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The Visual Archive of Colonialism: Germany and Namibia
Photo-essay The Visual Archive of Colonialism: Germany and Namibia George Steinmetz and Julia Hell Colonial memories and images occupy a paradoxi- cal place in Germany. This is due in part to the peculiarities of German colo- nial history, but it also reflects another aspect of German exceptionalism — the legacy of Nazism and the Holocaust. In recent years German colonialism in Southwest Africa (Namibia) has been widely discussed, especially with respect to the attempted extermination of the Ovaherero people in 1904. For reasons explored in this article, these discussions of Germany’s involvement in Southwest Africa have created new and unexpected discursive connections that are reshap- ing colonial memories in both Germany and Namibia. One possible outcome could be a belated decolonization of the landscape of colonial memory in both countries. Postwar Germany was long preoccupied with its National Socialist prehistory; the German colonial past has only started to come into focus more recently.1 The years 2004 – 5 saw numerous commemorative events around the centenary of the 1904 German genocide of the Namibian Ovaherero people and the completion of the controversial Berlin Holocaust Memorial. On one level this is mere coinci- dence. At the same time, there is an increasing entanglement of these two central political topics. But little research has been done on the visual archive of German colonialism, in contrast to the extensive studies made of the public circulation of Thanks to Johannes von Moltke for helping us with the research into the November 2004 von Trotha – Maherero meeting. 1. For a discussion of the ways in which the formerly divided country’s Nazi past was thematized anew after 1989, see Julia Hell and Johannes von Moltke, “Unification Effects: Imaginary Land- scapes of the Berlin Republic,” in “The Cultural Logics of the Berlin Republic,” ed. -
Botswana-Namibia-2-Book 1.Indb
© Lonely Planet 413 Index amoebic dysentery 392 Bathoen 55 ABBREVIATIONS animals, see also Big Five, wildlife, bats 142 B Botswana individual animals Batswana people (B) 62 N Namibia Botswana 72 Battle of Moordkoppie (N) 251 Zam Zambia endangered species 74-5, 96, 227, Battle of Waterberg (N) 206 Zim Zimbabwe 297, 321 Bayei people (B) 63 Namibia 225, 321 beaches (N) 316 safety 50 Bechuanaland Democratic Party !nara melons 335 anteaters 74 (BDP) 57 /AE//Gams Arts Festival (N) 221, antelopes 115, 116, 193 Bechuanaland People’s Party (BPP) 239, 370 architecture 57 books 313 beer A Botswana 66-7 Botswana 71 aardvarks 74 Namibia 220-1, 350, 6 Namibia 223, 316 aardwolves 225 area codes, see inside front cover Bethanie (N) 345-6 abseiling 183 Arnhem Cave (N) 342-3 bicycle travel, see cycling accommodation, see also individual art galleries Big Five 50, 72, 97, 132 locations Botswana 151 Big Tree (Zim) 195 Botswana 158-9 National Art Gallery (N) 238 bilharzia (schistosomiasis) 391 Namibia 363-5 arts, see also individual arts Bird Island (N) 327 INDEX activities, see also individual activities Botswana 66-70 Bird Paradise (N) 328 Botswana 158-60 Namibia 218-22 birds 44-7 Namibia 365-6 ATMs Botswana 74 Victoria Falls 183-5 Contemporary San Art Gallery & Namibia 226 Africa fish eagles 45, 44 Craft Shop 165 bird-watching African wild dogs 116, 117, 132, Namibia 372 Botswana 103, 115, 132, 134, 136, 152 Attenborough, David 316 136 Agate Bay (N) 351 Aus (N) 347 Namibia 152, 267-8 Agricultural Museum (N) 346 Aus-Lüderitz Rd (N) 347-8 Zambia 183 Aha Hills -
National Archives of Namibia Findaid 1/1/207 National Monuments
Findaid 1/1/207 National Archives of Namibia Findaid 1/1/207 National Monuments Council RNG 1949-1988 (Raad vir Nasionale Gedenkwaardighede) Compiled by Werner Hillebrecht, October 2008 Amended January 2010 1/1/207 - RNG National Archives of Namibia Findaid 1/1/207 For archival group RNG 1st edition, October 2008 Minor amendments, January 2010 © National Archives of Namibia, 2008 Republic of Namibia Ministry of Education National Archives of Namibia P/Bag 13250 Windhoek Namibia [email protected] 2 1/1/207 - RNG Introduction The National Monuments Council has been operating under the South African “National Monuments Act”, Act 28 of 1969, as a subsidiary body under the National Monuments Council of South Africa. In 1978, its administration was