DOCSLIB.ORG

Complete Dissertation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Complete Dissertation VU Research Portal The Socio-economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: Empirical Studies on Indonesia Brata, A.G. 2017 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Brata, A. G. (2017). The Socio-economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: Empirical Studies on Indonesia. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS: EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON INDONESIA Aloysius Gunadi Brata The Socio-economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: Empirical Studies on Indonesia © Aloysius Gunadi Brata, July 2017 Design & layout : Aloysius Gunadi Brata Printing : Reprographics VU Universiteit Amsterdam VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT The Socio-economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: Empirical Studies on Indonesia ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen en Bedrijfskunde op donderdag 14 september 2017 om 11.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Aloysius Gunadi Brata geboren te Baturaja, Indonesië promotoren : prof.dr. Henri L.F. de Groot prof.dr. Piet Rietveld (†) copromotor : dr. Wouter Zant CONTENTS Contents i List of Figures iv List of Tables v Preface vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Theoretical Background 3 1.3 Aim and Structure of the Thesis 7 2 The Krakatoa Eruption in 1883: Its Implications for the Spatial Distribution of Population in Java 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 The Krakatoa Eruption and Economic Development in Java 15 2.2.1 The Eruption of Krakatoa in August 1883 15 2.2.2 A Brief Story of Economic Development in Colonial Java 18 2.2.3 Population Growth in Java during 1880−1890 22 2.3 The Impact of the Krakatoa Eruption 26 2.3.1 Model Specification and Results 26 2.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis 33 2.4 Conclusion 36 Appendix 2.A Data Sources 38 i ii 3 The Impact of the Indian Ocean Tsunami and the Nias Earthquake on the Spatial Distribution of Population in Northern Sumatra 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Framework to Study the Impact of the Twin Disasters 45 3.2.1 The Spatial Aspect of Disasters on Population Growth 47 3.2.2 Other Relevant Variables 51 3.3 Results and Discussion 54 3.3.1 Relative Position of the Highly Affected Regions after the Twin Disasters 54 3.3.2 Estimating the Impact of the Disasters on Population Growth 56 3.3.3 Patterns of Post-disaster Population Growth: An Illustration 63 3.4 Conclusion 65 Appendix 3.A Data Sources 67 4 The Local Economic Growth Impact of the 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Theoretical Framework 72 4.3 An Overview of the 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake 76 4.4 Investigating the Economic Impact of the Earthquake 79 4.4.1 The Inter-temporal Impacts 82 4.4.2 The Sectoral Spillover Impacts 85 4.4.3 The Spatial Spillover Impacts 88 4.4.4 The Overall Impact of the Eartquake on Economic Growth 91 4.5 Conclusion 95 5 Shaking Up the Firm’s Survival: Evidence from Yogyakarta (Indonesia) 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Literature Review 99 5.3 Dynamics of Firm Survival 103 5.4 Dynamics of Firm Productivity 105 5.5 Determinants of Firm Survival 112 5.6 Conclusion 122 iii 6 Living with the Merapi Volcano: Risks and Disaster Microinsurance 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Literature Review 125 6.2.1 Perception of Risks Related to Location 125 6.2.2 Other Determinants of Disaster Microinsurance Demand 127 6.3 Research Methodology 130 6.3.1 Data Sources 130 6.3.2 Constructing Indicators of Disaster Risk 131 6.3.3 Data Related to Demand for Disaster Microinsurance 134 6.3.4 Logit Model 137 6.4 Peoples’ Response to Disaster Microinsurance 139 6.4.1 Description 139 6.4.2 Determinants of Response to Disaster Microinsurance 142 6.5 Conclusion 147 7 Conclusion 149 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Summary of the Empirical Results 150 7.3 Policy Implications 152 7.4 Suggestion for Further Research 153 References 155 Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) 173 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Structure