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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81227-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 1: From Early Rus’ to 1689 Edited by Maureen Perrie Index More information Index Aadil Girey, khan of Crimea 507 three-field 293, 294 Abatis defensive line (southern frontier) 491, tools and implements 291–2 494, 497 in towns 309, 598 Abbasids, Caliphate of 51 Ahmed, khan of the Great Horde 223, 237, Abibos, St 342 321 absolutism, as model of Russian and Akakii, Bishop of Tver’ 353 Muscovite states 16 Alachev, Mansi chief 334 Acre, merchants in Kiev 122 Aland˚ islands, possible origins of Rus’ in 52, Adalbert, bishop, mission to Rus’ 58, 60 54 Adashev, Aleksei Fedorovich, courtier to Albazin, Fort, Amur river 528 Ivan IV 255 alcohol Adrian, Patriarch (d. 1700) 639 peasants’ 289 Adyg tribes 530 regulations on sale of 575, 631 Afanasii, bishop of Kholmogory, Uvet Aleksandr, bishop of Viatka 633, 636 dukhovnyi 633 Aleksandr, boyar, brother of Metropolitan Agapetus, Byzantine deacon 357, 364 Aleksei 179 ‘Agapetus doctrine’ 297, 357, 364, 389 Aleksandr Mikhailovich (d.1339) 146, 153, 154 effect on law 378, 379, 384 as prince in Pskov 140, 152, 365 agricultural products 39, 315 as prince of Vladimir 139, 140 agriculture 10, 39, 219, 309 Aleksandr Nevskii, son of Iaroslav arable 25, 39, 287 (d.1263) 121, 123, 141 crop failures 42, 540 and battle of river Neva (1240) 198 crop yields 286, 287, 294, 545 campaigns against Lithuania 145 effect on environment 29–30 and Metropolitan Kirill 149 effect of environment on 10, 38 as prince of Novgorod under Mongols 134, fences 383n. 92 136, 141, 145 flax 288 as prince of Vladimir (1252) 135 in geographic zones 2, 25, 29 Aleksandr Vasil’evich (d.1331), of Suzdal’ 140 land uncultivated (1580s) 264, 281, 293n. 29, Aleksandrovskaia Sloboda 423 294 Ivan IV’s palace of 257 livestock 25, 29, 39, 288, 290 Aleksei Alekseevich, Tsarevich 614, 616 resources 38–9 Aleksei, Metropolitan 149, 151, 153, 157, 179–80 in Siberia 27, 563 Alena, nun of Arzamas 610 systems Alevisio Lamberti da Montagnana (the long-fallow (perelog) 29 Younger), Venetian architect 233, 343, shifting cultivation (zalezh) 29 393 slash and burn cultivation 25, 26, Alexander, Grand Duke of Lithuania 221, 236 292 Alexios I Komnenos, emperor of Byzantium strip-field 293 91 722 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81227-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 1: From Early Rus’ to 1689 Edited by Maureen Perrie Index More information Index Alexis (Aleksei Mikhailovich), Tsar and principle of succession 110–11 (d.1676) 443–51, 463, 511, 614 Andrei Dmitr’evich (d.1432), of Mozhaisk 172, and Church reform 627–8, 636 173 and Patriarch Nikon 629, 633, 634 and Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery 345 court ceremonial 642 Andrei the Elder, son of Vasilii II (d.1493) 216, cultural interests 223, 237 enthusiasm for theatre 653 Andrei Fedorovich, prince of Rostov and European influences 645, 660 (1364) 167 music 654 Andrei Iaroslavich (d.1252), as prince in portraits of 647, 651 Vladimir 135 education 658 Andrei Ivanovich, son of Ivan III, of Staritsa foreign policy 503, 516 (d.1537) 221, 241–2, 250 claim to Polish throne 502, 504 Andrei Rublev, artist 197 invasion of Lithuania 501 Andrei, son of Vladimir Monomakh 