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Home , Algirdas, Augustus II the Strong, Bona Sforza, Casimir III the Great, Castellan, Chodkiewicz

Chronologyof Polish-Lithuanian Monarchs, 1316/20±1795

Hereditary Grand of of 1316±41 (Giedymin) 1320±33 Wøadysøaw I èokietek (the Short) 1341±45 Jaunuitis ( Jewnut) 1333±70 Casimir III the Great ( Wielki) 1345±77 (Olgierd) 1370±82 Louis of Anjou (Ludwik WeÎgierski) 1377±92 Jogaila ( Jagieøøo) 1384±99 Jadwiga of Anjou (Hedvig) 1392±1430 (Witold) 1386±1434 Wøadysøaw (II) Jagieøøo 1430±32 SÏvitrigaila (Swidrygieøøo) 1432±40 Sigismund (ZÏygimantas 1434±44 Wøadysøaw II of KeÎstutaitis, Zygmunt Varna Kiejstutowicz) (Warnen czyk) 1440±92 Casimir 1447±92 Casimir IV (Kazimieras Jogailaitis) (Kazimierz Jagiellon czyk) 1492±1501 John (I) Albert ( Jan Olbracht) 1492±1506 Alexander 1501±06 Alexander 1506±48 Sigismund the Old 1506±48 (Zygmunt Stary) 1529/44±72 Sigismund 1529/48±72 Sigismund (II) Augustus (Zygmunt August)

Elective Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania 1573±74/75 HenryValois (HenrykWalezy) 1576±86 Stephen BaÂthory(Stefan Batory) 1587±1632 Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza) 1632±48 Wøadysøaw IV Vasa 1648±68 John (II) Casimir Vasa ( Jan Kazimierz) 1669±73 Michael Korybut WisÂniowiecki (Michaø) 1674±96 John III Sobieski ( Jan) 1697±1706 Augustus II the Strong (August Mocny) 1704±10 Stanisøaw (I) Leszczyn ski

219 220 Chronology of Polish-Lithuanian Monarchs, 1316/20

1709±33 Augustus II the Strong (again) 1733±36 Stanisøaw (I) Leszczyn ski (again) 1733±63 Augustus III 1764±95 Stanisøaw (II) August Genealogical Table of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and Kings of Poland, 1316±1668

WLADYSLAW I Lokietek (the Short) KP 1320–32

Elizabeth † 1380 CASIMIR III the Great KP 1333–70

LOUIS KP 1370–72 GEDIMINAS GDL 1316–41 ¸ Louis I the Great KH 1342–72 GDL 1341–45 ALGIRDAS GDL 1345–77 Kestutis † 1382 ¸ JADWIGA KP 1384–99 JOGAILA GDL 1377–92/ WLADYSLAW II Jagiello Sonka Holszanska´ † 1461 m. (1) ŠVITRIGAILA VYTAUTAS SIGISMUND Kestutaitis GDL1430–32 GDL 1392–1430 GDL 1432–40 WLADYSLAW III of Varnam. (4) KP 1386–1434CASIMIR IV Jagiellonczyk´ GDL 1440–92 KP 1447–92 KP 1434–44 / Ulászló I KH 1440–44 St Casimir Vladislav II KB 1471–1516/ GDL 1492–1506 KP 1501–06 Ulászló II KH 1490–1516 † 1484 JOHN (I) ALBERT ALEXANDER Sophia † 1512 SIGISMUND I the Old Frederick † 1503 KP 1492–1501 m. Frederick of KP/GDL 1506–4 Bp of Cracow 1484, Apb of Ansbach-Hohenzollern m. (1) Barbara Zapolya † 1515 , primate, cardinal 1494 m. (2) † 1557

Anna † 1547 Albert of Hohenzollern Louis II KB/KH 1516–26 SIGISMUND (II) AUGUSTUS (2) Jadwiga † 1573 m. Ferdinand I of Habsburg of 1525–68 (1) ANNA † 1596 (2) Catherine † 1583(2) GDL (crowned) 1529 m. Joachim II HRE 1556–64 eng. HENRY Valois m. John III Vasa GDL (power) 1544–72 El. of KP/GDL 1573–74/5 KS 1568–92 BarbaraKP (crowned)1529 Radziwill † 1551 † 1571 KF 1574–89 Elizabeth † 1545 m. (1) Archduke of Styria KP (power)1548–72 m. STEPHEN Báthory Maximilian II HRE 1564–76 Charles m. (2) PT 1571–86 Catherine † 1571 m. (3) KP/GDL 1576–86 John George El. of Brandenburg 1571–98 SIGISMUND III Vasa Ferdinand II HRE 1619–37 KP/GDL 1587–1632 m. (1) KS 1592–99 WLADYSLAW IV KP/GDL 1632–48 m. (2) LouisaAnna † Maria 1598 Gonzaga † 1667 m. m.(2) Constance † 1631 Bp of 1625, Bp of Cecilia Renata † 1644 m.(1) JOHN (II) CASIMIR † 1672 Plock 1645, P of Oppeln P of Oppeln and Ratibor 1645 KP/GDL 1648–68 John Albert † 1634 Charlesand Ratibor Ferdinand 1648 † 1655 Bp of 1631, Sigismund Casimir † 1647 Bp of Cracow, cardinal 1633

KP = of Poland GDL = of Lithuania KH = King of KB = King of HRE = Holy Roman KF = King of PT = of KS = King of EI. = Elector Bp = Abp = Archbishop A Guide to Further Reading

The number of works in English on earlymodern Poland-Lithuania has grown significantlyin recent years,and when supplemented bythose in French and German amounts to a substantial bodyof writing. The following suggestions are byno means comprehensive and centre on political history.For particular social groups, such as the and the , see the sections and references in the introduction. Nevertheless the coverage and qualityremain extremelypatchy, and on manytopics the student will have to learn at least Polish if she or he is to progress far. Relevant works in Polish, Lithuanian, Russian and Ukrainian are given in the notes to individual articles The best starting points are Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way (, 1987), which vividlyevokes the Commonwealth's culture, and , God's Playground: AHistory of Poland , 2 vols (Oxford, 1981), particularlythe lively thematic chapters of vol. I. A shorter and equallyaccessible overview, which is to be preferred for its assessment of the legacyof the Commonwealth in the nineteenth century, is Davies's Heart of : a Short (Oxford, 1984). ARepublic of Nobles: Studies in Polish history to 1864 , ed. and trans. J. K. Fedorowicz (, 1982) is an excellent collection of essays by Polish scholars, well translated, covering keyaspects of Polish historyfrom the to the nineteenth century. Another useful collection is Antoni MaÎczak, Henryk Samsonowicz and Peter Burke (eds), East- in Transition: From the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1985). The views of Janusz Tazbir and Emanuel Rostworowski maybe found in the synthesisedited by , History of Poland (, 1968), but the translation is offputting. The achievements of prewar Polish historians are distilled in the two-volume Cambridge History of Poland (Cambridge, 1941±50), eds W. F. Redd- awayet al., but the absence of editorial standardization and the poor index make it hard to use. The historyof the Grand Duchyof Lithuania is now best approached via Zigmantas Kiaupa, JuÅrateÇ KiaupieneÇ and Albinas KuncevicÏius, The History of Lithuania before 1795 (, 2000). The historyof the Ukrainian lands of the Commonwealth is covered in English bythe relevant sections of Orest Subtelny, : AHistory (Toronto, 1988), and A. Magocsi, AHistory of Ukraine (Toronto, 1996). Klaus Zernack, Polen und Ruûland. Zwei Wege in der europaÈischen Geschichte (, 1994) shows how neither Poland nor can be fullyunderstood without the other. Parts of Andrzej Sulima Kamin ski, Republic vs : Poland Lithuania and Russia, 1686±1697 (Cambridge, MA, 1993) are of more general significance than the book's suggests. The monarchyis notablyill-served in anylanguage. Its fourteenth-century foundations are well described in Paul W. Knoll, The Rise of the Polish : Piast Poland in East Central Europe 1320±1370 (Chicago and London, 1972) and Stephen C. Rowell, Lithuania Ascending: a Pagan within East-Central Europe, 1295±1345 (Cambridge, 1994). On the origins of Polish royal elections, see also C. Backvis, `L'origine de la dieÁte ``Viritim'' pour l'eÂlection du roi en Pologne', Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves, XX (1973),

222 AGuide to Further Reading 223 pp. 45±128, P. Skwarczyn ski, `The ``Decretum electionis'' of Henryof Valois', Slavonic and East European Review, XXXVII (1958/59), pp. 113±130, and Skwarczyn ski, `The Origin of the Name in 1572', Slavonic and East European Review, XXXVII (1958/59), pp. 469±476. M. Rhode, Ein KoÈnigreich ohne KoÈnige: der kleinpolnische Adel in sieben Interregna (, 1997) is an excellent studyof the of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. On the role of the in a European context, see Antoni MaÎÎczak, `From Aristocratic Household to PrincelyCourt: Restructuring in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries', in R. G. Asch and A. M. Birke (eds), , Patronage and : The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age c. 1450± 1650 (London, 1991), pp. 315±27. The royal rites of passage are explained by Aleksander Gieysztor, `Gesture in the Ceremonies of Medieval Poland,' in J. M. Buk (ed.), : Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual (Los Angeles and Oxford, 1990), pp. 152±64, and Urszula Borkowska, `The Funeral Ceremonies of Polish Kings from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Cen- turies', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, LXXVI (1985), pp. 513±34. On royal and public finances, see Anna Filipczak-Kocur, `Poland-Lithuania before Partition' in Richard Bonney(ed.), The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe, c. 1200±1815 (Oxford, 1999), pp. 443±79. For wide-ranging surveys of the , see Robert Frost, `The Nobility of Poland-Lithuania, 1569±1795', in H. M. Scott (ed.), The European in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries (London, 1995), vol. II, pp. 183±222, and Andrzej S. Kamin ski, `The Szlachta of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and their Government', in Ivo Banac and Paul Bushkovitch (eds), The Nobility in Russia and (New Haven, CT, 1983), pp. 17±45. The theoryof ` ' they challenge is exemplified by Antoni MaÎczak, `The Struc- ture of Power in the Commonwealth in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centur- ies', in Fedorowicz (ed.), ARepublic of Nobles , pp. 109±34, Adam Kersten, `Les magnats, eÂlite de la socieÂte nobiliaire', Acta Poloniae Historica, XXXVI (1977), pp. 119±33, and Henryk Olszewski, `The Essence and Legal Foundations of the Magnate Oligarchyin Poland', Acta Poloniae Historica, LVI (1987), pp. 29±49. See also Henryk Litwin, `The Polish 1454±1648. The Shaping of an Estate', Acta Poloniae Historica, LIII (1986), pp. 63±92, and A. PosÂpiech and W. Tygielski, `The Social Role of Magnates' Courts in Poland', Acta Poloniae Historica, XLIII (1981), pp. 75±100. An anthologyof the Polish historiographyof the is WøadysøawCzaplin  ski (ed.), The Polish at the Summit of its Development (Wrocøaw, 1985). The classic account of its notorious feature is available in a shortened French edition: Ladislas [Wøadysøaw] Konopczyn ski, Le (, 1930). Anna Sucheni-Grabowska, `The Origin and Development of the Polish Parliamentary System through the End of the Seventeenth Century', in Samuel Fiszman (ed.), Constitution and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Poland. The Constitution of 3 May 1791 (Bloomington, IN, 1997), pp. 13±50, is excellent. See also Karol GoÂrski, `The Origins of the Polish Sejm', Slavonic and East European Review, XLIV (1965/ 66), pp. 122±138, and Henryk Olszewski, `Der polnische Reichstag der fruÈhen Neuzeit in komparativer Sicht', in Berliner Jahrbuch fuÈr osteuropaÈische Geschichte,I (1996), pp. 147±62. On the workings of the , JerzyMichalski, `Les dieÂtines polonaises au XVIIIe sieÁcle', Acta Poloniae Historica, XII (1965), pp. 87±107, is indispensable. 224 AGuide to Further Reading