of the Thesis 7 Figure 2.1 The Extent of Maximum Inundation from the Tsunami(s) Generated by the Krakatoa Eruption 1883 16 Figure 2.2.A The Persistence of the Spatial Distribution of Population (Share-A) 32 Figure 2.2.B The Persistence of the Spatial Distribution of Population (Share-B) 33 Figure 2.3.A The Persistence of the Spatial Distribution of Population (log-A) 35 Figure 2.3.B The Persistence of the Spatial Distribution of Population (Share-B) 36 Figure 3.1 Population Growth in Selected Regions 64 Figure 3.2 Population Density Growth in Selected Regions 65 Figure 4.1 Four Scenarios of the Long-run Growth Impact of Natural Disasters 73 Figure 4.2 The 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake 76 Figure 4.3 Growth of GRDP 80 Figure 4.4 The Overall Impact on Local Economic Growth 93 Figure 5.1A Distribution of Firms Based on their Productivity Level (All Firms), 2003 and 2005 109 Figure 5.1B Distribution of Firms Based on their Productivity Level (All Firms), 2007 and 2009 110 Figure 5.2 Distribution of Firms Based on their Productivity Level (Surviving Firms) 111 Figure 5.3 Distribution of Firms Based on their Productivity Level (New Entrants) 112 Figure 6.1 Merapi Hazard Map 2011 132 Figure 6.2 Simulated Probabilities to Participate in Disaster Microinsurance 146 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Impact of the Krakatoa Eruption in 1883 17 Table 2.2 Population Growth and Its Components 1880–1890 23 Table 2.3 The Short-run Impact of the Eruption 29 Table 2.4 The Long-run Impact of the Eruption 30 Table 2.5 The Short-run Impact of the Eruption (Sensitivity Test) 34 Table 2.6 The Long-run Impact of the Eruption (Sensitivity Test) 34 Table 3.1 Impact of the Twin Disasters in Aceh and Nias 43 Table 3.2 Rank in Population Size and Population Growth of Highly Affected Regions 55 Table 3.3 Coefficient of Variation of Population and Population Density 56 Table 3.4 Descriptive Statistics 57 Table 3.5 Instrumental Variable Equation 58 Table 3.6 Basic Estimates of Population Growth 59 Table 3.7 Extended Estimates of Population Growth 60 Table 4.1 Human and Housing Impacts of the Yogyakarta Earthquake 77 Table 4.2 The Inter-temporal Impacts of the Earthquake 83 Table 4.3 The Sectoral Spillover Impacts of the Earthquake 87 Table 4.4 The Spatial Spillover Impacts of the Earthquake (A) 89 Table 4.5 The Spatial Spillover Impacts of the Earthquake (B) 90 Table 5.1 Growth of Gross Regional Domestic Product in Yogyakarta Province 98 Table 5.2 The Dynamics of Firms Survival 104 Table 5.3 Size and Labour Productivity of Different Groups of Firms 106 Table 5.4 Preceding Labour Productivity of Exiting and Surviving Firms 108 Table 5.5 Normality Test of Labour Productivity of Different Groups of Firms 108 Table 5.6 Determinants of Firm Survival (Basic estimation) 116 Table 5.7 Determinants of Firm Survival (Alternative estimation: normalised productivity) 120 Table 5.8 Determinants of Firm Survival (Alternative earthquake indicator) 121 vi Table 6.1 Pre-eruption Place of Residence: Experts’ Assessment and Respondents’ Perception 133 Table 6.2 Definition and Questions Related to the Knowledge of Insurance and Participation in Disaster Microinsurance 135 Table 6.3 Main Concerns Related to the Impact of the Eruption 140 Table 6.4 Risk Assessments and Response to Disaster Microinsurance 140 Table 6.5 Response to Disaster Microinsurance Based on Insurance Literacy 141 Table 6.6 Reasons for Not Being Interesting to Participate in Disaster Microinsurance 142 Table 6.7 Summary Statistics 143 Table 6.8 Determinants of Participation in Disaster Microinsurance 144 vii PREFACE I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Henri de Groot, Piet Rietveld (†), and Wouter Zant for their immense knowledge, excellent guidance, and patience. I learnt plenty from this long journey. I would like also to confess that Pak Piet is the person who gave me a ‘second chance’ to pursue a PhD trajectory at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. I am also deeply grateful to the members of my thesis committee: Ari Kuncoro, Harry Garretsen, Jan Luiten van Zanden, Peter van Bergeijk, and Jan Rouwendal, for reading and commenting on my thesis. My sincere appreciation goes to Budy Resosudarmo, who shared a survey data set, and was involved in writing Chapter 6. My acknowledgement also goes to the DIKTI for providing financial support for my PhD studies.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kata Pengantar
