Chronologyof Polish-Lithuanian Monarchs, 1316/20±1795 Hereditary Grand Dukes of Lithuania Kings of Poland 1316±41 Gediminas (Giedymin) 1320±33 Wøadysøaw I èokietek (the Short) 1341±45 Jaunuitis ( Jewnut) 1333±70 Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz Wielki) 1345±77 Algirdas (Olgierd) 1370±82 Louis of Anjou (Ludwik WeÎgierski) 1377±92 Jogaila ( Jagieøøo) 1384±99 Jadwiga of Anjou (Hedvig) 1392±1430 Vytautas (Witold) 1386±1434 Wøadysøaw (II) Jagieøøo 1430±32 SÏvitrigaila (Swidrygieøøo) 1432±40 Sigismund (ZÏygimantas 1434±44 Wøadysøaw II of KeÎstutaitis, Zygmunt Varna Kiejstutowicz) (Warnen czyk) 1440±92 Casimir 1447±92 Casimir IV (Kazimieras Jogailaitis) (Kazimierz Jagiellon czyk) 1492±1501 John (I) Albert ( Jan Olbracht) 1492±1506 Alexander 1501±06 Alexander 1506±48 Sigismund the Old 1506±48 Sigismund I the Old (Zygmunt Stary) 1529/44±72 Sigismund Augustus 1529/48±72 Sigismund (II) Augustus (Zygmunt August) Elective Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania 1573±74/75 HenryValois (HenrykWalezy) 1576±86 Stephen BaÂthory(Stefan Batory) 1587±1632 Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza) 1632±48 Wøadysøaw IV Vasa 1648±68 John (II) Casimir Vasa ( Jan Kazimierz) 1669±73 Michael Korybut WisÂniowiecki (Michaø) 1674±96 John III Sobieski ( Jan) 1697±1706 Augustus II the Strong (August Mocny) 1704±10 Stanisøaw (I) Leszczyn ski 219 220 Chronology of Polish-Lithuanian Monarchs, 1316/20 1709±33 Augustus II the Strong (again) 1733±36 Stanisøaw (I) Leszczyn ski (again) 1733±63 Augustus III 1764±95 Stanisøaw (II) August Poniatowski Genealogical Table of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and Kings of Poland, 1316±1668 WLADYSLAW I Lokietek (the Short) KP 1320–32 Elizabeth † 1380 CASIMIR III the Great KP 1333–70 GEDIMINAS GDL 1316–41 LOUIS KP 1370–72 JAUNUTIS GDL 1341–45 ALGIRDAS GDL 1345–77 Kestutis¸ † 1382 Louis I the Great KH 1342–72 VYTAUTAS SIGISMUND Kestutaitis¸ JADWIGA KP 1384–99 m. (1) JOGAILA GDL 1377–92/ ŠVITRIGAILA GDL 1392–1430 GDL 1432–40 WLADYSLAW II Jagiello GDL1430–32 Sonka Holszanska´ † 1461 m. (4) KP 1386–1434 WLADYSLAW III of Varna CASIMIR IV Jagiellonczyk´ KP 1434–44 / Ulászló I KH 1440–44 GDL 1440–92 KP 1447–92 Vladislav II KB 1471–1516/ St Casimir JOHN (I) ALBERT ALEXANDER Sophia † 1512 SIGISMUND I the Old Frederick † 1503 Ulászló II KH 1490–1516 † 1484 KP 1492–1501 GDL 1492–1506 KP 1501–06 m. Frederick of KP/GDL 1506–4 Bp of Cracow 1484, Apb of Ansbach-Hohenzollern m. (1) Barbara Zapolya † 1515 Gniezno, primate, cardinal 1494 m. (2) Bona Sforza † 1557 Anna † 1547 Louis II KB/KH 1516–26 Albert of Hohenzollern SIGISMUND (II) AUGUSTUS (2) Jadwiga † 1573 (1) ANNA † 1596 (2) Catherine † 1583(2) m. Ferdinand I of Habsburg Duke of Prussia 1525–68 GDL (crowned) 1529 m. Joachim II eng. HENRY Valois m. John III Vasa El. of Brandenburg KP/GDL 1573–74/5 HRE 1556–64 GDL (power) 1544–72 KS 1568–92 KP (crowned)1529 † 1571 KF 1574–89 m. STEPHEN Báthory Elizabeth † 1545 m. (1) KP (power)1548–72 PT 1571–86 Maximilian II HRE 1564–76 Charles m. (2) Barbara Radziwill † 1551 KP/GDL 1576–86 Catherine † 1571 m. (3) Archduke of Styria John George SIGISMUND III Vasa El. of Brandenburg 1571–98 KP/GDL 1587–1632 KS 1592–99 Ferdinand II HRE 1619–37 m. (1) Anna † 1598 m.(2) Constance † 1631 Cecilia Renata † 1644 m.