On the Polish-Lithuanian union, see S. C. Rowell, `Forging a Union? Some Reflections on the EarlyJagiellonian Monarchy', Lithuanian Historical Studies,I (1996), pp. 6±21, J. KiaupieneÇ, `The Grand Duchyof Lithuania in East Central Europe, or once again about the Lithuanian-Polish Union', Lithuanian Historical Studies, II (1997), pp. 56±71, G. Rhode, `Staaten-Union und Adelsstaat. Zur Entwicklung Staatsdenken und Staasgestaltung in Osteuropa, vor allem in Polen/Litauen, im 16. Jahrhundert', Zeitschrift fuÈr Ostforschung, IX (1960), pp. 185±215, Jonas ZÏmuidzinas, Commonwealth polono-lithuanien ou l'union de 1569 (Paris, 1978), HarryE. Dembkowski, The Union of Lublin. Polish Federalism in the Golden Age (, 1982), and Juliusz Bardach, `L'Union de Lublin. Ses origines et son roÃle historique', Acta Poloniae Historica, XXI (1970), pp. 60±92. A wider focus on the problems of the confederal politymaybe obtained from the discussion between Oswald P. Backus, Joseph JaksÏtas and in Slavic Review, XXII:3 (1963), pp. 411±55, JerzyOchman ski, `The National Idea in Lithua- nia from the Sixteenth to the First Half of the Nineteenth Century: The Problem of Cultural-Linguistic Differentiation', Harvard Ukrainian Studies, X (1986), pp. 301±15, Janusz Tazbir, `Der Polonisierungsprozesse in der Adelsrepublik', Acta Poloniae Historica, LV (1987), pp. 5±40, G. Schramm, `Staatseinheit und Regiona- lismus in Polen-Litauen (15.±17. Jahrhundert)', Forschungen zur osteuropaÈischen Geschichte, XI (1966), pp. 7±23, and Henryk Litwin, `The Nations of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth: Controversial Questions', Acta Poloniae Historica, LXXVII (1998), pp. 43±58. For the oft-lamented failure to create a Common- wealth of the Three Nations, see Andrzej S. Kamin ski, `The Cossack Experiment in the Szlachta Democracyin the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: the Hadiach (Hadziacz) Union', Harvard Ukrainian Studies, I (1977), pp. 178±97 and M. K. Dziewanowski, `Dualism or Trialism? Polish Federal Tradition', Slavonic and East European Review, XLI (1962/63), pp. 442±66. The identityof RoyalPrussia and its relationship with the Polish kingdom is the subject of Karin Friedrich, The Other Prussia: , Poland and Liberty, 1569±1772 (Cambridge, 2000). See also her `The Urban Enlightenment in Eight- eenth-CenturyRoyalPrussia', in David Bell, Ludmila Pimenova and Ste Âphane Pujol (eds), La ReÂcherche dix-huitieÁmiste. Raison universelle et culture nationale au sieÁcle des lumieÁres (Paris, 1999), pp. 11±29, and Janusz Maøøek, `Die Entstehung und Entwicklung eines Sonderbewuûtseins in Preuûen waÈhrend des 15. und 16. Jahr- hunderts', in Maøøek, Preuûen und Polen. Politik, StaÈnde, Kirche und Kultur vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1992), pp. 71±81. The vexed question of the Prussian `incorporation' of 1454/66 is discussed byKarol GoÂrski, `The Royal in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Centuryand their Relation to the Crown of Poland', in GoÂrski, Communitas, Princeps, Corona Regni. Studia selecta, Roczniki TNT 78, no. 1 (Warsaw, Poznan and Torun , 1976), pp. 42±56. The impact of the is examined byHannes Saarinen, BuÈrgerstadt und absoluter Kriegsherr. und Karl XII im Nordischen Krieg (Helsinki, 1996). The ramifications of `confessionalization' are considered byMichael G. MuÈller in `The Late and Protestant Confessionalisation in the Major Towns of Royal Prussia', in Karin Maag and Andrew Pettegree (eds), The Reformation in Eastern and Central Europe (St Andrews, 1997), pp. 192±210, and `Unionstaat und Region in der Konfessionalisierung: Polen-Litauen und die groûen StaÈdte des KoÈniglichen Preuûen', in Joachim Bahlcke and Arno Strohmeyer (eds), Kon- fessionaliserung in Ostmitteleuropa (Stuttgart, 1999), pp. 123±38, and byKarin AGuide to Further Reading 225

Friedrich, `Konfessionalisierung und politischen Ideen in Polen-Litauen (1570± 1650)', in the same collection, pp. 249±66. The stereotype of the civilizing impact of the Hohenzollerns on Royal Prussia is overthrown by Hans-JuÈrgen BoÈmelburg, Zwischen polnischer StaÈndegesellschaft und preuûischen Obrigkeitsstaat. Vom koÈnigli- chen Preuûen zu Westpreuûen 1756±1806 (, 1995). For the fifteenth-centurybackground, see Aleksander Gieysztor, `The and the Grand Duchyof Lithuania, 1370±1506', in vol. VII of The New Cambridge Medieval History (1998), pp. 727±47. A general summaryof the six- teenth centuryis given byAndrzej Wyczan  ski, Polen in Europa im 16. Jahrhundert (OsnabruÈck, 2000). An invaluable introduction to sixteenth-centuryPolish poli- tical thought is furnished byClaude Backvis, `Les theÁmes majeurs de la penseÂe politique polonaise au XVIe sieÁcle', in L'Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves, XIV (1957), pp. 307±55. See also Tadeusz Wyrwa, La penseÂe politique polonaise aÁ l'eÂpoque de l'humanisme et de la (Paris, 1978). On Poland's most distinguished, if not most representative, political wri- ter, see Waldemar VoiseÂ, `Polish Renaissance Political Theory: ', in Samuel Fiszman (ed.), The Polish Renaissance in its European Con- text (Bloomington, IN, 1988), pp. 174±88. For the monarchy's relationship with the nobility, see J. Miller, `The Polish Nobility and the Renaissance Monarchy: the Execution of the Laws Movement', , Estates and Representation, III (1983), pp. 65±87 and IV (1984), pp. 1±24. Sigismund Augustus's relationship with the Radziwiøøs is discussed byRaimonda RagauskieneÇ , `The Ruler and his Noble Subject: the Communication Model of the Correspondence between Sigis- mund Augustus and Mikalojus Radvila the Red, 1546±1572', Lithuanian Historical Studies, III (1998), pp. 5±26. On the first , see Almut Bues, `Die Beziehungen der Habsburger zu Polen in den Jahren 1572 bis 1574', Acta Poloniae Historica, LXXVII (1998), pp. 27±42. BaÂthory's is ripe for reassessment, but in the meantime, see J. DaÎbrowski (ed.), EÂtienne Batory, Roi de Pologne (Cracow, 1935). For a general view of the late sixteenth-centurypolity,disputed byRobert Frost, see Antoni MaÎczak, `The Conclusive Years: the End of the Sixteenth Cen- turyas the Turning Point of Polish History',in E. I. Kouri and T. Scott (eds), Politics and Society in Reformation Europe: Essays for Geoffrey Elton (London, 1987), pp. 516±32. On toleration, see Janusz Tazbir, AState without Stakes: Polish Religious Toleration in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Warsaw, 1973). English writing on the seventeenth centuryis dominated byRobert Frost. He first raised the issue of royal power in `Initium Calamitatis Regni? John Casimir and Monarchical Power in Poland-Lithuania, 1648±1668', European History Quarterly, XVI (1986), pp. 181±207. After the : Poland-Lithuania and the , 1655±1660 (Cambridge, 1993) deals with the dilemmas of royally inspired reform efforts during a critical period for the Commonwealth. His argument that onlyprolonged warfare on its own soil reversed the fortunes of Poland-Lithuania is expounded in The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558±1721 (London, 2000). On political thought in the seventeenth century, see Frost, ` ``Libertywithout Licence?'': The Failure of Polish Democratic Thought in the Seventeenth Century', in M. P. Biskupski and J. S. Pule (eds), Polish Democratic Thought from the Renaissance to the (Boulder, CO, 1990), pp. 29± 54, and Maria O. Pryshlak, `''Forma Mixta'' as a Political Ideal of a Polish Magnate: èukasz Opalin ski's ``Rozmowa plebana z ziemianinem'' ', Polish Review, XXVI, no. 3 (1981), pp. 26±42. An attempt to locate one of the centres of power is made by 226 AGuide to Further Reading

