Mining Journal Supplement in October 1992

Namibia: Abundant COUNTRY Exploration SUPPLEMENT Opportunities

able to exploration companies. This new supplement provides the international financial and exploration community with a review of the progress and success achieved over the last five years, and of the opportunities awaiting potential investors in this dynamic and geologically prospective country. Situated in the western half of the southern African subcontinent, Namibia encom- passes an area of over 824,000 km². It has a hot and dry climate. Rainfall is extremely variable, ranging from less than 200 mm in the south to about 800 mm in the northeast. With less than 50 mm average annual rainfall, the coastal Namib Desert is one of the DebMarine diamond recovery vessel. Offshore diamond most arid places on Earth. Only the Kunene, recovery is set to increase its share of total output Okavango, Zambezi and Chobe/Linyanti rivers, along Namibia's northern border, and Namibia is currently developing one of southern Afri- the Orange River, which forms the south- ca's most dynamic mineral industries, a trend that is set to ern frontier, are perennial. The Kalahari continue well into the next century. Since 1992, explora- Desert, with an average rainfall of less than tion expenditure has increased by more than 500%, and 200 mm, extends over the eastern part of today more than 60 companies are actively exploring the the country, bordering Botswana and South exciting potential of Namibia's mineral sector. Recent ex- Africa. It is separated from the Namib by a ploration and investment initiatives have already led to high inland plateau that reaches elevations the proposed development of two major base metal of over 2,000 m and is covered by shrub projects at a cost of over US$750 million; these will more and mixed tree savannah. than treble the value of base metal production in Namibia by 2000. This has been made possible because of fair and transparent mining regulations and taxes, well-developed power and transport infrastructures and an established democratic government, in a country with strong mining traditions and world-class mineral deposits. Namibia first featured in a Mining Journal supplement in October 1992. Since then there have been considerable changes. The Government, well aware of mining's importance to Namibia's economy, has brought in a substantial package of incentives designed specifically to encour- age exploration. These cover issues such as taxation, land access and rights of tenure. In addition, an excellent range of high- quality geological information is readily avail-

Namibia: Abundant Exploration Opportunities 1 Well-developed Infrastructure 2 Geology and Mineral Sector Opportunities 9 An Inviting Business Environment 4 A Key Economic Sector 13 Streamlining the Law 5 Putting Prospectivity into Perspective 14 The Geological Survey 7 Contact names and addresses 16 A NEW NATION

Dunes in the Namib Desert. Namibia hosts a fascinating Well-developed range of wildlife, much of which has evolved especially to survive Infrastructure in the arid desert environment Namibia's strong history of mining and associated industrial development has provided the country with an infrastructure that is one of the best developed in Africa. Its capital, Windhoek, is among the fastest growing cities in the world, whilst the country's excellent road system, extending over 40,000 km, is one of the most extensive in Africa. The railway network of more than The majority of Namibia's 1.6 million multi-party elections. His Government has 2,400 km of track currently links many of population lives in the rural north and in adopted policies aimed at improving living the major mining areas and towns, and fa- the towns of the central and coastal regions; standards and employment opportunities for cilitates the transport of goods to foreign in southern Namibia the population density all Namibians. markets. Plans for further development in- is less than one person per square kilome- While current objectives aim for eco- clude railway links into Angola, Zambia and tre. Indigenous populations have been liv- nomic diversification, mining's importance Tanzania. ing in the area of modern Namibia for hun- as a cornerstone of the economy is appreci- The deep-water port at Walvis Bay is a dreds of years and there is ample archaeo- ated by a Government eager to promote regular port of call for major shipping lines logical evidence of ancient settlements, in- foreign investment and to expand its min- and continues to attract investment. Profits cluding ore smelting activities. ing sector. The Ministry of Mines and En- have increased by over 70% during the last Portuguese adventurers first landed on ergy is striving to improve the technical in- year, and its container and bulk mineral han- the Namibian coast in 1484 on their way frastructure in what has become one of Af- dling facilities are continuing to improve around the Cape of Good Hope. However, rica's most attractive exploration and min- through the installation of new machinery. it was only 400 years later that systematic ing environments. Its Directorate of Min- A US$12 million European Investment exploration took place when Germany ing is busy streamlining licence procedures Bank loan for a new container terminal in- claimed the region as one of her colonies. and bringing licence holdings into an ac- cludes plans to dredge the port and increase The German protectorate of South West cessible GIS-based format. its depth by 25%. There is the further pos- Africa existed from 1884 to 1915, after The Geological Survey of Namibia, al- sibility of a US$35 million World Bank loan which the country was entrusted to the ready in possession of one of the most ex- to develop the existing Export Processing newly-formed League of Nations. Admin- tensive geological archives in Africa - in- Zone. istration of the region passed to South Af- cluding a complete inventory of previous Air travel in Namibia continues to grow rica after the Second World War, before Na- exploration work that stretches back almost and there are over 330 private and public mibia achieved its independence in March a century - is incorporating the results from airports and airstrips throughout the coun- 1990. modern surveys in order to optimise infor- try. Namibia's international airline - Air Na- The country's prospectivity for miner- mation on the country's geological poten- mibia - flies to over 20 destinations in south- als has long been recognised. As early as tial. Furthermore, high-resolution geophysi- ern Africa and Europe. 1855, copper production began at the cal data acquisition and prospectivity sur- Walvisch Bay Mining Company's Match- vey programmes now under way continue less mine, just west of Windhoek. By the to identify exploration targets, especially in turn of the century, further base metal mines areas where thick sand cover obscures the The port of Walvis Bay provides Namibia had been developed at Tsumeb in the north bedrock geology. with a modern outlet to world markets of the country and, eight years later, some of the highest-quality alluvial diamonds in the world were discovered near Lüderitz. These, and more recent discoveries, created the basis for an important mining industry that underpins the modern Namibian economy by providing about 60% of Namibian exports and 15% of the country's GDP. Today Namibia is a thriving democratic state whose President, Dr Sam Nujoma, was sworn in following the first national elections late in 1989 and was returned as Presi- dent in 1994 after the country's second INFRASTRUCTURE