    KATA PENGANTAR Kegiatan ini merupakan program dari Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Wonosobo, dengan mengambil tema sebagai pembuatan jalur evakuasi bencana erupsi Gunungapi Sindoro di Kecamatan Kejajar. Laporan ini merupakan laporan akhir yang berisi materi mengenai latar belakang, maksud dan tujuan, sasasaran, keluaran, tinjauan pustaka serta metode penelitian, serta kajian analisis jalur evakuasi bencana Gunungapi Sindoro. Pada kegiatan ini selain survey dalam penentuan jalur evakuasi pada pemukiman di desa-desa di lereng Gunungapi Sindoro, juga digunakan teknik wawancara. Metode wawancara ini dipergunakan untuk mengetahui kesiapsiagaan masyarakat, selain itu masyarakat memberikan peran aktif dalam rangka mitigasi bencana khususnya bencana erupsi Gunungapi Sindoro. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa, Desa Buntu, Desa Sigedang, Desa Kreo, serta Desa Kejajar merupakan daerah-derah di lereng gunungapi Sindoro yang memiliki potensi ancaman tinggi hingga sedang. Penentuan titik kumpul beradarkan aksesibilitas, tersedianya fasilitas serta daya tampung yang relatif masal. Semoga laporan ini dapat digunkan sebagai pertimbangan dalam pemasangan jalur evakuasi serta penempatan lokasi titik kumpul. Atas saran dan nasihatnya kami ucapkan terima kasih. Tim Penyusun ii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ii DAFTAR ISI iii DAFTAR GAMBAR v DAFTAR TABEL vii BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1 1.1. Latar Belakang 1 1.2. Tujuan Kegiatan 5 1.3. Sasaran Kegiatan 6 1.4. Output Kegiatan 6 1.5. Lingkup Kegiatan 7 1.6. Referensi Hukum 7 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 8 2.1. GunungApi 8 2.2. Erupsi Gunung Berapi 13 2.3. Pengelolaan Bencana 15 2.4. Mitigasi Bencana 19 2.5. Jalur Evakuasi Bencana 20 2.6. Sistem Informasi Geografis 22 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN 23 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge Your Adrenaline by Taking One of These Volcano Indonesia Tours
    Challenge Your Adrenaline by Taking One of These Volcano Indonesia Tours As an archipelago, Indonesia lays on the meeting of several tectonic plates. Geologically, it is the reason why Indonesia has many volcanoes stretched from the West to the East. Though it sounds worrying to remember how dangerous a volcano can be, the area can be the perfect place to explore instead. Volcanoes are known for its fertile land and scenic view. Apparently, volcano Indonesia tour can be found across the country and below are six of the best destinations. 1. Mount Rinjani, Lombok Lombok Island on the Eastern Indonesia has the magnificent Mount Rinjani and its craters. This active volcano has three craters from its past eruption called the Kelimutu Lake. Mount Rinjani is the second highest volcano in Indonesia after Mount Kerinci in Sumatera. The lake has a magical view because each crater has different colors throughout the day. From afar, each of the craters would be seen to have green, blue, and red color. The local people have their own legend of the color of the craters. However, the color change might potentially be the result of the change in oxidation and reduction of the fluid in the craters. It may take around two days and one night to climb the mountain seriously and professionally. However, there are Indonesia tour packages that will offer an easier hiking option for beginners. 2. Mount Batur, Bali Mount Batur in Bali might be the easiest volcano to climb in the Indonesia tour list. In just less than three hours, you can get to the top of this active volcano.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: the Indonesian Example
