. Struggling farmers in China began raising opium, commons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]) giving rise to a drug trade that has lasted to modern times. And famine in many areas led to widespread disease, including a cholera outbreak that killed millions. What was the cause of all this chaos? A year earlier, a volcano erupted in Indonesia. Larger than Krakatoa, Vesuvius, or Mount St. Helens, Mount Tambora erupted for 2 weeks straight. Around it, nearly 100,000 people died, buried under thick layers of ash like in Pompeii. Greenhouse-gas emissions from the eruption, which could have warmed the atmosphere, were offset by particulates and sulfur dioxide gas. Ash and dust blocked out the sun temporarily, darkening skies around the world. The sulfur dioxide was longer-lasting, becoming aerosols that reflected the sun’s heat for 3 years! This turned 1816 into “The Year Without a Summer,” as it was called, with long-term global effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Himawari-8 Infrared Observations of the June–August 2015 Mt Raung
    Kaneko et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2018) 70:89 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0858-9 EXPRESS LETTER Open Access Himawari‑8 infrared observations of the June–August 2015 Mt Raung eruption, Indonesia Takayuki Kaneko1* , Kenji Takasaki2, Fukashi Maeno1, Martin J. Wooster3 and Atsushi Yasuda1 Abstract Volcanic activity involves processes that can change over short periods of time, which are sometimes closely related to the eruptive mode or the timing of its transitions. Eruptions bring high-temperature magma or gas to the surface; thermal observations of these eruptions can be used to determine the timeline of eruptive sequences or eruptive processes. In 2014, a new-generation meteorological satellite, Himawari-8, which carried a new sensor, the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), was launched. The AHI makes high-frequency infrared observations at a spatial resolution of 2 km during 10-min observation cycles. We analyzed an efusive eruption that occurred in 2015 at Mt Raung in Indonesia using these AHI images, which was the frst attempt applying them to volcanological study. Based on the detailed analysis of the time-series variations in its thermal anomalies, this eruptive sequence was segmented into a Precursory Stage, Pulse 1, Pulse 2 and a Terminal Stage. Pulses 1 and 2 are efusive stages that exhibited a consecutive two-pulse pattern in their variations, refecting changes in the lava efusion rate; the other stages are non-efusive. We were also able to determine the exact times of the onset and reactivation of lava fow efusion, as well as the precur- sory signals that preceded these events.
    [Show full text]
  • COV4 Meeting Schedule Monday, 23 January, 2006
    COV4 Meeting Schedule Monday, 23 January, 2006 Sala 1 (large)† 8H15 Welcoming Statements 8H30 Invited Speaker M. Hall: LIVING WITH VOLCANOES 9H00 - 9H30 Invited Speaker A. Lavell: SOCIETY AND RISK: RISK MANAGEMENT AND VOLCANIC HAZARDS 9H30 - 10H00 Plenary Symposium IV-B: Monitoring Volcanoes J. EWERT: ASSESSING VOLCANIC THREAT AND PRIORITIZING VOLCANO MONITORING IN THE UNITED STATES 10H00 - Plenary Symposium II: Ash Falls and Aerosols 10H30 W. Rose: ASH-FALL AND AEROSOLS, AN OVERVIEW 10H30 - 11H00 Coffee Break Sala 1 (large) Sala 2 (medium) IV-B: Monitoring Volcanoes II: Ash Falls and Aerosols Chairs: J. Ewert, A. García, H. Kumagai & J. Chairs: J.-L. Le Pennec, C. Connor, T. Johnson Casadevall, D. Johnston & D. Schneider 11H00 - S. Carn: MONITORING GLOBAL VOLCANIC A. Neri: ASSESSING ASH FALL HAZARD 11H20 DEGASSING WITH OMI FROM WEAK EXPLOSIVE PLUMES 11H20 - C. Oppenheimer: NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN C. Bonadonna: PROBABILISTIC MODELLING 11H40 VOLCANIC GAS SURVEILLANCE OF TEPHRA DISPERSON 11H40 - B. Galle: DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL B. Houghton: PROXIMAL TEPHRA HAZARDS: 12H00 REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS FOR RECENT ERUPTION STUDIES APPLIED TO VOLCANOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS VOLCANIC RISK IN THE AUCKLAND VOLCANIC FIELD, NEW ZEALAND 12H00-12H20 F. Donnadieu: ERUPTION DYNAMICS OF P. Baxter: GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS OF ARENAL VOLCANO, COSTA RICA: INSIGHTS VOLCANIC ASH FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF FROM DOPPLER RADAR AND SEISMIC HEALTH HAZARD MEASUREMENTS 12H20 - 14H00 Lunch in the Centro Cultural Metropolitano- Plaza Grande IV-B: Monitoring-Cont. II: Ash- Cont. 14H00- A. Gerst: REAL-TIME 4D MONITORING OF D. Andronico: ASH EMISSIONS AT THE 14H20 ERUPTIVE PROCESSES WITH DOPPLER SUMMIT OF ETNA DURING THE 2004-05 RADARS- A NEW TOOL FOR HAZARDS FLANK ERUPTION MITIGATION AND VOLCANO SCIENCE 14H20-14H40 M.
    [Show full text]