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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81431-7 - Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics James D. Tracy Index More information

Index

accounts, balancing of, 18, 19 Amadeo VI, count of Savoy, 18 Achioli, Rafael, 96 n19 Amsterdam, 68, 69, 72; and “coronation Adige/Etsch River, 210, 238 subsidy,” 261; and sales of renten, 270 Adorno, Antoniotto, 43 Anabaptists, 33 n47; as enforced oarsmen, Adorno family, of Genoa, 40 146 Adrian VI, pope (1521–3), 66, 89 n97, 104 Andalusia, 80; and caballeros, 84; and grandee “adventurers,” 139; see also aventuriers estates, 83 Aigues-Mortes, meeting of Charles V and Andelot, Jean d’, 206 Francis I at, 164 Angevin dynasty (1268–1442), 41, 54 Alarcon, Fernando de, marquess of Rende, 44, Angouleme,ˆ duke of, 158, 163, 164 125, 277, 278 Anne Jagellio, princess of Hungary, wife of Alba, Fadrique Alvarez´ de Toledo, second duke Ferdinand I: death of, 215; dowry of, 106 of, 24, 26, 274, 297 Anne of Brittany, and Maximilian 1, 73–4 n28 Alba, Fernando Alvarez´ de Toledo, third duke Antibes, 43, 161 of, 24–5, 176 n42 Antwerp, 68, 72 91; bankers of, 225;asa Albrecht-Alcibiades, margrave of Brandenburg, leading ﬁnancial center, 99; merchant fairs 215, 233, 238, 239, 242 n26, 315; defeat of by in, 96 John Frederick, 222, 223; and Moritz, 235; Antwerp Toll, 50 and Treaty of Chambord, 234 Aragon,´ 2; Cortes of, 2 n1, 200; rebellion in, Albuquerque, Beltran´ de la Cueva, duke of, 135 n8 81 n59, 297 Aramon, Gabriel d’, 233 alcabala (traditional sales tax), 50, 87 nn86,92, arcabuceros, 31, 42–3; and Pavia, 45; wages of, 112 252, 300; average annual value of, 294 n16; arquebuses, 31 and capitation, 295–6, 298, 302–3; deﬁnition Artois, 73; French invasion of, 186; and a special of, 293; farming of, 294; increase by Isabella land tax, 265 in rate of, 63 Arze, Diego de, 221 Alfonso V of Aragon´ (1416–58), 22, 25, 41, 55, Asperen, burning of, 74 56, 57, 277 assignation (consignacion´ ), 100 Algiers, ejection of Spaniards from (1516), 134 Asti, 43, 125 Algiers campaign, 170–6; and Barbarossa Asturias, expansion of, 80 Khair-ad-Din, 7; failure of (1541), 109, 312, Atahualpa, 155, 156, 157 314; number of ships and men, 175 n39, 176–7 Atrapalda, Fernando de Castriota, marquess of, n43, 179, 180; payroll for, 179–80, 180 nn56, 143, 279 58; planning for, 180; and second armada of Augsburg, 209, 210, 214; and celebration of Charles V, 7; source of troops, 176 n41; storms Catholic mass, 217; Diet of (1530), 123, 137, prevent landing, 175; and Villegagnon, 14 168; Diet of (1547), 219, 230, 233; indemnities Alkmaar, burning of, 74, 75 n35 from, 224–5; and silver- and copper-mining Alonso de los R´ıos, Mart´ın, 172, 198, 200, 201, boom, 98 225 Augsburg Confession, 237

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81431-7 - Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics James D. Tracy Index More information

330 Index

Augsburg Interim, 217–20, 230, 315; Lutheran Bejar,´ duchess of, 107 opposition to, 233; proclaimed by Charles V Bejar,´ Francisco de Zuniga,˜ duke of, 297 (1548), 219–20 Belgium: linguistic frontier in, 2 n4; urban Avalos, Costanza d’, 160 n9 population of (1550), 68 Avalos, Hernando de, 289 Belgrade, Ottoman conquest of (1521), 311 aventuriers, 32 n43, 41, 42, 47 Bergen-op-Zoom, lord of, 262 Avignon, military camp at, 161 Bernuy, Hernando, 10 n22 Avila,´ and a Holy Union (Santa Junta), to Berot,´ Jean, see Etrobius, Johannes oppose the crown, 89 Binche, 8 Avila´ y Zuniga,˜ Luis de, 13, 220; and a biremes, 135 n10 collection of maps of Germany, 213 Black Band, 74, 75 Aytta, Viglius van, 205 Bohemia, Hussite armies of, 205 ayuntamientos (town councils), 83, 84, 85, 86 Bologna: and coronation of Charles V as emperor, 119–20; Palazzo Pubblico, 121; Baba Oruç, 134 reconvening of Council of Trent, 217 Baeca, Alonso de, 107 bombardment (bater´ıa), 147 baking ovens, prohibition of, 55 Bomelberg, Conrad von, 241 Bamberg, prince-bishop of, 238, 239 Bomy, armistice signed at, 163 bankers: of Antwerp, 225; of Augsburg, 129; and Bona (Anaba), 173, 179 effect on economics, 309; Florentine, 95 n15, Bonnivet, Guillaume de Gouffier, lord of, 43 96; interest paid to, 284; Italian, 95 n15; and Boulogne, 194, 207 juros, 246–7; of Lyons, 229; New Christian, Bourbon, Charles, duke of, 44, 47, 160, 291 n7; 96, 97; and parliamentary bodies, 253; army of, 125; death of, 48 n29; and a false prefered having loans assigned to Castile, 108; truce, 46 n23; joins imperialists, 29, 43; and and rates for short-term loans, 256; role of in march to Marseilles, 124–5; and Sack of European wars, 18; Spanish, 96 n22; Venetian, Rome, 34; and trouble with Spanish troops in 95; see also Fugger firm; Gentile firm; Milan, 45–6 Grimaldi firm; Herwart firm; Schetz firm; Brabant, 2, 4, 72;archivesof,249 n2; Spinola firm; Strozzi firm; Welser firm representative assemblies in, 68; revenues Barbarossa Khair-ad-Din (c. 1466–1546), 117, (1535), 50 n1; and subsidy for war, 73, 76; 158; biography by Lopez´ de Gomara,´ 14, 154, subsidy renten in (1520–30), 258 155, 157; and blockade of Castilnuovo, 165; Brandenburg, Joachim, elector of, 217, 219 and Christian slaves, 133, 144; and Corfu, 164; Brandenburg, Johann von, 222 death of, 232; fleet of, 37, 134–5, 137, 144, Brandenburg-Kustrin,¨ Hans von, margrave of, 171; and Fondi, 145; and funds on board, 308; 230, 233, 241 and Gulf of Prevesa, 164, 165, 282;askapudan Brandi, Karl, 165, 188, 197, 205 pasha(admiralofthesea)of Suleyman, 144, 313; Bremen, 209, 220; unsuccessful siege of (1547), and Naples, 7, 145, 146; and Penon,˜ 148 n35; 223 sails from Istanbul (1534), 280; and Sicily and Brenner Pass, 210, 224, 233 Calabria, 191; and Tunis, 7, 145, 148–9, 157 Bresse, Jean de, bishop of Bayonne, 233, 235 Barbary Coast, 7, 134; extent of, 133 n2; slave Briarde, Lambert de, 143 n25 raids along, 312 bridge-boats, seizure of, 216 Barbary corsairs, 14, 29, 117, 133, 302 bronze arm bands (manilhas), 100 Barcelona, Treaty of (1529), 117, 121, 230 Bruges, 72, 195; as a financial center, 99; as one of Bari, grain prices at, 284 n26 the Four Members of Flanders, 68, 69, 167 n21 Barlandus, Adrianus, Deeds of the Dukes of Brunswick, Henry, duke of, 34, 116, 183 Brabant (1526), 74 Brussels, 5, 68, 72; archives in, 9 barons (of Naples) authority of, 54–5; Bucer, Martin, 168–9 n24 confiscation of property of, 60; corruption Buda, 34, 170, 206 of, 61; and marriages within comparable Buren, Floris van IJsselstein, count of, 74, 262 rank, 278; and privilege of appearing covered, Buren, Maximilaan van Egmont, count of, 279; and trading outside the barony, 56; and 176 n42, 195, 210, 211, 213, 220, 221, 222, unauthorized taxes, 57 225–6 “bastion trace,” 188 Burgos, 96, 298 Bazan,´ Alvaro´ de, 137, 146, 153, 154, 158 Burgundy, Adolph of, 256 Bazan Pasha, 165, 313 Burgundy, Charles the Bold, duke of, 31, 35, 70, beden, 252 n8 183 n1