    geosciences Review Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: The Indonesian Example Mukhamad N. Malawani 1,2, Franck Lavigne 1,3,* , Christopher Gomez 2,4 , Bachtiar W. Mutaqin 2 and Danang S. Hadmoko 2 1 Laboratoire de Géographie Physique, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, UMR 8591, 92195 Meudon, France; [email protected] 2 Disaster and Risk Management Research Group, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (B.W.M.); [email protected] (D.S.H.) 3 Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France 4 Laboratory of Sediment Hazards and Disaster Risk, Kobe University, Kobe City 658-0022, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper discusses the relations between the impacts of volcanic eruptions at multiple- scales and the related-issues of disaster-risk reduction (DRR). The review is structured around local and global impacts of volcanic eruptions, which have not been widely discussed in the literature, in terms of DRR issues. We classify the impacts at local scale on four different geographical features: impacts on the drainage system, on the structural morphology, on the water bodies, and the impact Citation: Malawani, M.N.; on societies and the environment. It has been demonstrated that information on local impacts can Lavigne, F.; Gomez, C.; be integrated into four phases of the DRR, i.e., monitoring, mapping, emergency, and recovery. In Mutaqin, B.W.; Hadmoko, D.S. contrast, information on the global impacts (e.g., global disruption on climate and air traffic) only fits Review of Local and Global Impacts the first DRR phase.
    [Show full text]
  • The Year Without a Summer
    The Year Without a Summer In 1816, half a foot of snow fell in New England. That would be Mount Tambora, an active completely unremarkable. Except that it was in one day—in June. stratovolcano that is a peninsula of and the highest That same summer, Mary Shelley spent a chilly vacation holed peak on the island of up indoors—and used the time to write Frankenstein. Crops Sumbawa in Indonesia. failed around the world, plunging Thomas Jefferson into serious Credit: Jialiang Gao (peace-on- debt for the rest of his life. Oats became scarce in Germany, earth.org) via Wikimedia Commons making horse travel expensive—and leading to the invention (CC BY-SA 3.0 [http://creative- of the bicycle. Struggling farmers in China began raising opium, commons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]) giving rise to a drug trade that has lasted to modern times. And famine in many areas led to widespread disease, including a cholera outbreak that killed millions. What was the cause of all this chaos? A year earlier, a volcano erupted in Indonesia. Larger than Krakatoa, Vesuvius, or Mount St. Helens, Mount Tambora erupted for 2 weeks straight. Around it, nearly 100,000 people died, buried under thick layers of ash like in Pompeii. Greenhouse-gas emissions from the eruption, which could have warmed the atmosphere, were offset by particulates and sulfur dioxide gas. Ash and dust blocked out the sun temporarily, darkening skies around the world. The sulfur dioxide was longer-lasting, becoming aerosols that reflected the sun’s heat for 3 years! This turned 1816 into “The Year Without a Summer,” as it was called, with long-term global effects.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indonesia Atlas
    The Indonesia Atlas Year 5 Kestrels 2 The Authors • Ananias Asona: North and South Sumatra • Olivia Gjerding: Central Java and East Nusa Tenggara • Isabelle Widjaja: Papua and North Sulawesi • Vera Van Hekken: Bali and South Sulawesi • Lieve Hamers: Bahasa Indonesia and Maluku • Seunggyu Lee: Jakarta and Kalimantan • Lorien Starkey Liem: Indonesian Food and West Java • Ysbrand Duursma: West Nusa Tenggara and East Java Front Cover picture by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA. All other images by students of year 5 Kestrels. 3 4 Welcome to Indonesia….. Indonesia is a diverse country in Southeast Asia made up of over 270 million people spread across over 17,000 islands. It is a country of lush, wild rainforests, thriving reefs, blazing sunlight and explosive volcanoes! With this diversity and energy, Indonesia has a distinct culture and history that should be known across the world. In this book, the year 5 kestrel class at Nord Anglia School Jakarta will guide you through this country with well- researched, informative writing about the different pieces that make up the nation of Indonesia. These will also be accompanied by vivid illustrations highlighting geographical and cultural features of each place to leave you itching to see more of this amazing country! 5 6 Jakarta Jakarta is not that you are thinking of.Jakarta is most beautiful and amazing city of Indonesia. Indonesian used Bahasa Indonesia because it is easy to use for them, it is useful to Indonesian people because they used it for a long time, became useful to people in Jakarta. they eat their original foods like Nasigoreng, Nasipadang.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Publication