transferred to the local SWA Administration by Proclamation AG 1/1978. Its legal basis before 1969 and the details of its administrative functioning remain to be researched, and could not be considered for this findaid. Owing to the pressing need to have a findaid available, it is being released without the relevant administrative detail information. A predecessor of the National Monuments Council was the Historical Monuments Commission. Some records of the Historical Monuments Commission are available in private accessions at the National Archives: • A.23 - C.J.C. Lemmer • A.125 - Historical Monuments Commission • A.240 - F. Gaerdes • A.769 - Lemmer Collection (Findaid 2/101) Additional material concerning the work of the National Monuments Council can be found in the following private accessions: • A.664 - P.Petzold’s work in the National Monuments Council • A.723 - National Monuments (Colour slides by Andreas Vogt) With the passing of the Heritage Act (Act no.27 of 2004), the National Monuments Council was superseded by the National Heritage Council. -
'More Than Just an Object'
Thesis Research Master Modern History (1500-2000) Utrecht University ‘More than just an object’: a material analysis of the return and retention of Namibian skulls from Germany Leonor Jonker Student number: 3006522 [email protected] 21 August 2015 Supervisor: Dr. Remco Raben Second reader: Prof. dr. Jan-Bart Gewald Advisor: Dr. Willemijn Ruberg Contents Prologue……………………………………………………………………………………….3 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...4 A material perspective………………………………………………………………….5 Returning human remains……………………………………………………………...6 Ethical considerations………………………………………………………………….9 From Windhoek to Auschwitz?……………………………………………………….11 2. Theoretical framework and methodological approach: Analyzing practices surrounding the skulls from a material perspective………………………………………14 Physical anthropology in metropole and colony……………………………………...14 The material turn and the racialized body…………………………………………….20 Methodology: contact points of practices…………………………………………….23 3. ‘The Herero are no longer German subjects’: Racial relations and genocide in German South-West Africa (1884-1914)…………………………………………………...27 ‘Protection treaties’…………………………………………………………………...28 The 1896 ‘Völkerschau’……………………………………………………………....31 Zürn’s skulls…………………………………………………………………………..33 War fever……………………………………………………………………………...35 4. ‘Kijk die kopbeenen wat hulle begraven’: The practice of collecting skulls in German South-West Africa (1904-1910)……………………………………………………………..41 ‘Eine Kiste mit Hereroschädeln’……………………………………………………...41 Behind the scene: German scientists -
Namibia by Private Train
SPECIAL OFFER PRICES FROM JUST £3995 PER PERSON NAMIBIA BY PRIVate TRAIN An escorted tour from Walvis Bay to Pretoria including nine nights aboard the Shongololo Express 23rd May to 6th June 2017 Pelican Point, Walvis Bay Elephant Sossusvlei The ‘Big Hole’, Kimberley oin us for a spectacular journey aboard the Etosha National Park J Shongololo Express Private Train as we explore Otjiwarongo the amazing landscapes and rugged grandeur of Namibia, a country of compelling beauty, abundant Swakopmund Windhoek sunshine and seemingly endless space. Travelling from Walvis Bay Walvis Bay, our train continues through the desert BOTSWANA NAMIBIA and mountainous landscapes of Namibia stopping Sossusvlei along the way to appreciate the remarkable scenery Pretoria Johannesburg and view some stunning and diverse wildlife before Luderitz Keetmanshoop it winds its way to Pretoria in South Africa. The Kolmanskop SOUTH AFRICA Fish River Upington beauty and the colours of Africa truly need to be Canyon seen to be believed and are brought right to the Kimberley compartment doors of our comfortable rolling hotel, while enjoying the excellent service for which Rovos THE ITINERARY Rail is renowned. Spend nights in the Namib Desert Day 1 London to Walvis Bay, Namibia. Day 4 Etosha National Park. This and at Etosha National Park in stylish lodges as well Fly by scheduled indirect flight. morning we transfer to Gondwana as enjoying adventurous game drives. Etosha Safari Lodge in Etosha Day 2 Walvis Bay to Swakopmund. National Park. The park offers Arrive in Walvis Bay in the early excellent game viewing in one of Highlights of our journey are numerous and include Fish afternoon and transfer to our hotel, Africa’s most accessible venues. -