Index 331

Burgundy, duchy of, 70 n15; and rejection of treasure, 272; and tension between lords and Treaty of Madrid, 45 their subjects, 81, 83 Burgundy, dukes of (1384–1477), 51, 68 Castilnuovo, battle for, 165 Burgundy, Philip the Bold, duke of, 70 n15, 256 Cateau-Cambresis,´ citadel of, 190 Burgundy, Philip the Good, duke of, 69 Catherine de Medici, 95, 158, 230 n4; marriage Busto, Bernabe,´ 13, 194, 208, 220, 223 n55; and of, 145 bombardment of Ingolstadt, 213; and Catherine of Aragon,´ and annulment petition of Charles V’s collection of maps of Germany, Henry VIII, 121 213 cavalry: recruitment of in Germany, 33; wages of, 112 caballeros, 84; requirements of, 83, 83 n68 Centurione, Adamo, 94, 97, 98, 144, 154, 157, Cachiadiabolo, 135 178, 180 Cadzand, Peace of, 71 Centurione family, 94, 100, 101t, 226 Caesar, Julius, 302; Gallic Wars, 13 n38, 301 n38 Cerda, Ana de la, 180 Calabria, Antonio, 102 Cervantes, Miguel de, 84 Calabria, attacked by Barbarossa, 191, 198 Ceuta, taking of (1415), 134 calamine mining, 99 Chalons-sur-Marne,ˆ 193, 194 Caligari (Sardinia), 147, 154 Chambord, Treaty of (1552), 234 cambi payments, 60, 131 Chancery, regents of, 276 cambios, 253 Charlemagne, 23 Cambrai, Treaty of (1529), 106, 110, 119, 137, Charles, duke of Anjou, 54 n14 153, 159, 163, 254 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–56): Camerario, Bartolommeo, 61, 62, 63, 79 n47, abdication of, 5, 269; and 284 Albrecht-Alcibiades, 238, 239, 315; and cannon balls: collected for reuse at battle of Alessandro de Medici, 160; and Algiers Ingolstadt, 213; stone, not iron shot, 144 campaign, 7, 13, 172, 282; ambassadors for, 25; capitation (encabezamiento), 294–5, 295–6, 299, archives of, 5 n10, 9–10; banner and device 300, 302–3; definition of, 294 of, 26–7, 146; birth of, 2, 12 n33; cambios Capito, Wolfgang, 168–9 n24 remitted for, 1543–4, 203t; “Castilianization” capitoli (requests), 77, 78, 280 of, 88, 108, 302; and Cateau-Cambresis,´ 190; Capri, 288 as Christendom’s leader against Islam, 37, 289; Caracciolo, Giambattista, 276 and Christian war flotilla at Regensburg, 37; Carande, Victor Bernardo, 15 n55 and Cleves-Guelders, 195; compared with the Carande Thobar, Ramon,´ 16 n56, 18, 110, 128, Caesars of Rome, 13 n38, 22, 301; coronation 152, 200, 201, 225; Carlos V y sus banqueros, as emperor, 36, 42, 115–16, 119–20, 121, 271; 15–16; as premier historian of Castile’s and Cortes of Castile, 84–5, 166, 199–200, finances, 64 291–2, 300; and Counts’ War of 1533–36, 20 Cardenas,´ Diego de, duke of Maqueda, 297 n2; daily activities of, 23; and Danube Cardona, Ramon´ de, viceroy, 57, 59, 276, 283 campaign, 210; death of, 272; death of wife Carlos V y sus banqueros (Carande Thobar), 15–16 Isabella, 167; and Diet of Regensburg, 169; Carondolet, Jean, archbishop of Palermo, 75 and Diet of Speyer, 51, 192; and Diet of Carpentier, Jan, 272 n52 Worms, 59; donativo funds provided to, 78, Cartagena, 34, 153, 173, 174 225, 283–4, 285; and an ecumenical council, Castelalto, captain, 160–1 n11 116, 174; election as emperor, 1, 42, 58, 63–4, Castile: and aid to the Low Countries, 273; 78, 99; and Ferdinand, 10, 11, 29, 45, 106, average annual subsidies (1519–53), 250t; and 215, 291 n6, 309; financial firms dealt with, bankruptcy, 247; clerical subsidios, 253; Cortes 100; first trip to Castile, 88; and Francis I, 7, of, 16, 67, 80–90, 297–8; Council of State, 5; 59, 158, 164, 207; and French campaign, cruzadas, 253; expansion of, 80; and expense 198–9, 201, 311; and Fugger and Welser loans, of Philip’s trip, 227; and financial 201, 226; and Genoa, 49, 174; and Ghent, administration, 65; loans charged against 167, 264; goals of Italian campaign, 121–2; treasury of, 110t, 245t, 293 n12; and military and gout, 8, 23, 36, 174, 205, 215, 239, 301; orders, 103; and municipal boundaries, 81; “grand plan” of, 20, 22, 109; handwriting of, and reasons for subsidies, 252; rebellion in, 23; and the Hungarian Diet, 36; and Hussites, 135 n8; rentas ordinarias, 51 n4; revenue 214; and an imperial diet, 35 n53, 123, structure of, 102t; revenues, 1543–8, 203t; 218–19;asimperator mundi, 26; and imperial servicios, 249; and sequestrations of private succession, 7, 88, 231–2;asimpresario of war,

332 Index

Charles V, Holy Roman (cont.) chief geographer (cosmografo mayor), 163 8, 314; and Indies gold and silver, 94 n14, 108, Chievres,´ Guillaume de Croy, lord of, 24, 57, 177; and Innsbruck, 234, 235, 238, 241, 315; 59, 73, 88, 92; death of, 58 and Istanbul, 164, 165, 282, 296–7; and John Chios, 165 n17 Frederick of Saxony, 217, 237; “Joyful Entry” Christian II, king of Denmark (1513–23), 20 n2, tour, 71, 92; and King Henry VIII of 241 n23 England, 59, 64, 191, 221; lands controlled by, Christian III, king of Denmark (1534–59), 12, 22; and Lannoy, 46; largest parliamentary 223 n55, 241 n23; and treaty with France, 184 grants, 251t; last days in Yuste monastery, 5; church plate, seizure of, to coin money, 44 letters of, 9–10, 11–12; and loans against the Cifuentes, Juan de Silva, count of, 25 treasury of Castile, 110–11, 110t, 201, 244; and Clement VII, Pope (1523–34), 122; and Lutherans-Protestants, 7, 23 n10, 28, 33 n47, Charles V in Bologna, 143; and fear of an 116, 208–9, 214; marriage to Isabella of ecumenical council, 121; and Francis I at Portugal, 114, 290, 291 n7; Memoires, 12; Marseilles, 145; and funds promised by mentors of, 24; and Milan, 4, 124, 158; and Florence, 47; and League of Cognac, 45, 306; monarchia, 27, 28; and Moritz of Saxony, 215, and negotiations with Charles V, 121; and 235, 238, 315; and Naples, 4, 25, 46, 57, 60, Pavia, 120; and payment of the full quarta, 66, 61, 276, 277, 279; official historians for, 132; and siege of Florence, 47, 65 n47, 126, 12–14; as paladin of Catholic Christendom, 127, 130, 177 n44; and Treaty of Barcelona, 28, 138, 217–18, 307; and Parlamento at San 117, 230; and troops for Ferdinand, 139; and Lorenzo (1536), 281; and Parma, 6, 240–2, truce by Lannoy, 46 243; and Philip of Hesse, 217, 237; and clergy: marriage of, and Diet of Augsburg, 219; Piacenza as imperial fief, 232; and Pope and support of a sisa, 297; and taxes, 72, Clement VII, 66, 119–20, 121, 126, 143; and 256 n9, 294; see also quarta tax; subsidios, Pope Leo X, 42; and Pope Paul III, 164, 174, clerical 188, 217, 306 n4; and portrait by Titian, 219; Cleves, William IV, duke of, 7, 183, 188, 190, and Provence, 31, 36, 61 n35, 163; quadrireme 190 n23 of, 146; and quarta tax on clerical income, Cleves-Guelders campaign, army and cost of, 121, 204; and Recess of Speyer, 186; residence 195–6 in Netherlands, 229; and royal “fifth” of New Cobos, Francisco de los, 92, 105, 172, 181, 199, World treasure, 104, 156, 198, 242, 243, 246; 201; as advisor to Charles V, 25, 108, 173, 297, and Sack of Rome, 47; and Schmalkaldic 300; and Centurione, 98; and Consejo de la League, 208; and sequestration of private Hacienda, 65; death of, 248; and Lady Ana de treasure, 272, 301; and short-term loans, 199, la Cerda, 180 202, 225; and son Philip, 36–7, 164, 187, 188, Colijn, Pieter, 261, 262 n29 231, 292, 308; sources of campaign funds, Collateral Council, 276, 282 128–9, 181, 182t, 225, 247t, 286, 301; and Cologne, prince-archbishop of, 209 n16; and States General, 190; and Suleyman I, 312; Diet of Augsburg, 219 taking personal command, 109, 185; and a Colonna, Pompeo, cardinal, 60, 278, 284; and a ten-year truce with France, 296; and donativo from the Parlamento, 61, 80, 285; Ternate/Moluccas, 116–17, 307; and Treaty of hope for appointment as viceroy, 274, 275; Madrid, 70 n15; and Treaty of Noyon, 57; refusal of request for a donativo, 78–9 and Treaty of Passau, 238; and Treaty of Colonna, Prospero, 42, 43 Windsor, 221, 290, 291 n7; troop strength of, Colonna, Vittoria de, marriage to Garcia de 220–2; and Truce of Edirne/Adrianople, 233; Toledo, 278 and Tunis, 7, 13, 29, 37, 58, 145, 149; and the Colonna family, of Rome, 39 Turks, 10, 35, 36, 110, 133, 291–2, 296, 312, Commentarium Expeditionis Tuniceae (Perrenin), 313; and Venice, 121; and Vienna campaign, 13–14, 154 134–41; and Villach, 8, 237, 283; and war communion, and receiving of wine and bread, costs, 107, 114–15, 197, 246, 248; and William 219 of Bavaria, 209; and “windfall” funds, 248 compagnies d’ordonnance, 17, 18, 151; recruitment Charles V, king of France (1364–80), 70 n15 of in the Low Countries, 33; wages of, 51, 112 Charles VIII, king of France (1484–98): army Comunero revolt of 1520–1, 63, 89, 249, 298 of, 30, 35; and Ferrante I, 57; and Kingdom of Coniglio, Giuseppe, 15 Naples, 41; and Margaret of Austria, 73–4 n28 conjuncture, definition of, 29 charters, sale of, to villages, 81–2 conquistadores, treasure taken by, 155 chief auditors (contadores mayores), 64 Consejo de Estado, 24, 32, 35, 36

