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Home , Cerebral cortex, Cerebral hemisphere, Cerebrum, Fissure, Lateral sulcus, Longitudinal fissure

Color Code Important Anatomy of Cerebral Hemispheres Doctors Notes Notes/Extra explanation Please view our Editing File before studying this lecture to check for any changes. Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to:  List the parts of the (, medulla, basal nuclei, lateral ventricle).  Describe the subdivision of a cerebral hemisphere into lobes.  List the important sulci and gyri of each .  Describe different types of fibers in cerebral medulla (association, projection and commissural) and give example of each type. Extra o Largest part of the . ( makes up 2 / 3 rd weight off all ) (recall: the forebrain gives the cerebral hemispheres and the ) o Divided into two halves, the cerebral hemispheres (right and left), which are separated Left hemisphere Right hemisphere by a deep median longitudinal which lodges the *. o In the depth of the fissure, the hemispheres are connected by a bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum. *It is a large, crescent- shaped fold of meningeal layer of dura Median mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral Extra Extra hemispheres Cerebrum Buried within the Cerebral Hemispheres lie a number of nuclear masses The structure of cerebral hemipheres includes: (caudate, , ) collectively known as the .

WM Deeper to the cortex, running to and from the cells of the cortex form an extensive mass of white matter (WM). Contains (50 trillion)

WM Superficial layer of , the . The cavity of hemisphere is called the lateral ventricle. Cerebrum Surfaces o The superficial layer of grey matter is highly convoluted to form a complex pattern of Gyri (plural) (singular) ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci). Sucli (plural) (singular) o This arrangement maximize the surface area of the cerebral cortex (about 70% is hidden within the depths of sulci). Each hemisphere has 3 surfaces: Superiolateral, Medial, and Inferior. The inferior has two parts: tentorial and orbital

Medial Superiolateral

Inferior

Extra central Seperates frontal+parietal *not everyone has the same gyri and sulci in their brain. lateral Seperates If we view different we might not find the same Cerebrum frontal+parietal+temporal sulci/gyri present in both. But the these 3 sulci (central, lateral, & parieto-ociptal) are found in almost everyone parieto- Seperates parietal+occipital Lobes occipital o Three sulci, consistent in their position* (central, lateral (sylvian)& parieto-occipital) are used to divide each hemisphere into the four lobes. o Each hemisphere is divide into FOUR lobes (named after overlying bones): Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital.

Lobes Function Frontal motivation, motor function, smell, mood and aggression (personality and ) Parietal reception and evaluation of sensory information via Temporal smell, hearing, and abstract Extra Occipital** visual processing

**Occulus means eye in latin so occipital = vision Cerebrum Lobes

Functionally each hemisphere contains a ‘’ on the medial surface.

It is responsible for:

• Establishing emotional states

• Linking conscious intellectual functions with the unconscious autonomic functions

• Facilitating memory storage.

Extra Cerebrum Superior , middle & Lobes inferior frontal gyri Postcentral Main gyri in superolateral surface: gyrus sfs Gyri Precentral gyrus Sulci Superior frontal sulci ifs Inferior frontal sulci

(divide lobe into) superior, middle & inferior frontal gyri

Parietal Lobe Gyri Sulci Inferior Superior parietal parietal dividing the lobe into superior & Intraparietal lobule lobule inferior parietal lobules. sulcus Cerebrum Lobes

Temporal lobe Gyri Superior, middle & inferior temporal gyri Extra Sulci Superior & inferior temporal sulci giving rise to superior, middle & inferior temporal gyri. Insula the gyri in the depth of lateral fissure/sulcus*, (normal covered by parts of frontal, parietal & cerebral The insula is grey matter in the cortex but temporal lobes called the opercula (removed and has a cover formed of temporal frontal inside) in lower pic so we can see the insula ). and parietal lobes which we call opercula (parts from the 3 lobes) Medial Surface Gyri 1. Cingulate, 2. Parahippocampal Sulci 1. Parietooccipital, 2. Calcarine, 3. Cingulate

*Fissure and sulcus both mean groove. But fissure is deeper Note: Form y shape Broadmann’s Map 05:25 o Brodmann produced a numbered, cytological map of cerebral cortex based upon its regional histological characteristics. o The basis of Brodmann's cortical localization is its subdivision into 'areas' with similar cellular and laminar structure. o Brodmann's numbering of these cortical locations has become one of the standard ways in which clinicians identify brain areas.

