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Kata Pengantar KATA PENGANTAR Kegiatan ini merupakan program dari Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Wonosobo, dengan mengambil tema sebagai pembuatan jalur evakuasi bencana erupsi Gunungapi Sindoro di Kecamatan Kejajar. Laporan ini merupakan laporan akhir yang berisi materi mengenai latar belakang, maksud dan tujuan, sasasaran, keluaran, tinjauan pustaka serta metode penelitian, serta kajian analisis jalur evakuasi bencana Gunungapi Sindoro. Pada kegiatan ini selain survey dalam penentuan jalur evakuasi pada pemukiman di desa-desa di lereng Gunungapi Sindoro, juga digunakan teknik wawancara. Metode wawancara ini dipergunakan untuk mengetahui kesiapsiagaan masyarakat, selain itu masyarakat memberikan peran aktif dalam rangka mitigasi bencana khususnya bencana erupsi Gunungapi Sindoro. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa, Desa Buntu, Desa Sigedang, Desa Kreo, serta Desa Kejajar merupakan daerah-derah di lereng gunungapi Sindoro yang memiliki potensi ancaman tinggi hingga sedang. Penentuan titik kumpul beradarkan aksesibilitas, tersedianya fasilitas serta daya tampung yang relatif masal. Semoga laporan ini dapat digunkan sebagai pertimbangan dalam pemasangan jalur evakuasi serta penempatan lokasi titik kumpul. Atas saran dan nasihatnya kami ucapkan terima kasih. Tim Penyusun ii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ii DAFTAR ISI iii DAFTAR GAMBAR v DAFTAR TABEL vii BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1 1.1. Latar Belakang 1 1.2. Tujuan Kegiatan 5 1.3. Sasaran Kegiatan 6 1.4. Output Kegiatan 6 1.5. Lingkup Kegiatan 7 1.6. Referensi Hukum 7 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 8 2.1. GunungApi 8 2.2. Erupsi Gunung Berapi 13 2.3. Pengelolaan Bencana 15 2.4. Mitigasi Bencana 19 2.5. Jalur Evakuasi Bencana 20 2.6. Sistem Informasi Geografis 22 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN 23 3.1. Lokasi Kegiatan 23 3.2. Alat dan Bahan 24 3.3. Prosedur pengerjaan 24 3.3.1. Tahapan pra-lapangan 25 3.3.2. Tahapan lapangan 25 3.3.3. Tahapan Paska lapangan 29 BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN30 30 4.3. Geomorfologi Kabupaten Wonosobo 30 A. Bentuklahan asal proses vulkanik 30 B. Bentuklahan asal proses struktural 31 C. Bentuklahan asal proses fluvial 32 4.2. Keterpaparan Penduduk akbibat Bencana Kecamatan Kejajar 32 4.3. Potensi Kerawanan Bencana GunungApi Sindoro 38 4.4. Potensi Ancaman Erupsi Gunung Api sindoro 40 4.5. Kesiapsiagaan dan Jalur Evakuasi Gunungapi Sindoro 47 1. Kantor Kecamatan Kejajar 53 2. Kawasan Pabrik Teh PT. Tambi (Titik kumpul desa Tambi) 54 3. Pos Pendakian dan Balai Desa Sigedang 54 4. Pos I pendakian G. Sindoro/Titik Kumpul 2 Desa Sigedang 55 5. Titik kumpul 3 Desa Sigedang 56 6. Pertemuan Jalur Evakuasi Desa Tambi - Sigedang dengan Jalur Utama 57 iii 7. Pertemuan Jalur Evakuasi Desa Buntu dengan jalan Utama 58 8. Titik Kumpul 1 Desa Buntu 58 9. Titik Kumpul 2, Desa Buntu 59 10. Titik Kumpul 1 Desa Serang Atas 59 11. Titik kumpul 2, Desa Serang Bawah 60 12. Titik Kumpul Desa Kreo 60 BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 62 5.1. Kesimpulan 62 5.2. Rekomendasi 63 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 64 iv DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1.1. Gununungapi Utama di Indonesia 