OVERVIEW OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW OF CNS FUNCTIONS • Functions of nervous system (continued): . Integrative functions – include decision-making processes; exclusive function of CNS; includes a wide variety of functions: o Interpretation of sensory information o Planning and monitoring movement o Maintenance of homeostasis o Higher mental functions such as language and learning © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD • Brain consists of four divisions, each distinct in type of input it receives and where it sends its output: . Cerebrum . Diencephalon . Cerebellum . Brainstem Figure 12.1 Divisions of the brain (lateral view). BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD • Cerebrum – enlarged superior portion of brain; divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres . Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into five lobes containing groups of neurons that perform specific tasks . Responsible for higher mental function such as learning, memory, personality, cognition (thinking), language, and conscience • Diencephalon – deep underneath cerebral hemispheres; central core of brain . Responsible for processing, integrating, and relaying information to different parts of brain BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD • Cerebellum – posterior and inferior portion of brain . Heavily involved in planning and coordination of movement, especially complex activities such as playing a sport or an instrument • Brainstem – connects brain to spinal cord . Involved in basic involuntary homeostatic functions . Control of certain reflexes . Monitoring movement BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD Figure 12.1 Divisions of the brain (lateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD Figure 12.2 White and gray matter in the CNS. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. OVERVIEW OF CNS DEVELOPMENT Figure 12.3 Development of the brain. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. THE CEREBRUM Figure 12.4b Structure of the cerebrum. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. THE CEREBRUM . Frontal lobe . Parietal lobe . Temporal lobe . Occipital lobe . Insula THE CEREBRUM Figure 12.4a Structure of the cerebrum. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. THE CEREBRUM . Frontal lobes – most anterior lobes o Neurons in these lobes are responsible for planning and executing movement and complex mental functions such as behavior, conscience, and personality\ . Parietal lobes – just posterior to frontal lobes o Neurons in these lobes are responsible for processing and integrating sensory information and function in attention . Temporal lobes – form lateral surfaces o Neurons in these lobes are involved in hearing, language, memory, and emotions THE CEREBRUM Figure 12.4c Structure of the cerebrum. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER • Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex . Conscious processes such as planning movement, interpreting incoming sensory information . Three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER 1. Primary motor cortex – plans and executes movement 2. Primary sensory cortices –regions to receive and process sensory input 3. Association areas integrate different types of information: • Unimodal areas • Multimodal areas THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER Figure 12.5 Structure of the cerebral cortex (left hemisphere, lateral view). THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER Motor areas – most are located in frontal lobe; contain upper motor neurons which are interneurons that connect to other neurons (not skeletal muscle) • Primary motor cortex; involved in conscious planning of movement; located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER Sensory Cortices • Two main somatosensory areas in cerebral cortex; deal with somatic senses . Primary somatosensory area (S1) . Somatosensory association cortex (S2) THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER • Special senses: . Gustatory cortex – taste information processing . Vestibular areas – deal with equilibrium and positional sensations . Olfactory cortex – processes sense of smell THE CEREBRUM-GRAY MATTER Multimodal association areas: • Language – processed in two areas of cortex: . Broca’s area . Wernicke’s area (integrative speech area) . Prefrontal cortex -many functions including modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individual’s personality state LAB ACTIVITIES Lab Manual Activities: Pg. 106-110 • Activity “Mapping Temperature and Touch” (under arm area) • Activity “Calipers” • Activity “Hands in Warm and Cold Water” • Fill out chart Pg. 111 (Not turned in, but may be on exam) -Post Reponses to Lab Discussion before you leave -Lab Report: 3.3 + 3.4 Q1-17.