Edward Opalin ski, `Great Poland's Power-eÂlite under Sigismund III, 1587±1632', Acta Poloniae Historica, XLII (1980), pp. 41±66. On John III Sobieski, Otto Forst de Battaglia, Jan Sobieski KoÈnig von Polen (ZuÈrich, 1946) is to be preferred to Otton Laskowski, Sobieski, King of Poland (Glasgow, 1944). Much can be learned from the account of Sobieski's court physician, Bernard Connor, The History of Poland,2 vols (London, 1698). The eighteenth centuryis far better served in western languages than its pre- decessors. The reader should start with JerzyLukowski, Liberty's Folly: the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century, 1697±1795 (London, 1991). JoÂzef Andrzej Gierowski, The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the XVIIIth Cen- tury: from Anarchy to Well-Organised State (Cracow, 1996), provides a more `opti- mistic' interpretation, which is, however, less clearlyorganized. The Saxon period benefits from two of the more authoritative chapters on the Commonwealth in the New Cambridge Modern History: J. A. Gierowski and A. S. Kamin ski, `The Eclipse of Poland', vol. VI (1970), pp. 681±715, and L. R. Lewitter, `Poland under the Saxon Kings', vol. VII (1963), pp. 365±90. See also the last- named's ` and the Polish Election of 1697', Cambridge Historical Journal, XII (1956), pp. 126±43. His `Poland, Russia and the Treatyof of 5th January1719', Historical Journal, XIII (1970), pp. 3±30, deals with perhaps the last opportunityfor the Commonwealth to reassert its independence from Rus- sian tutelage. On the Polish-Saxon union, there are several articles byGierowski. See his `Centralization and Autonomyin the Polish-Saxon Union', Harvard Ukrainian Studies, III/IV (1979/80), pp. 271±84, `Die Union zwischen Polen und Litauen im 16. Jahrhundert und die polnisch-saÈchsische Union des 17./18. Jahr- hunderts', in Thomas FroÈschl (ed.), FoÈderationsmodelle und Unionsstrukturen. UÈ ber Staatenverbindungen in der fruÈhen Neuzeit vom 15. zum 18. Jahrhundert (Munich,1994), pp. 63±82, his article in Fedorowicz's ARepublic of Nobles , pp. 223±38, and `Personal- Realunion? Zur Geschichte der polnisch-saÈchsichen Beziehungen nach Poøtawa' in Gierowski and Johannes Kalisch (eds), Um die polnische Krone. Sachsen und Polen waÈhrend des Nordischen Krieges 1700±1721 (Ber- lin, 1962), pp. 254±91. See also Jacek Staszewski, `Polen und Sachsen unter August II. Zur Soziotechnik der HerrschaftsausuÈbung', Berliner Jahrbuch fuÈr osteuropaÈische Geschichte (1996). On the 1717 settlement and its aftermath see Gierowski, `Reforms in Poland after the ``dumb '' (1717)', in S. Fiszman (ed.), Constitution and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Poland (Bloomington, IN, 1997), pp. 65±85. For Polish-Lithuanian militaryperformance, see Gierowski, `The Polish-Lithuanian Armies in the and Insurrections in the Eighteenth Century', in G. R. Rothenberg, B. K. KiraÂlyand P. F. Sugar (eds), East Central European Society and War in the Pre-Revolutionary Eighteenth Century (New York, 1982), pp. 215±38. On Augustus II, it is difficult to recommend anything until Staszewski's biography (1998) is translated, and that interpretation will itself no doubt be challenged by the research now being undertaken in Russian archives. For the moment, see Gierowski, `La France et les tendences absolutistes du roi de Pologne August II', Acta Poloniae Historica, XVII (1968), pp. 48±70. Deservedlytranslated is Staszewski, August III, KurfuÈrst von Sachsen und KoÈnig von Polen. Eine Biographie (Berlin, 1996). The process of foreign intervention and the failure of political and militaryreform under Augustus III are explained in Michael G. MuÈller, Polen zwischen Preuûen und Russland. SouveraÈnitaÈtskrise und Reformpolitik 1736±1752 (Berlin, 1983). AGuide to Further Reading 227

Stanisøaw August Poniatowski's reign has received more attention than any other. The best place to start is the attractivelywritten and intelligentlyargued biographybyAdam Zamoyski, The Last King of Poland (London, 1992). There is now a reasonable introduction available in English to the reforms of the late eighteenth century, in the essays contained in Samuel Fiszman (ed.), Constitution and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Poland: The Constitution of 3 May 1791 (Bloom- ington, IN, 1997). Particularlyrelevant are the articles byJerzyMichalski, Krys- tyna Zienkowska, Anna GrzesÂkowiak-Krwawicz, Zofia Libiszowska and Zofia Zielin ska. See also Emanuel Rostworowski, `La Grande DieÁte, 1788±92, reÂformes et perspectives', Annales Historiques de la ReÂvolution FrancËaise, XXXVI (1964), pp. 308±28. The constitution itself maybe read in the slightlyincomplete English translation byFranciszek Bukaty, New Constitution of the Government of Poland (London, 1791) reprinted in the Annual Register for 1791, pp. 177±200. JerzyLukowski's interpretative narrative, The : 1772, 1793, 1795 (London, 1999), throws much light on the distribution of power within the Commonwealth between the king and successive ambassadors, and points out some of the limits of the Enlightenment. See also his `Towards Partition: Polish Magnates and Russian Intervention in Poland during the EarlyReign of Stanisøaw August Poniatowski', Historical Journal, XXVIII (1985) for the problems posed by Russian interference, and The Szlachta and the Confederacy of , 1764±1767/8 (, 1977). H. H. Kaplan, The First Partition of Poland (New York, 1962) is best read together with JerzyTopolski, `Reflections on the First Partition of Poland', Acta Poloniae Historica, XXVII (1973), pp. 39±55. Ambassador Stackelberg's `pro- consulate' is covered fairlybrieflybyDaniel Stone, Polish Politics and National Reform, 1775±1788 (Boulder, CO, 1976). The classic work of Robert H. , The Second Partition of Poland: AStudy in Diplomatic History (Cambridge, MA, 1915), is highlycritical of Stanisøaw August's actions in 1792±93. It is complemented by the same author's `The Third Partition of Poland', Slavonic [and East European] Review, III (1924±25), pp. 481±98. Michael G. MuÈller, Die Teilungen Polens: 1772 ± 1793 ± 1795 (Munich, 1984), stresses the primacyof external factors. On the Enlightenment, the occasionallytendentious but nevertheless magni- ficent Jean Fabre, Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski et l'Europe des lumieÁres. EÂtude de cosmopolitisme (Paris 1952) should be read in conjunction with Jochen Schlobach, `LumieÁres en France, princes eÂclaireÂs et le roi Stanislas Poniatowski', Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny, XII (1995), pp. 93±107. Richard Butterwick, Poland's Last King and English Culture: Stanisøaw August Poniatowski, 1732±1798 (Oxford, 1998) examines the role played by the king's Anglophilia in his efforts to bring about political and cultural renewal, and devotes particular attention to his constitutional aims. The same author focuses on Stanisøaw August's alternative to in `Two Views of the Polish Monarchyin the Eighteenth Century:the Polemic of Stanisøaw August Poniatowski with Stainsøaw Leszczyn ski', Oxford Slavonic Papers, new series, XXX (1997), pp. 21±39, and highlights the question of civil and political liberty in `Mickiewicz's Republican Heritage: Trends in Polish Political Thought in the Later Eighteenth Century', in Ursula Phillips (ed.), National Identity and Mythology in the Making: Mickiewicz and Messianism (London, 2001). For an examination of some of the keyexternal influences on Polish political thought in the same period, see JerzyLukowski, `Recasting Utopia: Montesquieu, Rousseau and the Polish Constitution of 3 May1791', Historical Journal, XXXVII (1994), pp. 65±87. 228 AGuide to Further Reading

For a more general and theoretical approach, see Andrzej Walicki, The Enlight- enment and the Birth of Modern Nationhood: Polish Political Thought from Noble Republicanism to Tadeusz KosÂciuszko (Notre , IN, 1989). A taste of Andrzej Rottermund's innovative work is `Stanislaus Augustus as Patron of the Arts', in Treasurers of a Polish King: Stanislaus Augustus as Patron and Collector, the catalogue of an exhibition at the Dulwich Picture Galleryin 1992, pp. 23±36. Critical editions of Stanisøaw August's memoirs and his correspondence with Friedrich Melchior Grimm are currentlyin preparation. Glossary

(kasztelan) Originallythe commander of a royal . Both of the two kinds of sat in the : major castellans from chief royal towns and minor or `backbench' castellans from lesser towns. chamber of envoys (izba poselska) The lower of the Sejm, comprised of envoys (posøowie) elected bylocal sejmiks. (kanclerz) The grand chancellors and vice- chancellors of the Crown and Lithuania were responsible for attaching their seals to the official documents of the , exercising judicial responsibilities and, often, conducting foreign policy. Commonwealth A translation of , . The full name of the state was the `Commonwealth of the Two Nations, Polish and Lithuanian'. After 1569 it comprised the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchyof Lithuania, the of Prussia (until 1657) and , and the Polish-Lithuanian condominium of . In some respects, Lithuania was treated as an equal partner of the Crown, in others as a equal to Great Poland and Little Poland. confederacy( konfederacja) A league of nobles formed for a specific political purpose, such as opposition to the monarch. A Sejm held under the auspices of a confederacywas not subject to the requirement of unanimity. Crown (Korona) The Corona Regni Poloniae, or the Kingdom of Poland, as opposed to the Grand of Lithuania. After 1569 it comprised the two of Great Poland (Wielkopolska) , including and (controversially) Royal Prussia, and Little Poland (Maøopolska) including Podlasia, and the Ukraine. Commander of the army. Poland and Lithuania each had a grand and a field (or deputy) hetman.

229 230 Glossary ius distributivum The rights of the king to nominate nobles to senatorial and other and to confer royal estates or starostwa upon them. Theywere curtailed in 1775. Jagiellons The founded by Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, who became King Wøadysøaw II Jagieøøo of Poland in 1386. Theydied out in the male line in 1572. liberum veto The right of individual envoys to refuse consent to resolutions of the Sejm, and even to curtail its proceedings, thereby nullifying all its legislation. It could also be invoked byindividual noblemen at sejmiks. magnates The richest and most influential families in the Commonwealth, but not a legally defined group. The highest ranking ministers were the grand of the Crown and Lithuania, who were responsible for royal safetyand exercised judicial functions. The marshals of the court were responsible for the court when the king/ grand duke was in Poland or Lithuania. ministers The highest officials of Poland and Lithuania, appointed for life bythe king. Onlythe grand marshals, chancellors, vice-chancellors, treasurers and court marshals sat in the senate ex officio. They were joined there bythe grand and field in 1768 and the court treasurers in 1775. mixed monarchyA sy stem of government based on the classical forma mixta, combining elements of monarchy, and politea. pacta conventa The conditions which a newlyelected king swore to honour, on pain of releasing the nobilityfrom its obedience. The pacta conventa incorporated the Henrician articles, restricting the royal prerogative, which were first drawn up for Henry Valois in 1573. palatinate (wojewoÂdztwo) A territorial division of the Commonwealth, which was usually subdivided into `lands' (ziemie) and/or (powiaty). (wojewoda) Originallythe militarygovernor of his palatinate. sat in the senate Glossary 231

below the but before the castellans. Piast A native-born monarch, so-called after the dynasty that provided Dukes and Kings of Poland until 1370, founded bythe legendarypeasant, Piast. A noble rebellion against the king, usually legitimized bya confederacy. Royal Prussia The part of the 's state linked to the Kingdom of Poland from 1454, and integrated more fullyinto it on disputed terms in 1569. It had its own bicameral local diet or general , in which the cities were also represented. After 1701 it was often called `Polish Prussia' to distinguish it from the lands ruled bythe `King in Prussia' formerly known as `Ducal Prussia', and later as `'. The non-Great Russian eastern , ancestors of modern and Belarusians. ChanceryRuthenian ( russkii) was the legal language of the Grand Duchyof Lithuania until 1697. The myth that the Polish-Lithuanian nobilitywas descended from ancient Sarmatian . It evolved into a distinctive culture. Sejm The parliament or diet of the Commonwealth, comprised of the king, senate and chamber of envoys. sejmik Dietine or assemblyof the nobilityin a particular palatinate, or land. senate (senat) The upper house of the Sejm, comprised of bishops, palatines, castellans and the of , and presided over bythe king. Theyheld their offices for life or until translated to a higher rank. senate council The council of senators, both the senators- resident appointed bythe Sejm and others present, to monitor and advise the king between , and to legitimize actions (such as the despatch and reception of diplomatic missions) that did not require the consent of the Sejm. It was abolished in 1775 and replaced bythe . starosta The holder of a royal estate or , awarded for life to the `deserving' bythe 232 Glossary

king. Judicial had judicial and administrative responsibilities in royal towns. A non-judicial starosta did not, and his starostwo was usuallymore lucrative. szlachta The nobility, variously thought to have comprised between 5 and 10 per cent of the Commonwealth's population. It encompassed both the senators and the knightlyestate ( stan rycerski, ordo equestris) ± a term used for the non-senatorial nobility. treasurer (podskarbi) Poland and Lithuania each had a treasurer and a court treasurer. The distinction between public and royal treasuries took time to evolve. tribunal (trybunaø) Poland and Lithuania each had a tribunal, or court of appeal for the szlachta. viritim `Individually'; i.e. the election from 1573 of the king byall nobles who chose to turn up. vivente rege `During the king's lifetime'. After the election of Sigismund Augustus in 1529 the election of a king during his predecessor's lifetime was outlawed until Frederick Augustus III of Saxonywas named heir bythe Constitution of 3 May 1791. Index

