How Mount Agung's Eruption Can Create the World's Most Fertile Soil
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Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes / Edited by John P
ISBN 978-1-61530-106-5 Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2011 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J. E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition John P. Rafferty: Associate Editor, Earth Sciences Rosen Educational Services Alexandra Hanson-Harding: Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Nicole Russo: Designer Matthew Cauli: Cover Design Introduction by Therese Shea Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes / edited by John P. Rafferty. p. cm.—(Dynamic Earth) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61530-187-4 ( eBook) 1. Plate tectonics. -
Insula Java, Muntele Merapi Si Ora Yogyakarta
The Volcanoes of Indonesia Vulcanii Indoneziei PhD. Dumitrel Loghin National University of Singapore Meeting with Earth Observatory of Singapore Java Island, Mount Merapi and Yogyakarta Insula Java, muntele Merapi si orasul Yogyakarta Highlights Medan Lake Toba + Sinabung Yogyakarta + Merapi Java Yogyakarta + Merapi Merapi – 2930m Credit: our guide, Ryan Merbabu – 3145m Merbabu Merapi Merapi - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Merapi Merbabu - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Merbabu Live Cams - http://merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/viewer_images/index.php Observation Points Ketep Pass Taman Gardu Pandang Kaliuragn Kali Talang Museum Observations Merapi Top Emission Field Trip – Lava Tour Lahar Valley Merapi 2010 Eruption School Fence Merapi 2010 Eruption Agriculture Yogyakarta • Locals call it Jogja • City area: 46 km2 • Metropolitan area: 2,159.1 km2 • Population: ~450.000 (422,732 in 2017 according to Wikipedia) • Latitude: 7°48′5″S • Longitude: 110°21′52″E Yogyakarta Good night, Yogyakarta! Sumatra Island, Lake Toba, Samosir Island, Mount Sinabung, and Medan City Insula Sumatra, lacul Toba, insula Samosir, muntele Sinabung si orasul Medan Itinerary – More than 250km (return) Itinerary – More than 250km (return) (2) Sibayak (1) Sinabung (4) Singgalang (5) Sibuatan (3) Sipisopiso (6) Pusuk Buhit (1) Sinabung – 2460m (1) Sinabung – 2460m https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinabung (2) Sibayak - 2212 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sibayak (3) Sipisopiso – Bukit Gundul Sipisopiso = Small Knife = Cutitul Mic Bukit Gundul = Bare Hill = -
Volcanic Eruption Impacts Student Worksheet
Volcanic Eruption Impacts Student Worksheet Explosive and Effusive Volcanoes The type of volcanic eruption is largely determined by magma composition. Flux-mediated melting at subduction zones creates a felsic magma with high levels of carbon dioxide and water. These dissolved gases explode during eruption. Effusive volcanoes have a hotter, more mafic magma with lower levels of dissolved gas, allowing them to erupt more calmly (effusive eruption). Sinabung (Indonesia) Mount Sinabung is a stratovolcano located 40 km from the Lake Toba supervolcano in North Sumatra. It lies along the Sunda Arc, where the Indo-Australian plate subducts beneath the Sunda and Burma plates. After 1200 years of dormancy, Sinabung began erupting intermittently in 2010. Major eruptions have occurred regularly since November 2013. In November and December 2015, ash plumes reached 6 – 11 km in height on multiple occasions. Pyroclastic flows and ashfall blanketed the region in January 2014 and lava flows travelled down the south flank, advancing 2.5 km by April 2014. Pyroclastic flows in February 2014 killed 17 people in a town 3 km from the vent. In June 2015, ash falls affected areas 10 – 15 km from the summit on many occasions. A lahar in May 2016, caused fatalities in a village 20 km from Sinabung. Pyroclastic flows occurred frequently throughout 2016 and 2017 Eruption of Sinabung 6 October 2016 Major eruptions occurred in 2018 and 2019. In (Y Ginsu, public domain) February 2018, an eruption destroyed a lava dome of 1.6 million cubic metres. At least 10 pyroclastic flows extended up to 4.9 km and an ash plume rose more than 16 km in altitude. -
Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: the Indonesian Example
