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224 Intimately Involved in Charles V's Final Wars Within the Empire, His 224 BOEKBEOORDEUNCEN/ REVIEWS intimately involved in Charles V's final wars within the empire, his son's wars in France and Italy, the consequent financial strains on the Habsburg regime, the installation of new bishoprics in the Netherlands and the persecution of increas- ingly militant Protestant heresy. Throughout it all Viglius stood unwaveringly on the side of his king and church; for all his humanist sympathy for the irenicism of Erasmus, he believed firmly that a strong royal government and a unified Christian faith were essential to the proper ordering of state and society. This standpoint put Viglius and his ally Granvelle increasingly at odds with the grandees who perceived in Philip's fiscal, political and ecclesiastical program a threat to their own privileges of autonomy and local control. Postma is especially adept at describing the complicated political maneuvers and court intrigues between these two camps, the royal servants representing the new men of the nobles.sede robe and the conservative aristocrats who dominated the provincial governments. The plan to reorganize the Netherlandish Church into new bishoprics, for example, confronted Viglius, its principal executor, with some of the most serious resistance to the royal government in his career. Local magnates, who had long viewed the churches and abbeys as part of their patrimony, suddenly saw their patronage networks dissolve in the face of the government's efforts to rationalize church administration. Postma deftly places this controversy in the larger context of the government's campaign against heresy in the southern Netherlandish cities, the growing influence of William of Orange as leader of the noble opposition, and the failure of the Council of Trent in its final years to bring about any larger Christian reconciliation. Practical church reform, an ideal close to the heart of the humanist Viglius, proved inseparable from the messy realities of sixteenth-century local politics. The overall picture that Postma paints of Viglius's political and administrative efforts is one of disappointment. Viglius's goal of a viable Netherlandish state under Habsburg tutelage was under serious threat by the mid-1560s: heresy was on the rise, the nobility was growing increasingly stubborn, and Philip refused to leave Spain to come and reassert his authority in person. The culmination of these difficulties was the dismissal of his political patron Granvelle by Philip II in March 1564, brought about by the machinations of Margaret of Parma and her secretary Thomas Armenteros, who were under considerable pressure by the grandees. Philip kept Viglius on in his post and elevated him to chancellor of the Order of the Golden Fleece; according to Postma, Viglius was never aware of the role Margaret played in Granvelle's departure. The book ends somewhat abruptly with Granvelle's dismissal, which Postma feels closed an important chapter in Viglius's career. Unfortunately he does not provide the reader with any conclusions about these crucial fifteen years in his subject's political life. Such a summing up would be welcome after the consider- able amount of detail the author presents, especially an assessment of Viglius's relationship with Granvelle, which he makes the organizing principal of the book. Presumably we will have to wait for the final installment of the trilogy to find out Postma's final evaluation of this key figure in the history of the Habsburg Netherlands and the Dutch Revolt. Christine Kooi, Baton Rouge ANDREWPETTEGREE, Marian Protestantism. Six Studies[St Andrews Studies in Refor- mation History]. Scolar Press, Aldershot 1996, x + 213 pp. ISBN 1-85928-176-1. Die Aufsatzsammlung vereint drei schon 1987 und 1991 veröffentlichte, sowie drei neue Studien zum englischen