Les Déchets Dans L'espace
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F, I3/ M EARTH VIEW: a Business Guide to Orbital Remote Sensing
_Ot-//JJ J zJ v - _'-.'3 7 F, i3/ m EARTH VIEW: A Business Guide to Orbital Remote Sensing NgI-Z4&71 (_!ASA-C_-ISB23_) EAsT VIEW: A 3USINESS GUI_E TO ORBITAL REMOTE SENSING (Houston Univ.) 13I p CSCL OBB Unclos G3/_3 001_137 Peter C. Bishop July 1990 Cooperative Agreement NCC 9-16 Research Activity No. IM.1 NASA Johnson Space Center Office of Commercial Programs Space Station Utilization Office "=.,. © Research Institute for Computing and Information Systems University of Houston - Clear Lake - T.E.C.H.N.I.C.A.L R.E.P.O.R.T Iml i I Jg. I k . U I i .... 7X7 iml The university of Houston-Clear Lake established the Research Institute for Computing and Information systems in 1986 to encourage NASA Johnson Space Center and local industry to actively support research in the computing and r' The information sciences. As part of this endeavor, UH-Clear Lake proposed a _._ partnership with JSC to jointly define and manage an integrated program of research in advanced data processing technology needed for JSC's main missions, including RICIS administrative, engineering and science responsibilities. JSC agreed and entered itffo : " a three-year cooperatlveagreement with UH-Clear _ke beginning in May, 1986, to ii jointly plan and execute such research through RICIS. Additionally, under Concept Cooperative Agreement NCC 9-16, computing and educational facilities are shared by the two institutions to conduct the research. The mission of RICIS is to conduct, coordinate and disseminate research on _-.. -- : computing and information systems among researchers, sponsors and users from UH-Clear Lake, NASA/JSC, and other research organizations. -
Index of Astronomia Nova
Index of Astronomia Nova Index of Astronomia Nova. M. Capderou, Handbook of Satellite Orbits: From Kepler to GPS, 883 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03416-4, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 Bibliography Books are classified in sections according to the main themes covered in this work, and arranged chronologically within each section. General Mechanics and Geodesy 1. H. Goldstein. Classical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, Mass., 1956 2. L. Landau & E. Lifchitz. Mechanics (Course of Theoretical Physics),Vol.1, Mir, Moscow, 1966, Butterworth–Heinemann 3rd edn., 1976 3. W.M. Kaula. Theory of Satellite Geodesy, Blaisdell Publ., Waltham, Mass., 1966 4. J.-J. Levallois. G´eod´esie g´en´erale, Vols. 1, 2, 3, Eyrolles, Paris, 1969, 1970 5. J.-J. Levallois & J. Kovalevsky. G´eod´esie g´en´erale,Vol.4:G´eod´esie spatiale, Eyrolles, Paris, 1970 6. G. Bomford. Geodesy, 4th edn., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1980 7. J.-C. Husson, A. Cazenave, J.-F. Minster (Eds.). Internal Geophysics and Space, CNES/Cepadues-Editions, Toulouse, 1985 8. V.I. Arnold. Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics, Graduate Texts in Mathematics (60), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989 9. W. Torge. Geodesy, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1991 10. G. Seeber. Satellite Geodesy, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1993 11. E.W. Grafarend, F.W. Krumm, V.S. Schwarze (Eds.). Geodesy: The Challenge of the 3rd Millennium, Springer, Berlin, 2003 12. H. Stephani. Relativity: An Introduction to Special and General Relativity,Cam- bridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004 13. G. Schubert (Ed.). Treatise on Geodephysics,Vol.3:Geodesy, Elsevier, Oxford, 2007 14. D.D. McCarthy, P.K. -
A New Look at Nuclear Power Sources and Space Debris
A NEW LOOK AT NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES AND SPACE DEBRIS Nicholas L. Johnson NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Mail Code KX, Houston, TX, 77058, USA, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT SNAPSHOT) in 1965. The vehicle’s SNAP-10A reactor operated for 43 days until an apparent The last satellite containing a nuclear power source malfunction on board the satellite shut down the reactor. (NPS) and intended for operations in Earth orbit was launched in 1988. However, a renewed interest in Although the NPS of the 1960’s proved the utility of radioisotope power systems (RPS) and nuclear these devices for generating electrical power in space, propulsion could lead to new NPS in orbit about the with one exception the systems rapidly fell out of favor Earth. Previous NPS risk assessments, particularly for Earth orbital applications at the same time that they those performed for the Scientific and Technical proved indispensable for deep space missions, Subcommittee of the United Nations’ Committee on the particularly at and beyond the orbit of Mars. Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, have employed older Improvements in solar cell technology provided reliable space debris environment models. The present paper and cost-effective alternatives to the relatively low employs current environment models and examines the power RTGs in Earth orbit, and requirements for potential effects of collisions between NPS satellites higher-powered nuclear reactors failed to emerge. and space debris to both the near-Earth space Consequently, only one more RTG was inserted into environment and the terrestrial environment. Harmful LEO (a Transit-class spacecraft in 1972), and two were collisions between NPS and space debris are unlikely inserted into geosynchronous orbits in 1976 (the LES 8 on an annual basis, but the long durations of most NPS and LES 9 spacecraft). -
5 Orbit and Ground Track of a Satellite
5 Orbit and Ground Track of a Satellite 5.1 Position of the Satellite on its Orbit Let (O; x, y, z) be the Galilean reference frame already defined. The satellite S is in an elliptical orbit around the centre of attraction O. The orbital plane P makes a constant angle i with the equatorial plane E. However, although this plane P is considered as fixed relative to in the Keplerian motion, in a real (perturbed) motion, it will in fact rotate about the polar axis. This is precessional motion,1 occurring with angular speed Ω˙ , as calculated in the last two chapters. A schematic representation of this motion is given in Fig. 5.1. We shall describe the position of S in using the Euler angles. 5.1.1 Position of the Satellite The three Euler angles ψ, θ and χ were introduced in Sect. 2.3.2 to specify the orbit and its perigee in space. In the present case, we wish to specify S. We obtain the correspondence between the Euler angles and the orbital elements using Fig. 2.1: ψ = Ω, (5.1) θ = i, (5.2) χ = ω + v. (5.3) Although they are fixed for the Keplerian orbit, the angles Ω, ω and M − nt vary in time for a real orbit. The inclination i remains constant, however. The distance from S to the centre of attraction O is given by (1.41), expressed in terms of the true anomaly v : a(1 − e2) r = . (5.4) 1+e cos v 1 The word ‘precession’, meaning ‘the action of preceding’, was coined by Coper- nicus around 1530 (præcessio in Latin) to speak about the precession of the equinoxes, i.e., the retrograde motion of the equinoctial points. -
Kärnkraft I Rymden Användningen Av Reaktorer Och Radioaktiva Ämnen Som Kraftkällor I Satelliter Och Rymdsonder
Kärnkraft i rymden Användningen av reaktorer och radioaktiva ämnen som kraftkällor i satelliter och rymdsonder LARS HÖstBECK FOI är en huvudsakligen uppdragsfinansierad myndighet under Försvarsdepartementet. Kärnverksamheten är forskning, metod- och teknikutveckling till nytta för försvar och säkerhet. Organisationen har cirka 1000 anställda varav ungefär 800 är forskare. Detta gör organisationen till Sveriges största forskningsinstitut. FOI ger kunderna tillgång till ledande expertis inom ett stort antal tillämpningsområden såsom säkerhetspolitiska studier och analyser inom försvar och säkerhet, bedömning av olika typer av hot, system för ledning och hantering av kriser, skydd mot och hantering av farliga ämnen, IT-säkerhet och nya sensorers möjligheter. FOI Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut Tel: 08-55 50 30 00 www.foi.se Försvars- och säkerhetssystem Fax: 08-55 50 31 00 FOI-R--2603--SE Underlagsrapport Försvars- och säkerhetssystem 164 90 Stockholm ISSN 1650-1942 November 2008 Lars Höstbeck Kärnkraft i rymden Användningen av reaktorer och radioaktiva ämnen som kraftkällor i satelliter och rymdsonder FOI-R--2603--SE Omslagsbild: RORSAT illustrerad av Ronald C. Wittmann, 1982 Sovjetunionen placerade ut en serie av havsövervakningssatelliter utrustade med radar, s.k. RORSATs, i låg bana i början på 1967. Genom att samutnyttjas i par lokaliserade de och siktade amerikanska fartyg. Syftet var sedan att använda ryska marina styrkor för att förstöra de amerikanska fartygen. De kärnbränslestyrda RORSATs som sköts upp på 70-talet krånglade -
Wolf . Hoose . Dauses Die Militarisierung Des Weltraums Dieter O