In the the grey matter was divided into rexed laminae. Here broadmanns map is similar but in the cerebral hemispheres Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Frontal Lobe The functions are only on the boys’ slides 1-Primary Located in precentral gyrus Brodman’s allows conscious control of skilled voluntary area 4 movement (i.e. controls skeletal muscles)

2-: Located in the region Brodmann’s Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor immediately anterior to the area 6 skills, typing, playing a musical instrument. precentral gyrus Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions. Involved in the planning of movements.

3-: Extensive region of the frontal Involved with intellect, , recall, and lobe anterior to premotor area. personality. Necessary for judgement, reasoning, persistence, and conscience. Also related to mood. Closely linked to (emotional part of brain) 4-Broca’s (motor Located in the inferior frontal Brodmann’s A motor area that directs muscles of the speech) area: gyrus of the dominant area 44 & 45 . (in the premotor area) hemisphere, usually left Is active as one prepares to speak. 5-Frontal eye field: Located in the middle frontal Brodmann’s gyrus immediately in front of area 8 premotor cortex 2 1

6 7

3

8

4

9

5 Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Parietal lobe The functions are only on the boys’ slides 6-Primary located in postcentral Brodmann’s Involved with conscious of general somatosensory gyrus area 1, 2, 3 somatic cortex Receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles Exhibits spatial discrimination Precisely locates a stimulus ر زي المتجم 7-Parietal located posterior to Integrates sensory information association primary somatosensory Forms comprehensive understanding of the stimulus cortex cortex. Determines size, texture, and relationship of parts.

Occipital lobe The functions are only on the boys’ slides 8-Primary visual located on the medial Brodmann’s Receives visual information from the cortex surface of the area 17 hemisphere, in the gyri surrounding the 9-Visual located around the Brodmann’s Interprets visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and association primary area 19 movement) cortex Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Temporal Lobe The functions are only on the boys’ slides Primary located in the superior Brodmann’s Receives information related surface of the superior area 41, 42 to pitch, rhythm, and loudness temporal gyrus Auditory located immediately Stores of sounds association around the primary and permits of cortex auditory cortex (also sounds includes Wernick’s Involved in recognizing and understanding speech area) Lies in the center of Located posterior to the Wernicke’s area primary auditory cortex Auditory is always associated with speech (I need to hear so I can speak)

حصان البحر/: = seahorse o located in the inferomedial part of temporal lobe. o Deep to this gyrus lies the hippocampus and the , which are parts of limbic system o The body is represented upside down o Upper part is toes and leg and as we go down the brain we reach the body and and face and finally the larynx. o Representation of the body is according to precise function not size so a lot of space (largest area) is for tongue and larynx, while the trunk has a small area. Area o Organized around the lateral fissure. o Broca’s area: concerned with expressive aspects of language. Motor: so if there is a lesion he cannot speak o Wernick’s area: responsible for comprehension of the spoken words. Wernick = supramarginal Extra o Nearby regions of temporal lobe and parietal lobe ( & of the ) are important in naming, , writing, and calculation.

Doctor’s Note: Injury to (angular gyrus & supramarginal gyrus) doesn’t cause the loss of ability to talk, it only affect reading, writing, naming and calculation. Extra Hemispheric Dominance Left Right (art music etc)اد ب (math science etc)عل م o The localization of speech centers & mathematical ability (Calculation and language) is the criterion for defining the dominant cerebral hemisphere.* o In 96% of normal right-handed individuals and 70% of normal left-handed individuals, the left hemisphere contains the language centers. These are left hemisphere dominant. o Cerebral dominance becomes established during Verbal Shape Memory Memory the first few years after birth. When child starts talking and language centers are formed then the dominance will occur Hemispheres communicate via *note: these centres are present in both sides but more active in one side. the corpus callosum Example: in left dominance the broca’s area that is active is in left (we have it in the right but inactive) The right will become active if there is injury to left but will take . So after the injury the person cannot talk but after time the right side becomes active and he can talk again. White Matter o Underlies the cortex o Contains: 1. Nerve fibers 2. Neuroglia cells 3.Blood vessels. o The nerve fibers originate, terminate or sometimes both, within the cortex. o Depending on their origin & termination, these nerve fibers are classified into three types:

1. Association fibers:* Unite different parts of the same hemisphere

2. Commissural fibers:** Connect the corresponding regions of the two hemispheres

3. Projection fibers: Consisting of : a. Afferent fibers conveying impulses to the cerebral cortex. b. Efferent fibers conveying impulses away from the cortex.

