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Sung-Understandg-Roots-Of-Race Chicago Studies Editorial Board Thomas Baima Melanie Susan Barrett Lawrence Hennessey John Lodge David Olson Martin Zielinski Founding Editor George Dyer CHICAGO STUDIES is edited by members of the faculty of the University of St. Mary of the Lake/Mundelein Seminary for the continuing theological development of priests, deacons, and lay ecclesial ministers. The editors welcome articles and letters likely to be of interest to our readers. Views expressed in the articles are those of the respective authors and not necessarily those of the editorial board. All communications regarding articles and editorial policy should be addressed to [email protected]. Indexed in The Catholic Periodical & Literature Index and New Testament Abstracts. Cover Design by Thomas Gaida Copyright © 2019 Civitas Dei Foundation ISSN 0009-3718 1 Developing Ideas Editor’s Corner Fall 2018/Winter 2019 By: Very Rev. Thomas A. Baima, S.T.D. This issue of Chicago Studies presents essays which were originally public lectures. The first two essays summarize the papers of the 2018-19 Chester and Margaret Paluch Lecture Series at the University of Saint Mary of the Lake. The third and fourth essays were originally keynote addresses at the Diaconal Convocation of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. Both represent an important exercise in “the development of ideas.” The Paluch Professor of Theology, Elizabeth Y. Sung, is an Evangelical theologian in the Reformed tradition. Fr. John Kartje invited her to serve as a visiting professor at the University of Saint Mary of the Lake to help us as an academic community to engage the 500th anniversary of the Reformation with some depth and nuance. To do that meant that she had to approach Catholic Christianity with similar depth of engagement. She did this by studying the work of two previous visiting distinguished scholars at Mundelein, Dr. Christian Smith and Bishop Robert McElroy. The Paluch professorship allows a visiting professor time for research and writing. Dr. Sung has used this time to work on two books, one on racism and one on theological anthropology. Her lectures share the fruits of that research. In the first essay offers us a sustained engagement of one of the issues that has been a struggle since long before the establishment of the American Republic, racism. This is a hard topic. We confront it daily in the media, in the workplace and in our neighborhoods and parishes. We know racism has a long history. We are all aware the attitudes about race and inseparable from power and privilege. But Dr. Sung traces the origins and institutionalization of “race” in the United States, exposing just how embedded this idea is in our culture. I worked for five years as assistant to Msgr. John J. Egan, one of the leaders in urban affairs in the 20th century. After many advances in racial equality were encoded in law in the 1960’s and 1970’s church-related social action began to change. With Msgr. Egan, we evolved the Chicago Conference on Religion and Race into the Council of Religious Leaders of Metropolitan Chicago, to give the religious institutions a clearing house for public action. But now, fifty years after the height of the civil rights movement, we still see serious problems of inter-group relations and prejudice, and on a surprisingly wide scale, here and abroad. Throughout these years, scholars of social science have been exploring questions of race from new perspectives. Aided by these data, theologians are engaging racism in new ways, especially through the lens of theological anthropology. Dr. Sung will take us to that intersection between social science and theology and there drop us on our heads with the contention that “race” as we have understood it, does not exist. And she will point us toward an alternative that is biblically and theologically sound. In the second essay, Dr. Sung engages two different goals. The first is to offer a fresh view of love through an analysis of two biblical terms, agape and eros. The second is to explore the unique methodology of Evangelical theology which she terms “scriptural discourse.” First, she sets up her theological methodology, realizing that her audience is almost entirely Catholic, with a careful definition of the relationships of authority between the sources of theology: scripture, tradition, reason and experience. I found it interesting to see that the fundamental difference between myself as a Catholic theologian and Dr. Sung as an Evangelical theologian did not lie in 2 different sources, but in the relationship of the sources to each other. When she says scripture is the ultimate authority, she echoes Pope Saint John Paul II when he writes about the relationship between Scripture and Tradition. He calls Sacred Scripture “the highest