102 and southern frontier defences 497–8 Andrei the Younger, son of Vasilii II and Thirteen Years War 445, 500 (d.1481) 216, 223 government 435 Andrusovo Armistice (1667) 470, 506, 507, 532 boyars’ council 458 extended 514 inner (privy) council of advisers 451 Ottoman Empire and 508 and Morozov 550 Ukrainian cossacks’ discontent with 507 and petition against salt tax 550, 601 Anfim, son of Sil’vestr (priest) 354 political reforms 7, 445–50 animism, in northern regions 318 Ulozhenie of 1649 443 Ankudinov, Timoshka, impostor 615 popular criticism of 550, 601, 615 Anna, daughter of Emperor Isaac II Angelus, Alkas, chief of Kabardinians 332, 333 wife of Roman Mstislavich 117 Alphabet (Bukvar’), illustrated (1694) 649 Anna, daughter of Iaroslav, wife of Henry I of Altmark, Treaty of (1629) 490 France 91 amanat (submission of hostages) 331, 333 Anna of Kashin, cult of 639 Ambassadorial Chancellery (Posol’skii Anna Koltovskaia, wife of Ivan IV 247 prikaz) 225, 446, 455, 517 Anna Porphyrogenita, wife of Vladimir and Filaret’s policies 488 Sviatoslavich 65, 67, 91n. 42 amber 196 Anna Vasil’chikova, wife of Ivan IV 247 America Antoniev-Siiskii monastery 280 colonisation of 319 Antonii, St, of Kiev 352 farmers 286 Anzerskii Skit monastery 629 amulets 341 apocalyptic writings 627 Amur, river 527, 528 Arabs frontier 327, 527 and the Khazars 51 Anastasiia, daughter of Petr Mikhalkovich and Rus’ 53, 56 198 Arcadiopolis 61 Anastasiia Romanovna, first wife of Ivan archaeology IV 8, 246, 277, 346, 428 evidence of political turbulence Anastasius of Cherson 67 (c.860–c.871) 53 Andrei Aleksandrovich (d.1304) 137, 138, 143 Novgorod 188, 194, 195 as prince of Vladimir 137, 141–2 and Scandinavian settlements in Rus’ 48, Andrei, bishop of Tver’ 152 53, 54, 59 Andrei Bogoliubskii (d.1174), son of Archangel, port of Iurii 110–12, 125 commercial trading links 315 autocratic rule 112 constructed (1583–4) 10, 301, 315, 595 capital at Vladimir-in-Suzdalia 110, 111, 125 European merchants in 307, 592 capture of Kiev (1169) 110 fortifications 596 prince of Suzdalia 108 growth of 592 prince of Vyshgorod 105 architects, Italian 233, 343, 393 723 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81227-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 1: From Early Rus’ to 1689 Edited by Maureen Perrie Index More information Index architecture artists 17th century 644–6 composers 654 church styles 111, 343–4, 644, 645 medieval, Novgorod 197–8 Novgorod 197, 209 Russian and foreign 649 engineering innovations 643 Asia ‘Moscow Baroque’ 644–6 cultural contact with 36 new domestic forms 598 see also China and ritual 390–4 Askold, non-princely Varangian 47 Western ideas in 645 Assembly of the Land (zemskii sobor) 8, 435, aristocracy see boyars; military servitors; 469 servitors (service classes) 1648 elections to 551 aristocracy, Lithuanian, influence on called by Ivan IV (1566) 259 Muscovite government 232, 236n. 48 composition of 461 armies, Muscovite 218, 264 convened (1642) (Azov crisis) 496 administration, effect of Thirteen Years and election of Boris Godunov as tsar War on 506, 510 (1598) 278–9 conscription (levies) 498, 506 election of Michael Romanov (1613) 8, costs of 490 428 pay rates 470 interpretation of 461–2 tax funding for 470–1, 506, 518 and restoration of order (1613–18) 488 defection to False Dmitrii 281, 284 and