Namibia benefits from an extensive and reliable electricity supply. The national agency, Nampower, produces electricity priced at 1.8 USc/kWh, one of the lowest costs in the world, thus offering a major financial incentive to energy-intensive mining and mineral processing activities. Elec- tricity is generated at the 240 MW Ruacana hydro-electric plant on the Kunene River and at the 120 MW coal-fired Van Eck power station near Windhoek. A transmission agreement with South Africa's Eskom enables Nampower to draw on additional supplies at times of peak load. A 450 MW hydro-electric plant is planned at Epupa on the Kunene to meet long-term demand. These facilities guarantee that elec- Orange River mouth and believed to be Windhoek, Namibia's capital, is the tricity shortages so typical of many Afri- among the largest in the world, was deline- country's business and commercial centre can countries are not a problem in Namibia. ated by Shell, in partnership with Texaco as well as being the seat of government Investment in Namibia's energy sector and the South African company Engen, af- ther offshore, hydrocarbon exploration is is at a peak since independence. The pro- ter the award of an exploration licence in being carried out by Norsk Hydro who, with posed US$700 million development of the May 1993. Expectations are that a pipeline partners Statoil and Saga Petroleum, has Kudu gas field could allow Namibia to be- to Oranjemund would deliver 100 Mft³/d spent over US$45 million on offshore drill- come a major energy producer by 2002. of gas, with resources sufficient to supply a ing since 1992. Other licence holders in- The field, located some 170 km off the 1,750 MW power station for 30 years. Far- clude Sasol, Ranger and Chevron.

Advertisments here INCENTIVES FOR INVESTMENT An Inviting Business Environment Mining is the backbone of the Namibian economy, having yielded export earnings of over US$700 million and tax revenues of US$72 million during the 1996-97 fis- cal year. Although foreign investment has increased dramatically since independence, The Tsumeb smelter, a key factor in In addition to strong government sup- the Government is continuing its efforts to adding value to Namibia's mineral wealth port for the mining industry, Namibia has promote a favourable investment climate Cranford Namibia's Otjosondu mine in a an active Chamber of Mines that represents for international mining and exploration joint venture headed by South Africa's Pu- over 95% of the mining companies operat- companies. This has led to many initiatives rity Manganese, is an indication of Na- ing in the country. Several committees and incentives. mibia's determination to promote further within the Chamber oversee matters of The launch of the First National Devel- downstream processing of mining products. health and safety, labour relations, explo- opment Programme at the end of 1995 has Companies interested in developing the ration expenditure, production statistics and been complemented by a concerted invest- country's mineral resources can obtain full technological exchange. They also act as a ment promotion and industrialisation pro- information on these incentives from the channel for communication between the in- gramme. This includes the Export Process- Namibia Investment Centre. dustry and the Government. Exploration ing Zone (EPZ) regime and the creation of Namibia has a favourable tax regime for and mining companies new to Namibia can an Offshore Development Company, as mining. Taxation is based on a sliding scale benefit greatly from the expertise and in- well as the upgrading of the Namibia In- designed to relieve the burden on develop- formation available to members of the vestment Centre and its offices overseas. ing mines, and only reaches higher levels Chamber of Mines. Moreover, the establishment of a coun- when mines are operating profitably. In The Namibian Institute of Mining and try-wide Industrial and Small- to Medium- practice, taxation equates to a base rate of Technology (NIMT), established after in- sized Enterprises Park programme has en- 25% with a theoretical maximum of 55%, dependence through donations of over couraged private investment into Namibia's although most operating mines pay around US$1 million from Rössing Uranium, is a growing small-scale mining sector. Apart 35%. A special tax rate of 55% is levied on major initiative to foster the training of from stimulating foreign and domestic in- diamond mining, with an additional 10% skilled personnel for the mining industry. vestment and expertise within the mining royalty payment. Deductible allowances Located at Arandis, NIMT now has ex- sector, these initiatives have also boosted include all exploration expenditure, devel- tended its role to cover the agricultural, fish- investment into the financial, legal and opment expenditure (equalised over three ing and manufacturing sectors, and plays a commercial ancillary services available in years), and contributions to environmental vital part in the development of the coun- the country's major towns and cities. rehabilitation funds. try's human resources. The EPZ special incentive is designed to aid Namibia's export industry. It has been Dimension stone is becoming increasingly important in export markets devised to benefit export-orientated manu- facturers, addressing markets such as the United States and Europe with which Na- mibia has preferential trade agreements. An EPZ business park is being developed in Walvis Bay, but factories elsewhere in the country may also be granted EPZ status. Enterprises with EPZ status do not pay corporate tax, duties on imported goods, and stamp, sales and transfer duties on EPZ activities. Whilst primarily aimed at manufactur- ers, mining can also benefit from these measures where beneficiation and value- addition are built into mineral exploitation plans. The granting of EPZ status to a proposed US$20 million ferro-manganese plant, intended to process ore from MINERAL LICENSING