KP ˆ King of Poland, QP ˆ Queen of Poland, GDL ˆ Grand Duke of Lithuania Terms in bold are explained in the glossary , see Augustus II, John (II) Armenians, 11, 17 Casimir, Stanisøaw (II) August armies absolutism (absolutum dominium), 159, of Poland-Lithuania, 7, 16±18, 61±2, 199 75, 88±9, 166±7, 179±81, 187±9, confessional, 12, 32±3 206±7, see also hetmans fear of in Commonwealth, 4, 16, 62, standing armies, 5, 17, 32 134, 138±9, 154±5, 164±5, 178, Arthurian myth, 105±6 196±9, 201, 204 Asch, Ivan d', 214 in Europe, 5±6, 18, 42, 46±7, 49, 78 Augustus II the Strong, KP and GDL Polish views of elsewhere, 121±9 (1697±1706, 1709±33)/Frederick Acton, Lord, 34±5 Augustus I, Elector of Albert of Hohenzollern, Duke of (1694±1733), 17, 16, 33, 172, Prussia (1525±68), 64±5, 73 175±84, 186, 188, see also Albert Frederick of Hohenzollern, 73 absolutism Albrecht von Hohenzollern, see Albert election, 175 of Hohenzollern and Great Northern War, 175±8 Alexander, GDL (1492±1506) and KP `mild rule', 183±4 (1501±6), 59, 62, 99, 136 reputed plans to partition , 157 Commonwealth, 184 Algirdas, GDL (1345±77), 84 and Royal Prussia, 93, 107±8 Althusius, 28, 72 secret cabinet, 199 AltranstaÈdt, Treatyof (1706), 177 and Sejm, 178, 182 America, United States of, 117, 209, and Silent Sejm (1717), 179±81 214 and succession, 184 American colonists, 198 Augustus III, KP and GDL/Frederick antemurale (christianitatis), 29, 61, 107 Augustus II, Elector of Saxony Angevins, 29 (1733±63), 14, 172, 184±91, 196 Angyal, Endre, historian, 30 court of, 198 Anna, Empress of Russia (1730±40), election, 184±8 185 foreign policy, 186±8 Anna of Habsburg, QP, 160 ministerial system, 186, 199 Anna Jagiellonka, QP and GDL, and Royal Prussia, 108±9 (1575±86), 70, 73, 74±5, 133 Augustyniak, Urszula, historian, 8, Anne, Queen of (1702±14), 49 152±4, 157, 170 n. 36 annus mirabilis (1791±2), 193, 212, Auschwitz, see OsÂwieÎcim 216 , Austrian Monarchy, see Anti-Trinitarians, 63 Aragon, see Austrian Succession, War of (1740±48), Aristotle, 5, 27, 97, 158 31, 186±8

233 234 Index

Baltic Sea, 61, 64, 67, 176 , Ksawery, Crown Grand Bandura, Wawrzyniec, 73 Hetman, 203±4 Bar, Confederacyof (1768±72), 110, , Palatinate of, 65 196, 202 Brest (BrzesÂc Litewski) , 30, 33, 157 Union of (1595/96), 11 Basel, 72 Brewer, John, historian, 22, 41, 52 Bastille, 124, 130 n. 28 BruÈhl, Heinrich, 186, 190 , 187 BruÈhl, Fryderyk, 206 Bayeux , 39 (Buczacz), Treatyof (1672), 9, Baysen, Hans von, 96 175±6 BeÂarn, 51 , Privilege of (1355), 59 Behm von Behmfeld, Martin, 109 Bukaty, Franciszek, 205 Berestechko (Beresteczko), battle of Bulgakov, Jakov, 213 (1651), 162 bureaucracy, 5, 15, 32, 40±2, 45 Berlin, 194 in Poland-Lithuania, 15 Bielski, Jan, 129 n. 6 Bystrzonowski, Wojciech, 129 n. 7, Bielski, Joachim, 161 130 n. 24 Biron (BuÈhren), Ernst Johann, Duke of Courland, 185 , 63, 104, 106, 164 Sea, 2, 64, 67 Carlowitz, Treatyof (1699), 175±6 Beowulf,39 Casimir II the Just, Duke of Cracow Bodin, Jean, 72, 77 (1177±94), 161 Bogusøawski, Konstanty, 130 n. 31 Casimir III the Great, KP (1333±70), Bohemia, 74 161, 198 Habsburg authorityover, 3, 31±2, 74, heirless death of, 2, 59, 133, 160 121 Casimir IV, GDL (1440±92), KP transfer of from Jagiellons to (1447±92), 19, 84, 93, 96, 136, Habsburgs, 1±2, 29, 61 162 Bohemian Brethren, 63 Casimir Jagiellon, St, 160, 162 Bolesøaw I the Brave (Chrobry), KP Castile, see Spain (992±1025), 161, 198 Catherine II the Great, Empress of Bolesøaw II the Bold, KP (1058±79), 161 Russia (1762±96), 120 Bona Sforza, QP, 160 and Poland, 14, 18, 195, 200±4, Bon cza-Tomaszewski, D., 131 n. 47. 206±8, 212±16 Bonney, Richard, historian, 16, 44 Catherine Jagiellonka, Queen of , of Muscovy, Sweden, 73, 133, 160 86±7 Catholics, see Roman Catholic Bourbons, see individual monarchs Church Bracøaw, see Bratslav centralization (and decentralization) Brandenburg-Prussia, 33, 187±8, see extent of in Europe, 46±8, 51±2 also partitions and individual extent of in Poland-Lithuania, 3±4, monarchs 14, 58, 64±7, 94, 98±101, fiscal-militarysystem,17, 43, 206 108±11, 153±4, 163, 180 and HolyRoman Empire, 29 chamber of envoys, 3, 60, 154, 173, power of monarchy, 15 194 and Poland-Lithuania, 107, 137, chancellors, see ministers 183±5, 188±9, 202, 207±8, Charles, Duke of Lorraine, 135 213±14 Charles I, King of England and Polish views of, 118, 120, 127±8 Scotland (1625±49), 47, 120 Index 235

Charles V, HolyRoman Emperor Constitution of 3 May1791, 18, 132, (1519±56)/Charles I, King of Spain 144±6, 190, 209±12, 214 (1516±56), 121, 151 anti-confederal tendencies, 101, Charles VI, HolyRoman Emperor 210±11 (1711±40), 178, 184±5 opposition to, 115 n. 54, 131 n. 47 Charles XI, King of Sweden (1660±97), , 190, 212, see 176 also monarchy Charles XII, King of Sweden Conti, Prince Louis de, 175 (1697±1718), 16, 147 n. 20, 176±8 convocation, 68±9, 174, see also Charles Ferdinand Vasa, Bishop of interregnum and Sejm Breslau and Pøock, 134, 137, 160, Copernicus, Nicolaus, 207 163 corona and regnum, 26, 95, 97±8, 106, Charles Frederick, of Baden, 110, see also Crown 198 coronation, see Cracow, Sejm and Charles of Habsburg, Archduke of individual monarchs Styria, 160 Cossacks, 11, 14, 166, see also Ukraine Charlin ski, Jan, 156±7 Counter-Reformation, 12, 152, see also Cheømno, see Kulm Roman Chemnitz, 28 Courland (and ), Duchyof Chmielnicki, Bohdan, see links with Crown and Khmelnytysky, Bohdan of Lithuania, 3, 30, 64±5, 67, 185 Chmielowski, Benedykt, 118 attempts bykings to secure Chocim, see patrimonyin, 14, 137, 190 (ChodkievicÏius) family, court, 12±13, see also individual 85 monarchs Chreptowicz, Joachim, Lithuanian Cracow Vice-Chancellor, 205 capital, 64, 162 Christ, Jesus the, 150 cathedral, 161 Christina, Queen of Sweden (1634±54), place of royal funerals and 171 n. 49 coronations, 59, 65, 70±1, 175 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 125 political rights, 3, 60, 97 Cieszyn , see Teschen `Cracow school', 6, 172, see also Cioøek, Erazm, Bishop of Pøock, 162 pessimism and Stan czyk cities, see towns , 11 Clark, J.C.D., historian, 48 , 30 Commissions of Civil and Military Cromwell, Oliver, 118 Order, 211 Crown (Corona Regni Poloniae), 3, 205, Commission for National Education, see also corona and regnum 203, 205±8 Crown estates (kroÂlewszczyzny), see also Commonwealth, see Polish- patronage and starostwa Lithuanian Commonwealth distribution of, 4, 139, 173, 183, 190 composite polities, 1±2, 30±3, 47±8, redemption of, 16, 62, 99 58±67, 78, 99, 180±1 reform of (1775), 142, 203 confederacy, 69, 174, 176±7, 188±90, taxation of, 16±17, 62, 180 199±200, 204, 207, 212, see also Curaeus, Joachim, 113 n. 25 Bar, Radom, , Curicke, Georg Reinhold, 93 Targowica, TarnogroÂd and Thorn Curicke, Reinhold, 106 Conring, Hermann, 28 custos legum, see guardian of the laws Constance of Habsburg, QP, 160 Czaplin ski, Wøadysøaw, historian, 152 236 Index

