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Kolmanskop: an Industrial Heritage Resource Or Only a Tourist Attraction?

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Kolmanskop: an Industrial Heritage Resource Or Only a Tourist Attraction? Page 1 of 125 KOLMANSKOP: AN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE RESOURCE OR ONLY A TOURIST ATTRACTION? The Assessment of Value with regard to Kolmanskop Ghost Town And the Industrial Landscape of the Sperrgebiet National Park, Namibia A 60-credit research project (mini-dissertation) submitted In partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Conservation of the Built Environment By Nicola Alexander School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment University of Cape Town November 2010 Page 2 of 125 Acknowledgements: This research project would have been meaningless without the broad range of insights and opinions which were collected through the interview process. Therefore I humbly thank all the interviewees for giving up their time, and for sharing their personal views and interpretations with me. In particular I would like to thank Ophelia Netta of Namdeb, Howard and Cicely Head of Ghost Town Tours, and Dr. Gabi Schneider of the National Heritage Council for their interest and support of the project - and for their generous willingness in the sharing of information. I also thank James Alexander and Jana Jacob, who have contributed to the depth of this paper with their own personal knowledge of the Sperrgebiet and its unique geology. Dr. Stephen Townsend must be especially thanked for his dedicated guidance throughout the two year course and particularly for the role he played as supervisor of this project, providing valuable guidance and a nudge in the right direction when needed! And I also acknowledge the input of Assoc. Professor Nick Shepherd who encouraged me to look beyond my personal boundaries and to broaden the scope of the literature review. And finally, I thank Marion Schekle and Clint Ebstein for sharing their own personal collection of photographs with me. These helped to create a picture of not only what was, but also the present appearance and condition of areas that remain within the Sperrgebiet or forbidden mining area. Page 3 of 125 Author’s Statement This 60-credit research project (mini-dissertation) is submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of M.Phil in Conservation of the Built Environment. The course code is APG5071S. All other courses in the programme have been completed. The work in this document was undertaken during the Second Semester between 15th July 2010 and 15th October 2010. Course Convener: Dr. Stephen Townsend School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics, UCT [email protected] Supervisor: Dr. Stephen Townsend (Contact details as above) Co-Supervisor: Associate Professor Nick Shepherd Centre for African Studies, UCT [email protected] Plagiarism Declaration 1. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another‟s work and pretend that it is one‟s own. 2. I have used a standard convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution to, and quotation in, this essay from the work(s) of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. 3. This research project (mini-dissertation) is my own work. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. Nicola Alexander, October 2010 Page 4 of 125 KEYWORDS: Industrial Heritage Values-Based Conservation Authenticity and Cultural Significance Sustainable Development Heritage and Tourism Heritage in the Post-Colonial Context ABSTRACT: Kolmanskop Ghost Town is situated within the Sperrgebiet National Park on the South-West Coast of Namibia. The diamond-mining town was established in 1908 and abandoned in 1956. Kolmanskop‟s status as a tourist attraction has been readily established and it is regarded as an important economic resource by the nearby community of Lüderitz. The key question of this research project is whether the site is also able to fulfil the criteria of an industrial heritage resource? The principal method employed is that of values-based conservation. The study relies principally on the survey of a broad range of individuals and stakeholders in order to establish present values as they pertain to Kolmanskop. The results are substantiated by historical research and an assessment of the natural, socio-cultural and socio-political contexts. The findings show a lack of awareness surrounding the technological and social values of the site, whereas economic and historical values take precedence. Therefore as it presently stands, Kolmanskop is recognised primarily as a tourist attraction. The study finds that technological and social values need to be promoted in order to reconcile Namibia‟s mining heritage within Namibian society; thereby allowing its recognition as a National Heritage Site and part of