    FLP MEETING INDONESIA 2016 Workshop Report Shared Learning Event for IDH Sustainable Coffee Program Field Level Project Implementing Partners in Indonesia TABLE OF CONTENTS OF TABLE TABLE OF CONTENTS �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �I ABBREVIATIONS � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �II INTRODUCTION �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �1 WORKSHOP DESIGN �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 Time, Location and Participants 2 Workshop Objectives, Outcomes and Outputs 2 Facilitation Methodology 2 WORKSHOP: KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND LEARNING �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 Opening of Learning Event by Head of Lampung Province Agricultural Services�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 Field Visit and Focus Group Discussions 3 Topic 1. Inclusion of more women and youth in strategies and solutions and farmer business strengthening. .3 Topic 2. Replanting and rejuvenation strategies and climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
    [Show full text]
  • Krakatoa: the Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883 PDF Book
    KRAKATOA: THE DAY THE WORLD EXPLODED: AUGUST 27, 1883 PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Author and Historian Simon Winchester | 416 pages | 15 Jul 2005 | HarperCollins Publishers Inc | 9780060838591 | English | New York, NY, United States Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883 PDF Book It's not to say I didn't like it, but the amount of information is sometimes hard to absorb. View all 9 comments. It was a very interesting read, with a somewhat broader scope than I'd anticipated. The Promethean material searches ceaselessly for some weakened spot in the crust above it. See 1 question about Krakatoa…. Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded is a fairly decent book and I really only recommend this book to those who likes history and non-fiction. Jul 04, Peter Tillman rated it liked it. While reading the book, I had expressed two feelings for the majority of the book, and those feelings were fascination and boredom. Beyond the purely physical horrors of an event that has only very recently been properly understood, the eruption changed the world in more ways than could possibly be imagined. The Government steamer Berouw, which lay anchored near the pier-head, hailed the mate as he was returning on board, and the people on board her then stated to him that it was impossible to land anywhere, and that a boat which had put off from the shore had already been wrecked. Apr 26, Kate rated it really liked it. Lists with This Book. Dust swirled round die planet for years, causing temperatures to plummet and sunsets to turn vivid with lurid and unsettling displays of light.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaster Preparedness Tips (A Guide Book for Personal Safety in the Field with Special Reference to Indonesia)
    Disaster Preparedness Tips (A guide book for personal safety in the field with special reference to Indonesia) Canadian Red Cross Indonesia Mission Tsunami Recovery Operations Banda Aceh, Indonesia July 2009 Disaster Preparedness Tips (A guide book for personal safety in the field with special reference to Indonesia) Compiled/Edited By Shesh Kanta Kafle Disaster Risk Reduction Program Manaager Canadian Red Cross Indonesia Mission Tsunami Recovery Operations Banda Aceh, Indonesia July 2009 2 Contents Earthquake What is an earthquake? 4 What causes an earthquake? 4 Effects of earthquakes 4 How are earthquakes measured? 5 How do I protect myself in an earthquake? 6 Things to do before an earthquake occurs 8 Things to do during an earthquake 8 Earthquake zones 10 Tsunami What is a tsunami? 11 What causes a tsunami? 11 History of Tsunami in West coast of Indonesia 11 How do I protect myself in a Tsunami? 