and 1995. During this period, the number Streamlining of mining claims fell drastically while prospecting licences experienced a major in- the Law crease. Modest annual licence fees do not rep- Competition for mineral sector invest- resent a barrier to exploration and mining. ment in Africa has never been stronger and, Fees range from N$50 (US$10) for mining with over US$500 million invested in sub- claims to N$1,000 (US$200) for an exclu- Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) sive prospecting licence covering an area during the last year, the stakes are high. of 100 km². Mining licence fees range from Spurred by a flourish of activity by both N$1,000 (US$200) for a mine with a gross Canadian and Australian companies, and by annual revenue of less than N$10 million the emergence of South Africa's mining (US$2 million), to N$5,000 (US$1,000) for houses on to the world stage, since inde- those with a gross revenue exceeding N$10 pendence the Ministry of Mines and Energy Namibia's coastline hosts Africa's largest million. has continued to update its mining law and solar salt industry While the State holds all mineral rights investment policy. The Ministry is also aware of the prob- in Namibia, vast tracts of land are owned The Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) lem of “landlocking”, which arises princi- privately. This form of tenure has been in Act was tabled in 1992 and promulgated in pally from the retention of mining claims. existence for many decades and results from 1994. The Government has since put great The new Minerals Act contains provisions the original division of the land at the time effort into making the country's package of specifically designed to curb this practice, of European colonialisation. Thus explora- information and incentives even more at- and as of April 1997 (the end of the three- tion and mining on privately held land re- tractive. This will be further enhanced by year period since the promulgation of the quires permission of access from the owner. the current round of revisions to the Miner- Act), claim holders who are not able to dem- The Namibian Chamber of Mines has drawn als Act, not least by freeing substantial ar- onstrate the required activity on a claim will up a model agreement for companies and eas of Namibia still held as mining claims lose their rights, thus releasing the land to landowners to assist in negotiations. An for modern exploration techniques. other prospectors and developers. Ancillary Rights Commission within the These new revisions remove some of the The effectiveness of the Minerals Act Ministry of Mines and Energy has also been more onerous reporting duties on explora- can be seen in the number and types of li- established under the Minerals Act, to pro- tion companies, placing activity within licences and claims registered between 1990 vide arbitration in disputes. cence areas as the main criterion for the re- Mineral Licences tention of a licence. The Act is regarded as The Minerals Act allows for various types of prospecting and mining licences, covering fair and transparent, and has the benefit of both small-scale and formal activity. A brief summary of each is given below. being overseen by Namibia's independent Mining Claims judiciary. Available only to Namibian citizens for the development of small-scale mines and min- The Government of Namibia, through eral deposits, mining claims are valid for three years. Two-year extension periods are the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME), possible providing that the claim is being developed or worked. Up to a maximum of ten is the sole regulatory agency for explora- claims can be held at any one time. tion and mining in the country. All mineral Reconnaissance Licence rights are vested in the State, so that pros- Designed for regional, mainly remotely sensed exploration, a reconnaissance licence is pecting and mining may only be undertaken valid for six months on a non-renewable basis. This licence facilitates the identification under a licence issued by the Mining Com- of exploration targets and is only exclusive in special cases. missioner. Exclusive Prospecting Licence The Government has no legal powers This three-year licence allows systematic prospecting in areas of up to 1,000 km². It gives to acquire an interest in a mining property exclusive exploration rights to the land and may be extended twice for two-year periods or other mineral operation against the if demonstrable progress is shown. Renewals beyond seven years require special approval wishes of the owner, and can only partici- from the Minister. pate at the request of the company con- Mining Licence cerned. Ownership rights held by both do- This gives the holder the exclusive mining right in the licence area for a period of 25 mestic and foreign companies are protected years or the life of the mine, with renewals valid for 15-year periods. The holder is re- against expropriation by the Namibian con- quired to demonstrate the financial and technical ability to develop and operate a mine. A stitution. mining licence also gives the holder the exclusive right to approve the development of Aware of the importance of efficient li- other mines on the same property. cence management, the MME is currently Mineral Deposit Retention Licence updating and streamlining the issuing of li- This allows an exploration company in certain circumstances to retain tenure on a pros- cences to mining and exploration compa- pecting licence, mining licence or mining claim without mining obligations. It is valid for nies. This will be achieved through the im- five years, with two-year renewal periods. The licence holder must, however, meet work plementation of a GIS-based data storage and expenditure obligations and submit regular project reviews. and retrieval system. GEOPHYSICAL COVERAGE

Composite aeromagnetic data set of Namibia. New high-resolution data are available of selected areas, and are planned to cover the whole country THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

The Geological Survey The Geological Survey of Namibia ital terrain model, aeromagnetic data pro- Above left: High-resolution aeromagnetic (GSN) is the country's principal repository vide an effective tool in mineral explora- surveys add new detail to the country's of geological data, possessing mineral tion, as they not only characterise areas of geophysical database records collected over the past 100 years. known mineralisation according to their Above: The new headquarters of the The Survey originated in 1903 when the magnetic susceptibility, but also identify Ministry of Mines and Energy and the German Colonial Office appointed govern- bedrock beneath thick non-magnetic se- Geological Survey in Windhoek ment geologists to search for groundwater quences. distinct signatures of mineralisation and and to start geological mapping. This is of great importance as 50% of their host lithologies. At independence, the Geological Sur- Namibia is covered by young sediments of These surveys are jointly funded by the vey became part of the Ministry of Mines the Kalahari and Namib Deserts. Prospec- Namibian Government and the European and Energy. It is subdivided into three di- tors and geologists are now able to obtain a Union through the SYSMIN mechanism of visions; Regional Geoscience, responsible geological understanding of the rocks un- the Lomé Convention. Data are available for geological mapping and geophysical derlying these vast areas for the first time. at reasonable cost and the income gener- surveys; Applied Geoscience, concerned While the composite aeromagnetic data ated is being recycled in a revolving fund with the exploration and assessment of min- are an excellent regional tool, the GSN has to finance further airborne geophysical sur- eral deposits and the provision of analyti- recognised that a higher definition is needed veys. cal services, as well as engineering and en- for detailed targeting of exploration areas. In addition, the GSN has compiled a na- vironmental geology; and Geotechnology, To fill this need, the organisation has be- tionwide gravity map based on over 2,000 committed to the computation of all ac- gun a programme of high-resolution air- ground stations. All of these data sets add quired data and their dissemination. borne magnetic surveys. Carried out at a line to the understanding of the country's com- Of great importance to the promotion spacing of 200-400 m and at altitudes of plex geology and mineralisation styles, and of mineral exploration is the Geological 80-100 m, and used in conjunction with when used together provide a powerful ex- Survey's NAMDAT computerised data re- radiometric measurements, they provide ploration tool. trieval system. NAMDAT contains detailed information on over 1,500 known major and MINERALS DEVELOPMENT FUND minor mineral occurrences throughout the Namibia has a long history of mineral production, and is currently a major contributor to country, drawn principally from reports world supply of diamonds and uranium. In order to diversify the mining sector in the submitted to the Ministry of Mines and future, the Government is strongly supporting increased exploration. Energy under the terms governing prospect- Until recently, the international exploration community has perceived Namibia to have ing and mining licences. Data compiled only limited prospectivity. Despite recent discoveries such as Navachab, Haib, Skorpion, from reports under current licences are held Khusib Springs and Tschudi, which have shown this perception to be outmoded, the country confidentially until the licences expire or has yet to receive its fair share of exploration investment. are relinquished, after which they are placed Recognising the importance of inward investment to an industry vital to the country’s on open file to assist other prospectors. economy, the Government has further enhanced the package of assistance available to Comprehensive airborne geomagnetic companies engaged in mineral exploration and development by the introduction last year survey data acquired during the period of a Minerals Development Fund. The objective of this fund is to diversify the mining 1962-1992 have recently been co-refer- sector by providing finance, as loans and grants, as well as to support private exploration enced into a single data set in collaboration and development. The fund will also be used to develop national geoscience databases, with the German Federal Institute for Ge- thereby improving deposit modelling. Mineral industry training facilities and programmes ology and Natural Resources (BGR). Used will be expanded to increase the availability of professionally and technically trained in conjunction with a specially created dig- Namibians, capable of holding senior positions within a growing mining sector. NAMIBIA’S GEOLOGY NAMIBIA’S GEOLOGY Geology and Mineral Sector Opportunities

