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Caste, Class, & Race; a Study in Social Dynamics

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Caste, Class, & Race; a Study in Social Dynamics 17. Situations of Race Relations TET us NOW EXAMINE SOME modern SITUATIONS OF FREE RELA­ D tionship between whites and persons of color; situations, to re­ peat, in which the aggressive whites have sought most conveniently and efficiently to exploit the human and natural resources of the colored peoples. I. Situations in which the colored person is a stranger in a white society, such as a Hindu in the United States or a Negro in many parts of Canada and in Argentina-we shall call this the stranger situation. 2. Situations of original white contact where the culture of the col­ ored group is very simple, such as the conquistadors and Indians in the West Indies, and the Dutch and Hottentots in South Africa-the original-contact situation. 3. Situations of colored enslavement in which a small aristocracy of whites exploits large quantities of natural resources, mainl}' agricultural, with forced colored labor, raised or purchased like capital in a slave market, such as that in the pre-Civil War South and in Jamaica before 1834-the slavery situation. 4. Situations in which a small minority of whites in a colored society is bent upon maintaining a ruling-class status, such as the British in the West Indies or the Dutch in the East Indies-the ruling-class situation. 5. Situations in which there are large proportions of both colored and white persons seeking to live in the same area, with whites insisting that the society is a « white man's country," as in the United States and South Africa-the bipartite situation. 6. Situations in which colored-and-white amalgamation is far ad­ vanced and in which a white ruling class is not established, as in Brazil -the amalgamative situation. 7. Situations in which a minority of whites has been subdued by a 354 Caste, Class, and Race dominantly colored population, as that which occurred in Haiti during the turn of the eighteenth century, or the expulsion of whites from Japan in 1638-the nationalistic situation. A little more detail should help to elucidate these situations.1 T he Stranger Situation In cases where colored persons in the total population are so few that they can neither be expected to compete with whites nor serve any considerable purpose as a labor force there is usually little racial antagonism against them-until, perhaps, they attempt to enter the higher rungs of society where participants are fewer and competition keener. In certain parts of Canada, for example, Negroes have relatively wide social opportunities, and Negro-white intermarriage goes on with a freedom that is wholly unknown in the United States.2 Although in the United States Hindus suffer far greater legal disabilities than Negroes, no Hindu will willingly exchange his status for that of a Negro. He falls within a general Asiatic ban which is a sort of official prophylaxis against his coming into the country in numbers large enough to make him a significant competitor; but socially he is a stranger. There have been cases of West Indian Hindus in the United States who had long since given up the turban and the sari; as they came to understand the nature of Negro-white relationship, however, they re­ turned to the Oriental dress and marked well their distance from Amer­ ican colored people. As Hindus, they are conceded certain privileges and opportunities which are denied Negroes even of much lighter com­ plexion. But not so in Natal. In the United States the Hindu is still a romantic figure; in South Africa he is a "damn coolie." Yet fewness in number is not necessarily the prime factor in the situation. If the individual goes into a community where a negative attitude has been indirectly nurtured, he will not then really be a stranger. He will be singled out for differential treatment on the basis of prepared racial sentiments. An individual Negro is not a stranger in 'There" may be other situations of race contacts, but it does not seem advisable to attempt a permutation of those cited. To do this may not only result in situations which do not exist in fact but also in some that are totally fanciful. In a following chapter we shall discuss the racial situation on the Pacific Coast, which presents a different pattern. " "It should be pointed out that Canadians are by no means unmindful of the destiny of whites in their relationship with peoples of color. In British Columbia no Chinese, or Japanese, or East Indian can vote; these are discriminated against; and whether the person of color is or is not a British subject is of no moment. Situations of Race Relations 355 all-white communities of the South. Furthermore, developed attitudes may be transferred to new communities. If a man with African ancestry known as a Porto Rican goes to a cer­ tain barber shop in Honolulu-one that seeks to attract tourist patronage -he can get his hair cut. But if a man with African blood is identified as a Negro of mainland origin, he, when he seeks the service of this shop is told that he has come to the wrong place.a Probably the extreme of this situation was that of the American Indian in Europe during the age of discovery. The relatively few American Indians who either went or were carried to European coun­ tries were known to be "savages," but everywhere the reaction toward them was that of mass curiosity and ,vonderment. They encountered no socially established ethnic definition; sometimes they were enter­ tained and honored by royalty and sometimes they were pitied for their cultural backwardness. In so far as their exploitation was concerned, however, they were frequently made to review the military might of certain nations so that on their return home they might recount their experience to overawe their tribal fellows. On the brighter side of their living abroad Carolyn T. Foreman writes: The Indians proved a source of great interest to scientists; the portraits of many of them were painted by famous artists in Europe; kings and queens received them as fellow sovereigns, showering them with gifts of money, jewels, and clothing while entertaining them in royal style; philosophers, poets, and historians wrote of them; gala performances were staged at the theatres and operas of European cities for their entertain­ ment.a' During the world wars Negro American soldiers in Europe were largely racial strangers. In every country the cordiality of the people was in remarkable contrast to the normal racial antagonism of their white American comrades. It has been reported that the restrictions and difficulties set up in the way of intermarriage by the United States Army have left hundreds of World War II Negro babies in England with anomalous status, a striking example of a positive racial attitude impinging upon a social situation of diffused racial norms. The Ori:;inal-Contact Situ~tion The original-contact situation is not so much a type as a stage in the process of developing a more or less stable pattern of race relations. It 3Romanzo Adams, Interracid l.IGrriage in lIawaii, p. 24. ·'Indians Abroad. '493-1938, p. xix. Caste, Class, and Race may precede others which we are considering. When the native colored groups have a very simple culture, they are almost completely at the disposal and mercy of the whites. They are subordinated and awed by the latter's sophistication and calculations. In some cases the preliterates are looked upon practically as game to be exploited and dispossessed at will. Civilized ethics are abandoned, and the law of the frontier is justice. "Forced trading" soon creates an economic vacuum in their old way of life. Native women are ordinarily considered booty, hence miscegena­ tion is common but intermarriage rare. Indeed, there is ordinarily such great disparity between the cultures that the common understanding necessary for intermarriage is seldom attained. From a cultural point of view the natives are thought of as little children or savages. If there is great exploitative zeal among the whites and the native population is comparatively small, it may be exterminated, as was the case of the Indians in the West Indies and the Tasmanians of Austral­ asia;4 or, in case there is sufficient hinterland, it may be pushed back, as were the Indians of the United States and the Negroes of East Africa. 5 Here they maybe able to endure the pains of acculturation more easily. In time, however, they may become more or less adapted 'For instances of native extermination on contact with whites, see James Bryce, The Relations of the Advanced and Backward Races of Mankind, 2d ed., pp. 10-11. Sometimes the physical durability and resistance of the people are so great that they may survive even the cruelest atrocities and pressures. A classic example of this is the survival of the peoples of the Belgian Congo under Leopold II. "The authority and decision with which native peoples may be dispatched are illustrated by the method used in Kenya and described by Warren Thompson: "In Kenya there are highland areas in which the white man can live in reason­ able comfort even though they are under the equator. This was called by the British a 'white man's country' and it was desired to reserve it for future white settlement. In order to so reserve considerable parts of it, it was necessary to clear out some of the native tribes, and this was done with what looks to the outsider like complete indifference to their right and with much unnecessary suffering. It so happened that one of the peoples whose lands were coveted was a particularly friendly group of Negroes which had been of great assistance to the British in actually bringing the country under their control.
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