Ulozhenie (1648–9) 461, 551 expansion and improvement (under Astrakhan’ 40, 300 Romanovs) 518 and arrival of Kalmyks 521 foreign formations 7, 545 attacked by Timur 160 cavalry 470, 490, 494, 518 Black Death at 159 infantry 470, 494, 518 massacre of elites by Razin 606 made permanent 498–9 and opposition to Shuiskii 417 infantry 506 Ottoman-Crimean expedition against mercenaries 490 (1569) 326–7 regimental formations 218 population 583 Borderland and Riazan’ arrays 494, 497 trade 133, 537 Great Corps 494, 497 Zarutskii’s reign of terror 429 Rear Guard 497 Astrakhan’, khanate of 2, 318, 321 Vanguard 497 conquered by Ivan IV (1556) 255, 256, service Tatars (non-Christian) 534 323 training 414, 498 as successor to Great Horde (1502) 234, use of gunpowder 218 235 use of Tatar weapons and tactics 218 Auditing Chancellery (formed 1656) 470, see also frontier, southern, defences; 479 pomest’e system Austria, merchants in Kiev 122 Armoury Chancellery 567 autocracy 15, 267 art 14 and changing nature of law 385 Byzantine tradition 648, 658 developed by Boris Godunov 279 church frescos 197, 643 and elite culture 641 European 647 lack of limitations on 9 non-religious 650 unaffected by Time of Troubles 430, 435 realistic 648 under Alexis 451 religious 95–6, 660 see also ‘Agapetus doctrine’; tsar traditional Russian 660, 662 Avramii of Smolensk, Life of 108 see also architecture; artists; culture; icons; Avvakum, Archpriest 627, 633, 636, 637 literature; painting Life of 656 Artemii, Non-possessor monk 354, 356 Ayuki, Kalmyk khan 525 as reformer 355 Azak see Tana 724 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81227-6 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 1: From Early Rus’ to 1689 Edited by Maureen Perrie Index More information Index Azov (Azak) Bela´ IV,king of Hungary 141 Don cossack raids on 503, 523 Belarus’ (Belorussia) occupied by Don cossacks 495–6, 523 cultural influence of 645 Ottoman fort at 325 legal jurisdictions 564 taken by Russia (1696) 525 Belarus’, Lithuanian, Muscovite invasion (1654) 500, 501 Baikal, Lake 527 Belarus (modern), claim to origin of Rus’ 2, Bakhchisarai, armistice of (1681) 513, 607 19 Baku, Caspian Sea 529 Belek-Bulat, Nogai mirza 323 Balash, Ivan 601 Belev, battle at (1437) 164 Balashovshchina uprisings (1632–3) 601 Belgorod 114, 497, 583 Balkans 37, 60–2 besieged by Pechenegs 68 see also Bulgaria bishopric at 69, 93, 623 Balovnia, cossack leader 487 fortified town 68, 270, 301 Baltic peoples 23, 30, 36 Belgorod defensive line (southern Baltic region frontier) 41, 469, 470, 494, 512, 524 Muscovy and 531–3 extension of 524 see also Estonia; Lithuania; Livonia gaps in 497 Baltic Sea new fortified towns on 580 access to 257, 270, 487 regional military administration 469, 497, port of Narva 10, 300, 315 586 trade 37, 104 and settlement 549 through Novgorod 133, 208, 314 bell-making 641 bandits, on trade routes 161 Belokolodsk 579 banks, lack of 540, 591 Beloozero 26 banquets 642 original Ves inhabitants 47 Baraba Tatars 537 principality of 135, 144, 154, 155 Barabash, Iakov Fedorovich, Zaporozhian Belozersk 224 ataman 503 Bel’skii, Bogdan Iakovlevich, oprichnina barter 540 noble 265, 412 Bashkin, Matvei, trial for heresy 356 disgraced 280 Bashkirs 330, 336, 537 Bel’skii, Fedor Ivanovich, Lithuanian prince as fugitives among Kazakhs 534 (in Muscovy) 236n.