Jana Moser Saxon Academy of Sciences, Dresden, Jana.Moser@T -Online.De
International Symposium on “Old Worlds-New Worlds”: The History of Colonial Cartography 1750-1950 Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 21 to 23 August 2006 Working Group on the History of Colonial Cartography in the 19th and 20 th centuries International Cartographic Association (ICA-ACI) Mapping the Namib Desert II: Sperrgebietskarte 1913 Jana Moser Saxon Academy of Sciences, Dresden, jana.moser@t -online.de In 1908 some kilometre outside of Lüderitz, the southern harbour of the German colony South West Africa, diamonds were found. After a first rush, large parts of the southern Namib (north and south of Lüderitz) were cancelled for private explorations by the colonial government. In 1911 all rights were transferred to the “Deutsche- Diamanten-Gesellschaft”. In addition to the controlled exploitation of the diamond fields the company had also to explore the region, to carry out geological and topographical surveys and to publish a map of the so called Sperrgebiet. The company did fulfil that obligation by publishing the map series “Karte des Sperrgebietes” in 1913. The 10 sheets with the scale of 1:100 000 show the area between Hottentot’s Bay in the north and the Orange River in the south. The production in Berlin was made by a huge amount of different material. Reminder of the Bergrechtskarte The presentation “Mapping the Namib Desert: the Bergrechtskarte” at the ICA- Conference 2005 in A Coruña (Spain) dealt with a map series of the central parts of the Namib Desert (South West Africa, today Namibia). This series was produced by the largest colonial company during the German colonial power over the country between 1884 and 1915: the “Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft für Südwestafrika”. -
Aspects of Urban Change in Windhoek, Namibia, Aspects
ASPECTS OF URBAN CHANGE IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIA, ASPECTS OF URBAN CHANGE IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIA, DURING THE TRANSITION TO INDEPENDENCE. DAVID SIMON Linacre College, Oxford. Thesis submitted to the University of Oxford for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. January 1983. ASPECTS OF URBAN CHANGE IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIA, DURING THE TRANSITION TO INDEPENDENCE. DAVID SIMON Linacre College, Oxford. Thesis submitted to the University of Oxford for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Hilary Term 1983. ABSTRACT This study focuses on contemporary urban change in the capital city of Namibia during the decolonization period. While primarily geographical, analysis is broadly based within the social sciences, employing techniques ranging from archival search and newspaper content analysis to participant observation, sample surveys, and computer analysis. The central aims are to determine, analyze and evaluate changes contingent on the political developments implied by decolonization. These are approached through the existing literature on Third World and colonial urbanization, urban form and post-colonial development. By virtue of size, structure and functions, the colonial capital city is an appropriate subject for analysis of politico-economic, social and spatial changes, since many of the characteristic structural tensions manifest themselves most clearly here. The transition period is distinguished as having commenced with the installation of an Administrator-General in Windhoek in September 1977. Original methodologies are derived for identifying appropriate research foci, which are then pursued in turn. Major topics covered include the position of Windhoek as local authority within the reorganized government structure; mobility after desegregation of residential areas; the housing situation, including attempts to adapt policy to new circumstances and remove apartheid symbols like the contract workers' hostel; the urban economy - including trade patterns, employment conditions, unemployment and the 'informal' sector; and access to education, health and public amenities. -
Namibian Kids Still Waiting in the Wings