[Figures indicate locations on the geology map] Southern Africa contains a number of highly prospective geological provinces, spanning a geological history that extends over 3,800 million years. The region south of the Kunene and Zambezi Rivers, covering Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa, contains some of the world's most important gold, platinum, diamond and base metal deposits, as well as significant reserves of nuclear and fossil fuels, semi-precious stones and industrial minerals. With a geological history related to the Kunene Complex intruded older granitic Isoclinal folding of turbidite sequences in development of several cratonic blocks and gneisses of the Epupa Metamorphic Com- the southern Kaoko zone of the Damara surrounding mobile belts, and covering a plex, and contains bodies of massive Belt timespan from late Archaean to Cainozoic, titaniferous magnetite. It has been pros- these rocks indicate their potential for VMS Namibia hosts a wide variety of minerali- pected for Fe, Ti, Cr, V and platinum group deposits. The Elim Formation carries nu- sation styles. Nonetheless, developing the elements (PGE). Meanwhile, the 1,900 Ma merous small copper occurrences, and shear country's potential as a major player on the Grootfontein Mafic Complex to the south zones within the lavas have been mined on world mining scene will require the appli- of Grootfontein shows many characteristics a small scale for gold and copper. Iron for- cation of modern exploration models and conducive to the formation of massive or mations at the top of this unit locally con- methods. disseminated Cu-Ni-PGE-sulphide depos- tain lead-zinc mineralisation. The The Geological Survey has undertaken its. volcanosedimentary Rehoboth Sequence a review of Namibia's known mineralisa- Economically more interesting are the outcrops to the south of Windhoek. The tion, and a provisional interpretation of its Mid-Proterozoic rocks of the Khoabendus Gaub Valley Formation of the western Re- mineral potential is shown in the map on Group and the Okapuka Formation of north- hoboth area consists of biotite schists that below. The compilation takes account of the western Namibia, and the Elim Formation are extensively intruded by metamorphosed wide variety of mineralisation styles that of central Namibia. The Khoa-bendus, dolerite dyke swarms. Shear zones in the include Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Okapuka and Elim successions consist of schist are known to carry gold. lead-zinc, volcanogenic massive sulphides thick (basaltic and andesitic to rhyolitic) The Mid-Proterozoic (1,400 to 1,200 (VMS), porphyry copper, sedimentary volcanics and metasediments (quartzite, Ma) Sinclair Sequence, comprising four exhalative (SEDEX) lead-zinc, and skarn chert, phyllite and minor marble) that may cycles of clastic sedimentation and bimo- and shear-related gold. have formed in island arc or active conti- dal volcanism, forms an arcuate chain rim- Northern Namibia is underlain by the nental margin settings. ming the northwestern part of the Kalahari Congo Craton. Igneous and Known mineral occurrences hosted by Craton, and contains numerous vein-type metasedimentary rocks of Late Archaean copper-lead-zinc and gold occurrences. (2,600 Ma) to Lower Proterozoic age out- Mafic intrusions along rifts may host nickel- crop along its southern margin, while copper sulphides and PGE mineralisation. younger Late Proterozoic to Cainozoic Upper Sinclair Sequence equivalents in strata cover it to the north. The Kalahari the Rehoboth-Witvlei area are host to red- Craton, which underlies southeastern Na- bed copper-silver mineralisation. This type mibia, is mainly of Lower Proterozoic age of mineralisation was mined at the defunct (2,200 to 1,800 Ma), although it probably Klein Aub mine [1] (5 Mt, 2 % Cu, 50 ppm contains Archaean remnants along its east- Ag, up to 1ppm Au and minor PGE), while ern margins. The craton is completely cov- some 13 Mt of ore resources have been iden- ered by platform sediments of the Nama tified in playa lake settings in the Witvlei Group (Late Proterozoic to Cambrian), the area. The largest of these occurrences has Karoo Sequence (Carboniferous to Jurassic) resources of 6 Mt containing 1.8 % copper. and the Cainozoic Kalahari Sequence, Simplified tectonic framework of Southern Pre-tectonic metasediments of the which attains thicknesses of up to 240 m. Africa.Namibia is underlain by the Congo c.1200 Ma Namaqua Metamorphic Com- In northern Namibia, the massively lay- and Kalahari Cratons, and by the plex ered 2,100 Ma anorthosite-troctolite mineral-rich Damara fold belt BASE METAL PROSPECTIVITY Grootfontein (the Askevold deposit). Fur- ther potential for VMS deposits may exist towards the east below Kalahari sand cover. Passive continental margins formed on either side of the southern rift, as it developed into a Southern Zone ocean, and along the north-south trending proto-Atlantic ocean. Both volcano-exhalative and SEDEX deposits formed along these evolv- ing continental margins as well as during synsedimentary faulting along the deepen- ing northern rift. They are hosted in metasedimentary rocks of the Swakop Group. The lead-zinc-silver-copper-barite deposits of Rosh Pinah [4] (14 Mt mined to date at 8 % Zn and 2 % Pb, with substantial reserves), Skorpion [5] (some 8.3 Mt at 10.9 % Zn) and Tsongoari [6] (barite layers up to 10 m thick) as well as banded iron for- mations in the vicinity of Wind-hoek (Tsatsagas, 4.5 Mt at 54 % Fe-oxide) are examples for volcano-exhalative occurrences probably associated with the cessa- tion of volcanism. Cupriferous and pyritic volcanogenic massive sulphides occur along the north- in the Aus area contain magnetite nent. A great number of mineral deposits ern margin of the northern rift near the quartzite which may have a similar age and and mineralisation styles are associated with Summas Mountains. The northern rift con- origin to the South African Aggenys, Black each of these stages, while pre-Damara tains up to 16 km of metasediments, and Mountain and Gamsberg magnetite quartz- basement inliers, composed mainly of high- continuous synsedimentary faulting along ite, and associated SEDEX/VMS lead-zinc grade metamorphic rocks, are known to its southern margin, the Omaruru Linea- deposits. There is therefore potential for contain gold and base metal mineralisation. ment, indicates potential for major SEDEX SEDEX/VMS base metal deposits in The Damara Orogen comprises two deposits. terrigenous metasedimentary units of the coastal belts, divided into southern and Known deposits along the Omaruru Namaqua Metamorphic Complex. northern arms, and a northeast-trending Lineament are Namib Lead [7] (lead-zinc- Several porphyry copper-molybdenum intracontinental branch that extends from silver) and Joumbira [8] (lead-zinc-copper). deposits occur in the 1,950 to 1,800 Ma the Atlantic Coast through Namibia into Exhalative tourmalinites are present in granites and granodiorites of the Vioolsdrif Botswana. The southernmost rift of the schists of the northern rift at Ondundu [9] Suite, of which the Haib [2] (650 Mt, 0.37 intracontinental branch, which can be traced and in association with copper northwest % Cu) and Lorelei prospects, just north of from west of Rehoboth to the Witvlei area, of Omaruru. the Orange River, are well-known. Future is filled with terrigenous sediments (Nosib Spreading culminated in the formation exploration in this area should be focused Group) including meta-evaporites with of a mid-oceanic ridge in the Southern Zone on highly metamorphosed porphyry copper- anomalously high sodium and boron of ocean (Matchless Amphibolite Belt) which molybdenum deposits in recognisable possible exhalative origin. hosts several Besshi-type volcanogenic Vioolsdrif intrusives within the Namaqua Horizons containing low-grade copper massive cupriferous pyrite deposits at Metamorphic Complex. have been found within this unit. Anoma- Ongombo [10], Otjihase [11], Matchless In southeastern Namibia, post-tectonic lous gold values are recorded locally, and [12], Gorob and Hope [13], as well as sev- pegmatites with ages of about 900 Ma carry erratic gold mineralisation is present in eral smaller occurrences. Finally subduction tantalum mineralisation with minor beryl- younger quartz veins. occurred, leading to closure of the South- lium and lithium (as at the Tantalite Valley Thick peralkaline pyroclastics were de- ern Zone and proto-Atlantic oceans. mine [3]). posited in the northern rift, which can be More than 200 plutons of granite (96 The Late Proterozoic Damara Sequence traced from Cape Cross to south of %) and minor diorite intruded the pre- and Gariep Complex, and related plutonic Grootfontein. Associated rift margin alka- Damara basement and Damara Sequence rocks, evolved during successive stages of line to peralkaline intrusives and carbonatite during subduction and continental collision. intracontinental rifting, continental rupture, dyke swarms have potential for tin, rare Rare metal pegmatites were em-placed be- spreading, subduction and continental col- earth element (REE) and fluorite minerali- tween 550 and 460 Ma. lision between 1,000 and 460 Ma. They sation, while volcanogenic copper sulphides Lithium-beryllium- and semi-precious form part of the Pan-African orogenic belts occur in lucititic lavas southwest of stone-bearing pegmatites occur mainly in that surround and dissect the African conti- GOLD OPPORTUNITIES