Index 333

Consejo de la Hacienda, 66, 97, 202, 226, 227, Delft, 68, 69; and an excise tax, 264; and sales of 247; and capitation, 295; creation of, and renten, 270 duties, 65; and Tavera, 199; and young Philip, “deputation,” composition of, 77 198 desertion, 112 Constantinople, see Istanbul Diedenhofen/Thionville, 239 Contarini, Gasparo, 169 Dinant on the Meuse, surrender of, 8 copper goods and mining, 98, 99–100 Dinkelsbuhl,¨ indemnities from, 224 Cordoba,´ 80; extent of control, 81; and an disease: malaria, 35, 48; and troops, 112, 213 extraordinary servicio, 298, 299; and general Dogana di Foggia (or di Puglia, royal pasture capitation (1532), 299; Muslim, conquered by fee), 50, 51,n4, 309 Castile, 84; regidores of, 85 domain revenues, 50, 91 Cordoba,´ Gonsalvo de, viceroy, 31, 57, 274 n1 donativi (direct taxation): (1520), 78;(1531), core provinces: debt of, 269; members of, 2, 4; 131–2;(1532), 60, 61, 275;(1534), 281;(1538), revenue structure of, 102t; and a six-year 281–2;(1541), 282;(1544), 199, 283;(1546), ordinary subsidy, 72; sources of funds raised, 225;(1549), 283; and campaign against 1543–4, 266t Algiers, 282; Colonna request refused, 78–9; Corfu, raided by Barbarossa, 164 and debt from siege of Florence, 60, 61; Corinth, Gulf of, 143 definition of, 67, 77; for election of Holy Coron campaign, 141–4; conquest by Andrea Roman Emperor, 78; and Ferdinand’s Doria (1532), 111 request, 77; largest ever granted, 281; Leclerc “coronation subsidy” (1529–30), 261 requests for, 78, 281; and Naples, 78, 103, corregidores (royal governors), 82–3, 86 249; and Pedro de Toledo, 181; preference for Cortes: of Aragon´ (1542), 200; of Castile, 16, 67, the focatico, 253; total funds provided to 80–90, 297–8;ofLeon,´ 67;ofLeon´ and Charles V, 283–4, 285 Castile, branches of, 87; of Madrid (1528), Dordrecht, 68, 69, 72 292, 301;(1534), 85, 295; of Santiago de Doria, Andrea, 25 n18, 146–7, 161, 166, 278, Compostella (1520), 88; of Segovia (1532), 312, 313; and the Adriatic, 119; and Algiers, 87 n86, 295; of Toledo (1525), 85, 290, 295; 154, 170, 171, 176; and Antibes, 161; and (1538), 166; of Valladolid (1518), 88;(1523), 89, attacks on Barbary corsairs, 133; and 90, 294 n17;(1527), 291;(1537), 296;(1542), Barbarossa, 137, 164, 165; and Castilnuovo, 300;(1544), 86, 200 165, 313; change of allegiance of, 59, 97, 114; Cortes,´ Hernan,´ 14; as volunteer in Algiers as Charles V’s maritime adviser, 25, 313; and campaign, 173, 176 Coron, 111, 143, 144, 285; cost of armada of, Councils: of Castile, 21, 24, 294; of Finance, 51, 151–2; and Danube campaign, 210; and 53, 92, 104, 262, 265; of One Hundred and of Genoa, 41, 47, 119, 145, 230; and Italian Four Hundred (Genoa), 48; of Holland, 15, campaign, 125; joins Knights of Malta in slave 261; of State, 11, 14 raids, 312; loans to, 96, 245; and Messina, 141; Counts’ War of 1533–36, 20 n2 and Monastir, 172 n36, 232–3; and Naples, Cremona, 40, 44, 125 275; and Nice, 191; and Pedro de Toledo, 281; Crepy,´ Treaty of, 194–5, 204, 205, 207 as prince of Melfi, 275, 277; and Prevesa, Cronica´ de los Barbarrojas (Lopez´ de Gomara),´ 165 n17, 282, 296; and Provence, 160; and 14 siege of Marseilles, 43 Cronica´ del Emperador Carlos V (Santa Cruz), Doria, Antonio, 154 13 Doria, Juanetin, 157 Croy family, of Hainaut, 71 Dorothea, wife of Frederick of Wittelsbach, Cruningen, Josse van, 223 20 n2, 223 n55 Crusades, era of the, 133 Douai, 73 cruzadas, 65, 104, 130, 152, 253 Dresden, 233; siege of, 214 Crypto-Judaism, charges of, 94, 96 Duarte, Francisco, 170, 172, 200 Dublioul, Laurent, 258 n18, 261 dacio (grain tax), 79 Ducci, Gasparo, 99 n33, 199 n50, 267 Danube campaign: (1532), 109, 134–41;army Duchhardt, Heinz, 313 size, 151; total cost of, 152; wages for, Duenas,˜ Rodrigo de, 96 n22, 129, 200, 201, 225 149 n39;(1546), 112, 210–4 Duren,¨ 34, 195, 188–9 Dardanelles, 170, 171 “Dutch,” definition of, 4 n5 de Negro, of Genoa, 101t Dutch Revolt, 160 n6, 186 n13, 272, 273; and Deeds of the Dukes of Brabant (Barlandus), 74 “Tenth Penny” sales tax, 252 n10

334 Index

Eberstein, Maximilian von, 155, 241 city voting rights, 87; and the Cortes, 87; Eck, Johann, 168–9 n24 death of, 57; and Milan, 41; and reduction of ecumenical council, 116, 121, 143, 159, 174, 195; regidurias, 85; and request for a donativo, 77 debate over location of, 204; decrees of, Ferramosca, Cesare, 46 169 n26 Ferrante I (d. 1495), 55, 56, 57 Edirne (Adrianople), Truce of (1547), 207, 230 Ferrante II (1495–1503), 57 Egmont family, of Holland, 71 Ferrara, duke of, 117, 120 Ehrenberger Gap (Ehrenberger Klause), 210, Field of the Cloth of Gold, The, 42 n10 235, 241 Fieschi, Gian Luigi, 230 Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648), 4 n5, 303 Figueroa, Juan de, 26, 61 n35, 97, 178 Eleanor of Habsburg, 163, 164, 285 Flanders, 68, 73, 166;archivesof,249 n2; Enciso, Juan de, 156 domain income, 51 n4; and extraordinary Enr´ıquez, Fadrique de, admiral of Castile, 297 subsidies, 250; French claims to, 163; and “enterpriser,” definition of, 8 n16 herring fisheries, 72 n24; refuses Maximilian Erasmus of Rotterdam, 74, 107 as regent for Philip, 70–71; and subsidy for Eraso, Francisco de, 227 war, 73; transport in, 255; urban population escopeteros, wages of, 112 of, 68 Espinosa, Gabriel de, 155–6 Florence: conquest of, 65 n47; end of as a Este, Ercole II d’, duke of Ferrara, 45 republic, 123; and restoration of Medici Este, Ippolito d’, cardinal, 139 control, 117; siege of, 59, 60, 122–4, 177 n44, Este family, of Ferrara, 39 186 n13; siege of, cost, 127–8, 285 Estremadura, 80, 83, 84 flour, shortage of, 174 Esztergom (Gran), 141 Fonseca, Alonso de, archbishop of Toledo, 24, Etrobius, Johannes, 154, 155 n57 117, 135, 145 exchange fees, 113, 285 Formentera, 135 excise taxes, 255; proposed national (1536), Fornari, Tomasso, 153, 178 264 fortifications: bastion trace, 30, 188; new-style, export taxes, 266, 267 5 n11, 30; retirata (dirt mound), 44, 240 extraordinary subsidies, 67, 258 n16, 259 n19, Four Members of Flanders, 68, 72, 73, 167; and 269 an extraordinary subsidy (1521), 261–2; and an extraordinary subsidy (1542), 266; and sales Farnese, Alessandro, cardinal, 160 n6, 168, 205; of renten, 269; and taxes for defense of and Diet of Worms, 224; and instructions Flanders itself, 267 from Rome, 206 Franc of Bruges, 68, 72, 167 n21, 265 Farnese, Ottaviano, duke of Parma, 6, 160 n6, France: and allies in Orsini and Este families, 39; 188, 190, 221, 232, 238, 243, 306 natural enemy of Habsburg power, 306; and Farnese, Pier Luigi, duke of Parma and Ottoman Turks, 307; and use of siege Piacenza, 230; assassination of, 232, 316 artillery, 30 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1502–64), France campaign, 109, 185, 191–5;armyof,186, 10 n22, 25, 51, 88, 94, 105, 168, 206, 237, 196–7; cost of, 196 n33, 197 291 n6; annual pension of, 60; and Charles V, Francesco, Girolamo de, 128 10, 11, 29, 45, 106, 215, 291 n6, 309; and Franchini, Francesco, 190 n23 claim to Hungarian crown, 30; and Duke Francis I, king of France (1515–47), 23, 30, 41, Moritz of Saxony, 8, 209, 235; and election as 44, 159 n5, 185, 229; and campaign for King of the Romans, 10, 22, 24, 36, 65 n42, election as Holy Roman Emperor, 99; and 106, 123, 138, 153; as heir to Habsburg Charles V, 28, 163, 164, 184, 206; and Austria, 22; and imperial succession, 7, 231; Clement VII, 145; death of younger son, 207; and Janos Szapolyai, 138–9; and Mary of and dowry for sons, 194; and an ecumenical Hungary, 208 n10; and Pest and Buda, 32, council, 195; and a Franco-Ottoman fleet, 170, 206; and recruitment of Landsknechte, 307; and Milan for his sons, 158, 163; mother 119, 293; and summoning of a diet, 218–19; of, 43 n11, 117, 158; and Paul III, 164; and and Truce of Edirne (Adrianople), 207; and Pavia, 45, 254, 278, 290, 308; and Perpignan, the Turks, 30, 198; and widow of Janos 36; and ransom of sons, 45, 95 n17, 119, 106, Szapolyai, 233; and wife Anne Jagellio, 106, 153; and Savona, 21, 48; and Treaty of 215; and William of Bavaria, 209; youth of, 10 Cambrai, 95 n17, 106, 110, 119, 153, 159; and Ferdinand II of Aragon´ (1479–1516), 2, 10, 22, Treaty of Madrid, 45, 119; and Treaty of 31, 57, 63; as an absolute monarch, 82; and Noyon, 57; war debt of, 95

