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Margaret of Parma: a Life Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions

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Margaret of Parma: a Life Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions Margaret of Parma: A Life Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions Edited by Andrew Colin Gow University of Alberta In cooperation with Sylvia Brown, Edmonton, Alberta Falk Eisermann, Berlin Berndt Hamm, Erlangen Johannes Heil, Heidelberg Susan C. Karant-Nunn, Tucson, Arizona Martin Kaufhold, Augsburg Erik Kwakkel, Leiden Jürgen Miethke, Heidelberg Christopher Ocker, San Anselmo and Berkeley, California Founding Editor Heiko A. Oberman † VOLUME 174 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/smrt Margaret of Parma: A Life By Charlie R. Steen LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Anthony Mor, Margaret of Parma, 1562 (detail). Gemäldegalerie Staatliche Museen, Berlin. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Steen, Charlie R. Margaret of Parma : a life / by Charlie R. Steen. pages cm. — (Studies in medieval and Reformation traditions, ISSN 1573-4188 ; volume 174) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-25744-3 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25745-0 (e-book) 1. Margaret, of Austria, Duchess of Parma, 1522–1586. 2. Regents—Netherlands—Biography. 3. Netherlands—History—Eighty Years’ War, 1568–1648. 4. Italy—History—16th century. I. Title. DH189.S74 2013 949.2’03092—dc23 [B] 2013026052 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1573-4188 ISBN 978-90-04-25744-3 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25745-0 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Illustrations ........................................................................................... vii Abbreviations .................................................................................................... ix Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 I. The Emperor’s Daughter: A Political Offering ................................ 8 1. A Child of the Netherlands ......................................................... 8 2. The Medici Marriage .................................................................... 12 3. The Farnese Marriage .................................................................... 29 4. Duchess of Parma .......................................................................... 42 II. Return to the Netherlands .................................................................... 48 1. Meeting Philip II ............................................................................ 48 2. Choosing Margaret as Regent .................................................... 57 3. A New Court .................................................................................... 67 III. Lost Illusions ............................................................................................... 77 1. New Court, New Hopes, New Obstacles ................................. 77 2. The Calvinist Challenge and the Conflict over Granvelle ... 88 IV. Mingling Delight with Disaster ............................................................ 116 1. “Strange, variable, and dangerous times” ............................... 116 2. Extravagance in the Midst of Want ......................................... 127 3. The Segovia Woods Letter .......................................................... 131 V. The Confederate Spring ......................................................................... 137 1. Challenging Margaret ................................................................... 137 2. Fatal Mission to Madrid ................................................................ 148 3. The Effects of the Accord ............................................................ 151 4. The Grip of Calvinism .................................................................. 156 VI. The Calvinist Insurrection ..................................................................... 171 1. A Fury of Evil .................................................................................. 171 2. A New Accord ................................................................................. 180 3. Calculated Concessions ............................................................... 189 vi contents VII. Disordered and Hateful Times .......................................................... 200 1. A Dexterous and Devious Response .................................... 200 2. Margaret’s Plan to Restore Order ......................................... 213 3. Counter-Attack ........................................................................... 220 VIII. Uneasy Victory ....................................................................................... 230 1. Capturing Tournai ..................................................................... 230 2. Rejection ....................................................................................... 241 IX. Poisoned Peace ...................................................................................... 253 1. Restoring Rule ............................................................................ 253 2. Royal Intransigence .................................................................. 268 X. Disgrace, Torment, and Shame ......................................................... 275 1. Resistance to Alva ..................................................................... 275 2. Futile Pleas to Philip II ............................................................ 286 XI. Madama Margarita .............................................................................. 297 1. Talent and Energy Unbound .................................................. 297 2. Wasted Time in the Netherlands ........................................... 304 3. Final Years ................................................................................... 309 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 313 Index .................................................................................................................... 317 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Coudenberg Palace, Brussels .................................................................. 49 2. Medal honoring Margaret ........................................................................ 78 3. Confederates presenting their petition to Margaret of Parma, April 1566 ...................................................................................................... 147 4..Iconoclasts, August 1566 ........................................................................... 172 5. Margaret of Parma leaving Brussels escorted by the Duke of Alva ............................................................................................................ 276 6. Margaret on Her Return to Italy ............................................................ 298 ABBREVIATIONS BCRH: Bulletin de la Commission Royale de l’Histoire. Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique. (Brussels, 1838– 1923). Briefwisseling: Briefwisseling tusschen Margaretha van Parma en Charles de Brimeu, Graf van Megen, Stadhouder van Gelderland, 1560– 1567. Werken uitgegeven door Gelore, no. 11. (Arnhem, 1914). Correspondance: Correspondance de Marguerite d’Autriche, Duchesse de Parme, avec Philippe II, 1559–1565. L.P. Gachard, ed. (3 vols. Brussels, 1867–1881). Correspondance française: Correspondance française de Marguerite d’Autriche, Duchesse de Parme, avec Philippe II, 1565–1567. J.S. Theissen and H.A. Enno van Gelder eds. (3 vols. Utrecht, 1925–1942). INTRODUCTION Margaret, the natural daughter of Charles V and the half-sister of Philip II, became the Duchess of Parma and Regent in the Netherlands playing a major part in the turbulent events of the sixteenth century. From the age of eight in 1530 until her death in 1586, her life story significantly influ- enced the drama and change of this period of history in Italy and the Netherlands. She served both her father and brother in their very different political worlds and their policies set the pace and direction for her life. She gave substance to the goals of both father and son, laboring to fulfill their orders at a great distance and at considerable personal cost. In her role as a daughter, Margaret became an actor on the imperial stage in Italy where Charles V used her to cement relations with the papacy by restor- ing Medici power in Florence through force and securing it with her mar- riage at the age of thirteen to Allesandro de’ Medici, a truly hateful man but nevertheless the new ruler of the city. Only his assassination saved Margaret from a dreadful life with
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