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    Ties between Kievan Rus and the Byzantine Empire in the 9th and 10th centuries were mainly of a trade and military nature. The situation had changed however, at the close of the 10th century. Not only had the Kievan Prince Vladimir Sviatoslavich adopted Christianity from Constantinople, he had also taken to wife, Anna Porphyrogenita, the Byzantine princess and sister of Basil II Bulgaroktonos. Vladimir’s marriage to a princess born to imperial purple signified a great honour for the Rurik dynasty, an honour not achieved even by the emperor Otto I who requested the hand in marriage of the Byzantine purpleborn or Porphyrogenitus for his son Otto II. Anna also brought her craftsmen and priests with her to Russia, they helped christianize the country. The craftsmen taught local builders to build large stone churches and decorate them with mosaics and frescoes. The introduction of christianity also saw the spread of the culture of the written word. Another Byzantine princess in Rus was the mother of Vladimir II Monomakh, of whom we have very little knowledge. There is a legend relating to relics connected to his nick-name which he took from his mother after the emperor Constantine IX. The so called legend of Monomakh relics became important in the period between the 15th and 16th centuries, when the great Moscow prince began using the title Tsar. The last two Byzantine princesses to join the Rus dynasty, did so in the 15th century. One was Marie, the daughter of Andreas Palaiolog, she married the Prince Vasily Mikailovich. The other was Zóé Palaiolog, the daughter of Thomy Palaiolog and niece to the last two Byzantine emperors Constantine XI.
  • Our Guests the Buildings of Cathedral Square

    Our Guests the Buildings of Cathedral Square

    Summer in the Urals Pyotr Filippovich Ushakov is 95! You have lakes of kindness in your eyes ... The Buildings of Cathedral Square HEALTHY Body, Healthy mind First day of school Friendship Editor-in-chief : Elena V. Vatoropina 624021, Russia, Sverdlovsk region, Designers : Olga Vaganova Sysert, Novyi District, 25 Web: школа1-сысерть.рф Photographers : Maria A. Udintseva, Bruce Bertrand, Ilia D. http://friendship1.ksdk.ru/ Krivonogov, Anton S. Sharapov, Vadim Lebedev Е-mail: [email protected] Correspondents : Maria Kucheryavaya, Bruce Bertrand, Vasilina Starkova, Alexandr Buzuev, Vladislav Surin Magazine for young learners who love English and want to know it Summer is a small life ….....…....................... 4 Summer in the Urals .……………………………………...…. 4 Krimea - 2020 ..……………………………………………...…. 4 Travelling around Russia ……………………...... 5 My trip to the South of Russia ………………………...…. 5 Our Compatriots ……………..………………....….. 7 Pyotr Filippovich Ushakov is 95! ………..………........... 7 We are for healthy lifestyle! ………...……....…. 8 An annual holiday for tourists ..………...……….…….... 8 School Life ………….………………………….……… 10 You have lakes of kindness in your eyes ………..…….. 10 Happy Teacher’s Day! My favourite teacher ….......... 11 Healthy body, healthy mind! ………………...….………… 12 Unusual History lessons …………………………………….. 13 Our guests …………....…………………………...….. 14 Interesting Places of Moscow: The Buildings of Cathedral Square ………………………………………….…... 14 Discussion Club ………….………………………..... 17 Is graffiti an art form? ……………………………………... 17 School uniform:
  • Standard Text

    Standard Text

    Introduction At the end of the eleventh century AD (November of 1095), at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II issued a call for an armed pilgrimage to the Holy Land that became known as the First War of the Cross, or Crusade. This was at the request of the Byzantine emperor, Alexius Comnenus, in response to the increasing incursions of the Seljuq Turks into the formerly Byzantine territories in Asia Minor that had been gaining ground and momentum since the disastrous Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. What the embattled Byzantine emperor expected from the West was an elite force of armored knights that would ostensibly be commanded by an imperial general. Instead, the Christian force exported through Byzantine lands into the East took on a form quite different from that requested by Alexius. Instead of a coherent, unified, and professional military force, what first appeared at the gates of Constantinople in early 1095 was a massive, untrained, and belligerent rabble of peasants lead by a preacher called Peter the Hermit. Having already come into armed conflict with Byzantine soldiers while en route to the Holy Land, this “Peoples’ Crusade” proved to be both unsuccessful in addressing the Turkish problem, and highly dangerous (as a relatively leaderless mob of armed peasants) to the Byzantine capital—these “crusaders” immediately took to pillaging and raiding the hinterland of Constantinople during their wait outside the city walls. Alexius hastily mobilized the Byzantine navy and had these first crusaders ferried across the Bosporus, whereupon the majority were slaughtered by the Turks in a quick series of engagements in western Asia Minor.