Index 335

Frankfurt, 214, 241 Goes, Aert van der, 69 n12, 259 n18 Frankfurt Agreement (1539), 168 gold: from the Indies (the New World), 104, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1250), 107, 177, 191, 199, 201, 225, 243;fromPeru, 276 108, 155, 156 Fregoso, Cesare, 184 Goletta, 147–8, 154 Fregoso, Ottavio, 40, 42, 43 Gonzaga, Ferrante, viceroy of Sicily, 120, 160, Fregoso family, of Genoa, 40 188, 232; and assassination of Pier Luigi French Religious Wars, 112 Farnese (1547), 231, 316; as governor of Friesland, 258, 259, 305 Milan, 230–1; leader of calvary, 176 n42; and Frundsberg, Georg von, 45, 46 Luxemburg, 192, 193; to mobilize troops and Fuenterrab´ıa, capture of, 6, 42, 294 n12, 302 ships, 173, 174–5; number of troops Fugger, Anton, 225, 229, 231, 245 commanded by, 155; and Parma, 240; and a Fugger, Jacob, 65 n42 shipment of wheat, 180 n59; to supply biscuit, Fugger firm, of Augsburg, 104, 105, 308; 171 Antwerp agents of, and Margaret of Austria, Gonzaga family, of Mantua, 39 100, 129; and first maestrazgo contract, 88; Gouda, 68, 69, 265 and Hochstetter loan, 94 n10; and imperial Goudt, Willem, 260, 261, 268,n43, 272 n51; election loan, 64, 65, 88, 99; and loan to widow of, 272 n52 Maximilian, 92; and loans for Tunis campaign, grain mills, dismantled, 161 156; and loans on Charles V’s behalf, 106, 130, Granada, conquest of (1492), 31, 63, 80–1, 94, 131 n65, 227 n71, 286; and loans to Habsburg 104 princes, 98; and a monopoly on mining, 98, Grand Parti, 269 99; Protestant pressure on, 226; and treasury “grand strategy,” definition of, 20 of Castile, 100, 101t, 181, 225 grandees: list of, 297; vast estates of, 83 Fussen,¨ 129, 210, 235 Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de, Arras, bishop fustas, 135, 137, 138 of, 194, 217, 231, 234 Granvelle, Nicholas Perrenot de, lord of, 26, galleys, description of, 135 n10 194, 200, 206, 208, 209; death of, 231, 315;as Gallic Wars (Caesar), 13 n38, 301 n38 emperor’s chief advisor, 24; and Luxemburg, Gallipoli, 18, 144 193; representative to Diet of Worms, Gasca, Pedro de la, 242 168–9 Gattinara, Mercurino, 28, 36, 76, 114, 290, 307; Gravelines toll, 105 as adviser to Charles V, 23, 24, 27; outline of grazing fees, 104 Habsburg grand strategy, 39; and reform “Great Privileges,” 70, 71 proposals, 61; and report on Naples, 59; and Grillo, Domenico, 245 use of aphorisms, 27 Grimalda (ship), La, 119, 141 Geneva, merchant fairs in, 95 Grimaldi, Ansaldo, 246, 296; funds to assemble Genoa, 39, 42, 237, 313, arrival of Charles V an army, 114–15; loans from, 97, 98, 129, 152, (1529), 119; as a banking center, 97; 154, 178, 297 constitution of (Regolae), 40; and Grimaldi, Antonio Maria, 245 counterattacks on Barbary corsairs, 133; Grimaldi firm, of Genoa, 94, 100, 101t, 104, division of Republic of, by Francis I, 48; and 225, 308 rivalry among nobles, 40; seized by Andrea Gropper, Johann, 168–9 n24 Doria, 47; ships provided by, 154 Guadalajara, 80, 82 Gentile firm, of Genoa, 100, 101t guardas, recruitment of, in Castille, 33 Germania rebellion, 135 n8 Guelders, duchy of: Hoogstraten truce Germany, Charles V’s collection of maps of, 213 with (1524–6), 261; incorporation into ghazi warriors, 312 Habsburg Netherlands, 183; reconquering Gheenst, Johanna van der, 160 n6 of (1543), 305; war against, 73, 76, Ghent, 72; as one of the Four Members of 263 Flanders, 68, 69, 167 n21; and Peace of Guelders, duke of, 74, 185, 258, 305 Cadzand, 71; rebellion and surrender of, Guelphs, 39 167–8; and refusal to pay taxes, 265 Guilmartin, John, 172 Giovio, Paolo, 139, 160, 168, 188; Historiarum sui Guˆınes: and meeting of Charles V and Francis I, Temporis, 12; as bishop of Salerno, 160 n9;as 42 source of information on Charles V’s Guise, Francis, duke of, 8, 239, 240 campaigns, 154, 179, 195, 196 “gunpowder empires,” 17

336 Index

Guzman,´ Juan Alonso de, duke of Holstein, duke of, 241 Medina-Sidonia, 153, 297 Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad), 87 Guzman,´ Pedro de, 190 n23, 195–6 n32 Holy League, 164, 296 Holy Roman Emperor, succession for, Haarlem, 68, 69, 72 231–2 Habsburg Netherlands, 2 Holy Union (Santa Junta), 89 Habsburg-Jagiello marriage treaty of 1515, Hoogstraten, Antoine de Lalaing, count of, 58, 30 76, 260, 261; and Guelders, 74; metaphor of, Habsburg-Valois rivalry, 28 262; renten of, 263–4; and subsidy Habsburg-Valois wars, 14, 107, 254 negotiations, 72 n20 Hainaut, 73; and sales of renten, 269; and a horses, slaughtered for food, 176 special land tax, 265 House of Trade (Casa de la Contratacion),´ Haller, Wolf, 198–9 n47 Seville, 96, 104 Hannart, Jean, lord of Likerke, 24 Hungary, and Turkish control, 170, 206, 311 Hanseatic League, 72 n24, 99 Hurtado de Mendoza,´ Diego, 297 n25 Haynstein, Conrad von, 241 Hussites, and Charles V, 214 hearth tax ( focatico), 56, 67, 77, 284; and Naples, 252, 253;originof,102t; preferred to the new Iberia, maps of, 20 donativo, 253 Ibiza, 175 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 310 “imposts,” provincewide, 267 Henry, duke of Orleans,´ marriage of, 145, 158 impresario of war, duties of, 314 Henry II, king of France (1547–59), 8, 28, 185, Indies (the New World), 96, 104, 107, 163; gold 229, 231, 233, 238, 306; debt of, 95; and the and silver, 65 n46, 66, 94 n14, 177, 191, 199, Grand Parti, 269; and Metz, 30, 234, 237, 268; 201, 243; treasure, 225, 243, 272, 301; treasure and Ottavio Farnese, 232; and Perpignan, 185; fleet, 198, 200, 201 and Milan, 207, 230 n4; and Treaty of indulgences, 104; funds from, 65 Chambord, 234 Infanta Maria, see Maria Manuela Henry IV, king of Castile (1454–74), death of, infantry: back wages for, 51; and refusal of 63, 83 orders, 34; infantry-cavalry ratio, 31 Henry IV, king of France (1589–1610), 21 infantry, Gascon, 43 Henry VIII, king of England (1509–47), 44 n15, infantry, High German, and refusal to embark, 166, 229; and an alliance with Charles V, 191, 34 192;armyof,196; and Boulogne, 194, 207; infantry, Italian, wages of, 112 campaign against France (1511), 258 n18; infantry, Spanish, 31–2; depredation after siege petition for annulment from Catherine of of Florence, 124 n33; payment for damages Aragon,´ 121; and Treaty of Windsor, 290, by, 32 n40; payment of, 32 n43; wages of, 111 291 n7; and treaty with Charles V, 221 infantry Swiss, 31, 43 Hernandez´ de Velasco, Pedro, constable of Ingolstadt, 211, 213 Castile, 297 Innocent VIII, Pope (1484–92), 65 herring fisheries, 72 n24 inns, prohibition of, 55–6 Herwart firm, of Augsburg, 129 Innsbruck, 129, 210, 234, 238; and Charles V, Hesse, Philip, landgrave of, 230; and Charles V, 234, 235, 238, 241, 315; and Duke Moritz of 208, 209, 217; and Ferdinand’s election, 138; Saxony, 8 and promise of a loan, 225; release of, 237; Inquisition, Roman, uprising against (1547), 283 and the Schmalkaldic League, 138, 168–9 n24, Inquisition, Spanish (1492), 94, 283 183, 214 Iran, Safavid Shah of, 30, 207 hidalgos, 84, 85; requirements of, 83; and tax Isabella, queen of Castile (1474–1504), 2, 22, 63, exemptions, 291–2, 294 81–2, 85, 87, 91, 290 hidalguia, grants of, 83 Isabella, wife of King Christian II, 20 n2 Historia (Mexia), 13 Isabella of Portugal, empress (1526–39), 290;as Historiarum sui Temporis (Giovio), 12 administrator of the military orders, 104; Hochstetter, Ambrosius, 94 and the Council of State, 11, 26 n20; death Holland, 68, 73, 250;archivesof,249 n2; civil of, 167, 290; and Indies gold and silver, wars in, 76; domain income, 51 n4; and 177; marriage to Charles V, 290; and herring fisheries, 72 n24; and long-term negotiation of loans, 66, 106, 121; and the borrowing, 257; and sales of renten, 258, Provence campaign, 159, 178; reforms 269–70; schiltal in, 255 of, 63

