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The Sperrgebiet Land Use Plan

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The Sperrgebiet Land Use Plan THE SPERRGEBIET LAND USE PLAN Contents Acknowledgements................................................................................... 6 Foreword................................................................................................... 7 Summary................................................................................................... 8 Introduction to the Land Use Plan........................................................... 13 Historical Background ............................................................................. 21 The Sperrgebiet Environment ................................................................. 32 The Vision ............................................................................................... 64 Land Use Options for the Sperrgebiet..................................................... 80 Guidelines for Future Land Use Options ................................................. 99 1. Prospecting .................................................................................... 101 2. Mining ........................................................................................... 107 3. Tourism .......................................................................................... 112 4. Conservation and Research ........................................................... 121 5. Irrigation Agriculture ....................................................................... 124 6. Mariculture and Aquaculture........................................................... 128 7. Power Generation and Transmission ............................................. 132 8. Education and Training .................................................................. 144 The Sperrgebiet Land Use Plan Page 1 Preliminary Economic Analysis of Land Use Options ............................146 Administrative Framework .....................................................................161 References ............................................................................................167 Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations....................................................173 M aps and Figures Figure 1: Process for planning the sustainable development of the Sperrgebiet ............. 17 Map 1: The Sperrgebiet............................................................................................... 19 Map 2: Archaeology and Palaeontology and History ................................................... 22 Map 3: Climate ............................................................................................................ 34 Map 4: Geology........................................................................................................... 38 Map 5: Groundwater Potential ..................................................................................... 50 Map 6: Botanical Sensitivity......................................................................................... 52 Map 7: Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians................................................................ 56 Map 8: Invertebrates.................................................................................................... 58 Map 9: Birds ................................................................................................................ 60 Map 10: Zoning Map of the Sperrgebiet ........................................................................ 67 Map 11: Regional Protected Area Network.................................................................... 71 Map 12: Current Prospecting Interest (2000)............................................................... 100 Map 13: Mining............................................................................................................ 106 Map 14: Tourism 2000................................................................................................. 112 Map 15: Tourism 2020................................................................................................. 114 Map 16: Scientific Research........................................................................................ 120 Map 17: Agricultural Potential...................................................................................... 123 Map 18: Infrastructure and Development..................................................................... 