Protestantismus w5hrend der Regierungszeit 225 Mary Tudors (1553-1558), die bekanntlich vom Versuch der Rekatholisierung des K6nigreichs geprdgt war. Die thematische und zeitliche Fokussierung bringt den positiven Effekt mit sich, dass hier tatsdchlich eine organische Sammlung verschiedener Perspektiven auf den Untersuchungsgegenstand vorliegt. Diese Homogenitåt erhebt das Buch in den Rang einer monographischen Abhand- lung. Pettegree wechselt in seiner Darstellung von Kapitel zu Kapitel stets die Blickrichtung von den unter Mary in England verbliebenen, evtl. klandestinen Protestanten zu denen, die ins Exil gingen. So beginnt er mit einem Aspekt der von ihm schon mehrfach magistral aus den Regionen der Lokalgeschichte her- vorgehobenen Exilsstadt Emden: er zeichnet auf der Basis der sehr spårlichen Emder Quellen die Geschichte der kleinen Exilsgemeinde englischer Protestan- ten in Emden nach, die nach Mary's Regierungsantritt zwischen 1555-1558 dort ihr Refugium fanden, womit ihm ein ?tück Grundlagenarbeit gelingt. In Appendix III (172-182) ist eine englische Ubersetzung der (im Original lateini- schen) Eingabe John Dowley's - eines der Exulanten - an die franz6sisch- sprachige und die deutsch-niederlandische Gemeinde in Emden abgedruckt, welche vielleicht das einzige erhaltene Dokument ist, das ein wenig Einblick in das keinesfalls spannungsfreie Gemeindeleben dieser englischen Exilsgemeinde gibt. Eine Edition des Originals neben der Ubersetzung wåre daher des Verstdndnisses einiger Problemstellen halber wegen wilnschenswert gewesen. Das zweite Kapitel fasst den - von Pettegree selbst mitgeprdgten - For- schungsstand zum Gegenstfick der Exilsgemeinden zusammen: der in London auch unter Mary verbliebenen "Stranger Community" von Kaufleuten und Handwerkern, deren Gr6Be sich im Vergleich zur Blütezeit unter Edward VI. (mit einer Gr60e von zum Schluss etwa 10.000 Personen) etwa auf die Hålfte verringerte. Auch wenn die Quellenlage eine genaue Aufschlüsselung es nicht erlaubt, wird anhand einiger sprechender Beispiele deutlich, dass eine groBe Zahl der Zurückgebliebenen früher Protestanten gewesen waren. Pettegree argumentiert nun dafilr, dass so manctier, der gegen das Exil optierte und unter Mary wieder zur Messe ging, trotz dieser - oft wirtschaftlich-sozial motivierten - Entscheidung eher in eine Art inneres Exil bei duberer Unterwerfung unter das obrigkeitlich geforderte katholische Bekenntnis ging, als dass aus ihm ein aktiver Katholik wurde. In der Sprache der Zeit: er war Nikodemit. Im dritten Kapitel wendet Pettegree den Blick wieder den Exulanten zu, hier nun der Londoner Fremdengemeinde v.a. niederlandischer und wallonischer Mitglieder, die auf verschiedenen Wegen, auch fiber Danemark, Nordost- deutschland und fiber Emden nach Deutschland gelangten und die schon existierenden Exilsgemeinden in Wesel und Frankfurt in den Jahren 1553-1558 enorm vergrol3erten. Er zeichnet die Wirkungen des insbesondere vom Ham- burger Prediger ,Joachim Westphal gegen à Lasco und die Schweizer Protes- tanten entfachten und geschürten sog. "zweiten Abendmahlsstreits" auf: die Haltung der deutschen Stadtmagistrate gegenuber den Fremden wurde zuneh- mend ablehnender, denn die Neuank6mmlinge erschienen ihnen zunehmend als Quelle von Unruhe. Das vierte Kapitel nimmt wieder den Faden des zweiten auf und untersucht die Erscheinungen des Nikodemismus wdhrend Mary's Rekatholisierungs- bemühungen in England generell. Mit der Pointe, das mit die wichtigsten Gestalten der sp5teren elizabethanischen protestantischen Konfessionspolitik uberhaupt, angefangen bei Elizabeth selbst und bei ihrem ersten Kanzler Cecil, nach Calvins Kategorien im Grunde als Nikodemiten zu bezeichnen wdren, plddiert Pettegree fur ein differenzierteres, ja positiveres Verstdndnis der religiösen Mentalitdt derer, die sich gegen das Exil entschieden, anstatt mit .
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