Index 337

Ischia, 160 n9, 278 La Bicocca, estate of, 42 Islam: and Muslim idea of jihad, 312; Spanish La Chiusa, 210, 235 struggle against, 80, 81 La Mota, castle of, 153, 154, 155 Istanbul (Constantinople), 165; and plan for a La Palma, Majorca, 174 Charles V armada, 35; Sublime Porte, 25, 30, La Spezia, 155, 179 164, 184, 206, 207, 233, 313 Laino, Caracciolo, marquess of, 277 Italian campaign (1529–30), 109; army size, 125; Lalaing family, of Douai, 71 payroll costs of, 124, 125; ships for, 125; total Landrecies, 190 cost of, 126, 128 Landsknechte, 41, 42, 116; in Milan, 46; mutinous Italy, urban population of (1550), 68 character of, 46 n22; payment of, 32 n43, 33–4, 111, 112–13 n9 Jagiello, Louis, king of Hungary, death of, Lannoy, Charles de, lord of Molembaix, 32, 48, 30 n36 78, 274; as adviser to Charles V, 24; and Pavia, Jalons, 193 59, 125; and Provence, 44; takes captured Janissary infantry, 18 Francis I to Spain, 45; and truce with Janszoon, Ruysch, 260 Clement VII, 46 jinetes, light cavalry from Spain and Italy, 33 Lautrec, Odet de Foix, lord of, 42–3, 47, 48, 292 John III, king of Portugal (1521–57), 154, 159; League of Cognac (1526), 47, 291; and Clement and claims to Ternate (the Moluccas), 116–17, VII, 117, 306; members of, 45, 120 128; marriage of daughter Maria Manuela to Leclerc, Charles, 56 n19, 58, 61, 63; and the Philip, 187; and marriage of Isabella of Chamber of Accounts, 15; and the Collateral Portugal to Charles V, 291 Council, 276; mission as commissioner John Frederick, elector of Saxony, 215, 230; and general, 57–8; and report on categories of Charles V, 208, 209; and Ferdinand’s election, lordship, 54; and request for a donativo, 78, 138; release of, 237; and the Schmalkaldic 281; and the Welser firm, 88, 99 League, 137–8, 208; and siege of Leipzig and Leiden, 68, 69, 72, 270 Dresden, 214; surrender of near Muhlberg,¨ Leipzig, siege of, 214 216–17 lenders to be repaid, 101t; see also bankers jornada passada, 227 n72 Leo X, Pope (1513–21), 41, 66, 230; and secret Juana, the Mad, queen of Castile (1504–55), 88, treaty with Charles V, 42 89 Leon,´ Cortes of, 67; formation of Kingdom of, Julius II, Pope (1504–13), 41 80 Julius III, Pope (1550–5), 232 Leon´ and Castile, branches of Cortes of, 87 juraderias, 85 Lepanto, Christian victory at (1571), 313 jurados (sworn men), 84, 85, 86 Leyva, Antonio de, prince of Ascoli, 47, 109, Juriˇsic,´ Nicholas, 139 147 n33, 160, 185, 277; and Charles V’s affairs juros (treasury bonds), 18 n9, 107, 130, 146, 298; in Italy, 25; and Pavia, 44, 120 hereditary, 92; interest on, 294 n15; life, 92; Liege,` prince-bishop of, 8, 262 selling of, 227, 294 lijfrenten, 256, 264 n34 juros de caution, 246 Lille, 73, 265, 269 justification by faith, doctrine of, 169, 204; and Linz, 62, 235 Diet of Augsburg, 219 loans: charged against treasury of Castile (1552), 245t; high-interest, 91; long-term, 91; Kapudan Pasha (admiral of the sea), 144 short-term, 256 Khair-ad-Din Barbarossa, see Barbarossa Loaysa, Garcia de, 126, 131, 132 n73, 274, 275; Khair-ad-Din letters of, 127, 132; and siege of Florence, 123, Knights of Malta: ships provided by, 141, 147, 124 n33 151, 152 n47, 154, 180 n57; and slave raids Lodi, 44, 125 along Barbary coast, 312; and Tripoli, Loffredo, Sigismondo, 79, 80 233 Logrono,˜ and an elected ayuntamiento, 85 Knights of Rhodes: and Barbary corsairs, 14; Lombardy, 45; army payroll, 124; expenses of Ottoman conquest of island citadel of (1522), defense of, 243 n27; garrisons in, 4–5 311 Lomellini, Francesco, 94, 129 Knights Templar, 103 Lomellini firm, of Genoa, 101t Kohler, Alfred, 205 Lomellino, Giovan Battista, informant for Kotzschke,¨ Rudolf, 215 n27 Charles V, 30 n35 Kretzschmar, Hellmut, 215 n27 Long Turkish War (1593–1606), 313

338 Index

Lopez´ de Gomara,´ Francisco: Cronica´ de los Magdeburg, 220; and the Augsburg Interim, Barbarrojas, 14, 154, 155, 157 233, 234 Lopez´ de Mendoza,´ Inigo,˜ bishop of Burgos, 60, Mahdia, attacked by Doria and Mendoza,´ 232–3 274, 275, 297 Mainz, prince-archbishop of, 99 n30, 219 Lopez´ de Mendońza,˜ Inigo, duke of Infantado, majority rule, reestablishment of, 71 297 Malaga,´ 97, 146, 147 n33, 155 n57, 173 lordship, categories of, 54 malaria, 35, 48 losrenten, 256, 257, 259 Malta, and Knights of Rhodes, 14; see also Louis IX, king of France (1226–70), 54 n14 Knights of Malta Louis XI, king of France (1460–84), 70, 95 Mamluk Egypt, overwhelmed by Ottomans Louis XII, king of France (1498–1514), 41 (1517), 313 Louise of Savoy, 43 n11, 117, 158 Manrique de Lara, Juan Esteban, duke of Louvain, 68, 72 Najara,´ 244–5, 297 Low Countries: approval and payment of Mantelli, Roberto, 286 subsidies, 255, 265; average annual subsidies Mantua, duke of, 120 (1519–53), 250t; and beden, 249; borrowing Manuel I, king of Portugal (1495–1521), 290 against future revenues (1521–9), 254–5; Margaret of Austria (regent 1507–15, 1519–30), Council of Finance and renten, 256, 257; 73; and Brabant, 76; and Charles V and defence of, 32; domain income, 51; and Milan, 27 n28; and Charles VIII of France, extraordinary subsidies, 255; finances in, 73–4 n28; contempt for, 74; and funds for 51–4; government income of (1531), 263; and Charles V, 105, 112–13; and funds for “graces” or rebates, 255; and an “impost,” Ferdinand, 10 n22; and merchant-bankers in 265–6; lijfrenten, 256; and localism, 311; Antwerp, 93, 99, 129–30; and money for losrenten, 256, 257; and a national excise tax, army wages, 125–6; and plans of Charles V, 264, 265; ordinary subsidy, charges against 11, 35, 117, 122; promotion of Charles V’s (1531), 263; and parliamentary subsidies, marriage to Mary Tudor, 290; as regent, 2, 68–76; and reasons for subsidies, 250–1; and 24, 71; and selling of rentes/renten, 256–7; and short-term loans, 102–3; subsidy income, 51 troops for Charles V, 116, 119 Lubeck,¨ 72 n24, 73 Margaret of Parma, 160 n6, 188, 206, 232 n8 Lugo, Alvaro´ de, 153 Maria, wife of Archduke Maximilian of Austria, Luther, Martin: and Diet of Worms, 59; and 227, 228 Edict of Worms (1521), 123 n31; heresy of, 116 Maria Manuela: dowry of, 197, 200; marriage to Lutheran Germany, and the Augsburg Interim, Philip, 187, 197 315 Marmaldo, Fabricio, 177 n44 Lutherans, 23 n10, 307; and Charles V, 214; Marseilles: assault on, 43; fortifications doctrine of, 220; and a perpetual truce with strengthened, 161 Catholics, 237; see also Protestants Mary of Burgundy, 2, 22; death of, 71; issued a Luxemburg, 185; importance of its location, “Great Privilege,” 70 186; invasion of, 6, 42, 184, 254; retaken by Mary of Hungary (regent 1531–55), 30, 53, 183, the French army, 190; surrender of, 186, 185, 207; abdication of, 269; and caravels for 192 Charles V, 166; and death of husband at Lyons: bankers of, 229; as financial hub of Mohacs,´ 208 n10; and domain accounts, 91; France, 95, 96; merchant fairs in, 95 and fortress at Marienbourg, 8; and friendship with Ferdinand, 208 n10; and Fugger loans, Maastricht, 208 199; and funds for army (1542), 265; and Madrid, Cortes of (1528), 292, 301;(1534), 85, funds for Buren army, 224, 229; and funds for 295; Treaty of (1526), 45, 48, 70, 119 defense against France, 107; and funds for Madruzzo, Aliprando, 221 siege of Parma, 6; and loans from Fugger Madruzzo, Cristoforo, bishop of Trent, 221 rivals, 199 n50; and Low Countries frontier maestrazgos, 152, 246–7, 309; contracts: war, 160, 163; and merchant-bankers in (1523–25), 99;(1533–4), 106;(1536–7), 107; Antwerp, 99, 100, 105, 106, 107, 108; and (1538–42), 65; first Fugger contract (1523), 88; military expenditures, 187, 273; and plans of as important “other” income, 103, 104;as Charles V, 11, 35–6, 165–6; and preference for meaning masterships of military orders, 97, German soldiers, 31–2, 187; as regent, 2, 20, 227; tax-farming contracts for maestrazgo 72, 138; and town voting rights, 69 lands, 252; villages for sale, 180, Mary Tudor, and proposed marriage to maestre de campo, 31 Charles V, 290

