OVERVIEW OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW OF CNS FUNCTIONS
• Functions of nervous system (continued):
. Integrative functions – include decision-making processes; exclusive function of CNS; includes a wide variety of functions:
o Interpretation of sensory information o Planning and monitoring movement o Maintenance of homeostasis o Higher mental functions such as language and learning
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD • Brain consists of four divisions, each distinct in type of input it receives and where it sends its output:
. Cerebrum
Figure 12.1 Divisions of the brain (lateral view). BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD • Cerebrum – enlarged superior portion of brain; divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
. Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into five lobes containing groups of neurons that perform specific tasks
. Responsible for higher mental function such as learning, memory, personality, cognition (thinking), language, and conscience
• Diencephalon – deep underneath cerebral hemispheres; central core of brain
. Responsible for processing, integrating, and relaying information to different parts of brain BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD • Cerebellum – posterior and inferior portion of brain . Heavily involved in planning and coordination of movement, especially complex activities such as playing a sport or an instrument
• Brainstem – connects brain to spinal cord . Involved in basic involuntary homeostatic functions . Control of certain reflexes . Monitoring movement BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Figure 12.1 Divisions of the brain (lateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
Figure 12.2 White and gray matter in the CNS.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. OVERVIEW OF CNS DEVELOPMENT
Figure 12.3 Development of the brain.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. THE CEREBRUM
Figure 12.4b Structure of the cerebrum.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. THE CEREBRUM
. Frontal lobe
. Insula THE CEREBRUM
Figure 12.4a Structure of the cerebrum.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. THE CEREBRUM
. Frontal lobes – most anterior lobes
o Neurons in these lobes are responsible for planning and executing movement and complex mental functions such as behavior, conscience, and personality\
. Parietal lobes – just posterior to frontal lobes
o Neurons in these lobes are responsible for processing and integrating sensory information and function in attention
. Temporal lobes – form lateral surfaces
o Neurons in these lobes are involved in hearing, language, memory, and emotions THE CEREBRUM
Figure 12.4c Structure of the cerebrum.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER
• Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex
. Conscious processes such as planning movement, interpreting incoming sensory information
. Three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER
1. Primary motor cortex – plans and executes movement 2. Primary sensory cortices –regions to receive and process sensory input 3. Association areas integrate different types of information: • Unimodal areas • Multimodal areas THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER
Figure 12.5 Structure of the cerebral cortex (left hemisphere, lateral view). THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER
Motor areas – most are located in frontal lobe; contain upper motor neurons which are interneurons that connect to other neurons (not skeletal muscle) • Primary motor cortex; involved in conscious planning of movement; located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER
Sensory Cortices • Two main somatosensory areas in cerebral cortex; deal with somatic senses
. Primary somatosensory area (S1)
. Somatosensory association cortex (S2) THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER
• Special senses:
. Gustatory cortex – taste information processing
. Vestibular areas – deal with equilibrium and positional sensations
. Olfactory cortex – processes sense of smell THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER
Multimodal association areas: • Language – processed in two areas of cortex:
. Broca’s area
. Wernicke’s area (integrative speech area)
. Prefrontal cortex -many functions including modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individual’s personality state LAB ACTIVITIES
Lab Manual Activities:
Pg. 106-110
• Activity “Mapping Temperature and Touch” (under arm area) • Activity “Calipers” • Activity “Hands in Warm and Cold Water”
• Fill out chart Pg. 111 (Not turned in, but may be on exam) -Post Reponses to Lab Discussion before you leave -Lab Report: 3.3 + 3.4 Q1-17