geosciences Review Review of Local and Global Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions and Disaster Management Practices: The Indonesian Example Mukhamad N. Malawani 1,2, Franck Lavigne 1,3,* , Christopher Gomez 2,4 , Bachtiar W. Mutaqin 2 and Danang S. Hadmoko 2 1 Laboratoire de Géographie Physique, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, UMR 8591, 92195 Meudon, France; [email protected] 2 Disaster and Risk Management Research Group, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (B.W.M.); [email protected] (D.S.H.) 3 Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France 4 Laboratory of Sediment Hazards and Disaster Risk, Kobe University, Kobe City 658-0022, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper discusses the relations between the impacts of volcanic eruptions at multiple- scales and the related-issues of disaster-risk reduction (DRR). The review is structured around local and global impacts of volcanic eruptions, which have not been widely discussed in the literature, in terms of DRR issues. We classify the impacts at local scale on four different geographical features: impacts on the drainage system, on the structural morphology, on the water bodies, and the impact Citation: Malawani, M.N.; on societies and the environment. It has been demonstrated that information on local impacts can Lavigne, F.; Gomez, C.; be integrated into four phases of the DRR, i.e., monitoring, mapping, emergency, and recovery. In Mutaqin, B.W.; Hadmoko, D.S. contrast, information on the global impacts (e.g., global disruption on climate and air traffic) only fits Review of Local and Global Impacts the first DRR phase. -
Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia
Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia Submitted in accordance with Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 February 20, 2004 Prepared for USAID/Indonesia Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5 Jakarta 10110 Indonesia Prepared by Steve Rhee, M.E.Sc. Darrell Kitchener, Ph.D. Tim Brown, Ph.D. Reed Merrill, M.Sc. Russ Dilts, Ph.D. Stacey Tighe, Ph.D. Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures............................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary.................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................1- 1 2. Legislative and Institutional Structure Affecting Biological Resources...............................2 - 1 2.1 Government of Indonesia................................................................................................2 - 2 2.1.1 Legislative Basis for Protection and Management of Biodiversity and -
The Year Without a Summer
The Year Without a Summer In 1816, half a foot of snow fell in New England. That would be Mount Tambora, an active completely unremarkable. Except that it was in one day—in June. stratovolcano that is a peninsula of and the highest That same summer, Mary Shelley spent a chilly vacation holed peak on the island of up indoors—and used the time to write Frankenstein. Crops Sumbawa in Indonesia. failed around the world, plunging Thomas Jefferson into serious Credit: Jialiang Gao (peace-on- debt for the rest of his life. Oats became scarce in Germany, earth.org) via Wikimedia Commons making horse travel expensive—and leading to the invention (CC BY-SA 3.0 [http://creative- of the bicycle. Struggling farmers in China began raising opium, commons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0]) giving rise to a drug trade that has lasted to modern times. And famine in many areas led to widespread disease, including a cholera outbreak that killed millions. What was the cause of all this chaos? A year earlier, a volcano erupted in Indonesia. Larger than Krakatoa, Vesuvius, or Mount St. Helens, Mount Tambora erupted for 2 weeks straight. Around it, nearly 100,000 people died, buried under thick layers of ash like in Pompeii. Greenhouse-gas emissions from the eruption, which could have warmed the atmosphere, were offset by particulates and sulfur dioxide gas. Ash and dust blocked out the sun temporarily, darkening skies around the world. The sulfur dioxide was longer-lasting, becoming aerosols that reflected the sun’s heat for 3 years! This turned 1816 into “The Year Without a Summer,” as it was called, with long-term global effects. -
Planning a Trip to Medan?