132 The Sperrgebiet Land Use Plan Page 2 List of Plates Plate 1: Windswept valley between Bogenfels and Pomona Plate 2: Africa Rock, Aurusberg Plate 3: Grassy plains near Rooiberg supporting several hundred gemsbok and springbok (May, 2000) Plate 4: Distant view of the Roter Kamm crater from Aurusberg Plate 5: Massive quartzites outcropping along the dry Kaukausib valley Plate 6: Sedimentary rocks at Tsaus. Note gravel plain in foreground Plate 7: Volcanic rocks of the Klinghardtberge Plate 8: Complex geology of the Gomtsawibberge Plate 9: Hypersaline habitats in and around Pink Pan, near Oranjemund Plate 10: Featureless sand sheets north-east of Oranjemund Plate 11: Towering red dunes near Tsaus Plate 12: The Namib sand sea north of Lüderitz. Note star dunes and linear dunes Plate 13: Highly mobile barchan dunes moving through the Klinghardtberge Plate 14: Orange River Plate 15: Bogenfels Arch Plate 16: The Ramsar Site at the Orange River mouth Plate 17: Dried up mud and some standing water at Anib Pan. Note old infrastructure of Borehole 3 Plate 18: Kaukausib Fountain. Note debris left lying around. This fountain is extensively used by gemsbok Plate 19: Typical hummock vegetation near Oranjemund Plate 20: Denser and more varied vegetation in the Aurusberg. Note Aloe ramosissima in foreground Plate 21: Aloe erinaceae Plate 22: The wild horses of Garub Plate 23: Camel thorn (Acacia erioloba) near Borehole 5. Note well-defined grazing line Plate 24: Early flowers (May) near Rosh Pinah Plate 25: View across the Orange River towards the Richtersveld Plate 26: The Huib-Hoch Plateau lies in the Boundary Zone to the east of the Sperrgebiet Plate 27: Waterfalls, cliffs and a high diversity of plants characterise the Huib-Hoch Plateau Plate 28: The dunes rise over 300 m over the Koichab in the Namib-Naukluft Park. Note the large Camel thorn (Acacia erioloba) Plate 29: Dikwillem Plate 30: Old waterfalls have eroded pools into the massive granites of Kirchberg in the Namib-Naukluft Park Plate 31: Herds of gemsbok on the grassy plains near Giams Plate 32: Spectacular scenery in the north-eastern Sperrgebiet The Sperrgebiet Land Use Plan Page 3 Plate 33: Old buildings at Bogenfels Mine Plate 34: Sand-filled doorway at Bogenfels Mine Plate 35: Old narrow-guage railway to Pomona and Bogenfels Mines Plate 36: Parallel tracks Plate 37: 66 kV power line from Lüderitz to Rosh Pinah near Agub Plate 38: Old sign demarcating the limit of the emergency grazing area Photographs: B. Walmsley The Sperrgebiet Land Use Plan Page 4 List of Appendices Table of Contents A. TERMS OF REFERENCE B. METHODOLOGY B.1 Public Participation Programme B.2 Technical Workshop B.3 Literature Review and Data Sources B.4 Field Trips B.5 GIS and Mapping B.6 Resource Economics Study C. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME C.1 Background Information Document C.2 List of I&APs C.3 List of Key Concerns/Issues C.4 List of Proposed Land Uses C.5 Attendance at Public Meetings C.6 Public Meeting Presentation C.7 Agenda and Minutes of the Meeting with Namdeb D. DETAILED CALCULATIONS FOR THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS List of Tables B.1 Number of participants attending the public meetings B.2 List of people invited to the Technical Workshop on the Sperrgebiet Land Use Plan and their attendance The Sperrgebiet Land Use Plan Page 5 Acknow ledgements Numerous people have contributed substantially to this Land Use Plan for the Sperrgebiet. They are listed alphabetically below. The Steering Committee members (SC) are especially acknowledged for their vision, assistance and support. Ms B Allison, Ms A Ashby, Dr P Barnard, Mr J Barnes, Mr P Benetto, Dr HH Berry (SC), Mr S Brown (SC), Dr AA Burke, Mr R Carr, Mr A Cloete, Mr T Cooper, Mr R Davies, Mr H Denke, Mr J-J Dohogne (SC secretary), Mrs M Els, Miss K Fairley, Mr D Gerber, Mr N Green, Mr M Griffin (SC), Ms S Harper, Mr P Heyns, Mr L Hugo, Mr S Kapiye (SC), Mr M Karongee, Mr H Kolberg, Mr J Komen, Mr P Lane, Mr J Langford, Mr A Lenssen, Ms M Louw, Mr J MacGregor, Dr A Macuvele (SC), Ms C Mannheimer, Mr E Marais, Mr G McGregor (SC), Dr D Noli, Dr M O’Toole (SC), Dr B Oelofsen (SC), Miss C Parkins, Dr M Pickford, Dr J Raimondo, Mr KS Roberts, Mr W Schalken, Dr G Schneider (SC), Mr M Shumba (SC), Dr R Simmons, Mrs A Soekoe, Ms AC Stern, Mr G Stubenrauch, Dr P Tarr (SC chair), Dr J Ward, Mr S Wilson (SC), Ms I Zaamwane (SC). We would also like to thank the public and specialists who contributed to our public meetings and workshops in Windhoek, Oranjemund and Lüderitz. Finally this project could not have materialised without the financial support of DANCED. The Sperrgebiet Land Use Plan Page 6 Forew ord The Sperrgebiet Land Use Plan Page 7 Summary Background to the Sperrgebiet The Sperrgebiet, or ‘Forbidden Territory,’ covers some 26 000 km² in south-western Namibia. Following the discovery of Namibia’s first diamond near Kolmanskop in 1908, sole prospecting and mining rights were granted over an area stretching from the Orange River in the south to just north of Lüderitz, and extending 100 km inland from the coast. Although diamond mining was confined to the narrow diamondiferous strips along the coastline and Orange River, general
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