the Karibib-Walvis Bay-Omaruru area, while tin pegmatites are concentrated in three northeast-trending belts (Uis mine [14], about 60 Mt, 0.13 % Sn), 80 to 185 km north of the subduction zone. A belt of post-tectonic tin and tin-tungsten lode deposits occurs still farther north between the defunct Brandberg West mine [15] and the Goantagab prospect [16], while post-tectonic uraniferous granites (Rössing mine [17] and several smaller occurrences) are present between 20 and 60 km to the north of the subduction zone. Scheelite skarns are developed locally in association with granitic intrusions. Various post-tectonic hydrothermal deposits formed in the central part of the Damara Orogen. Lode gold is hosted in basement gneisses, the Nosib Group arkoses and the Swakop Group marbles; in the lat- ter case garnet-pyroxene-biotite-vesuvianite lybdenum at Onganja [19] and gold at Scanning a truck load of uranium ore for skarns developed adjacent to the quartz Ondundu [9]. At the defunct Khan mine grade at Rössing veins (as at the Navachab gold mine [18], [20] post-tectonic, pegmatitic pyroxene- margin of the Damara Orogen. some 10 Mt, 2.2 g/t Au). The geological hornblende-K-feldspar-quartz pods contain The extensive and thick carbonates of setting of this area warrants further explo- up to 6 % copper and may be related to the Otavi Group in the northern part of the ration for Ernest Henry-type copper-gold evaporites in the Nosib Group or to high- Damara Orogen form excellent targets for deposits. temperature, dolomite-rich fluids. karst-related MVT-type lead-zinc minerali- Quartz veins in biotite schists of the Syntectonic, Alpine-type serpentinites oc- sation. Several deposits have already been upper Swakop Group carry copper and mo- cur along the intensely deformed southern