(1) WLADYSLAW IV KP/GDL 1632–48 m. (2) Louisa Maria Gonzaga † 1667 m. JOHN (II) CASIMIR † 1672 John Albert † 1634 Charles Ferdinand † 1655 P of Oppeln and Ratibor 1645 KP/GDL 1648–68 Bp of Warmia 1631, Bp of Breslau 1625, Bp of Bp of Cracow, cardinal 1633 Plock 1645, P of Oppeln Sigismund Casimir † 1647 and Ratibor 1648 KP = King of Poland GDL = Grand Duke of Lithuania KH = King of Hungary KB = King of Bohemia HRE = Holy Roman Emperor KF = King of France PT = Prince of Transylvania KS = King of Sweden EI. = Elector Bp = Bishop Abp = Archbishop A Guide to Further Reading The number of works in English on earlymodern Poland-Lithuania has grown significantlyin recent years,and when supplemented bythose in French and German amounts to a substantial bodyof writing. The following suggestions are byno means comprehensive and centre on political history.For particular social groups, such as the Jews and the Cossacks, see the sections and references in the introduction. Nevertheless the coverage and qualityremain extremelypatchy, and on manytopics the student will have to learn at least Polish if she or he is to progress far. Relevant works in Polish, Lithuanian, Russian and Ukrainian are given in the notes to individual articles The best starting points are Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way (London, 1987), which vividlyevokes the Commonwealth's culture, and Norman Davies, God's Playground: AHistory of Poland , 2 vols (Oxford, 1981), particularlythe lively thematic chapters of vol. I. A shorter and equallyaccessible overview, which is to be preferred for its assessment of the legacyof the Commonwealth in the nineteenth century, is Davies's Heart of Europe: a Short History of Poland (Oxford, 1984). ARepublic of Nobles: Studies in Polish history to 1864 , ed. and trans. J. K. Fedorowicz (Cambridge, 1982) is an excellent collection of essays by Polish scholars, well translated, covering keyaspects of Polish historyfrom the Middle Ages to the nineteenth century. Another useful collection is Antoni MaÎczak, Henryk Samsonowicz and Peter Burke (eds), East-Central Europe in Transition: From the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1985). The views of Janusz Tazbir and Emanuel Rostworowski maybe found in the synthesisedited by Aleksander Gieysztor, History of Poland (Warsaw, 1968), but the translation is offputting. The achievements of prewar Polish historians are distilled in the two-volume Cambridge History of Poland (Cambridge, 1941±50), eds W. F. Redd- awayet al., but the absence of editorial standardization and the poor index make it hard to use. The historyof the Grand Duchyof Lithuania is now best approached via Zigmantas Kiaupa, JuÅrateÇ KiaupieneÇ and Albinas KuncevicÏius, The History of Lithuania before 1795 (Vilnius, 2000). The historyof the Ukrainian lands of the Commonwealth is covered in English bythe relevant sections of Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: AHistory (Toronto, 1988), and A. Magocsi, AHistory of Ukraine (Toronto, 1996). Klaus Zernack, Polen und Ruûland. Zwei Wege in der europaÈischen Geschichte (Berlin, 1994) shows how neither Poland nor Russia can be fullyunderstood without the other. Parts of Andrzej Sulima Kamin ski, Republic vs Autocracy: Poland Lithuania and Russia, 1686±1697 (Cambridge, MA, 1993) are of more general significance than the book's title suggests. The monarchyis notablyill-served in anylanguage. Its fourteenth-century foundations are well described