Czapski family, 110 Polish views of, 109, 117, 178, 189, Czapski, Feliks, 130 n. 26 194 , Adam Jerzy, 26 Dutch revolt, 5, 109 Czartoryski, August, 184, 199 Dygdaøa, Jerzy, historian, 94, 110 Czartoryski family, 108, 110, 184±90, dynastic agglutinations, see composite 194±5, 202 polities Czartoryski, Michaø, Lithuanian Grand Dziaøyn ski family, 104 Chancellor, 184, 199 Dziaøyn ski, Stanisøaw, Castellan of Czermak, Wiktor, historian, 152, Elbing, 103 165 Dzieduszycki, Jerzy, 123 DzieÎgielewski, Jan, historian, 152 DaÎmbski, Stanisøaw, Bishop of Cujavia, DzikoÂw, Confederacyof (1734±6), 175 185 Danzig financial role, 17, 106 Elbing, 60, 94, 107 and monarchy, 173 Eleanor of Habsburg, QP, 135 political role, 60, 75, 94, 100, 103±4, elections, royal, 4, 14, 18±19, 59, 106, 175, 185 68±76, 132±42, 146, 159, 201, 208, religious questions, 104±6, 110 see also interregnums and and Stanisøaw August Poniatowski, hereditarysuccession 110, 216 n. 3 in other states, 14, 77±8 in Swedish wars, 107 viritim, 4, 69, 133, 136 David, King, 150 vivente rege, 14, 62, 69, 132±5, 138, Deboli, Antoni, 209 140±2, 152, 163±4, 167 decentralization, see centralization Elizabeth, Empress of Russia (1741±62), Denhof, Stanisøaw, 177 14 , 77, 81 n. 44 Elizabeth of Habsburg, QP, 160 Polish views of, 118, 122 Elizabeth of Habsburg, QP, 162 Dembin ska, Anna, historian, 90 Elliott, Sir John H., historian, 19, 47 Dembowski, Stanisøaw, Bishop of Elton, Sir Geoffrey, historian, 41±3 Cujavia, 130 n. 29 Emanuel, of , 185 , see absolutism empire, form of government in Devil, 123 Europe, 28, 34 diplomacy Engelhardt, Aleksandra, 203 of Commonwealth, 11, 202 England, see also Great Britain of ruling , 152, 173, 187 administration of, 41±4 of other powers, 28, 188, see also monarchyof, 39±41, 48±53, 63 partitions nobility, 50±1 , 207 parliament, 15±16, 49±50, 53 Dobromil, 161 population, 79 Dolabella, Tomasso, 161 Polish views of, 117±28, 145, 178, Dolgoruki, Sergei Grigorevich, 179 182, 189, 194±6, 198, 205, 209, Dorohostajski, Krzysztof Moniwid 211, 213, 215 (Kristupas Mandvydas revolutions, 118, 128 Dorohostaiskis), 85 or despotism, Downing, Brian, historian, 43 143, 193, 197±9 , 13, 184, 187 Enlightenment, 193±5, 198±9, 205±7, , 5, 27, 43, 53, 72, 76, 209, 215 78±9 Ernest of Habsburg, Archduke, 73±4 Index 237

Ertman, Thomas, historical sociologist, Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia 42 (1740±86), 33, 120, 187, 198 estates, 6, 28±33, 46, 71, see also Sejm, and Poland-Lithuania, 94, 200, 202 sejmiks, and Prussia, Royal Frederick Augustus III, Elector of ethnic loyalties, 27 Saxony(1763±1827), 132, 146, ethnic variety, 33±4 210±11 Evans, R. J. W., historian, 19 n. 2 Frederick William, Elector of execution of the laws (executio legum) Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia movement, 62±3, 87±8, 90, (1640±88), 162 99±100, 135±6, 142, 159 Frederick William II, King of Prussia executive power, 196, 203±4, 210±11, (1786±97), 94, 207 215 Fredro, Andrzej Maksimilian, 105, 134, 138, 165 `Family', see Czartoryski family and freedom, see liberty Poniatowski family , 184, 194 Fedor (Theodore), Tsar of Muscovy (1584±98), 73 , 35 Ferdinand II, HolyRoman Emperor Gasztold (GosÏtautas) family, 85 (1619±37), 12 Gdan sk, see Danzig Filipczak-Kocur, Anna, historian, 16 Gediminas, GDL (1316±41), 84 Filipowski, Hieronym, 90 Gediminian dynasty, 83, 91 n.5 Firlej, Jan, Crown Grand Marshal, 68±9 , 58 Flanders, 51 Geret, Samuel Luther, 109 forma mixta, see mixed monarchy George III, King of Great Britain and France Ireland (1760±1820), 50, 53 And Austrian Succession, 187 , vii-viii Enlightenment, 194, 206 Giedymin, see Gediminas Estates-General, 50 Gierowski, JoÂzef Andrzej, historian, 30, fiscal and political problems, 17, 44, 172 52, 110 Glayre, Maurice, 199 integration of, 48 Glogau (GøogoÂw), 59 nobility, 50±1 Gøuchowski, Jan, 161 and Poland-Lithuania, 73±5, 164, GoÂrnicki, èukasz, 72, 81 n. 36, 125±6 166, 175, 184±5, 188, 202 GoÂrski, Karol, historian, 97±8 Polish views of, 71, 118±28, 194 GosÂlicki, Wawrzyniec, 71±2 population, 79 Grabowski, Stanisøaw, Bishop of power of monarchy, 15, 41±4, 48±53, Warmia, 110 63 Graudenz, 109 Revolution, 128, 193, 209, 212, Great Britain, see also England, 214 Scotland, Ireland and Wales Francis I, King of France (1512±47), 39, diplomats, 154, 194±5, 200, 212 41, 44, 46 fiscal-militarystrength of, 15±16, 43, Francis (I) Stephen, HolyRoman 52±3 Emperor (1745±65), 184 monarchy, 15±16, 190 Franz Leopold, Prince of Anhalt- parliament, 15±16, 190 Dessau, 198 and Poland-Lithuania, 183, 188 Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg political culture of, 15±16 (1688±1713)/Frederick I, King in relations between parts of, 47±8, Prussia (1701±13), 33, 111 n. 4 51±2 238 Index

Great Northern War (1700±21), 16, HenryII, King of France (1547±59), 174±82, 188, see also Russia and 41 Sweden HenryIV, King of France (1589±1610), Great Poland (Wielkopolska), 64, 177 41 Greek Catholic Church, see Uniate HenryVIII, King of England (1509±47), Church 39, 46, 53, 164 Greengrass, Mark, historian, 47 Polish views of, 120±1, 123 Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, 198 Hensel, Leszek, historian, 30 , 214±15 Henshall, Nicholas, historian, 49 Sejm (1793), 213 Herburt, Jan, 71, 161 Union of (1430), 135 hereditarysuccession to , 119, GrudziaÎdzÂ, see Graudenz 121, 132±46, 159±63, 196, 208±10, Guard of the Laws, see StrazÇ Praw see also elections guardian of the laws (stroÂzÇ praw, custos hetmans, 180, 184, 189, 204, 208, see legum), 140±1, 159 also ministers GueneÂe, Bernard, historian, 41 Hohenzollerns, see Brandenburg- Gustavus III, King of Sweden Prussia and Prussia, Duchyof (1771±92), 118, 128 , 176, see also Schleswig- GyoÈrgyRaÂkoÂczi, Prince of Holstein, 176 Transylavania, 138 HolyLeague (1684±89), 175 HolyRoman Empire ( Reich), 35, 191 Habsburg Monarchy, 20, 48, 61, 182, compared to Polish-Lithuanian 186±7 Commonwealth, 14, 18±19, army, 17, 206 27±8, 34, 179, 186 compared to Commonwealth, 1±2, Hrushevsky, Myhailo, historian, 67 4, 29±36 Hungary and partitions, 202±3, 214 compared to Poland(-Lithuania), Habsburgs, 137, see also Habsburg 29±31, 34, 186 Monarchy, Spain Habsburg authorityover, 3, 31, 121 (hereditarylands), 135 transfer of from Jagiellons to marriages to Kings of Poland, 160±1 Habsburgs, 1±2, 61 and Polish elections, 74, 175, 184±5 unions with Poland, 29, 59 Polish views of, 36, 109, 118, 120±1, 136, 161 Iberia, 48, 78±9, see also Spain and Hadiach (Hadziacz), union of (1658), 11 Portugal Halecki, Oskar, historian, 27, 67, 89±90 IgelstroÈm, Josif, 213 Hanoverians, 49, 51, 53, see also insurrection (1794), 214, 216 George III interregnum, 132±43, 146, 174, see also , 95 elections and Sejm Hardwicke, Philip, 1st of, 194 of 1434, 133; of 1444±7, 136; of Hartknoch, Christoph, 102±3, 108±9 1572±3, 68±75, 133, 136; of Hayton, David, historian, 57 n. 37 1574/5±6, 74±5, 133, 175; of Hedvig, see Jadwiga 1586±7, 74, 76, 133, 175; of Henrician Articles, 70±1, 133, 135, 1632, 134; of 1648, 137±8, 162; 143±5, 154 of 1668±9, 166±7; of 1696±7, Henryof Anjou, see Henryof Valois 134, 174±5; of 1706±9, 177±8; of Henryof Valois, KP (1573±4/5), King 1733, 138, 184±6, 188±9; of HenryIII of France (1574±89), 1763±4, 195, 199±200, 215 73±5, 133, 135 interrex, see primate Index 239

Ireland, 51±2, 109, see also Great court of, 13 Britain cult of, 198, 207 , 79, 119, 122, 126, see also Genoa, jealousyof, 137±8, 167 Siena and and Jews and Armenians, 10±11, 17 Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsar of Muscovy and succession, 134, 137, 175±6 (1533±84), 73, 164 John III Vasa, King of Sweden (1569±93), 73, 133, 160 Jabøonowski, J. Stanisøaw, 124, 129 n. 7 Joseph I, HolyRoman Emperor Jadwiga, KP and QP (1384±99), 2, 74±5, (1705±11), 187 160 Joseph II, HolyRoman Emperor Jagieøøo, see Wøadysøaw II Jagieøøo (1765±90), 122 Jagiellons jurisdiction, 70, 75, see also tribunals descent of later rulers from, 70, 160, 167 , Union of (1397), 81 n. 44 rule in Bohemia, 1, 160 Kanon, JeÎdrzej, 161 rule in Hungary, 1, 29, 160 Karwicki, Stanisøaw Dunin, 26, 127, elective rule in Poland, 2±3, 133, 139±40 135±6 Kaski, 68 extinction of, 62, 68, 71 Kazimierz Wielki, see Casimir III the hereditaryrule in Lithuania, 2±3, 14, Great 29, 63, 84, 133, 135±6, 160 Kazimierz Jagiellon czyk, see Casimir IV remembered as hereditarykings, Kettlers, Dukes of Courland, 185 133, 140 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 11, 66 Jakub z Szadka, 113 n. 17 Khotyn, battle of (1621), 162 Jan Kazimierz, see John (II) Casimir Kicin ski, Pius, 199 Jan Olbracht, see John (I) Albert Kiev, 156, 176 Jan III Sobieski, see John III Sobieski palatinate of, 65 Janicki, Klemens, 161 Kievan Rus, viii, 183 Jews, 10±11, 17, 35 Klushino, battle of (1610), 162 Jesuits, 11, 12, 33, 105, 108, 183 Kmita, Jan Achachy, 161 Jogaila, see Wøadysøaw II Jagieøøo , 68 John Albert Vasa, Bishop of Cracow, 163 Koenigsberger, Helmut G., historian, 5, John (I) Albert, KP (1492±1501), 59, 19, 47, 112 n. 9, 181 136 Kolankowski, Ludwik, historian, 67, 87 John (II) Casimir, KP and GDL KoøøaÎtaj, Hugo, 143 (1648±68) Komarzewski, Jan, 206 abdication, 138, 150±2, 156±8, 165±8 Konarski, Stanisøaw, 140, 144, 190 and army, 163, 166±7 Koniecpol, battle of (1708), 178 election, 134, 137, 162 Konopacki family, 104 exile, 165±6 Konopczyn ski, Wøadysøaw, historian, LwoÂw vows (1656), 11 152, 179 memory, 166±7 Korzon, Tadeusz, historian, 152 militarytalent, 152, 162, 166 KosÂciuszko, Tadeusz, 214 political skill, 156, 164±5 Kostka, Jan, Castellan of Danzig, 100±1 reputation, 152±3 Kowalewo, 105 and succession, 135, 137, 164 Krasin ski, Jan, 130 n. 15 and Sweden, 159±60 KreÇva, Union of (1385), 135, see also John III Sobieski, KP and GDL Lithuania and Wøadysøaw II (1674±96), 8±9, 151, 174±5, 194 Jagieøøo 240 Index