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Waterberg area, at the mouth of the Huab at Auchas [31]. River on the northwestern coast and in the The greatest potential for oil and natu- Ovambo Basin. ral gas appears to be offshore. Four sedi- The Aranos deposit [27] has recoverable mentary basins containing between 4 and 7 reserves of 300 Mt of steam coal. The Huab km of sediment are currently being investi- River deposit is a 10 m-thick layer of an- gated by several international companies. thracite with 4 % volatiles at a depth of 700 Recoverable dry gas (96 % methane) m. All other deposits are very thin and er- was intersected in Lower Cretaceous aeolian ratic, with high ash contents. In the Engo sandstones at a depth of 4.2 km in the Kudu Valley of northwestern Namibia, an wells [32], west of Oranjemund. A three- unconformity uranium deposit of possible dimensional seis-mic survey of the area in- Tertiary age occurs in sandstones that dicates that gas reserves could be as large interfinger with black shales along the edge as 10 trillion cubic feet. of a Karoo glacial valley. A review of the comprehensive regional Late to post-Karoo anorogenic ring geophysical data has provided a better geo- complexes, consisting mainly of alkali gran- logical understanding of the country. In this ite, syenite, foyaite, gabbro, pyroxenite and context, the identification of the bedrock carbonatite, are present in three northeast- geology beneath the non-magnetic Kalahari trending belts. Of these only the Okorusu Sequence has been of particular importance, Complex [28] is currently mined for as it allows extrapolation of geophysical fluorite, but mineralisation is known from characteristics between areas of known min- many other places, including REE, tung- eralisation and new prospective areas. sten, copper, apatite, iron and semi-precious In addition, the data reveal the continu- The De Wet shaft at the now-defunct stones. ation of the Matchless Belt to the east, Tsumeb mine, which was worked for 95 An investigation of mid-Cretaceous years kimberlites in central southern and north- eastern Namibia indicates that they are bar- Adverisements here (Berg Aukas [21], Abenab [22]). This ren or subeconomic, and basement model region is also the type-locality for Tsumeb- ages are only about 2,000 Ma. However, if type polymetallic mineralisation (Tsumeb indicated Archaean model ages for the base- [23], Khusib Springs [24] and Kombat ment north of the Damara Orogen are veri- [25]). In the same area, the Tschudi cop- fied, this whole region would have poten- per-silver prospect [26] (7 Mt, 1.6% Cu) tial for diamondiferous kimberlites. In ad- occurs in arkoses of the upper Damara Se- dition, recent geophysical data give new in- quence and can probably be related to red- dications of the western extent of the Kala- bed type mineralisation. hari Craton, and might therefore enhance During subduction, the Nama foreland the kimberlite diamond potential of north- basin formed to the south of the Damara ern Namibia. Orogen on a major peneplain. The basal The western part of the country is cov- quartzite of the Nama Group is a target for ered by up to 200 m- thick aolian and unconformity uranium in the region east and fluviatile sediments of the Namib Desert. southeast of Aus. In this same area, deep Economically these are the most important intra-Nama erosion of flat-lying limestones host lithologies in Namibia, as they contain suggests palaeokarsting and hence poten- the extensive coastal and offshore alluvial tial for MVT lead-zinc deposits. diamond fields. Anorogenic ring complexes emplaced Diamonds occur along most of the at 500 Ma along the northeast-trending Namibian coast but economic interest cent- Kuboos-Bremen line in southern Namibia res at present upon the area between the consist of alkali granite, syenite, nepheline Orange River and L¨deritz [29]. The dia- syenite and carbonatite. Apart from known monds occur in up to six raised beaches, lead, zinc, molybdenum, silver, fluorite, and on the continental shelf. Some 1.5 Mct apatite and zircon mineralisation, there is were produced in 1996, with about one-third potential for tin and REE. de-rived from marine concessions [30]. Karoo sediments of Carboniferous to Mining of placer deposits modified by Jurassic age that extend over parts of north- deflation processes is taking place at western and southern Namibia are capped Chameis, in the Bogenfels-Pomona area, by extensive basalt flows and are heavily and at Elizabeth Bay. Raised mid-Tertiary intruded by dolerite sills and dykes. Permian fluviatile gravels occur sporadically along coal occurs in the Aranos Basin, in the the banks of the Orange River and are mined DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS Structures in the Damara Belt,one of Namibia's most prospective areas A Key Economic and the western edge of the Kala- hari Craton and its relationship to the Sector surrounding mobile belt, as well as a Mining has played a vital role in the de- number of circular anomalies related to velopment of the Namibian economy. The anorogenic complexes within the traditional large-scale exploitation of base Damara Sequence. High-resolution metals and diamonds has had a profound aeromagnetic surveys currently being effect on the national budget, and acts as a flown and processed will further add to solid base on which to expand and diver- this understanding and boost Namibia's sify the mineral industry. Namibia's oper- prospects for future significant mineral ating mines highlight the wide variety of discoveries. metallogenic provinces within the country and point the way to future discoveries. Broadening Namibia's Resource Base Most operations have resulted from ground The Haib and Skorpion prospects in the south are two of Namibia’s most promising mapping surveys following distinct surface deposits, and serve to highlight the untapped potential of the country’s mineral resources. indications. Some mines date back to early Both deposits are currently subject to detailed feasibility studies with the aim of diversify- exploration at the turn of the century. ing and expanding Namibia’s mineral sector. Haib was previously worked for small quantities of high-grade copper ore at the turn Diamonds of the century. Hosted within rocks of the Namaqua Metamorphic Complex, it is a large- Namibia hosts alluvial deposits of some scale quartz-feldspar porphyry copper deposit containing a full range of minerals associ- of the finest gemstone-quality diamonds in ated with hydrothermal alteration, including low-grade gold and molybdenum. Low-grade the world. Diamond mining dates from the near-surface oxide ores represent an additional resource. accidental discovery of a diamond by a rail- Mineable ore reserves at Haib are 650 Mt grading 0.37% copper. It is currently being way worker at Kolmanskop station near evaluated by the joint venture partnership of Namibian Copper Mines and Great Fitzroy Lüderitz in 1908, which was followed by a Mines NL of Australia, and a bankable feasibility study has recently been completed. diamond rush. By 1913 the Namibian dia- When fully operational, the planned open-pit mine will be one of the largest in southern mond fields accounted for 20% of world Africa. production. Planned production will be 115,000 t/y of copper, 17,000 oz/y of gold and 880 t of In 1920, the various companies holding molybdenum concentrate. A mine life of at least 25 years is envisaged. During this time, numerous claims were amalgamated by De the Haib project will benefit from currently existing infrastructure, such as the main South Beers into Consolidated Diamond Mines Africa-Namibia highway, situated only 500 m from the deposit, and established powerlines (CDM), a company which was to form the guaranteeing adequate electricity supply, as well as the town of Noordoewer, a short ten mainstay of the Namibian diamond indus- minutes’ drive away, as a source of labour. A permanent water supply, essential to mining try for many years. In 1994, CDM entered activities, is provided by the nearby Orange River. into a joint venture with the Namibian Gov- Capital costs for the project are estimated at US$600 million and are expected to be ernment to form Namdeb Diamond Corpo- recovered within the first seven years of operation. Completion of construction and start ration Ltd. of production are scheduled for the beginning of 1999, with production costs of less than While the deposits in the Lüderitz area US$0.50/lb of copper. The much smaller Lorelei porphyry copper deposit nearby is in- soon became depleted, the beach deposits dicative of other promising targets that have been identified in southern Namibia. north of the Orange River mouth were dis- The Skorpion zinc-oxide deposit is located some 20 km north of Rosh Pinah and 80 covered in 1928 and have supported large- km northeast of Oranjemund. Lying approximately 10 m below surface, the deposit is up scale mining since 1935. Starting as early to 100 m thick and appears to be the oxidation product of volcanogenic massive sul- as 1958, exploration of the seabed gained phides. Hosted in the Gariep Complex, the original mineralisation is probably similar to increasing importance in the 1980s, and Rosh Pinah and illustrates the high prospectivity of this area. today approximately one-third of the Skorpion is estimated to have reserves of 8.3 Mt grading 10.9% Zn. A favourable Namibian diamond production is derived waste-to-ore stripping ratio of 1:1.85 has been calculated for open-pit mining, and ex- from offshore deposits. pected production will be at a rate of 85,000 t/month of ore, amounting to some 100,000 Namibia's diamonds originate from dia- t/y of zinc metal. mond-bearing kimberlites in central south- London-based Reunion Mining is currently evaluating the deposit, which was discov- ern Africa, whose erosional products were ered by Anglo-American Corporation (AAC) in the early 1980s. In a four-year agreement transported by the Orange and other west- with Erongo Mining and Exploration, a subsidiary of AAC, Reunion is entitled to earn a ward-flowing rivers to the Atlantic Ocean. 60% interest by spending US$1 million on metallurgical testwork and feasibility studies. This transport process proved to be highly Studies to date have confirmed that the highly oxidised ore is amenable to leaching and selective, and only the highest-quality solvent extraction for electrowinning. stones were able to survive the long jour- A fully bankable feasibility study is due for completion by mid-1998. This involves a ney, thereby accounting for the extraordi- two-year development period with production starting in 2000, at a capital cost of US$155 narily high share of 96% of gemstone-qual- million. ity diamonds in the Namibian deposits. DIAMOND PRODUCTION Putting Prospectivity into Perspective Backed by a variety of geological maps, resented only about 6% of exploration ing sector which undoubtedly has excellent digital geological and remotely sensed data money spent in Africa, which itself ac- diamond and base metal potential. How- and a better understanding of mineralisa- counted for only about 12% of global ex- ever, its considerable opportunities for gold tion controls on its varied deposit types, ploration expenditure. With many compa- and other mineralisation are not currently Namibia offers today’s explorationist ex- nies now focusing their activities on Afri- receiving their due attention. cellent prospectivity. Some US$90 million ca’s untapped potential, Namibia can ex- Over 60 companies are now exploring have been spent on exploration in Namibia pect to receive a greater share of the global in Namibia, and there has been a notice- during the last six years. exploration budget, estimated to be over able increase in international interest. Be- Despite all of this activity, Namibia’s US$4.5 billion, in 1997. fore independence, South African firms enormous mineral potential remains, in in- Recent statistics indicate that around 375 dominated the scene, but since 1990 an international terms, underexplored. Nonethe- exclusive prospecting licences are currently creasing number of international companies less, the increase in exploration expendi- valid. Of these, some 32% are for base met- have recognised the country's potential. ture recorded since 1994 indicates that this als, 26% for precious metals and 34% for Several major international companies, situation is changing as companies recog- diamonds (of these 80% are for offshore including MIM and BHP, as well as South nise the excellent prospects and favourable exploration), with the remainder for rare African firms whose interests are now in- conditions that Namibia offers. metals, semi-precious stones, industrial ternational (such as Avmin), now hold ex- Expenditure more than doubled from minerals and dimension stone. ploration licences. Junior companies such 1994 to 1995 and grew by a further 24% in Compared to global averages of 60% for as Caledonia, Great Fitzroy Mines and Ka- the following year to about N$118 million precious metals, 30% for base metals, and lahari Gold and Copper are also actively (about US$26 million). Further increases 10% for others, including diamonds, involved in exploration, adding their efforts are expected as more ground becomes Namibian exploration is strongly biased to those of established Namibian compa- available with the freeing of mining claims towards diamonds and, to a lesser extent, nies like Gold Fields Namibia, Erongo Min- as a direct result of the new legislation. towards base metals. This is a reflection of ing and Exploration, Tsumeb Corp., Nevertheless, expenditure in 1996 rep- the historical perception of Namibia’s min- Namdeb and Namco.