3 Gambar 2.1. Proses terbentuknya Gunungapi akibat adanya pergerakan lempeng 9 Gambar 2.2. Pembagian fasies gunung api menjadi fasies sentral, fasies 10 proksimal, fasies medial, dan fasies distal beserta komposisi batuan penyusunnya Gambar 2.3. Metode Pengkajian Risiko Bencana 15 Gambar 2.4. Disaster Management Cycle 18 Gambar 2.5. Peran Pemodelan Transportasi dalam Proses Evakuasi 20 Gambar 2.6. Penginderaan jauh elektromagnetik untuk sumber daya bumi 22 Gambar 3.1. Peta administrasi Kecamatan Kejajar 23 Gambar 3.2. Pola Pikir penelitain jalur evakuasi Gunungapi Sindoro 29 Gambar 4.1. Satuan Bentuklahan di Jawa Bagian Tengah 30 Gambar 4.2. Gunungapi Sundoro, Lokasi: Pos PGA Sundoro-Sumbing 40 Gambar 4.3. Peta Kerawanan Bencana Gunungapi Sindoro Kecamatan Kejajar 42 Gambar 4.4. Peta Jarak Radius dari Puncak Gunungapi Sindoro Kecamatan Kejajar 44 Gambar 4.5. Peta Desa terdampak erupsi Gunungapi Sindoro Kecamatan Kejajar 45 Gambar 4.6. Peta Topografi Gunungapi Sindoro Kecamatan Kejajar 46 Gambar 4.7. Kantor kecamatan Kejajar dengan jalan provinsi disekitarnya 53 merupakan tempat evakuasi dengan fasilitas memadai Gambar 4.8. Kawasan pabrik teh PT Tambi dengan berbagai fasilitas yang ada 54 sangat cocok digunakan sebagai titik kumpul jalur evakuasi di Desa Tambi Gambar 4.9. Tititk kumpul 1, Desa Sigedang untuk jalur evakuasi G. Sindoro 55 Gambar 4.10. Lokasi Pos Pendakian untuk titik kumpul pendaki dan petani yang 56 berada disekitarnya Gambar 4.11. Jalur evakuasi yang telah dibuat oleh BPPD Temanggung serta 57 kondisi jalan dan pos disekitar lokasi Gambar 4.12. Pertemuan antara jalur evakuasi Sigedang/Tambi dengan jalan 57 utama Gambar 4.13. Jalur masuk ke arah Desa Buntu merupakan jalan cor beton yang 58 banyak dilalui kendaraan Gambar 4.14. Titik kumpul 1 Desa Buntu di komplek SD dan Balai Desa 58 Gambar 4.15. Titik kumpul 2 jalur evakuasi Desa Buntu 59 v Gambar 4.16. Titik kumpul ditanah lapang desa Serang yang berdekatan dg balai 59 desa Gambar 4.17. Kantor kepala desa serta lapangan disekitar SD Serang II sebagai titik 60 kumpul Gambar 4.18. Titik kumpul desa Kreo yang berada di SD Negeri Kreo 60 Gambar 4.19. Citra satelit lokasi titik kumpul desa-desa dengan ancaman 61 Gunungapi Sindoro vi DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1. Gunungapi di Selat Sunda dan Pulau Jawa11 11 Tabel 3.1. Kuisioner/wawancara pada lokasi-lokasi tertentu 26 Tabel 4.1. Jumlah penduduk laki-laki dan perempuan Kecamatan Kejajar 33 Tabel 4.2. Kepadatan Penduduk di Kecamatan Kejajar 34 Tabel 4.3. Penduduk usia kurang dari 9 Tahun di Kecamatan Kejajar 36 Tabel 4.4. Penduduk usia lebih dari 60 Tahun di Kecamatan Kejajar 37 Tabel 4.5. Banyaknya Kepala Keluarga Menurut Status Pendidikan Kecamatan 37 Kejajar Tabel 4.6. Hasil kuisioner di Desa Buntu, Desa Sigedang, Desa Tambi, Desa 48 Kejajar, dan Desa Kreo vii Mitigasi Bencana Gunungapi Sindoro 1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang Indonesia merupakan sebuah negara yang kaya akan berbagai sumber daya alam. Indonesia juga dikenal oleh dunia dengan sebutan “Zamrud Khatulistiwa”. Indonesia terletak pada tumbukan tiga lempeng aktif dunia yaitu Lempeng Eurasia, Lempeng Indo-Australia, dan Lempeng Pasifik. Tumbukan ketiga lempeng tersebut mengakibatkan adanya zona subduksi aktif di Indonesia. ketiga lempengan tersebut bergerak dan saling bertumbukan