Kryski, SzczeÎsny, Crown Grand First Lithuanian Statute (1529), 80 n. Chancellor, 158 17 Kubala, Ludwik, historian, 155 Third Lithuanian Statute (1588), 86 Kulm, Palatinate of, 96 wars with Muscovy, 2, 61, 89 , 96, 103 , vii±viii, 87 kwarta, see Crown estates Little Poland (Maøopolska), 81 n. 41, 90 Livonia èadowski, Remigiusz, 130 n. 17 links with Poland and Lithuania, 3, Lappo, Ivan, historian, 90 64±5, 67, 75 èaski, Olbracht, 73 Polish kings' attempts to establish , 87 patrimonyin, 14, 67, 176 legal codification, 63, 204±5 wars over, 73, 75, 84 , 191 Louis I, (1342±82) Lelewel, Joachim, 26, 35 and Poland (1370±82), 59, 79 n. 3, Lengnich, Gottfried, 95, 108, 110, 198 194 Louis II Jagiellon, King of Hungary Leo X, , 162 (1516±26), 1, 61 Leopold I, HolyRoman Emperor Louis XIII, King of France (1610±48), (1658±1705), 175 121 Leszczyn ski family, 104 Louis XIV, King of France (1648±1715), Leszczyn ski, Stanisøaw, see Stanisøaw (I) 16, 44, 46±7, 49 Leszczyn ski Polish views of, 120±1, 127, 197 liberty, 110, 116±29, 194, 209, 215, see Louis XV, King of France (1715±74), 49, also republic, republicanism and 184, 197, 199 szlachta Louis XVI, King of France (1774±92), liberum veto, 10, 17, 18, 66, 132, 157, 49, 209, 214 165, 167, 184, 201, 212, see also Louis, Victor, 197 Sejm èowicz, 68 proposals to restrict or abolish, 110, Lublin, 69 173, 178, 190, 196 Union of (1569), 3, 4, 63±67, 78, Linde, Ernst von der, burgomaster of 82±92, 136; and Royal Prussia, Danzig, 107 99±101, 104, 108 Lipsius, 158 , JerzySebastian, Crown Lipski, Andrzej, historian, 65 Grand Marshal, 155, 164±5, 167 Lithuania, Grand Duchyof, see also Lukowski, Jerzy, historian, 206 Jagiellons and Lublin, Union of Luther, Martin, 64 of, 2 , 33, 63, 106, 183 clientage in, 2, 85, 87±8, 153 Council of (Rada PanoÂw), 2, Mably, Gabriel, 26 84±5, 89 Maciszewski, Jarema, historian, 158 court of, 84 MaÎczak, Antoni, historian, 153±4 defiance of monarchyin, 9 magnates, 3, 62, 68, 164, 166, 183, expansion of, 2 207±8 with Poland, 2, 59, compared to German territorial 80 n. 18, 83, 135 princes, 28±9 political culture of, 83±88, 157 courts of, 13, 85 sovereigntyof, 82±3, 85, 88 elsewhere in Europe, 45, 52 tensions with (Polish) Crown after Lithuanian, 2±3, 67, 83±88, 153, 183 1569, 82±3, 211 `oligarchy', 8, 18±19, 153±6 Index 241

Maøachowski, A., 131 n. 35 Mniszech, Jerzy, 190 Maøachowski, Jan, Crown Referendary, Mniszech, Michaø Jerzy, 205 151 Mniszech, Urszula, 205 , see Marienburg Modrzewski, Andrzej Frycz, 71±2, 99, Maøøek, Janusz, historian, 97 126 Maøopolska, see Little Poland MohaÂcs, battle of (1526), 1, 61 Maria Kazimiera Sobieska, QP, 175 , 11, Maria Leszczyn ska, Queen of France, Polish kings' attempts to establish 184 patrimonyin, 14, 67, 137, 175±6 , Queen of Bohemia, monarchia mixta, see mixed monarchy King of Hungary(1740±80), 31±2, , 184, 187 strength of in Poland-Lithuania, 5, Maria Josepha of Habsburg, QP, 187 26±7, 158±67, see also regalism Maria Wittelsbach, 160 strength of elsewhere, 5, 15, 119 Marienburg, 94 monarchomanes, 72 Palatinate of, 96, 106 monarchy, form of government in marshals, 68±9, see also ministers Europe, 27, 39±53, 58±9, 76, see Marxism, 7 also absolutism Masini, Christopher, 165 in medieval Europe, 39±42 Matejko, Jan, 25 Renaissance, 41 MaÎtwy, battle of (1666), 164 Polish views of, 116±29 Maximilian I, HolyRoman Emperor, monarchy, Polish-Lithuanian, see also 61 absolutism, elections, patronage, Maximilian II, HolyRoman Emperor, Polish-Lithuanian 73, 75 Commonwealth, Royal Prussia, Maximilian of Habsburg, Archduke, 74 succession and individual Mazepa, Ivan, 178 monarchs Mazovia, 69, 101, 113 n. 23, 163 duties, see Henrician Articles and incorporation of (1529), 3, 58, 64 pacta conventa regalism, 155, 158±9 prerogatives, 4, 79 n. 3, 139, 141±2, Mazzei, Filippo, 209 146, 154, 173, 188, 190, 196, Mehmed IV, , 166 201, 203±4, 208±9, 211 Michael (Michaø) Korybut reconception of in eighteenth WisÂniowiecki, KP (1669±73), 8±9, century, 18, 132±3, 139±46, 190, 135, 138, 165±7 196, 208±12, 215±16 court of, 13 relations with magnates and Jagiellon ancestry, 70 szlachta, 8, 9, 60, 62±3, 153±6, , Privilege of (1501), 60, 80 n. 183, 205 18 respect for, 134, 157±8 Michalski, Jerzy, historian, 189 `weakness' of, 154±68 MilitaryCommissions (1764±76), 200 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de MilitaryRevolution, 43 Secondat, 28±9 Miller, John, historian, 46 influence in Poland, 125±6, 194, ministers, 4, 196, 203, 210±11, 215, see 198, 210, 215 also chancellors, hetmans, Montluc, Jean de, 73±4 marshals, treasurers and StrazÇPraw , 187 mixed monarchy, 3, 5, 71±2, 97, 105, Mostowski, Pawel, 110 117, 144, 158±9, 173, 190, 208, Mousnier, Roland, 43 211, 215 MuÈller, Michael, historian, 104 242 Index multiple kingdoms, see composite conflicts with Hungary, 2, 29 polities OzÇarowski, Piotr, 131 n. 43 Muscovy, 79, see also Russia conflicts with Lithuania and Poland, , 9 2, 61, 64, 73, 75, 89, 162 `pacification', 174, 178±9, 200, see also Polish views of, 109 Sejm pacta conventa, 70±1, 154, 175, 197, I, Emperor of France 208 (1804±14, 1815), 27±8, 146 papacy, 74, 77±8, 177, see also Roman Napoleon III, Emperor of France Catholic Church (1852±70), 28 papal nuncios, 183, 204 Naruszewicz, Adam, 26, 197±8 ParczoÂw, 69 , 94, 172 Paris, 26, 194, 198 nationality, 34±6, see also patriotism of, 199 Nax, J. Ferdynand, 131 n. 34 Parker, Geoffrey, historian, 43 Necker, Jacques, 52 partitions , see Dutch Republic in historiography, 1, 6±7, 13±14, Nicholas, David, historian, 41 25±6, 172, 216 (1505), 60 impact of, 27, 31, 34±6, 124 Noailles, Henri de, historian, 71 and international system, 28±9 nobility, 45, 50±1, 77, see also szlachta First (1772), 94, 202±3 and individual countries Second (1793), 94, 213 , 81 n. 44 Third (1795), 214±16 Patkul, Johann Reinhold, 176 Obodzin ski, Aleksander, 161 patronage, see also monarchy Oborski, Marcin, 165 in Europe, 45, 49 Octavian Augustus, 197 in Poland-Lithuania, 4, 12, 139, 142, Olgierd, see Algirdas 146, 173, 190, 200, 205 Olszowski, Andrzej, Crown Vice- patriotism, 208, see also nationality Chancellor, 151 from territorial to ethnic, 27, 35±6 Opalin ski, Edward, historian, 66, 157 Patriots, 108±10, 212 Opalin ski, Krzysztof, 155 Paul I, Emperor of Russia (1796±1801), Opalin ski, èukasz, 105, 134, 158±9 214±15 , see Oppeln , 11±12, 103, 125, 201 Oppava, see Troppau Permanent Council, 203±5, 207, 209, Oppeln, 137 213 optimism, historiographical Persia, 11 interpretation, 6±8, 14, 172 PeÎski, Walenty, 126, 129 n. 5 Order of St Stanisøaw, 205 pessimism, historiographical Order of the White Eagle, 184 interpretation, 6±8 Orthodoxy, 2, 11, 33, 87±8, 183 Peter I the Great, Tsar and Emperor of Orzechowski, Stanisøaw, 71, 78 Russia (1682±1725), 16, 34, 120, Ossoøinski, Jerzy, Crown Grand 176±9, 183, 185 Chancellor, 155 Peter III, Emperor of Russia (1762), 195 OsÂwieÎcim, 64 Pfeffel, Christian Friedrich, 28 , 31, 79, 118 Philip II, King of Spain (1556±98), 45±6 and the Commonwealth, 29, 74, 97, Philip II Augustus, King of France 166, 175±6, 178±9, 183, 188, (1180±1223), 39 202, 207 philosophes, 124, 198 Index 243