the National Estate. The case study serves as an example for the appropriate treatment and recognition of industrial heritage in Namibia. It further addresses the underlying tensions between heritage and tourism; looking toward finding a sustainable development solution within the post-colonial context of Namibia. Page 5 of 125 CONTENTS List of Figures 8 List of Abbreviations 10 CHAPTER 1 1.0 Introduction 12 1.1 Problem Statement 13 1.2 Identification of Key Question and Sub-Questions 14 1.3 Outline of Dissertation 15 CHAPTER 2 2.0 Methodology 17 2.1 The Case Study Method 18 2.2 Discussion of Methodological Approaches 20 2.3 List of Methods and Sources to be consulted: 20 2.3.1 Literature Review 2.3.2 Historical and Archival Documents 2.3.3 Contextual Mapping 2.3.4 Personal / Expert Observation 2.3.5 Individual and Expert Interviews (i) Identification of Stakeholders (ii) Insiders and Outsiders (iii) Structure and Interviewing Techniques 2.4 Synthesis and Analysis of Results 24 CHAPTER 3 3.0 Literature Review 26 3.1 Industrial Heritage 27 3.2 Value and Cultural Significance 30 3.3 Values-Based Conservation 33 3.4 Values-Based Conservation and Sustainability 35 3.5 The Potential for Dissonance 36 3.5.1 Heritage and Tourism 3.5.2 Heritage in the Post-Colonial Context CHAPTER 4 4.0 Historical Background 39 Page 6 of 125 4.1 The Discovery of Diamonds (1908) 43 4.2 Kolmanskuppe (1908-1919) 45 KBG and the Establishment of the Mining Operations 4.3 Kolmanskop (1920-1956) 53 CDM and Consolidation of the Mining Interests 4.4 Kolmanskop Ghost Town (1956-Present) 59 Museum and Development of Tourist Attraction CHAPTER 5 5.0 Definition of Study Area and its Component Parts 61 5.1 Area 1: Kolmanskop Ghost Town 66 5.2 Area 2: „Native‟ Hospital and Compound 68 5.3 Area 3: Centralwäsche, Processing and Recovery Plant 70 CHAPTER 6 6.0 Discussion of Value Contexts 73 6.1 Geographical and Physical Context 74 6.2 Legislative Context 79 6.3 Socio-Economic Context 82 6.4 Socio-Cultural and Socio-Political Context 84 CHAPTER 7 7.0 Expression of Values as they pertain to Kolmanskop 87 7.1 Identifying a Typology of Values 88 7.2 Discussion of Authenticity 89 7.3 Discussion of Cultural Significance 91 7.3.1 Age and Rarity Value 7.3.2 Historical Value 7.3.3 Symbolic Value 7.4.4 Social Value 7.3.5 Aesthetic Value 7.4.6 Economic Value CHAPTER 8 8.0 Assessment and Conclusion 103 9.0 List of Sources 107 Page 7 of 125 APPENDIX Appendix A: List of Interviewees Appendix B: Demographic Data Information Sheet Appendix C: Interview Questions Appendix D: Mapping of Values Data Appendix E: Example of Annotated Interview Sheet Appendix F: Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage (2003) TICCIH Page 8 of 125 LIST OF FIGURES: Cover: Kolmanskop Ghost Town overlooking the Namib Desert (N Alexander, 2010) Figure 1: Annotated Map of the Sperrgebiet (Restricted Mining Area) ..................... 11 Figure 2: Summary Table of Value Typologies ........................................................ 32 Figure 3: Survey Plan of Kolmanskuppe (c.1914) .................................................... 40 Figure 4: Survey Plan of Kolmanskuppe (1929) ....................................................... 41 Figure 5: Survey Plan of Kolmanskop Museum (1980) ............................................ 42 Figure 6: Early Photograph of Kolmanskuppe (c.1908/09) ....................................... 46 Figure 7: Photograph depicting early mining methods (c.1908/09) .......................... 46 Figure 8: Photograph depicting early mining methods (c.1911/13) .......................... 46 Figure 9: The Centralwasche (or Main Processing Plant) at Kolmanskop, c.1913 ... 47 Figure 10: Machinery and Equipment inside the Centralwäsche .............................. 48 Figure 11: The Lüderitz Power Station, 1912 ........................................................... 48 Figure 12: Machine Hall inside Lüderitz Power Station, 1912 .................................. 48 Figure 13: „Millionaire‟s Row‟ Kolmanskop (c.1928) ................................................. 50 Figure 14: Mine Manager's Residence (c.1928) ....................................................... 50 Figure 15: Remains of Old Compound close to Centralwäsche ............................... 50 Figure 16: The Benzole-Electric Locomotive used on the Diamond Fields .............. 51 Figure 17: Railway Map of the South-West African Diamond Fields ........................ 52 Figure 18: Interior View of Store, Kolmanskop (1934) .............................................. 55 Figure 19: Haus Schneider, Germany (left) & Haus Schneider, Nambia (right) ....... 55 Figure 20: Children play in the Kolmanskop School Yard (1928) ............................. 57 Figure 21: General Dealer, Kolmanskop (1925) ....................................................... 57 Figure
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