North Sumatra The booming city of Medan, the capital of North Sumatra, is the economic and commercial center for this region. This is the largest city on the island of Sumatra, which has long attracted residents from all over Indonesia to come and live here. Because of this ethnic diversity, Medan is known for delicious culinary places, rich in many favors. The city of Medan will welcome those of you who travel by air at Kualanamu International Airport (KNO). Located in Deli Serdang Regency, about 2 hours drive from Medan. In Medan, you can choose public buses, taxis, or rickshaws to get around. Local or Sudako minibuses are simple and inexpensive. Use this only if you have a little Indonesian so you won't miss your goal of stopping. INFORMATION Website : : http://disbudpar.sumutprov.go.id/home LOCAL FOODS Gomak Noodles Mie Gomak is a traditional curry noodle dish from Toba Batak. Mie literally means noodles and Gomak is original for 'digomak', which means preparation by hand. There are two ways to prepare this dish - in broth or fried. This noodle is pale orange in color, quite thick and square in shape. Red curry, sauce made from local Batak pepper) and boiled eggs can sometimes be requested as a topping. The best time to consume Mie Gomak is in cold weather because delicious spices will warm the body. Ucok Durian - table and chairs, so people could enjoy - ing durian there , you can choose yourself can exchange your durian for another prioritizes customer satisfaction. That's why Lake Toba Lake Toba is an extraordinary natural wonder in the world. -
Lake Toba: Insights and Options for Improving Water Quality
Public Disclosure Authorized Lake Toba: Insights and Options for Improving Water Quality ■ Lake Toba is a unique natural asset of global significance located in the North Sumatra Province of Indonesia. The Lake has a rich cultural heritage and provides a wide range of environmental goods and services, making it one of Indonesia’s priority tourism Public Disclosure Authorized destinations for development. ■ Tourism has the potential to attract more than 3.3 million visitors by 2041 (includ- ing 265,000 foreign visitors). This could provide long-term sustainable opportunities, including 5,000 additional jobs and an increase in annual tourism spending of IDR 2,200 billion (US$162 million).1 ■ Sustaining the long-term economic and environmental value of Lake Toba depends on addressing the deterioration of water quality. Acceleration in the deterioration of water quality since the mid-1990s has been driven by excessive nutrient load- ing resulting in algal blooms, massive fish kills, and health concerns. As one of the world’s deepest volcano tectonic Public Disclosure Authorized lakes, management of water quality in Lake Toba is further constrained by an 80-year residence time (i.e., time required to replace water) and non-homogenous mixing that results in compartmentalization of the lake’s water (Figure 3). ■ Sustainable solutions for addressing the deterioration of water quality are essential for realizing the long-term tourism opportunities and securing sustainable economic develop- ment pathways. ■ A collaborative process involving local stakeholders, national agencies/ministries/organizations and international experts has pro- posed a set of investments to help improve water quality in Lake Toba. -
Educators Guide
EDUCATORS GUIDE 02 | Supervolcanoes Volcanism is one of the most creative and destructive processes on our planet. It can build huge mountain ranges, create islands rising from the ocean, and produce some of the most fertile soil on the planet. It can also destroy forests, obliterate buildings, and cause mass extinctions on a global scale. To understand volcanoes one must first understand the theory of plate tectonics. Plate tectonics, while generally accepted by the geologic community, is a relatively new theory devised in the late 1960’s. Plate tectonics and seafloor spreading are what geologists use to interpret the features and movements of Earth’s surface. According to plate tectonics, Earth’s surface, or crust, is made up of a patchwork of about a dozen large plates and many smaller plates that move relative to one another at speeds ranging from less than one to ten centimeters per year. These plates can move away from each other, collide into each other, slide past each other, or even be forced beneath each other. These “subduction zones” are generally where the most earthquakes and volcanoes occur. Yellowstone Magma Plume (left) and Toba Eruption (cover page) from Supervolcanoes. 01 | Supervolcanoes National Next Generation Science Standards Content Standards - Middle School Content Standards - High School MS-ESS2-a. Use plate tectonic models to support the HS-ESS2-a explanation that, due to convection, matter Use Earth system models to support cycles between Earth’s surface and deep explanations of how Earth’s internal and mantle. surface processes operate concurrently at different spatial and temporal scales to MS-ESS2-e form landscapes and seafloor features. -
Hypocenter Relocation of Volcanic Earthquake at Agung Vulcano