in Paul W. Knoll, The Rise of the Polish Monarchy: Piast Poland in East Central Europe 1320±1370 (Chicago and London, 1972) and Stephen C. Rowell, Lithuania Ascending: a Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe, 1295±1345 (Cambridge, 1994). On the origins of Polish royal elections, see also C. Backvis, `L'origine de la dieÁte ``Viritim'' pour l'eÂlection du roi en Pologne', Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves, XX (1973), 222 AGuide to Further Reading 223 pp. 45±128, P. Skwarczyn ski, `The ``Decretum electionis'' of Henryof Valois', Slavonic and East European Review, XXXVII (1958/59), pp. 113±130, and Skwarczyn ski, `The Origin of the Name Pacta Conventa in 1572', Slavonic and East European Review, XXXVII (1958/59), pp. 469±476. M. Rhode, Ein KoÈnigreich ohne KoÈnige: der kleinpolnische Adel in sieben Interregna (Wiesbaden, 1997) is an excellent studyof the interregnums of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. On the role of the royal court in a European context, see Antoni MaÎÎczak, `From Aristocratic Household to PrincelyCourt: Restructuring Patronage in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries', in R. G. Asch and A. M. Birke (eds), Princes, Patronage and Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age c. 1450± 1650 (London, 1991), pp. 315±27. The royal rites of passage are explained by Aleksander Gieysztor, `Gesture in the Coronation Ceremonies of Medieval Poland,' in J. M. Buk (ed.), Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual (Los Angeles and Oxford, 1990), pp. 152±64, and Urszula Borkowska, `The Funeral Ceremonies of Polish Kings from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Cen- turies', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, LXXVI (1985), pp. 513±34. On royal and public finances, see Anna Filipczak-Kocur, `Poland-Lithuania before Partition' in Richard Bonney(ed.), The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe, c. 1200±1815 (Oxford, 1999), pp. 443±79. For wide-ranging surveys of the szlachta, see Robert Frost, `The Nobility of Poland-Lithuania, 1569±1795', in H. M. Scott (ed.), The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries (London, 1995), vol. II, pp. 183±222, and Andrzej S. Kamin ski, `The Szlachta of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and their Government', in Ivo Banac and Paul Bushkovitch (eds), The Nobility in Russia and Eastern Europe (New Haven, CT, 1983), pp. 17±45. The theoryof `magnate oligarchy' they challenge is exemplified by Antoni MaÎczak, `The Struc- ture of Power in the Commonwealth in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centur- ies', in Fedorowicz (ed.), ARepublic of Nobles , pp. 109±34, Adam Kersten, `Les magnats, eÂlite de la socieÂte nobiliaire', Acta Poloniae Historica, XXXVI (1977), pp. 119±33, and Henryk Olszewski, `The Essence and Legal Foundations of the Magnate Oligarchyin Poland', Acta Poloniae Historica, LVI (1987), pp. 29±49. See also Henryk Litwin, `The Polish Magnates 1454±1648. The Shaping of an Estate', Acta Poloniae Historica, LIII (1986), pp. 63±92, and A. PosÂpiech and W. Tygielski, `The Social Role of Magnates' Courts in Poland', Acta Poloniae Historica, XLIII (1981), pp. 75±100. An anthologyof the Polish historiographyof the Sejm is WøadysøawCzaplin  ski (ed.), The Polish Parliament at the Summit of its Development (Wrocøaw, 1985).