Index 339

Maximilian, Archduke, 221, 227, 228, 231 Montluc, Blaise de, 163 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Montmorency, Anne de, 7, 161, 177, 314–15 (1493–1519), 42, 73, 183 n1; and Anne of Monzon, truce of (1537), 163 Brittany, 73–4 n28; arrest by burghers of Moritz, duke of Saxony, 241, 315; and Bruges, 71; death of, 88; debts of, 100; Albrecht-Alcibiades, 235; and anti-Interim election as Holy Roman Emperor, 71; and princes, 234; and Augsburg Interim, 220; and Fugger and Welser loans, 98; and Italy, 41; a Catholic/Lutheran truce, 237; and Diet of and loan for Charles V’s “Joyful Entry” tour, Augsburg, 219, 233; and Elector John 92; and renten, 257; and succession for the Frederick 209, 214; as elector of Saxony, 217; Holy Roman Empire, 22 and Ferdinand at Linz, 235; and Ferdinand’s Maximilian of Habsburg, 70 terms of peace, 315; and a fifteen day truce, Medici, Alessandro de, 160, 278 235; and march on Innsbruck, 8; plays Medici, Cosimo I de, duke of Florence, 96, 132, Charles V against Ferdinand, 235; and Recess 160 n6, 198, 230, 278 of Regesburg, 183; and the revised Treaty of Medici, Giovanni Baptista de, marquess of Passau, 238; subsidy for, 225 Marignano, 221 Mos, Jehan, 263 n30 Medici, Giovanni Jacopo de, marquess of Muhlberg,¨ 222, 233 Marignano, 160–1 n11, 215 n28, 240 Mujetula, Juan Antonio, 126, 127 n51, 131 Medici, Giuliano de, see Clement VII, pope Mulart, Gerard, 75 n35 (1523–34) Mulay Hassan, king of Tunis, 145, 147, 172, 277 Medina del Campo, 85, 89, 153; and merchant fairs, 96, 130 Naples (city), 283; ban an bearing of arms, 283; Medina-Sidonia, duchess of, 153, 154 barons’ palaces in, 277, 287; exempt from Melanchthon, Philip, 168–9 n24, 220 hearth tax, 56, 77; population estimate, 54; Melfi, prince of, title of, 277 and ruling seggi, 277; San Lorenzo Franciscan Memoires (Charles V), 12 cloister, 76; Seggio del Popolo, 78 Mendoza,´ Bernardino de, 171, 173, 175, 232–3 Naples, Kingdom of, 15, 50, 57, 251; average Mendoza´ clan, 82 annual subsidies (1519–53), 250t; and barons, mercenaries, 34, 47; Swiss, 32 n43, 41, 42 54, 276, 277, 287; and the Dogana di Foggia, merchant fairs, 95, 96 51 n4; and donativi, 78, 103, 249; eight Messina, 141, 171 categories of lordship, 54; French siege of, 49, Metz, 8, 192; capture of, 30, 234; refortification 160 n9, 276; and Gattinara, 39, 59; and hearth of, 239, 240; siege of, 109, 112, 239–40 and excise taxes, 56, 252, 253; income and Mexia, Pedro de, 125; Historia, 13 expenses, 60–1; population estimate, 54 n12; Micault, Jean, 257–8 n15 revenue structure of, 102t; ships provided Michaelangelo Buonarotti, 122 by, 147, 151, 154; and visit of Charles V, Mierop, Vincent Corneliszoon van, 260, 280 266 n39, 267 Nassau, Johann von, count, 241 Milan, 39, 41, 42, 305; demanded by Francis I Nassau family, of Brabant, 71 for son Henry, 158; as dowry for daughter of Navarre, French invasion of (1522), 6, 42, 254, 303 Charles V, 164; as dowry for daughter of Navarro, Pedro de, 134 Francis I, 167; encircled by Bonnivet, 43; Netherlands: as dowry for daughter of exhaustion of treasury, 243 n27; Philips’s tour Charles V, 167; high banker’s debt of, 269; begins with Milan, 231; sack of monasteries recognized as a separate nation, 303 n44; by Spanish troops, 46; Visconti rulers of, 40 urban population of (1550), 68 military prebends (timar), 17 Netherlands-Denmark war of 1534–6, 184 mills, prohibition of, 55 Neuburg, Charles V’s camp at, 213 Mirandola, 232 New Castile, 80, 81, 83, 84 Mohacs,´ 170, 311 New Christians, 94, 96 Moluccas (Spice Islands), 117; claims in pawned, New World, see Indies (the New World) 116–17, 128, 308; sale of, 131 n65, 132; spices Nice: reconquered for France, 191; Truce of from, 99 (1538), 194 monarchia, 27, 28 Nicene Creed (325), 169 Monastir (North Africa), 171, 172 n36, 232–3 nobles: and taxes, 256 n9; high number of, 83–4; Moncada, Hugo de, viceroy of Sicily, 26 n23, last appearance at Cortes of Castile, 297–8 43, 134, 135, 160 Nordlingen,¨ 213, 224 Montaldo, Lodovico di, 78 notarial licenses, granting of, 85–6 n80

340 Index

Notre Dame du Sablon/Onze Lieve Vrouw van (1552), 242; last meeting of, 288; money to be de Zavel, 257 n13 used within the kingdom, 58, 282, 283, 285, “novel expedients,” 263–8 286; and parliamentary subsidies, 76–80; three Noyon, Treaty of, 57 n22 chambers of, 76–7 Nuremberg: and silver- and copper-mining Parma, 42, 230; Papal State’s claim to, 117; siege boom, 98; Diet of, 168 of (1550–1), 111; siege of, cost of, 6, 232, Nutzel,¨ Gabriel, 227 n70 240–1, 243; Spanish troops from siege of, 237 Passau, 235, 237 oarsmen, and enforced service, 146 Paul III, Pope (1534–49), 146, 170, 205, 306; and Oettingen, count of, 241 Charles V, 164, 174, 188, 224; and Council of Old Castile, 80, 84 Trent, 121 n24, 159, 204, 217; and Francis I, Oliva, count of, 135 164; ships provided by, 141, 147, 151, 154; sons Oran, capture of, 134 of, 160 n6, 230 Orange, Henry of Nassau, prince of, 24, 26, 74, Paul IV, Pope (1551–5), 306 160 n10, 186 n13 Pavia, 40, 43, 125, 308; battle of (1525), 31, 59, Orange, Philibert de Chalons,ˆ prince of, 47, 79, 111, 120, 124, 152, 306; and capture of 186, 189–90, 190 n23; as adviser to Charles V, Francis I, 254; conquered and sacked by 24; army payroll of, 119 n18, 124, 126–7; Lautrec, 45, 47; encirclement trench around, army size, 126; death of, 59, 80, 186 n13, 276; 44; numbers of troops and cavalry at, and Florence, 59, 120, 122, 128; funds for, 44 n17 131, 292–3; and office of viceroy of Naples, Peasant’s War, Germany, 72 n23 25; and Perugia, 119, 120; and title of prince Pellegrino, Girolamo (Geronimo), 62, 78, 79 n47 of Melfi, 277 Penon,˜ 148 n35 Orange, Reynier van Nassau, prince of, pensions, unpaid, 53, 105 186 n13, 195 Peronne, siege of, 160 n10 Orange, William of Nassau, prince of, 186 n13 Perpignan, 7, 32, 300, 199; and French attack, Orchies, 73 36, 185, 302; refortification of, 191; troops in, Order of the Golden Fleece, 71 186 n11 ordinary subsidies, 67, 258 n16, 263t Perrenin, Antoine, 147 n34; Commentarium Orsini, Lorenzo (known as Renzo da Ceri), Expeditionis Tuniceae, 13–14, 154 43–4 Peru: conquest of by Pizarro, 155; gold from, Orsini family, of Rome, 39, 278 n2 108, 155, 156; silver from Potos´ı, 104, 155, Otranto, 171, 172 156, 242; treasure from deemed a “windfall,” Ottoman Turks: abandon siege of Vienna, 120; 182 conquests and threats, 311–12; and control of Perugia, 119, 120 central Hungary, 206; and march against Pescara, Ferrante de Avalos, marquess of, 25, 43, Transylvania, 235; maritime supremacy of, 44, 45, 125, 277 313; and raids on coasts of Sicily and Naples, Philibert-Emmanuel, duke of Savoy, 8 307; reception in Marseilles, 307; and war Philip I, the Fair, king of Castile, 71 with Habsburg Empire, map of, 142f; see also Philip II, king of Castile and Aragon´ (1556–98), Barbarossa 5 n12, 32, 108, 145, 164, 207, 269, 288, 300, Overijssel, 73 n25, 258, 305 308, 309; birth of, 5, 11; and capitation, 295–6, 302–3; and Charles V’s policy, 11; and Pacini, Arturo, 15 the Dutch Revolt, 273; and funds for Palatine, Frederick of Wittelsbach, Count, Charles V, 244–5; and a “grand strategy,” 21; 20 n2, 183, 214, 219, 223 as king of Portugal, 21 n5; marriage to Maria Panama, 155, 156, 242 Manuela, 187, 197; and recognition as heir of The Papacy and the Levant (Setton), 133 n1 Charles V, 292; and secret instructions from Papal States, 39; and claim to Parma, 117; and Charles V, 36–7; and tour of his lands, 227, funds for war against the Ottomans, 206; 231; and use of treasure silver, 104, 198 invaded by Lannoy, 46; papal bull, 283 Philip III, the Good, duke of Burgundy, 69 Parker, Geoffrey, 21 Philip III, king of Spain (1598–1621), 303 Parlamento of Naples: beginnings of, 67; and Philip IV, king of Spain (1621–65), 303 cancellation of special tax, 32; dominated by Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 70 n15, 256 nobles, 310–11; donativi of: (1532), 60, 61, 275; Piacenza, 42, 120, 230–1, 316; as an imperial fief, (1534), 281;(1536), 15, 281;(1538), 281–2; 232; Papal State’s claim to, 117 (1541), 282;(1544), 199, 283;(1549), 283; pikemen, 31, 32, 42; wages of, 111–12