The 4th International Seminar on Science and Technology 95 August 9th 2018, Postgraduate Program Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia Hypocenter Relocation of Volcanic Earthquake at Agung Vulcano Reni Agustiani1, Bagus J. Santosa1, Yasa Suparman2, Devi K. Syahbana2,Gazali Rachman3 Abstract―Agung Volcano is a stratovolcano located in the Agung considered as one of the most dangerous volcanoes area of Karangasem regency of Bali and is in the northwest- of Indonesia because of the densely populated surrounding. southeast fault alignment with Batur, Abang and Seroja Based on this, it is necessary to analyze Mount Agung's Volcano. The existence of this alignment allegedly related to the seismic data. Thus, in this study, an earthquake hypocenter fracture in the northwest of the island of Bali. The eruption of relocation was conducted to determine the location of the Agung Volcano recorded on November 25th, 2017 was a significant danger for people living around it. Therefore, it is source of the earthquake that caused the eruption. Besides, necessary to monitor the activity of Agung Volcano. The method also obtained of both the 1D earth velocity model and used in this study is the relocation of volcanic earthquake station correction. sources to determine the location of the source of the earthquake which caused an increase in Mount activity. Hypocenter II. COUPLED HYPOCENTER VELOCITY MODEL relocation was carried out on 138 earthquake events during October 2017-January 2018 using the Coupled Velocity- The arrival time of a seismic wave generated by an Hypocenter method. Hypocenter was obtained at a depth of less earthquake is a nonlinear function of the station coordinates than 10 km under sea level with an RMS value <0.3 seconds, (s), the hypocentral parameter (origin time (t) and and this is thought to have a flow of magma fluid through the geographic coordinates (x, y, z, t)), and velocity field (m). -
The Semilir Eruption, East Java, Indonesia
Lithos 126 (2011) 198–211 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Lithos journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos A Toba-scale eruption in the Early Miocene: The Semilir eruption, East Java, Indonesia Helen R. Smyth a,b,⁎, Quentin G. Crowley c,d, Robert Hall b, Peter D. Kinny e, P. Joseph Hamilton e, Daniela N. Schmidt f a CASP, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, West Building, 181a Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DH, UK b SE Asia Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK c NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK d Geology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland e The Institute for Geoscience Research, Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia f Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK article info abstract Article history: The Indonesian archipelago is well-known for volcanic activity and has been the location of three catastrophic Received 28 March 2011 eruptions in the last million years: Krakatau, Tambora and Toba. However, there are no reports of large Accepted 19 July 2011 magnitude eruptions during the earlier Cenozoic despite a long volcanic record in Indonesia during Available online xxxx subduction of Indian Ocean lithosphere since the Eocene. Here we report an Early Miocene major eruption, the Semilir eruption, in south Java, the main phase of which occurred at 20.7±0.02 Ma. This major volcanic Keywords: eruption appears similar in scale, but not in type, to the 74 ka Toba event. -
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Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 69 3rd International Conference on Tourism, Economics, Accounting, Management, and Social Science (TEAMS 2018) The Economic Impact of Mount Agung Eruption on Bali Tourism Putu Indah Rahmawati Trianasari A.A.Ngr.Yudha Martin Hotel Department, Economic Faculty Hotel Department, Economic Faculty Hotel Department, Economic Faculty Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— This study aims to analyse the economic impact of I. Introduction Mount Agung eruption in 2017 on Bali tourism. This study uses a qualitative research approach. Data was collected Bali is a small island that very vulnerable to the through interviews with hotel managers and tourism impacts of climate change and natural disasters ((Stocker et stakeholders in Bali. The research sample was determined by al., 2013) stated with great confidence - at least 90% the true purposive sampling technique. The results show that most possibility - that small islands "are very vulnerable to the respondents said that they experienced drastic income decline impacts of climate change and natural disasters such as sea after the closure of Ngurah Rai airport due to Mount Agung level rise, floods, landslides, high winds, earthquakes and eruption. The decrease in hotel room occupancy in December other extreme events ". In addition, Mason (2012) argues that 2018 even reaches 20-30%. This is very significant because Bali's excessive dependence on the tourism industry can lead December is usually peak season in Bali and hotels can to an economic crisis in the future.