12 What to do before a Tsunami 12 What to do after a Tsunami 12 Flood What is a flood? 13 Common types of flooding 13 Flood warnings 13 How do I protect myself in a flood? 15 Before a flood 15 During a flood 15 Driving Flood Facts 16 After a flood 16 Volcano What is a volcano? 18 How is the volcano formed? 18 How safe are volcanoes? 18 Risk zones around and active volcano 18 When you are in the house 20 When you are in the field 21 In vehicles 21 Safety recommendations when visiting an active volcano 21 Precautions in the danger zone 22 References 26 Annex 3 Earthquake What is an earthquake? An earthquake is a sudden tremor or movement of the earth’s crust, which originates naturally at or below the surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002
    Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 Edited by Clive Wilkinson PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor Dedication This book is dedicated to all those people who are working to conserve the coral reefs of the world – we thank them for their efforts. It is also dedicated to the International Coral Reef Initiative and partners, one of which is the Government of the United States of America operating through the US Coral Reef Task Force. Of particular mention is the support to the GCRMN from the US Department of State and the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. I wish to make a special dedication to Robert (Bob) E. Johannes (1936-2002) who has spent over 40 years working on coral reefs, especially linking the scientists who research and monitor reefs with the millions of people who live on and beside these resources and often depend for their lives from them. Bob had a rare gift of understanding both sides and advocated a partnership of traditional and modern management for reef conservation. We will miss you Bob! Front cover: Vanuatu - burning of branching Acropora corals in a coral rock oven to make lime for chewing betel nut (photo by Terry Done, AIMS, see page 190). Back cover: Great Barrier Reef - diver measuring large crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) and freshly eaten Acropora corals (photo by Peter Moran, AIMS). This report has been produced for the sole use of the party who requested it. The application or use of this report and of any data or information (including results of experiments, conclusions, and recommendations) contained within it shall be at the sole risk and responsibility of that party.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia 12
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Indonesia Sumatra Kalimantan p509 p606 Sulawesi Maluku p659 p420 Papua p464 Java p58 Nusa Tenggara p320 Bali p212 David Eimer, Paul Harding, Ashley Harrell, Trent Holden, Mark Johanson, MaSovaida Morgan, Jenny Walker, Ray Bartlett, Loren Bell, Jade Bremner, Stuart Butler, Sofia Levin, Virginia Maxwell PLAN YOUR TRIP ON THE ROAD Welcome to Indonesia . 6 JAVA . 58 Malang . 184 Indonesia Map . 8 Jakarta . 62 Around Malang . 189 Purwodadi . 190 Indonesia’s Top 20 . 10 Thousand Islands . 85 West Java . 86 Gunung Arjuna-Lalijiwo Need to Know . 20 Reserve . 190 Banten . 86 Gunung Penanggungan . 191 First Time Indonesia . 22 Merak . 88 Batu . 191 What’s New . 24 Carita . 88 South-Coast Beaches . 192 Labuan . 89 If You Like . 25 Blitar . 193 Ujung Kulon Month by Month . 27 National Park . 89 Panataran . 193 Pacitan . 194 Itineraries . 30 Bogor . 91 Around Bogor . 95 Watu Karang . 195 Outdoor Adventures . 36 Cimaja . 96 Probolinggo . 195 Travel with Children . 52 Cibodas . 97 Gunung Bromo & Bromo-Tengger-Semeru Regions at a Glance . 55 Gede Pangrango National Park . 197 National Park . 97 Bondowoso . 201 Cianjur . 98 Ijen Plateau . 201 Bandung . 99 VANY BRANDS/SHUTTERSTOCK © BRANDS/SHUTTERSTOCK VANY Kalibaru . 204 North of Bandung . 105 Jember . 205 Ciwidey & Around . 105 Meru Betiri Bandung to National Park . 205 Pangandaran . 107 Alas Purwo Pangandaran . 108 National Park . 206 Around Pangandaran . 113 Banyuwangi . 209 Central Java . 115 Baluran National Park . 210 Wonosobo . 117 Dieng Plateau . 118 BALI . 212 Borobudur . 120 BARONG DANCE (P275), Kuta & Southwest BALI Yogyakarta . 124 Beaches . 222 South Coast . 142 Kuta & Legian . 222 Kaliurang & Kaliadem . 144 Seminyak .