Index 341

Pillars of Hercules (Straits of Gibraltar), 26–7 rentas ordinarias (ordinary income), 18 n9, 92, Pimentel, Antonio, count of Benavente, 297 227, 294; definition of, 50, 101 pionniers (trench diggers), 33, 192 rentebrieven, 264 n34 Pirenne, Henri, 83 n67 renten (rentes):(1520–30), 258;(1542), 267; and Pizarro, Francisco de, 155 approval of the states, 261; defaults on, Pizarro, Hernando de, 242 257–8 n15; and forced buying, 270, 271; Plus Ultra, Charles V’s device, 26–7, 146 provincial, 270; redemption of, 259; sales of, Pomerania, duke of, 227 91, 258 n16, 269 popolo, definition of, 39 Renty, attack on, 8–9 population, estimates of, 251–2 Resolutions of the States of Holland Porte, see Sublime Porte (Resolutien¨ ), 15 Portoundo, Rodrigo de, 43, 135, 137, 160 retirata (dirt mound), 44, 240 Portuguese India, and copper, 99 Rhine, count-palatine of the, 99 n30 Potosi, silver from, 104, 155, 156, 242 Rhineland campaign (1543), 36–7, 109, 187–91, Poupet de la Chaulx, Charles, lord of, 24, 26 300, 314 Poupet de la Chaulx, Jean, 290 Rhodes, Ottoman victory at, 313 Pozzuoli, 62, 278, 283 Rincon, Antonio, 184 Praet, Lodewijk van Vlaanderen, lord of, 24, Roeulx, Adrien de Croy, lord of, 24, 31, 141 26 Rome, Sack of (Sacco di Roma) (1527), 34, 47, Prevesa, 164, 165, 282, 296, 313 49, 117, 159, 177 n44 princes, electoral, and succession for Holy Rosso, Gregorio, 15, 131 n70, 279, 280, 285 Roman Emperor, 231–2 Rossum, Maarten van, 183, 185, 186, 187 procuradores, 87; definition of, 85; former rebels Rothenburg-ob-der-Tauber, 224 as, 289; and a hereditary office, 86; and royal domain, sale of parcels of, 54 noblemen, 311; and published record of ruggespraak (backspeak), 70 n13 petitions, 16; at Segovia, 293; and unprecedented grant for Charles V, 290–1;at Sacramentarians, 33 n47 Valladolid, 300 Saint-Dizier, 186 n13, 192, 193 property, ecclesiastical, sale of, 206, 224 Salamanca, 80, 298 “proposition,” definition of, 219 n35 sales taxes, 50, 281 n17; see also “Tenth Penny” Protestant Reformation, 123 n31, 306, 307 sales taxes Protestants, 63, 123, 205, 224; and Diet of Salinas, Mart´ın de, 12, 145, 165, 166 Augsburg, 137; and location for an Salzburg, archbishop of, 198–9 n47 ecumenical council, 204; see also Lutherans Sanchez, Alonso, 61, 80, 279; and instructions Provence campaign (1536), 109, 112, 159–63, from Charles V, 79, 282; and mission to 314–15; army payroll, 177, 178; army size, 177 Spain, 60 Pucci, Lorenzo, cardinal of Florence, 119 n18, Sanchez, Luis, and marriage to Maria de 127 n49 Toledo, 279 Sande, Alvaro´ de, 215 n28, 221 quadrireme, of Charles V, 146, 164 Sandelijn, Adriaan, 271 quarta tax, 130, 132; provided to Charles V by Sanseverino, Ferrante de, prince of Salerno, Treaty of Barcelona, 121 176 n42, 278 Quatrefages, Rene,´ 31, 111, 112, 125 Sanseverino, Pietro Antonio de, prince of Bisignano, 278, 279, 280 realengo (royal lands), 81 Santa Cruz, Alonso de: and action at Duren,¨ receivers, and loans, 256 188, 189; and army size, 151, 155 n56, 57, Reconquista, 80, 81, 134 195; and casualty figures, 165; and Charles V Reformation, see Protestant Reformation in danger, 147;ascosmografo mayor, 13, 163; Reformationes Novae, 48 Cronica´ del Emperador Carlos V, 13;on Regensburg, 168–9 n24, 169, 210;army Doria’s change of allegiance, 49;as mustered at, 139, 151, 153, 241; Colloquy source for information on Tunis assault, (1541), 206, 219; Diet of (1532), 138; Diet of 154 (1546), 208, 224, 275; Recess of, 183 Santiago de Compostella, Cortes of (1520), Regensburg, Georg von, 221 88 regidores (aldermen), 84–5 Sanudo, Marino, 125 regidurías, 85 Sardinia, and Barbary corsairs, 133 Renesse, lord of, 261 n23 Sarmiento, Luis de, 165

342 Index

Sarmiento, Pedro de, archbishop of Santiago, Naples (1283), 18; ships provided by, 147, 151; 297 n26 viceroy of, 286 Savona, 42, 48 siege cannon, 43 Savoy-Piedmont, Charles III, duke of, 158–9 siege trenches: around Florence, 122; around Saxony, and use of modified Augsburg Interim, Pavia, 44 220 Siena, surprise attack on, 238 Saxony campaign, 214–17 Sigismund, emperor (d. 1451), 205 Scanderbeg, George, 143, 278 silver: from the Indies (the New World), 107, Schaumburg, Bernhard von, 221, 223 n53 177, 191, 199, 201, 225, 243, 245; mining, 98; Schepper, Cornelis de, 25, 144, 206 from Potos´ı, Peru, 104, 155, 156, 242;from Schertlin von Burtenbach, Sebastian, 210, Zacatecas, Mexico, 104 213 n21 Simancas, Castle of, royal archives in, 5 n10, 9, Schetz, Balthasar, 100 18 Schetz, Erasmus, 99, 100, 199 n50 sindico (mayor), 77 Schetz, Gaspar, 100 sisa (excise tax), 295, 297, 298, 299 Schetz, Melchior, 100 skirmishers (Alkindsch´ı ), 139, 141 Schetz firm, of Antwerp, 100, 101t slave markets and slave trade, 100, 134, 246 Schetz loans, 245, 246 slaves, Christian, 133, 134, 144, 149, 312 schiltal, of Holland (1514), 69, 256 Slovakia, and mining, 98 Schiner, Matthaeus, cardinal-bishop, 42 Sollersen, Joost Claes de, baron of Thurn and Schmalkaldic League, 183, 206, 209 n16, 224;as Tassis, 241 ally of France, 307; and Bavaria, 206; Sommaria (Treasury), Naples, 56–7, 61, 105, conquest of Wurttemberg,¨ 145, 158; 276 formation of, 138; and Frankfurt Agreement, Soria, Lope de, 25, 41, 48, 49, 97, 145, 154 168; south German members of, 214 Soto, Pedro de, 208, 316 Schmalkaldic War, First (1546–7), 13, 109, 195, Spain: and alliance with Genoa, 313; civil war 315; Charles V’s troop strength of, 220–2; cost (1474–9), 63; creation of as a unified nation, of, 223, 240 n20; see also Augsburg Interim; 63; Muslim, 80–1, 103 Danube campaign; Saxony campaign Spanish Netherlands, recognized as a separate Schmalkaldic War, Second, 233–8; see also Metz, nation, 303 n44 siege of Speyer, 188, 213; Diet of (1531), 51; Diet of Schoer, Lodewijk van, 69 n12, 252, 264, (1544), 62, 183, 185, 192, 198; Recess of, 185, 265 n38, 266, 267; and an alliance with 186; Treaty of, 223 n55, 241 n23; and troops England, 207; estimates of war expenses, 268 of Charles V, 195, 196 Schwabisch¨ Hall, indemnities from, 224 Spice Islands, 116–17, 128 Schwartzburg, Gunther¨ von, 9 spices, 99, 100 scripture, authority of, 204 Spinelli, Fernando, duke of Castrovillari, 278 Secretariat of Accounts (Scrivania di Ragione), Spinelli, Giambattista, count of Cariati, 58, 94 56, 61 Spinelli, Vincenza, 278 seggi, 77; and the Roman Inquisition, 283 Spinola firm, of Genoa, 100, 101t, 244 Seggio del Populo, 77, 131 n70, 277, 279 States General, 69, 70, 190; at Ghent (1508), Segovia, 80, 298 73 Serene Republic, see Venice States of Holland, 69, 72 n20, 90 n102; and servicios, 86, 246–7; average annual value, 301–2; “letters of obligation,” 268; Resolutions “servicio of millions,” 303 of the States of Holland (Resolutien¨ ), 15 Setton, Kenneth, The Papacy and the Levant, Stecher, Bernhard, 92 133 n1 Sterck, Hendrik, 272 n52 Seville, 80, 84, 298; as a banking center, 96 Stinca, Andrea, 280 Sforza, Francesco Maria, duke of Milan, 291; Strasbourg, 214; and celebration of the Catholic death of, 124, 158; as duke of Milan, 27 n28, mass, 217 40, 42, 121; and the League of Cognac, 120; stretezza (tightness), of money, 237 and Treaty of Madrid, 45 Strozzi, Reinaldo, 96 n19 Sforza, Lodovico, duke of Milan, 41 Strozzi firm, 96 Sforza, Massimiliano, 41–2 Styria, duchy of, 139, 141 ‘s Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc), 68, 72 Sublime Porte, Istanbul, 25, 30, 164, 184, 206, Sicily: attacked by Barbarossa, 191; grain 207, 233, 313 shipments from, 144; reconquerd by King of subsidies, average annual (1519–53), 250t

