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Radioactive Waste Disposal in Space

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Radioactive Waste Disposal in Space Radioactive waste disposal in space Technical, economic, legal issues and possible methods of solution INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF ASTRONAUTICS SUMMARY REPORT OF STUDY GROUP 3.21 VERSION 1.0 1 March, 2016 Contents ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1 NUCLEAR AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL IN SPACE ............................................. 5 1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE PROBLEM AND ITS CURRENT STATE ..................................... 5 1.2 RAW MAIN ASPECTS AND MANAGEMENT STAGES ................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 RAW AS A PART OF NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE ....................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 TRANSPORTATION EXPERIENCE ...................................................................................................................... 14 1.2.3 DEGREE OF RISK DURING SPENT FUEL TRANSPORTATION .......................................................................... 15 1.2.4 LIABILITY OF THE PARTIES DURING RAW MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 16 1.3 RAW DISPOSAL METHODS ........................................................................................................................................ 16 1.3.1 GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL ...................................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.2 WASTE DISPOSAL ON THE OCEAN FLOOR ....................................................................................................... 22 1.3.3 RAW DESTRUCTION BY NUCLEAR EXPLOSION .............................................................................................. 23 1.3.4 TRANSMUTATION ............................................................................................................................................... 23 1.3.5 RAW DISPOSAL IN SPACE ................................................................................................................................. 27 1.3.5.1 ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF DISPOSED RAW......................................................................................... 27 1.3.5.2 SEALED POWER CONTAINER .................................................................................................................... 34 2. ROCKET AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL IN SPACE ........................................... 37 2.1 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................................ 37 2.2 DISPOSAL ORBIT SELECTION ..................................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.1 LAUNCH BASE SELECTION ................................................................................................................................. 41 2.2.2 GENERAL SEQUENCE OF OBJECT INJECTION INTO THE ORBIT OF THE ARTIFICIAL SUN SATELLITE ...... 41 2.2.3 SEQUENCE OF RAW INJECTION INTO OUTER RELATIVE TO THE EARTH DISPOSAL ORBIT .................... 43 2.2.4 RAW INJECTION INTO THE EARTH-SUN SYSTEM LIBRATION POINTS ....................................................... 46 2.3 SLV "MAYAK" USE ...................................................................................................................................................... 49 2.3.1 ERS OPERATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ............................................................................................... 54 2.3.2 PAYLOAD COMPOSITION ........................................................................................................................... 56 2.4 SLV "ZENIT-3SLBF" USE ......................................................................................................................................... 63 2.5 LIST OF POSSIBLE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ........................................................................................................... 63 3 COST ASPECTS OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL IN SPACE IN COMPARISON WITH ALTERNATIVE VARIANTS65 3.1 COSTS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 65 3.2 REVENUES .................................................................................................................................................................... 67 4 LEGAL ISSUES OF RAW DISPOSAL IN SPACE ................................................................................................................ 71 4.1 THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION .................................................................................................................. 71 4.2 THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY .................................................................................................. 79 4.3 OTHER INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 80 4.4 THE UKRAINIAN LEGISLATION ................................................................................................................................. 82 5 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF RAW DISPOSAL IN SPACE IMPLEMENTATION VARIANTS .................................. 84 5.1 BRIEF CHARACTERISTIC OF MINIMUM TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS ........................................................................... 84 5.1.1 DISPOSAL OBJECT ............................................................................................................................................... 84 5.1.2 DISPOSAL SITE .................................................................................................................................................... 84 5.1.3 METHOD OF DELIVERY TO DISPOSAL SITE ...................................................................................................... 85 5.2 COMPARISON TECHNIQUE OF VARIANTS ................................................................................................................. 85 5.2.1 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY .............................................................................................................................. 86 ISKS Radioactive waste disposal in space Version | 1.0 01 March, 2016 5.2.2 R .................................................................................................................................................................... 86 1 2 5.2.3 IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD ............................................................................................................................... 87 5.2.4 COST ..................................................................................................................................................................... 87 5.2.5 PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE ......................................................................................................................................... 87 5.3 PROCESSING OF RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 89 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 92 6 POSSIBLE COOPERATION AND POTENTIAL CUSTOMERS ............................................................................................. 93 7 PROJECT SWOT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................. 99 8 PROBLEMATIC ISSUES .................................................................................................................................................... 102 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 104 SOURCES .............................................................................................................................................................................. 105 ANNEX 1 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 110 ANNEX 2 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 112 ANNEX 3 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 125 Radioactive waste disposal in space Version | 1.0 22 February, 2016 Acronyms AC - aerodynamic capsule NP - nuclear power NPP - nuclear power plant HAW - high-activity waste GEO - geostationary orbit SPC - sealed power container AES - artificial Earth satellite ASS - artificial Sun satellite SC - spacecraft
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