    [Show full text]
  • Identified Challenges on Floods Overall Issues Related to Four Fields
    Data Collection Survey on Disaster Risk Reduction in the Republic of Indonesia YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO.,LTD./ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS GLOBAL CO.,LTD. JV Identified Challenges on Floods Overall Issues related to Four Fields in SFDRR Based on the current situation on floods in Indonesia as identified in the previous section, the following eight (8) issues were revealed under the four (4) fields (four priorities for action) on "understanding disaster risk", "disaster risk governance", "investment in DRR" and "disaster preparedness enhancement and Build Back Better (BBB)"endorsed by the United Nations in SFDRR, 2015. Table 4-41 Overall Issues on Floods under Four Fields in SFDRR Field in SFDRR Issues Revealed Disaster information a. Increase of disaster risk in river basin (Understanding Disaster Risknajd b. Insufficient maintenance for FFEWS and visual monitoring on flood information Share Information) during flood Governance c. Inadequate collaboration and correspondence among ministries and agencies that are (Strengthen Governance for Disaster in charge of flood management Risk Management) d. Disaster mitigation measures are project-oriented, lacking the viewpoint of disaster prevention. e. Insufficient DRR activities in communities and local governmental agencies Disaster Risk Reduction f. Priority is given on water resources development, insufficient progress is being (DRR Investment for Resilience) made for the flood control project. g. Insufficient investment in flood DRR Disaster Preparedness and BBB h. Response and preparation for disasters beyond design scale (excess disaster) are not sufficient. The above issues in Table 4-41are explained as follows. Disaster information (Understand Disaster Risk and Share Information «Challenge1» Increase of disaster risk in river basin In the urbanization areas, due to changes in land use, forest areas have decreased and water-holding capacity by forest has also decreased, so the arrival time of the flood becomes smaller and the runoff volume also tends to increase.
    [Show full text]
  • World Heritage Sites in Indonesia Java (October 2009)
    World Heritage Sites in Indonesia Site name Entered Borobudur Temple Compounds 1991 Prambanan Temple Compounds 1991 Komodo National Park 1991 Ujung Kulon National Park 1991 Sangiran Early Man Site 1996 Lorentz National Park 1999 Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra 2004 The Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of 2012 the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy Tentative list of Indonesia Banda Islands Banten Ancient City Bawomataluo Site Belgica Fort Besakih Betung Kerihun National Park (Transborder Rainforest Heritage of Borneo) Bunaken National Park Derawan Islands Elephant Cave Great Mosque of Demak Gunongan Historical Park Muara Takus Compound Site Muarajambi Temple Compound Ngada traditional house and megalithic complex Penataran Hindu Temple Complex Prehistoric Cave Sites in Maros-Pangkep Pulau Penyengat Palace Complex Raja Ampat Islands Ratu Boko Temple Complex Sukuh Hindu Temple Taka Bonerate National Park Tana Toraja Traditional Settlement Trowulan Ancient City Wakatobi National Park Waruga Burial Complex Yogyakarta Palace Complex Sites that have been nominated in the past Lore Lindu NP Maros Prehistoric Cave Toraja Java (October 2009) The Indonesian island of Java holds three cultural WHS, among which is the iconic Borobudur. I visited all three sites on daytrips from Yogyakarta, a city that in its Sultan's Palace (kraton) also has a monument worthy of WH status. Borobudur . Sangiran Early Man Site . Prambanan Borobudur The Borobudur Temple Compounds is a ninth century Buddhist temple complex. It was built on several levels around a natural hill. Borobudur is built as a single large stupa, and when viewed from above takes the form of a giant tantric Buddhist mandala, simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind.
    [Show full text]