Some diamonds were concentrated in the terraces of the proto-Orange, while others were transported together with gravel into the submarine delta of the Orange River, forming an intermediate depository. These sediments were re-worked during several Cainozoic marine transgressions and regres- sions before finally being preserved in raised diamondiferous beaches. Additional reworking of the exposed beaches by wind action led to the formation of aeolian placer and deflation deposits. Diamonds have been found all along the Namibian coast, but the strip between Oranjemund and Lüderitz remains the main production area. Mining of the beach deposits involves exposure of the diamondiferous gravel by overburden stripping using earth-moving machines, which include two large bucket- wheel excavators. The overburden sand is used to construct protective sea-walls, shift- ing the beach high-water mark up to 200 m Above: Sea-walls give access seawards and exposing gravels up to 20 m to offshore diamond-bearing below sea level. The ore is excavated by gravels hydraulic excavators, and industrial vacuum

machines are used for the final “clean-up” Left: Amongst its equipment process. After treatment in the crushing fleet, CDM uses two bucket- plant, a concentrate is sent to the central re- wheel excavators for covery plant and sorthouse. overburden removal A deflation deposit is mined at Elizabeth Bay, south of Lüderitz. Mining is carried METAL MINING

at Auchas. The concentrates of both mines are forwarded to a central recovery plant for final treatment. While near-shore shallow mining operations are under way, pioneering work is currently being carried out to recover diamonds from the seabed offshore Namibia. The offshore placer deposit is now known to extend into water depths that have hith- erto prohibited mining operations. Nevertheless, companies active in Namibian waters, spearheaded by De Beers Marine, have adopted a fresh approach, and today a fleet of purpose-built mining ves- sels recovers diamonds from the seabed in water depths of up to 200 m. These figures, both for the proportion of marine production and for water depths, are set to increase in the future. Namibian Mineral Production, 1996 Gem-quality stones make up the great

Ctommodity Uyni Quantit majority of Namibia’s diamond output Ct6opper (blister 99%) 18,30 lead, 150 g/t silver and up to 2% zinc. An- Lt6ead (refined) 24,41 timony, arsenic, cadmium and germanium Zt3inc (concentrate) 35,87 were recovered as by-products. Ct9admium The Rosh Pinah mine, located in the Ggold (dore and in blister) k72,17 south of the country, some 20 km north of Sgilver (in blister) k34 the Orange River, is a major lead and zinc Pt6yrite (concentrate) 83,10 producer operated by Imcor Tin. The ore Dtiamonds c71,486,45 grades 7% zinc and 2% lead, and some Utranium (U3O8) s83,18 70,000 t of zinc concentrate and approxi- St0alt 378,86 mately 28,000 t of lead concentrate are pro- Ft5luorspar ( acid grade) 32,28 duced annually. The lead concentrate is toll- Mt7anganese ore 92,64