Piarists, 207 Potocki, JoÂzef, Crown Grand Hetman, Piasts, dynasty, 59, 140, 160±1 189 native kings, 13, 14, 72±3, 138, Potocki, Ignacy, Lithuanian Grand 141±2, 174±5, 185, see also John Marshal, 208±10, 212 III Sobieski, Michael Korybut Pragmatic Sanction, 184±5 WisÂniowiecki, Stanisøaw (I) PrazÇmowski, Mikoøaj, Primate, 150±1 Leszczyn ski and Stanisøaw (II) , Old, see Stuart, Prince James August Poniatowski Francis Edward Pielgrzymowski, Eljasz (Elijas primate, 68±9, 71, 151, 174, see also Pielgrimovijus), 86±7 Poniatowski, PrazÇmowski, Pierzchlin ski, A., 130 n. 23 Radziejowski and Uchan ski Pikarski, Adrian, 150±1 Protestants, PiotrkoÂw, 62, 80 n. 18, 89 conversion of szlachta to, 87 Piwarski, Kazimierz, 110 reconversion of szlachta from, 12, Pleban ski, Jan Kazimierz, historian, 105, 162 152 political rights of, 182, 200±1 Podhorodecki, Leszek, historian, 152±3 in Prussian towns, 94, 104±8 Podlasia, 65 degree of toleration of, 63, 68, 88, , 176 182±3, 201 Podoski, Gabriel, Primate, 201±2 Prussia, Duchyof (until 1701) , vii±viii, xiii, xix, 78, feudal links to Crown, 3, 64±5, 67, 86±7 102, 137, 162 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish kings' attempts to establish 1±5, 18 patrimonyin, 14, 67, 137 administration, 59, 187±8 Prussia, East (from 1701), 94 `anarchy', 6, 8, 18, 27, 172, 180, Prussia, Kingdom of, see Brandenburg- 187±8, 195 Prussia decline and fall of, 13±19, 44, 153±6, Prussia, Polish, see Prussia, Royal 167±8, 179, see also partitions Prussia, Royal, 93±115 effects of war on, 17±19, 156, 181±2 attachment to Commonwealth, 14, fiscal system, 7, 16±18, 105, 180, 187 95, 98, 102, 107±11 foreign views of, 5±6, 27, 172 union with Polish Crown (1454/66), population, 79, 181 58, 93±99, 106±7, 109±10 political languages, 83, 86±7 incorporation into Commonwealth , 78, 86±7, 104 (1569), 58, 64±6, 94, 99±101, , battle of (1709), 178 109 Polybius, 5 Landesrat (upper chamber), 94, 96, , 96, 102 98 Pomorze, see Pomerania (Diet), 94, 96±101, 103, 105, Poniatowska, Konstancja, 194 108±9 Poniatowski, family, 189±90, 194 nobles, 97±106, 108 Poniatowski, Michaø Jerzy, Primate, 12, political culture, 10, 97±9, 102±6, 205, 207, 210, 214, 216 108 Poniatowski, Stanisøaw, 184, 194 privileges, 93±7, 100±2, 106, 108, Poniatowski, Stanisøaw August, see 110 Stanisøaw (II) August Poniatowski `separatism', 94±5, 98, 110±11 Portugal, 119 and Teutonic Order, 5, 93±5, 97±8, Potemkin, Grigorii, 203 102, 109 , 184, 187±9 towns, 9, 94, 96±7, 99, 101±8 244 Index

Prussia, West, see Prussia, Royal Roman Catholic Church, 12, 32±3, 41, Przyøuski, Jakub, 71 151, 167, 173, 175, see also Puck, see Putzig absolutism, confessional, Putzig, 100 Counter-Reformation, and Pyrrhis de Varille, CeÂsar, 140±1 papacy and Polishness, 183, 201 Rabb, Theodore, historian, 43 political role, 60, 68±9, 202, 205, Raciborz, see Ratibor 207, 210 Radom, 166 reconversion of szlachta to, 12, 105, Confederacyof (1767±8), 110, 196, 162 201 Rome, ancient, 109, 117 Union of, (1401), 135; (1501), 80 n. Ronikier, Jerzy, historian, 182 18 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 25±6, 36, 141, Radzewski, Franciszek, 140 144, 206, 210 Radziejowski, Hieronim, Crown Court Rostworowski, Emanuel, historian, Treasurer, 155, 164 205±6, 209 Radziejowski, Michaø, Primate, 175, Royal Prussia, see Prussia, Royal 177 RulhieÁre, Claude-Carloman de, 26 Radziwiøø (Radvila) family, 4, 83, 85, Russia, see also Muscovy 105 acquisition of east-bank Ukraine, 11, Radziwiøø, Janusz, 157 176, 183 Radziwiøø, Janusz, Lithuanian Grand influence in Commonwealth, 18, Hetman, 66, 155 108±9, 138, 141, 178±9, 183±90, Radziwiøø, Krzysztof, 85±6 195, 200±8, 212±16 Radziwiøø, Krzysztof II, 164 militaryautocracy,15, 17, 206 Radziwiøø, Mikoøaj `the Red', 91 n. 7 Polish views of, 118, 120 and, 13 and Sweden, 128, 176±82 Radziwiøø Mikoøaj Krzysztof, 155 Russell, Conrad, historian, 47±9 Ratibor, 137 Russocki, Stanisøaw, historian, 32 Reich, see HolyRoman Empire , vii-viii, 86±7 referendaria courts, 11 Ruthenians Reformation, 63, 87 in Lithuania, 2, 87 regalism, 5, 155±67 in the Crown, 11, 183 Renaissance, 41, 58 Rzeczpospolita, see Polish-Lithuanian Repnin, Nikolai, 201±3, 214 Commonwealth republic, form of government in Rzewuski, Adam W., 129 n. 11, 130 n. Europe, 27±8, 58, 76, 117±18, 125, 28 127 Rzewuski, Seweryn, Crown Field republicanism Hetman, 130 n. 28, 142 of Polish-Lithuanian political culture, 4±5, 18, 26±7, 116±29, St Bartholomew's Daymassacre (1572), 160±1, 182, 196, 200, 203, 69, 123 206±8 St Petersburg, 195, 203, 209, 215 in Royal Prussia, 10 Saldern, Kaspar von, 202 Richelieu, Cardinal, 41, 119±20 Salic Law, 119 , 156 Salmonowicz, Stanisøaw, historian, 94 Rigaud, Hyacinthe, 197 Samogitia, 2 Roberts, Michael, historian, 43 Sandomierz rokosz, 155, 174 confederacyof (1702±17), 176±8 Index 245

rokosz (1606±9), 12, 105, 155, 157±8, 1573 (Election), 68±70; of 1574 164±5 (Coronation), 70±1; of 1615, family, 9 156; of 1652 (first), 66, 157±8; of Sapieha, Lew, Lithuanian Grand 1661, 164, 167; of 1662, 164; of Chancellor, 86 1664, 165; of 1668 (Abdication), SÏapoka, Adolfas, historian, 67 150±2, 156±8; of 1669 Sarmatism, 7, 30, 72, 77±8, 188±9 (Coronation), 66; of 1672, 165; in Royal Prussia, 7, 102±3, 107, 109 of 1699 (Pacification), 175; of Sarnowski, Stanisøaw, 151, 157 1703, 176±7; of 1712±13, 178; of Saxon period (1697±1763), 172±91, see 1717 (Silent), 179±82, 187; of also Augustus II, Augustus III and 1724, 183; of 1726, 182; of 1733 Wettins (Convocation), 184±5; of 1736 Economic damage and (Pacification), 182, 185, 187, reconstruction, 181, 191 196; of 1744, 186; of 1746, 186; court during, 13, 184, 187, 198 of 1761, 196; of 1764 historiographyof, 7, 28±9, 172 (Convocation), 109, 199±200; of memoryof, 201 1766, 200; of 1767±8 (Repnin), religious issues, 182±3 201±3; of 1773±5 (Partition), and republicanism, 18, 182, 190 142, 203; of 1776, 204; of 1778, in Royal Prussia, 107±9 204; of 1780, 205; of 1786, 206; Saxony, 123, 176±7, 186±7, 194±5 of 1788±92 (Four Years), 26, 132, Union with Poland-Lithuania, 29, 143±6, 191, 207±12, 216; of 33, 179±81 1793 (Grodno), 213 Schleswig-Holstein, 81 n. 44 sejmiks, 2, 60, 66, 76, 101, 178, 196, Schlobach, Jochen, literaryhistorian, 204, 206 198 `government of the sejmiks', 153±4, Schramm, Gottfried, historian, 32 163, 180 SchroÈter, Philip von, 109 reforms of, 180, 201, 210±11 Schulz, Georg Peter, 114 n. 45 of 1661, 164; of 1724, 183; of Scotland, 51±2, 122, see also Great November 1791, 132, 209; of Britain February1792, 132, 212 secretaries, royal, 13 senate, 60, 68, 173, 197, 205, 210±11 Sejm, 2, 60, 69, 76, 77, 106, 173±4, purpose of, 3, 158 182, 186±7, see also chamber of senate council, 4, 69, 154, 173, 180, envoys, senate and liberum veto 187 common for Poland and Lithuania, Seven Years' War (1756±63), 186±7 4, 18, 65, 90, 100±1 Sharpe, Kevin, historian, 49 publication of resolutions, 63 Shuiskii, Dmitrii and Ivan, 162 proposals to reform, 140, 143, 164, Siena, 44 178, 196, 210, 215 , Adam, Crown Grand reform of after 1764, 18, 144±5, 200, Hetman, 177 210±11, 213 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 152 and taxation, 17, 61±2, 187 Sievers, Jakov, 213 of 1493, 60; of 1505, 60; of 1529, 62, Sigismund I the Old, KP and GDL 133; of 1530 (Coronation), 133; (1506±48), 59, 160, 198 of 1534, 63; of 1562±3, 64, 89; of court of, 13, 25 1563, 89, 99; of 1564, 99; of and election of Sigismund Augustus, 1569 (Lublin), 63±7, 82, 100; of 62, 133 1573 (Convocation), 68, 136; of and fiscal-militaryreform, 16, 61±2 246 Index

