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World Heritage Volcanoes a Thematic Study: a Global Review of Volcanic World Heritage Properties: Present Situation, Future Prospects and Management Requirements

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World Heritage Volcanoes a Thematic Study: a Global Review of Volcanic World Heritage Properties: Present Situation, Future Prospects and Management Requirements World Heritage Volcanoes A thematic study: A Global Review of Volcanic World Heritage Properties: Present Situation, Future Prospects and Management Requirements IUCN Protected Areas Programme - World Heritage Studies About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world fi nd pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the world economy by supporting scientifi c research, managing fi eld projects all over the world, and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,000 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 60 offi ces and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org This study is produced as part of IUCN’s role as advisory body to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention on natural heritage. Acknowledgements This report has benefi ted from research of databases undertaken with the assistance of Jessica Roberts. In addition, thanks are extended to a number of external reviewers of this document. Nevertheless, any errors or inaccuracies remain the sole responsibility of the author. IUCN Programme on Protected Areas Rue Mauverney 28 CH-1196 Gland Switzerland www.iucn.org/wcpa The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily refl ect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2009 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Chris Wood. World Heritage Volcanoes, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 70pp. Cover photo: June 1996 eruption of Mt Ruapehu, which is one of four andesitic volcanoes in New Zealand’s Tongariro National Park, a World Heritage Cultural Landscape. © Harry Keys Layout by: Delwyn Dupuis Produced by: IUCN Protected Areas Programme Printed by: IUCN Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Publications Services Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0020 [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available. The text of this book is printed on paper made from wood fi bre from well-managed forests certifi ed in accordance with the rules of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). World Heritage Volcanoes A thematic study: A Global Review of Volcanic World Heritage Properties: Present Situation, Future Prospects and Management Requirements Table of Contents Summary ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................3 The purpose of the study ...................................................................................................................................5 Defi ning the scope of the study .........................................................................................................................7 What is a volcanic World Heritage property? ......................................................................................7 What is an active volcano? .................................................................................................................8 Volcanoes are complex constructions ...............................................................................................11 Chemical change in the magma chamber.........................................................................................11 Degraded volcanic cones and domes ...............................................................................................11 Exposed intrusive forms ....................................................................................................................11 Hydrothermal phenomena and solfataric fi elds .................................................................................13 Volcanoes on the ocean fl oors ..........................................................................................................13 Summary of scope of study...............................................................................................................14 Volcanoes and volcanic features on the World Heritage List ..........................................................................15 Types of volcanic World Heritage properties .....................................................................................16 Number of Holocene volcanoes in World Heritage properties ..........................................................17 Archaeological sites and settlements periodically buried by volcanic deposits ................................18 Atolls and reef-fringed islands ...........................................................................................................18 Technical framework for gap analysis..............................................................................................................19 Genetic classifi cation ........................................................................................................................19 Styles of eruption ..............................................................................................................................20 Plate tectonic setting .........................................................................................................................21 Classifi cations of volcanic landforms ................................................................................................25 Conclusion: a framework for gap analysis ........................................................................................26 Identifying the gaps .........................................................................................................................................27 Gaps in the range of volcanic World Heritage properties ..................................................................27 Missing iconic volcanoes...................................................................................................................31 Filling the gaps ................................................................................................................................................32 Requirements for integrity and management that should apply to sites with volcanic geology .......................33 Meeting the condition of Integrity ......................................................................................................33 Example 1 - Jeju Volcanic Island, Republic of Korea ........................................................................34 Example 2 - Teide National Park, Tenerife, Spain .............................................................................35 Site management .............................................................................................................................36 Education and interpretation .............................................................................................................37 Monitoring .........................................................................................................................................37 Risk management and contingency planning ...................................................................................39 Conclusions and Recommendations ...............................................................................................................41 Annexes Annex 1: List of Figures ....................................................................................................................43 Annex 2: List of Tables .....................................................................................................................44 Annex 3: Data Sources ...................................................................................................................45 Annex 4: References ........................................................................................................................46 Annex 5: Glossary ............................................................................................................................47 Annex 6: Table 1 Properties with volcanic geology on the World Heritage List ................................52 Annex 7: Table 2 Properties with volcanic geology on the Tentative Lists........................................58 Summary This Global Theme Study examines the position of volcanoes and volcanic features in relation to the World Heritage List. It
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