sehingga Lempeng Indo-Australia bergerak relatif ke utara menunjam ke bawah lempeng Eurasia yang bergerak ke arah selatan. Penunjaman (subduction) lempengan tersebut menimbulkan adanya gempa bumi, rangkaian jalur gunungapi aktif yang memanjang dari Pulau Sumatra, Pulau Jawa, Pulau Bali, dan Nusa Tenggara serta dapat menimbulkan adaya sesar atau patahan. Wilayah gunungapi merupakan wilayah yang sangat subur sehingga menjadi daya tarik bagi manusia untuk menempati wilayah sekitar gunungapi. Sebagian penduduk di Indonesia menampati wilayah sekitaran gunungapi tersebut. Hal ini dikarenakan mata pencaharian penduduk desa umumnya ialah bertani. Pertambahan jumlah penduduk dan semakin menyempitnya lahan pertanian mengharuskan para penduduk untuk membuka lahan-lahan baru kearah tubuh gunungapi (Hasib, 2014). Di satu sisi gunung memberikan panorama keindahan bagi yang melihatnya, selain itu udara sejuk telah memberikan kenyamanan bagi yang tinggal di sekitar gunung tersebut. Namun di sisi lain ketika gunung itu menumpahkan isinya sehingga menimbulkan bencana bagi daerah sekitarnya, bahkan jika letusannya dahsyat akan banyak menelan korban jiwa, selain itu banyak orang kehilangan harta benda yang dimilikinya akibat letusan gunung api tersebut. Maka perlu adanya upaya untuk meminimalkan dampak dari bencana tersebut agar bencana itu tidak terlalu banyak menelan korban (Nandi, 2006). Di Indonesia, gunung api dan hasil kegiatannya yang berupa batuan gunung api tersebar melimpah baik di darat maupun di laut. Sebagai akibat lebih lanjut, meskipun wilayah Indonesia mempunyai banyak gunung api dan batuannya tersebar luas, sementara tidak banyak ahli geologi yang mendalaminya, maka dapat dikatakan 2018 Mitigasi Bencana Gunungapi Sindoro 2 bahwa kita tidak menjadi pakar di daerahnya sendiri. Padahal diyakini, apabila lingkungan geologi (gunung api) dapat benar-benar difahami, maka hal itu akan menjadi modal dasar untuk memanfaatkan potensi sumber daya alam yang ada ataupun penanggulangan terhadap bencana yang mungkin ditimbulkannya (Bronto, 2006). Kabupaten Wonosobo termasuk dalam provinsi Jawa Tengah, daerah Jawa Tengah terbentuk oleh dua pegunungan yaitu Pegunungan Serayu Utara yang berbatasan dengan jalur Pegunungan Bogor di sebelah barat dan Pegunungan Kendeng di sebelah timur serta Pegunungan Serayu Selatan yang merupakan terusan dari Depresi Bandung di Jawa Barat, selain itu terdapat pula bentukan vulkanik berupa kerucut pegunungan pada bagian tengah. Kabupaten Wonosobo memiliki Gunungapi berupa Gunungapi Sindoro dan Gunungapi Sumbing. Secara keseluruhan terdapat 112 desa yang masuk dalam zona bahaya Gunung Sindoro dan Gunung Sumbing dengan 41 desa termasuk dalam daerah administrasi Kabupaten Wonosobo dan 71 desa termasuk dalam daerah administrasi Kabupaten Temanggung (Apriliana,___) Berdasarkan UU No. 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulangan Bencana, didefinisikan bencana sebagai peristiwa atau rangkaian peristiwa mengancam dan mengganggu kehidupan dan penghidupan masyarakat yang disebabkan baik oleh faktor manusia sehingga mengakibatkan timbulnya korban jiwa manusia, kerusakan lingkungan, kerugian harta benda, dan dampak psikologis. Sedangkan UN-ISDR (2002) menyebutkan bencana sebagai fungsi atas suatu proses risiko. Hal tersebut merupakan
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