authority in matters of faith, and Sacred Tradition, as indispensable to the interpretation of the Word of God.” (Ut Unum Sint, no. 79) There is an interesting conversation Catholics need to have in our own house about whether in our discomfort with sola scriptura we have neglected to grant scripture the highest authority. Dr. Sung’s argument about methodology, even if we disagree in the end, is an occasion for mutual enrichment. She herself is certainly looking for such mutual enrichment. In developing her exploration of Agape and Eros, she analyzes the work of three bishops and a philosopher. Two are Protestant (a Lutheran and an Evangelical) and two are Catholic (both Bishops of Rome). Dr. Sung’s own contribution comes in the synthesis she offers from her method of scriptural discourse. In the end, she takes us to the point of understanding more deeply what it means to flourish in God’s love for humankind. The third and fourth essays in this issue are my own. They were delivered as lectures at the Diaconal Convocation of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee, at Saint Paul the Apostle Parish in Racine, Wisconsin, March 11, 2017. The represent some theological issues around the restored diaconate. I have been involved with promotion of the restored diaconate since I was a deacon. As an ecclesiologist with interests in Eastern Christianity, I have always envisioned the sacramental ministry of the Church as three-fold. As I first read the Documents of Vatican II the teaching on the diaconate as a permanent order resonated with what I knew from Eastern Orthodoxy. It seemed to me to be an example of the sister churches mutually enriching each other. When I was ordained a deacon as part of formation for priesthood, I personally discovered the depth and richness of this order, such that when asked “When were you ordained?” I always answer saying “I was ordained a deacon in 1979 and then to the priesthood in 1980.” Throughout my priestly ministry I have served in parishes with exemplary deacons. In fact, I am always somewhat surprised to go to a parish that does not have the ministry of deacons. Yet, the understanding of the diaconate is a developing idea. Unlike the Eastern Church, which never abandoned the diaconate as a permanent order, the Western Church had to re-learn how a permanent diaconate fit into the sacramental life of the Body of Christ. In my two essays, I try to offer a different approach to the theology of the diaconate shaped by my study of Eastern Christianity from one side and the developing theology of the baptized from the Western side. From these two vantage points, I focus on a rarely articulated fact: The Catholic Church chooses her priests, (presbyters and bishops) solely from the order of deacons. Any theology we have needs to make sense of that fact. 3 Understanding the Roots of “Race” and Racism in U.S. Society: A Historical and Sociological Perspective By Elizabeth Y. Sung, Ph.D. Introduction This essay is the first of a two-part series addressing the concept of “race”1 as a topic within the purview of theological anthropology, albeit one seldom treated in systematic theology. The initial study examines the origins of the concept of “race” that underpins the social beliefs and practical norms by which human beings are understood and everyday life is organized in the contemporary world, with special attention to the societal context of the United States as an exemplar.2 As such, it lays the ground-work for a subsequent essay, which appropriates several important sociological concepts to analyze some of the principal effects of the racialization of society, with a view to engaging in specifically theological reflection upon the claims and practices associated with “race” in relation to beliefs about Christian identity (already formed in a modern individualist culture and a racialized society). The latter will be developed drawing on resources from moral theology in dialogue with Scripture. In focusing specifically on race and racialization, this essay also offers a perspective that complements—even as it overlaps with—the fundamentally ethnic lens through which United States history and society is interpreted in Bishop Robert McElroy presentation. Although the terms “race” and “ethnicity” are often used interchangeably, or in a conflationary manner, their referents are quite distinct, as will be seen. On Recovering a National Identity: Bishop Robert McElroy Bishop Robert McElroy begins his Cardinal Meyer lecture, “An Errand into the Wilderness: The Vocation of the Catholic Community in Healing Our Nation,”3 by recalling two important moments during the colonial period as emblematic standards of reference. First, he draws attention to the claim that John Winthrop made in a 1630 sermon casting a vision of the ideal
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