Sigismund I (cont.) fiscal problems, 44 and Lithuania, 62, 135 golden age, 79 and Prussian , 64 and Poland, 74 Sigismund (II) Augustus, GDL (1529/ Polish views of, 119, 121 44±72), KP (1529/48±72), 160, 198 power of monarchy, 40±2, 63 heirless death of, 4, 68, 136 SÂroda, 122 court of, 13 Stackelberg, Otto Magnus, 202±8 and Danzig, 103±4 Stan czyk, jester, 25, 33, 35 election of, 62, 133 StaÈndestaat,30 and fiscal-militaryreform, 62±3 Stanisøaw (I) Leszczyn ski, KP and GDL rule in Lithuania, 84, 89, 135 (1704±10, 1733±6), Sigismund III Vasa, KP and GDL first reign (1704±10), 147 n. 20, 177±8 (1587±1632), see also Sandomierz second reign (1733±6), 138, 184±5, rokosz 188 and Church, 12, 161±2, 202 Gøos wolny wolnosÂc ubezpieczajaÎcy, and fiscal-militaryreform, 17 140, 190 and Habsburgs, 137, 160±1 Stanisøaw (II) August Poniatowski, KP Jagiellon ancestryand election , 73, and GDL (1764±1795), 172, 75, 133, 160 189±90, 193±216, see also and Muscovy, 86 absolutism, enlightened political skill, 156 absolutism, Enlightenment, reputation, 152 Catherine II and Russia and Royal Prussia, 106 abdication and exile, 214±15 and sejmiks, 154, 163 `Anecdote historique', 195±6, 210 and Sweden, 136, 152, 156, 159 attempted assassination of, 202 and succession, 137 cadet corps, 203, 207 and szlachta, 133±4, 137 character, 195 Sigismund Casimir Vasa, Duke of and Church, 12, 202, 205, 207, 210, Oppeln and Ratibor, 15, 137 216 , 58, 64, 102, 137, 183, 187 civil list, 203 Skarga, Piotr, 12, 126, 130 n. 14, 158 and Constitution of 3 May1791, Smith, Alan, historian, 47 144, 193, 209±12, 216 Smogulecki, Mikoøaj, 156 court of, 13, 197±8 , 61, 156, 162, 176 `dictatorship', 212 Sobieski, Prince Jakub, 175 earlycareer and travels, 194±5 Sobieski, John III, see John III Sobieski election, 195, 215 Sonderweg, 1, 5±6, 18±19, 25±36, 62±3 at Four Years Sejm (1788±92), 132, Sonka Holszan ska, QP, 81 n. 40 146, 207±12, 216 Sophia of Brunswick-WolfenbuÈttel, 74 at (1793), 213 sovereignty, 18, 71, 77, 121, 179, 183, in historiography, 6±8, 194, 198, 216 206±7, see also absolutism and and insurrection (1794), 214 mixed monarchy Jagiellon ancestry, 70, 194, 198 Sowa, Andrzej Leon, historian, 182 and Lithuania, 210±11 Spain naõÈveteÂ, 195, 197, 200, 213 Aragonese-Castilian union, 19 and peasants, 11±12, 201 comuneros,20 political skill, 205, 208±9, 212, 216 Cortes (of Castile), 50 popularity, 193, 209, 212 court of, 13 propaganda, 193, 197±8, 202, 207, and Dutch revolt, 78 215 Index 247

and republicanism, 18, 196, 200, 208 , 5, 27, 58, 117 and Royal Prussia, 108±11, 200 Szadek, 129 n. 8, 169 n. 24 and Sejm, 18, 144, 193, 196±7, 201, Szembek, Stanisøaw, Primate, 177 204, 210±12 szlachta (nobility), see also monarchy unpopularity, 138, 188, 196±7, 201, and Prussia, Royal 207, 214±15 and army, 16±18 Stanisøaw Szczepanowski, St, 161±2, and Cossacks, 11 202, 205 Lithuanian, 83±90 Starostas, see Crown estates and and magnates, 8, 13, 62±3, 68, 153±6 starostwa and peasants, 11±12 starostwa, see also Crown estates political culture of, 3, 15, 18, 71±2, appointments to, 97, 203±4 77±8, 116±29, 132±46, 153±67, Starowolski, Szymon, 158 180±3, 187±91, 201±2, 204, Staszewski, Jacek, historian, 172, 183, 206±7, 212 186 privileges of, 2±3, 59±60, 71±2, Staszic, Stanisøaw, 26, 124, 130 n. 13, 95±99, 119, 123, 133, 138, 159, 131 n. 46, 143, 146 174, 181 Stefan Batory, see Stephen BaÂthory size, 60 Stephen BaÂthory, KP and GDL (1576±86), Prince of Transylvania, Targowica, Confederacyof (1792±3), 16±17, 73, 75±6, 133, 135, 164, 212±14 198 TarnogroÂd, Confederacyof (1715±17), SteÎzÇyca, 75 178±9 , Treatyof (1667), 137 table lands, 11±12 Strayer, J.R., historian, 41 Teschen, 187 StrazÇ Praw (Guard of the Laws, Teutonic Order, 3 Custodial Council), 145, 210±12 in Livonia, 64 stroÂzÇ praw, see guardian of the laws Prussian revolt against, 5, 93±102, Stroband, Heinrich, 98, 104 108±9 Stuart, Prince James Francis Edward, ThirtyYears' War (1618±48), 181 16 Thorn, 60, 94, 98, 102, 104 Stuarts, 16, 51, 128, see also Charles I, Confederacyof (1767), 108, 201 William III and Anne Tumult of (1724), 107±8, 183 Styria, 32 toleration, 33, 63, 69, 76, 88, 104±5, Suchodolski, Wojciech, 131 n. 34 182±3, 200±1 Sully, 41 Torun , see Thorn Sutton Hoo, 39 towns Suvorov, Aleksandr, 214 in Europe, 40 Sweden, 17, 77, 188 political marginalization of, 2±3, 9, and Poland, 138, 179, 183; during 60, 96, 103 First Northern War (1558±82), private, 9 73; during Second Northern War proposals to reform, 143, 208 (1655±60), 13, 66, 106±7, reforms of, 10, 211±12 159±60; during Great Northern royal authority in, 9±10, 173 War (1700±21), 16, 106±7, Transylvania, 30, 63 147 n. 20, 176±82 treasurers, 188, see ministers Polish Vasas' claim to, 136±7 TreasuryCommissions (1764±91), 200 Polish views of, 117±18, 122, 128 TreasuryTribunal, Crown, 166, 194 SÂwitkowski, Piotr, 120, 128 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, historian, 43 248 Index

Tribunals, Crown and Lithuanian, 70, Vladislav II, King of Bohemia 75, 103, 173, 188, 194 (1471±1516)/UlaÂszlo II, King of Troppau, 59, 187 Hungary(1490±1516), 59, 61, 136 Tudors, 51, see also HenryVIII Volhynia, 65 Tungen, Nicolaus von, Bishop of Volkonskii, Nikolai, 202 Warmia, 98 Vytautas the Great, GDL (1392±1430), , Turks, see Ottoman Empire 83±4 Tyzenhauz, Antoni, Court Treasurer of Lithuania, 12, 205 Wales, 51±2, see also Great Britain , 175 Uchan ski, Jakub, Primate, 68±9 Warsaw, 150, 206 Ukraine, 11, 29, 137, 153, 176, 178, `capital', 64, 162 183, see also Cossacks Confederacyof (1573), 63, 69 UlaÂszlo II, see Vladislav II Duchyof (1807±13), 15 Uniate Church, 33, 173, 183, see also Insurrection (1794), 214 Brest, Union of Krasin ski , 200 unions, see composite polities, Lublin Royal Castle, 64, 150±2, 197, 207, and Saxony 214; Marble Room, 160, 197±8 United Provinces, see Dutch site of royal elections, 68±9 Republic `Warsaw school', see optimism Utrecht, Union of (1579), 78 Warszewicki, Krzysztof, 158±9 Wasilewski, Tadeusz, historian, 152 Vasas, 150±68, see also Charles Watzenrode, Lukas, Bishop of Warmia, Ferdinand, Sigismund III, 98 Wøadysøaw IV, John Albert, John Westphalia, Treatyof (1648), 179 Casimir and Sigismund Casimir Wettins, 132, 145, 172, 176, 179, 191, court under, 13 208, see also Augustus II, Augustus and Habsburgs, 152, 160±1 III, Frederick Augustus III and memoryof, 140, 165±7 Saxon period propaganda, 159±63, 197±8 Wielhorski, Michaø, 26, 120, 141±2 success and failure of, 152±6, 162±3, , 203 167±8 Wielkopolska, see Great Poland and Sweden, 136±7, 152, 156, William I the Conqueror, King of 158±60 England (1066±87), 39 Vasilii IV Shuiskii, Tsar of Muscovy William III, King of England, Scotland (1606±10), 162 and Ireland (1689±1702), Prince of Vazenault, Wøadysøaw Konstanty, Orange, 16, 49, 53 Comte de, 171 n. 49 Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, 194±5 Venice, 27, 58, 72, 76±7, 79 Wilno (Vilnius, Vilna), 59, 73, 87, 89 Polish views of, 71, 117±18, 189 capital of Lithuania, 83, 88 Vespasian, 157 insurrection (1794), 214 Vienna, 194 Union of (1499), 80 n. 18; (1401) 135 siege of (1683), 7 Wisner, Henryk, historian, 152 VileÂm RozÏmberk, 73 WisÂniowiecki, Jarema, 166 Vilnius, see Wilno WisÂniowiecki, Michael Korybut, see virtue, 125±6, see also republic and Michael Korybut WisÂniowiecki republicanism Witebsk , see Witebsk petition (1562), 88±9 Vitsebsk, see Witebsk Witold, see Vytautas the Great Index 249

Wøadysøaw I the Short (èokietek), KP , 187 (1306/20±33), 64 battle of (1706), 177 Wøadysøaw II Jagieøøo, GDL (1377±92) Wybicki, JoÂzef, 141, 146 and KP (1386±1434), 160 Wyczan ski, Andrzej, historian, 58 And union of Lithuania with Poland, Wyrwicz, Karol, 131 n. 46 2, 175, 198 failure to win hereditaryright in Yam Zapolskii, Treatyof (1582), 64, 75 Poland, 2, 133, 136 Yorke, Charles, 194 victoryover Teutonic Order, 93 Wøadysøaw III of Varna (Warnen czyk), Zamoyski, Andrzej, Crown Grand KP (1434±44)/King UlaÂszlo Iof Chancellor, 199, 204 Hungary(1440±44), 136 Zamoyski, Jan, Crown Grand Wøadysøaw IV Vasa, KP and GDL Chancellor and Hetman, 69, 74, (1632±48), 138, 161, 198 164 election, 134, 137 Zamoyski, Stefan, 157±8 and Habsburgs, 137, 160±1 Zator, 64 political skill, 156 ZÇ egocki, Marcin, 134 reputation, 152 Zboin ski, Michaø, 109 and Sweden, 159 , Piotr, 72 Wøodkowicz, Paweø, 99 Zielin ska, Zofia, historian, 172 Wojciech, St, 162 ZÏmuidzinas, Jonas, historian, 67 Wojciechowski, Zygmunt, historian, Zygmunt III Waza, see Sigismund III 28 Vasa WoÂjcik, Zbigniew, historian, 152 Zygmunt August, see Sigismund (II) Woøyn , see Volhynia Augustus Wroughton, Thomas, 200 Zygmunt Stary, see Sigismund I