*. TODAY: COPS 'AND RO'BBERS CHASE ACROSS, BORDER 'If LENDL'BOWS'OUT OF"WIMBLEDON '· Bringing Africa South Vol.2 No.357 50c (GST Inc.) Tuesday July 2 D-DAY FOR ANC. KEY CONGRESS KICKS OFF TODAY, see page 7 New land finishes fourth in top field laws on ACE. Namibian athlete AlthQugh Frankie finished Namibia's Olympic gQld Frankie Fredericks lmt nlgbt fQurth he turned in a credit medal hQpe crQssed the fin Qutsprinted fQrmer wQrld able perfQrmance in what was ishIng line in 10,24 sec Qnds, champiQn Ben JQhnsQn in a generally a slQW race - nQne hQt Qn the heels Qf Olympic star-studded internatiQnal Qf the tQP class field Qf eight gQld medallist Carl Lewls, lOOm event at Ulle in France. brQke the 10 secQnd barrier. who. recQrded 10,20s to. fin ish secQnd. the way First t o. breast the tape was Dennis Mitchell Qf the USA in 10,09s. Third place went to. Nigeria's Olapade Adeniken (10,22). JQhnsQn Historic summit reaches consensus came home in seventh place. While most eyes wer e on KEY decisions reached at the end of yesterday's his the f"lr st head-tQ-head CQm TOM MINNEY petitiQn between Lewis and toric conference on land included rights for farmwork ers and recommended minimum working and living JQhnsQn since the 1988 Seoul put to the Cabinet and to be Olympics, Namibians were conditions for them and their families. discussed in the National As- . waiting with baited br eath In addition, foreigners are chief co-ordinator Moses Ga- .' sembl y where they will be part t o. -
Namibia in Luxury – the Enchanting Lilac Breasted Roller
Namibia in Luxury – The enchanting Lilac Breasted Roller Namibia has many highlights to offer – these you can also enjoy without abstaining from any luxury. Let’s inspire you… Day 1: Airport – Windhoek After your arrival, your tour will start with the drive to Windhoek. Windhoek is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia. It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area, at around 1 700 metres above sea level. The population of Windhoek in 2011 was 322 500 and grows continually due to an influx from all over Namibia. The town developed at the site of a permanent spring known to the indigenous pastoral communities. It developed rapidly after Jonker Afrikaner, Captain of the Orlam, settled here in 1840 and built a stone church for his community. However, in the decades thereafter multiple wars and hostilities led to the neglect and destruction of the new settlement such that Windhoek was founded a second time in 1890 by Imperial German army Major Curt von François. Windhoek is the social, economic, and cultural centre of the country. Nearly every Namibian national enterprise, governmental body, educational and cultural institution is headquartered here. Notable landmarks are: Parliament Gardens, Christ Church (lutheran church opened in 1910, built in the gothic revival style with Art Nouveau elements.), Tintenpalast (Ink Palace -within Parliament Gardens, the seat of both chambers of the Parliament of Namibia. Built between 1912 and 1913 and situated just north of Robert Mugabe Avenue), Alte Feste (built in 1890 and houses the National Museum), Reiterdenkmal (Equestrian Monument - a statue celebrating the victory of the German Empire over the Herero and Nama in the Herero and Namaqua War of 1904–1907), Supreme Court of Namibia Built between 1994 and 1996 it is Windhoek's only building erected post-independence in an African style of architecture. -
SOUTHBOUND 15 NIGHTS / 16 DAYS Namibia Is a Country of Compelling Beauty, Abundant Sunshine and Unconfined Space
Shongololo Express operates three 16-day Adventures, each traversing great stretches of southern Africa to let you experience the wonderful topographic, social, historic, floral and wildlife diversity of these distinctive areas - south and west coast - the central and southern regions - and the northern and north-eastern areas of this richly endowed sub-continent. AVENTURES THE DUNE ADVENTURE SOUTHBOUND 15 NIGHTS / 16 DAYS Namibia is a country of compelling beauty, abundant sunshine and unconfined space. The wide horizons, the clear unpolluted skies and a population density, which is among the lowest in the world, generate a sense of freedom. This feeling of tranquillity and stillness compliments a landscape, which is singular in its colours, full of contrasts of light and shade. Cape Town is considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Its character reflects the cultural melting pot of Indonesian, French, Dutch, British and German settlers, the local Khoisan tribes and the Bantu tribes from the north. The Dune Adventure offers a unique combination of the magnificent landscape of Namibia and the splendours of the Cape. 2007 TOUR DATES 17 Apr 07 – 02 May 07 09 Oct 07 – 24 Oct 07 S Nature & Wildlife Highlights & Leisure Culture & People Specialised Activities PLUS PACKAGE : Free choice of available Land Excursions LIGHT PACKAGE : Choice of 5 Land Excursions Always Optional PRE-DAY - WINDHOEK You will be met upon arrival at Windhoek International Airport and transferred to the train. Having a pre-day means that one is able to acclimatise and unpack prior to the first day of touring. A pre-night on board will include dinner, bed and breakfast. -