Index 343

subsidios, clerical, 66, 104, 130, 152, 252 Naples, 280; and the Collateral Council, 282; Suleyman I, the Lawgiver, sultan (1520–66), 138, commission of, 275; and Duke William IV, 139, 165 n17, 185; against Austria, 6–7, 37; 190; edicts by, 61; estate on isle of Ischia, 278; against Coron, 144; against Guns¨ (Koszeg),¨ and 1532 instructions, 63; and Gregorio 139; against Hungary, 170; against Persia, 144, Rosso, 15; and meeting of the barons in 229–30; estimated armed forces of, 17–18; Naples, 280–1, 282–3; as most important as possible world monarch, 27; and a viceroy of Charles V’s reign, 4, 61, 143, 306, Spanish-Genoese threat, 313; and 309; and own funding of galleys, 154; and Truce of Edirne (Adrianople), papal bull on church doors, 283; and the 207 Parlamento, 289; and Perpignan, 185; and Sulmona, conquest of, 47 recruitment of Italian infantry, 141; and Swabian League, 219 regents of the Chancery, 276; and relocation Swiss Confederation, 32 of civilians on Adriatic coast, 170, 145; and Szapolyai, Janos, 30, 138–9, 141, 170 n29; death supplying of biscuit, 171–2; and “Tenth of, 170; widow of, 233 Penny” sales tax, 252 n10; and a treaty of alliance, 239; and troops for Genoa, 237 Tagliacozzo, Ascanio Colonna, duke of, 276 Tordesillas, seizure and recapture of, 89 Tagliacozzo, Ascanio Colonna (the younger), Toulon, 43, 191; as a base for Ottoman galleys, marquess of, 278 307; as a Muslim city, 307 Tavera, Juan Pardo de, archbishop of Santiago, Tournai, 270; made a part of Flanders, 258 n18 25, 36, 174, 199, 297; as archbishop of Toledo, town councils, corruption of, 61 24, 145; and letters from Charles V, 172, 173, towns, voting rights of, 69, 87 181; and money for wheat, 180 n59 trace italienne, 30 tax farmers, 105, 294; and contracts for transport, of Flanders (1517), 68–9, 255 maestrazgo lands, 252 transsubstantiation, doctrine of, 169 taxes: bribery in collecting of, 56–7; loss of, 56; Transylvania, 233, 235 of unprecedented size, 79, 80; see also dacio treasure, 225, 243, 272, 301; see also gold; (grain tax); donativi (direct taxation); excise silver taxes; export taxes; hearth tax ( focatico); quarta treasure fleet, 104, 198, 200, 201, 223, 245 tax; sales taxes; sisa (excise tax); subsidios, Trent, Council of (1545), 121 n24, 204, 217 clerical; “Tenth Penny” sales tax Trier, 238, 239 Tejada, Elias de, 63 n39 Trier, prince-archbiship of, and Diet of “Tenth Penny” sales tax, 252 n10, 266t, Augsburg, 219 266–7 Tripoli, and assault by Turgut Reis, 233 tercias, 87 n92, 293, 295; definition of, 252 triremes, 135 n10 tercios, 32 n42, 33; definition of, 31 Tunis campaign (1535), 7, 12, 29, 109, 145–9, Ternate, see Moluccas (Spice Islands) 312, 314; army size, 155; casualties, 312; and Teztel, Jobst, 227 n70 participation of barons, 278; sources of Thamise, Franz von, 33 information about men and ships, 154; total Therouanne,´ razed by order of Charles V, 8 cost of, 155 Thionville, 239 Turgut Reis, 232, 233, 243, 246 Tholosa, Paolo de, 56, 94 Turin, 158; forces at, 160–1 n11; siege of, 160 Tirol, and mining, 98 “Turk tax,” 139 Tlemcen, king of, 135 Turks, see Ottoman Turks Toledo, 89; and control of territory, 81, 82 n60; Twelve Years’ Truce (1609–21), 272, 303 n44 Cortes of, (1525), 85, 291, 296;(1538), 166 Ulm, 209, 214, 224; and the Augsburg Interim, Toledo, Garcia de, marriage to Vittoria de 220; citizen militias from, 210 Colonna, 278 United Provinces, recognized as a separate Toledo, Isabella de, marriage to Fernando nation, 303 n44 Spinelli, 278 universita`, 77; and direct royal rule, 54; and Toledo, Maria de, marriage to Luis Sanchez, payment of annual hearth tax, 56 279 Usodemar, Giovanni Battista de, 129 Toledo, Pedro Alvarez´ de, marquess of Utrecht, 73 n25, 305; brought under Habsburg Villafranca, 24, 26, 62, 207, 213, 230, 238, rule, 258; siege of (1528), 261 274, 297; and approval of large donativo, 181; Utrecht, Adriaan Floriszoon, cardinal of, 89 and battle at Muhlberg,´ 216; and the city of Utrecht, prince-bishop of, 258, 305

344 Index

Val Tellina, 210 wagoneers, 33 Valdes,´ Juan, 63 Walter, Hans, 241 Valenzuela, Rodrigo, 177, 178, 179 washing stations for new cloth, prohibition of, Valladolid: and attempt to detain Charles V, 89; 55 Cortes of, (1518), 88;(1523), 89, 90, 294 n17; Welser, Bartholomaeus, 152 (1527), 291;(1537), 296;(1542), 300;(1544), Welser ﬁrm, of Augsburg, 106, 308; agents of, 86, 200; and Charles V’s court, 84–5; 200, 201; and a loan of unprecedented ecclesiastics at the court in, 24; and an amount, 130; and loans for Buren’s army, 226; extraordinary servicio, 298, 299; as a key city and loans for campaign against Cleves and of Old Castile, 80 France, 225; and loans for Charles V’s Varchi, Benedetto, 119, 126 election, 88, 99; and loans for Charles V Vasquez´ de Molina, Juan, and loans on ﬁnances, 100, 101t, 131 n65; and loans to Charles V behalf, 286 Habsburg princes, 98; and loans to Isabella of Vasto, Alfonso de Avalos, marquess of, 43,n13, Portugal, 106; and loans to Margaret of 48, 161, 166; enemy of Toledo, 281; funds for Austria, 129 army of, 198; and a hereditary sinecure, 275; Wenceslaus IV, emperor, 40 to manage Charles V’s affairs in Italy, 25; Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 273, 304 n44 retirement to estate on Ischia, 277–8;as wheat, shipments of, 180 n59 source for Giovio, 12, 160, 177; as Spain’s Wied, Hermann von, 188 governor in Milan, 184; and truce by William IV, duke of Bavaria, 205, 209 Lannoy, 46 “wind of Charles,” 176, 314 Veltwijk, Geraard, 25, 36, 168–9 n24, “windfalls,” 182, 182t, 197, 200, 223, 224 206–7 Windsor, Treaty of (1522), 290, 291 n7 Venice (the Serene Republic), 121; and a Wittenberg, 220; welcomes Charles V, 216 dominent trading position, 97; dominion of, Wolsey, Thomas, cardinal, 42 n10, 59 40; and Ferdinand, 120; as La Repubblica Worms: Diet of (1521), 59, 168, 205, 224; Edict Serenissima, 39 n1, 164; and truce with of (1521), and Martin Luther, 123 n31 Sublime Porte, 313 Wurttemberg,¨ 158, 213, 214, 224 Veyre, Pierre de, 47 Wurttemberg,¨ Christoph, duke of, 209, 214 Vico, Colantonio Caracciolo, marquess of, 78, Wurzburg,¨ 235 278, 280 Wurzburg,¨ prince-bishop of, 238, 239 Vienna: archives in, 9 n21; siege of, 34, 119, 120 Ypres, 72; as one of the Four Members of Vienna campaign, see Danube campaign Flanders, 68, 69, 167 n21 Villach, 235, 238 Yuste monastery, 5 Villegagnon, Nicholas Durand de, 14, 176, 179, Yvoy, 186, 190 180 Visconti, Giangaleazzo, and Milan, 40 Zacatecas, Mexico, silver from, 104 Vivas, Alonso, 221 Zygmunt I, king of Poland (1506–48), 170 n29