*Similar areas in the same lobe (short) **Same area but in two hemispheres. But from different lobes (long) Example corpus callosum which will help the two hemispheres act in harmony White Matter Only on the boys’ slides 1. Association Fibers o Unite different parts of the same hemisphere. o Are of two kinds: • Those connecting adjacent gyri, short association fibers • Those connecting more distant parts, long association fibers. Long Association Fibers 1. connects frontal to temporal lobe. 2. Superior connects the frontal, occipital, parietal, longitudinal fasciculus and temporal lobes 3. connect gyri in frontal to temporal lobes

4. Inferior longitudinal connects occipital to temporal pole fasciculus 5. connects frontal & parietal lobes to the para-hippocampal gyrus and adjacent temporal gyri This slide is Extra White Matter 2. Commissural Fibers Only on the boys’ slides

o Connect the corresponding regions of the two hemispheres. o Include: • Corpus callosum. • . • Hippocampal commissure (commissure of ). • .

Anterior commissure: Extra connects the inferior Posterior Commissure: and middle temporal connects the left and right gyri & the olfactory Important in the Hippocampal Commissure: regions of the two bilateral pupillary reflex connect the two hippocampi hemispheres with each other Only on the boys’ slides White Matter 2. Commissural Fibers Corpus Callosum o Connects the corresponding regions of the two hemispheres except the temporal lobes, that are connected by anterior commissure. o It is shorter craniocaudally than is the hemisphere. o The callosal fibers linking the frontal poles, curve forward forming anterior forceps (forceps minor). o The callosal fibers linking the occipital poles, curve backward forming posterior forceps (forceps major). Only on the boys’ slides

White Matter Body 2. Commissural Fibers

Parts of Corpus Callosum: Genu 1. Body 2. Splenium Splenium 3. Genu Rostrum 4. Rostrum

Extra Extra Only on the boys’ slides White Matter 3. Projection Fibers

corona o Consist of: radiata • Afferent fibers conveying impulses to the cerebral cortex. • Efferent fibers conveying impulses away from the cortex. crus cerebri o Deeper to the cortex, these fibers are arranged radially as the . pyramidal o Then the fibers converge downward, form internal decussation capsule, between thalamus and basal ganglia. o Continue in the crus cerebri of the midbrain, basilar part of , & pyramid of . Only on the boys’ slides White Matter 3. Projection Fibers

Internal Capsule Has 5 parts: C Bundle of projection fibers, passes through 1. Anterior limb: 1 the interval between the thalamus and the Thalamocortical & 2 basal ganglia (caudate & lentiform* nuclei) Frontopontine fibers L 3 2. Genu: Corticobulbar T fibers 4 3. Posterior limb: Corticospinal, Corticobulbar & *Putamen and globus pallidus nuclei are collectively known as Thalamocortical fibers. Lentiform nuclei 4. Retrolenticular part: Geniculocalcarine fibers 5. Sublenticular part: Geniculo-temporal fibers. Summary Lobe Gyri Sulci Frontal 1. Precentral gyrus 1. Superior frontal sulci 2. 2. Inferior frontal sulci Broadmann’s Areas 3. 4. 1 Parietal 1. Postcentral gyrus 1. Intraparietal sulcus 2 Primary somatosensory cortex Temporal 1. Insula 1. Superior temporal sulci 3 2. 2. Inferior temporal sulci 4 3. 4. 6 Premotor cortex Medial 1. Cingulate 1. Parietooccipital 8 Frontal eye field Surface 2. Parahippocampal 2. Calcarine 3. Cingulate 17 Primary visual cortex 19 Visual association cortex 41 Primary auditory cortex 42 44 Broca’s area 45 MCQS 1-which of the following is not one of the surfaces of the 4-When is cerebral dominance becomes established ? cerebrum a) before birth a)superiolatral b) first few years after birth b)medial c) at puberty c)posterior d) mid 40s d)inferior 5-Which nerve fiber type connect corresponding regions 2-Which lobe is responsible for smell, hearing and of different hemisphere? memory? a)Association a)Frontal b)commissural b)temporal c)projection c)Occipital d)parietal SAQ

3-Where is broca’s area? 1.What is the function of afferent projection fibers? a)frontal Afferent fibers convey impulses to the cerebral cortex 1.C b)temporal 2. Name the 4 Commissural Fibers: 2.B • c)occipital 3.A Corpus callosum. d)parietal 4.B •Anterior commissure. 5.B •Hippocampal commissure (commissure of fornix). •Posterior commissure. Leaders: Members: Nawaf AlKhudairy Abdulmohsen alghannam Jawaher Abanumy Abdulmalek alhadlaq Abdullah jammah Mohammed habib Majed alzain Abdulrahman almalki Abdulmohsen alkhalaf Abdulaziz Alsalman Feedback

[email protected] References: 1- Girls’ & Boys’ Slides @anatomy436 2- Greys Anatomy for Students Anatomy Team 3- TeachMeAnatomy.com