German Southwest Africa, 1904, in Comparative Perspective
From “Native Policy” to Exterminationism: German Southwest Africa, 1904, in Comparative Perspective George Steinmetz University of Michigan Department of Sociology 1225 S. University Ave Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Tel: (734) 332-0041 Fax: (734) 332-9968 This is a revised version of a paper first prepared for the conference “1904-2004 – Decontaminating the Namibian Past” at the University of Namibia, Windhoek Campus, August 2004. I am grateful to participants in that conference for comments on an earlier version of this paper, and to Reinhard Köβler for detailed comments. A German version appears in Peripherie, Zeitschrift für Politik und Ökonomie der Dritten Welt, number 96 (2005). I, the great General of the German soldiers, send this letter to the Herero people. The Herero are no longer German subjects . The Herero nation must … leave the country. If they do not leave, I will force them out with the Groot Rohr (cannon). Every Herero, armed or unarmed … will be shot dead within the German borders. I will no longer accept women and children, but will force them back to their people or shoot at them. These are my words to the Herero people. The great General of the powerful German Emperor (Proclamation by General Lothar von Trotha to the Herero people, October 2, 1904)1 “Alte Feste” and Equestrian statue, Windhoek (2004) Black rain in a dry country (view from inside the Alte Feste) 1Bundesarchiv (BArch) Berlin, Reichskolonialamt (RKA, R1001), Vol. 2089, p. 7 recto. I will use the word “Herero” when directly quoting texts that use that term and when referring to the object of (pre)colonial ethnographic discourse; the German colonizers usually referred to their subjects as “the Herero” (die Herero) or “the Hereros” (die Hereros), although the term “Damaras” was used by Europeans to refer to central Namibian Ovaherero until well into the 19th century. -
The German Attack on the Witboois at Hornkranz, Namibia, April 1893 Piet Van Rooyen275 Professor Emeritus, School of Military Science, University of Namibia
Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 49, Nr 1, 2021. doi: 10.5787/49-1-1249 The German Attack on the Witboois at Hornkranz, Namibia, April 1893 Piet van Rooyen275 Professor emeritus, School of Military Science, University of Namibia Abstract For many, when the Namibian struggle for liberation is mentioned, the struggle for liberation by the South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO) comes to mind. For others to the south of Namibia, it recalls images of a border war and incursions into Angola to ‘stop SWAPO’, the latter seen as a communist pawn directed and armed by the Soviet Union and Cuba. More than that is seldom asked about or seen in terms of the bigger historical collage. The brutal era of German colonisation is habitually overlooked. The Namibians’ struggle for liberation lasted nearly a century. It started through, for example, the massacre or battle, depending on your view, in April 1893. This previously poorly researched story about which little is written is told in this article. Keywords: Namibia (liberation struggle), German colonisation, Hendrik Witbooi, Hornkranz (the battle of), German West Africa, Witboois, arms traders (in Namibia/ German West Africa, 1880s). Introduction The Khomas Hochland (Khomas Highland) of Namibia offers a unique geological substratum of rocky hills and dense savanna-type thorn bush. The land surface lies strewn with quartzite rocks and mica schist.276 In the valleys between the rocky outcrops run perennial rivers, the banks of which are thickly overgrown with riverine trees. Here and there, fountains erupt from the sand, releasing rainwater to the surface where people and animals gathered and still gather to drink and live.