At5rsenic trioxide (refined) 1,50 This Supplement has been prepared by Min-

Ltithium ores 1,981 ing Journal Research Services

WG Prast PhD, CEng out with mechanical excavators. way to prove additional ore reserves. Michael Forrest BSc Diamondiferous gravels of the proto-Or- The Tsumeb-type Khusib Springs mine Michael Jones BSc, MBA ange River are recovered and treated between Tsumeb and Grootfontein was Simon Walker, MCSM, CEng (Consultant) opened by the company during 1996, while Base Metals drilling at the nearby Tschudi prospect has Published by: Base metal mining has a long tradition reached an advanced stage and feasibility THE MINING JOURNAL LTD in Namibia and started on a large scale when studies are under way. Besshi-type 60 Worship Street, London EC2A 2HD copper was first mined at the Matchless cupriferous pyrite bodies are mined by TCL Tel: (+44 171) 216 6060 mine, west of Windhoek, in 1855. To this at Otjihase, 20 km northeast of Windhoek. Fax: (+44 171) 216 6050 day, copper remains an important commod- Current ore production is in the order of ity, followed by lead, zinc and manganese. 500,000 t/y grading 2% copper, 16 g/t sil- Subscription Dept: In addition, there are known deposits of ver, 0.35 g/t gold and 16% sulphur as py- PO Box 10, Edenbridge, Kent TN8 5NE, iron, tin, tantalite, tungsten and vanadium, rite. Pyrite is shipped to Rössing Uranium UK some of which have been mined in the past. for acid production. Tel: (+44 1732) 864333 Gold Fields Namibia, through its sub- Namibia's famous Tsumeb mine was Fax: (+44 1732) 865747 sidiary Tsumeb Corporation (TCL), owns also operated by TCL and, until its closure E-mail: [email protected] and operates several base metal mines and in 1996, was the major source of feed for http://www.mining-journal.com/mj/ the smelter at Tsumeb. The Kombat mine, the Tsumeb smelter. The polymetallic de- Mining Journal is available only as part of some 51 km from Tsumeb, produces around posit, world-renowned for its variety of sec- a subscription with Mining Magazine and 400,000 t/y grading 3.13% copper, 0.93% ondary minerals, opened in 1901 and in the the Annual Review. lead and 22 g/t silver. A major surface and 95 years of its lifetime produced over 29 underground drilling programme is under Mt of ore, grading about 5% copper, 15% © Mining Journal 1997 ESSENTIAL CONTACTS

smelted at Tsumeb by TCL, while the 2022. Mining is carried out at a rate of zinc concentrate is processed in South Af- 43,000 t/d with an average grade of 0.035% rica. uranium. Manganese is produced at a rate of around 90,000 t/y from the Otjosondumine, Gold operated by Purity Manganese. The com- Namibia has a history of gold produc- mission of a ferro-manganese plant to proc- tion and numerous gold deposits occur ess ore from this mine is planned for the throughout the country. Nevertheless, to- near future. day's gold production amounts to only some 2,000 kg/y, originating from the Navachab Uranium gold mine near Karibib. Namibia is one of the world's principal The Navachab gold mine is a joint ven- Cutting dimension stone at the Karibib uranium producers, and output of uranium ture operation between Erongo Mining and processing plant. Namibia exports blocks from the Rössing mine currently accounts Exploration, Inmet Corporation of Canada of granite, marble, dolerite and sodalite for an estimated US$115 million of Na- and Randgold and Exploration. The mine duction currently amounts to some 32,000 mibia's export earnings. Rössing is one of has sufficient identified reserves for produc- t, and the Government has recently ap- the world's largest open-pit uranium mines. tion until 2004 and exploration drilling to proved a US$1.4 million loan for develop- Operated by Rössing Uranium Ltd, a sub- identify additional reserves beneath the ment to improve the waste stripping ratio sidiary of Rio Tinto, it is located some 65 open-pit floor is ongoing. and thereby production. km inland from the coastal town of Namibia's dimension stone production Swakopmund. Other Minerals comprises marble, granite, dolerite and Irregular uranium mineralisation is Namibian industrial min-eral production sodalite. Sodalite is recovered in the far hosted by alaskitic granites and requires comprises a range of commodities includ- north of the country at Swaartbooisdrif, selective mining. The mine production is ing fluorite, lithium minerals, salt, while the other materials are mainly derived assessed by a unique scanning system that wollastonite, carbonate fillers and dimen- from the central parts of Namibia. A cut- monitors the ore grade in loaded mine trucks sion stone. Namibia is one of Africa's larg- ting and polishing plant has been established with sufficient accuracy to establish cut-off est salt producers, with two solar evapora- at Karibib. grades. tion pan complexes at Walvis Bay and Semi-precious stone production takes The mine is currently undergoing a Swakopmund. An acid-grade fluorite con- place mainly on a small scale. The portfo- major capital investment programme. Re- centrate is produced at the Okorusu mine, lio includes tourmaline, aquamarine, serves at Rössing are substantial and long- located to the northeast of Otjiwarongo and heliodore, morganite, mandarine garnet, term plans are in place for production until recently acquired by Solvay. Annual pro- topaz, rose quartz and blue lace agate. Contact names and addresses Namibia has one of the oldest mining Directorate Mining NAMCOR industries in Africa, yet its mineral poten- Director Managing Director tial remains to be fully developed with mod- Ms Inge Zaamwani Mr Joe Mazeingo ern exploration techniques. Namibia's min- Private Bag 13297 Private Bag 13196 ing industry has played a vital role in the Windhoek Windhoek development of the country. Many incen- Tel: +264 61 284 8321 Tel: +264 61 221 699 tives have recently been put in place to make Fax: +264 61 238 643 Fax: +264 61 221 785 Namibia one of the most attractive regions in Africa to carry out exploration and to Directorate Mining Chamber of Mines of Namibia develop new mines by a Government keen Mining Commissioner General Manager to diversify further the mining sector and Mr G McGregor Mr John Rogers to attract new investment. Private Bag 13297 PO Box 2895 For further information on investing in Windhoek Windhoek Namibia's mining sector, please contact the Tel: +264 61 284 8111 Tel: +264 61 237 925 following institutions. Fax: +264 61 238 632 Fax: +264 61 222 638

Ministry of Mines and Energy Geological Survey of Namibia Namibia Investment Centre Permanent Secretary Director Executive Director Mr Siseho Simasiku Dr G I C Schneider Private Bag 13340 Private Bag 13297 PO Box 2168 Windhoek Windhoek 1 Aviation Road Tel: +264 61 283 7335 Tel: +264 61 284 8111 Windhoek Fax: +264 61 220 278 Fax: +264 61 238 632 Tel: +264 61 208 5111 Fax: +264 61 249 144