Wolf . Hoose . Dauses Die Militarisierung des Weltraums Dieter O. A. ~olf Hubertus M. Hoose Manfred A. Dauses [Q)ö® WA1Ö~Ö~@)[fÖ®Ö®[fQJ][ffi@ cQ]®® ~®~11[f@)QJ]mm® Rüstungswettlauf in der vierten Dimension © Bernard & Graefe Verlag Koblenz 1983 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Nachdruck und fotomechanische Wiedergabe, auch auszugsweise, nur mit schriftlicher Genehmigung des Verlages. Herstellung: Walter Amann, München Satz: Graphik + Satz GmbH, Bonn Druck und Bindung: Sulzberg-Druck GmbH, Sulzberg im Allgäu Printed in Germany ISBN 3-7637-5338-9 Inhalt Vorwort 7 Einleitung 8 I. Die Raumfahrt in historischer Perspektive 11 /I. Die zivilen Einsatzbereiche der Raumfahrt 24 1. Kommunikationssatelliten 25 2. Navigations- und Verkehrskontrollsatelliten 29 3. Wettersatelliten ' 30 4. Erderkundungssatelliten 34 5. Weltraumwissenschaftliche Missionen 36 6. Lunare und planetare Missionen 38 7. Blick in die Zukunft 42 IIl. Die militlirische Nutzung des erdnahen Raums 45 1. Beginnt der Krieg zwischen den Supermächten im Weltraum? 45 2. Ein wenig Himmelsmechanik oder: Was die Satelliten in der Umlaufbahn hält 48 3. AufklärungausdemWeltraum 52 a) Fotoaufklärung 56 b) Überwachung der Seeschiffahrt 71 c) Wetteraufklärung 73 d) Frühwarnung vor Raketenüberfällen 76 e) Elektronische Aufklärung aus dem Raum 77 o Überwachung von Atomversuchen im Raum 82 4. Raumflugkörper als ideale Fernmeldemittel 83 5. Navigation mit künstlichen Erdsatelliten 92 6. Geodäsie-Raumflugkörper 97 7. Raumwaffensysteme 98 a) Strategische Waffensysteme im Raum 100 b) Satellitenabwehrsysteme 105 8. Triebwerke für die militärische Raumfahrt 113 a) Raketentriebwerke im Einsatz 114 b) Mit dem Raumtransporter in eine neue Ära der Raumfahrt 117 9. Raumüberwachungs- und Führungssysteme 120 10. Krieg mit Unterstützung von Satelliten- ein hypothetisches Szenario 125 5 IV. -
Impacts on Earth from Space
IMPACTS ON EARTH POST 80 FROM SPACE June ■ What are the risks? note 1996 ■ What safeguards are there? POSTnotes are intended to give Members an overview of issues arising from science and technology. Members The growing number of man-made objects in Earth can obtain further details from the PARLIAMENTARY orbit are a potential hazard to space missions and OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (extension 2840). satellites, and the uncontrolled re-entry of the Chinese FSW-1 5 (‘China 40’) reconnaissance sat- Figure 1 VISIBLE OBJECTS AND THEIR ORBITS ellite in March 1996 was a reminder that ‘space AAAA A AAA AAA her A AAA debris’ can also pose a threat on the ground. More Other A AAAA Spacecraft AAA AA is also being learnt about the threat from asteroids. A A A GEO EO A Rocket bodies AAA AAA Debris fragments A This note examines the risk of terrestrial damage A Transferfer A from space and what safeguards are available. A A A EO A MEO A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA ‘CONGESTION’ IN SPACE AAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA EO A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA LEO AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Since 1958 there have been some 3750 space launches 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 resulting in nearly 8,000 objects larger than 10cm in Source: ESA orbit around the Earth (Figure 1). As shown in Figure 1, only about 30% of these objects are telecommunica- Table 1 NATURAL ORBITAL LIFETIME tions or other satellites; the rest are spent rocket stages, Altitude (km) Earth Orbit (EO) Lifetime mission-related objects (launch adapters etc.) and de- 200 Low (LEO) 1-4 days 600 25-30 years bris from the 129 spacecraft which have broken up in 1000 2000 years orbit. -
UNCOVERING SOVIET DISASTERS James Oberg Chapter 12: REACTORS from the SKY Random House 1988
UNCOVERING SOVIET DISASTERS James Oberg Chapter 12: REACTORS FROM THE SKY Random House 1988 Those who circulate absurd rumors about the Kosmos-954 and who are trying to cash in on them undermine the basic principles of international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space and are doing serious harm to the cause of strengthening mutual trust and understanding between peoples. -- — Leonid Sedov, USSR Academy of Sciences, 1978 At the dawn of the space age, as Sputniks and Explorers and Vanguards orbited the Earth, some humorists had joked that the saw about “what goes up” no longer deserved its mandatory ending of “must come down.” For many cases, this turned out to be true. There are satellites in high orbits that will take millions of years to fall back to Earth, and there are probes which have forever escaped Earth’s own gravity and even that of the Sun itself. But for several glaring counterexamples in recent years, the proverb has reasserted itself with a vengeance. Smaller satellites fell frequently but flared harmlessly in the atmosphere as they disintegrated. In 1979 the giant plummeting hulk of the derelict American Skylab space station delivered the lesson as it landed in fragments large and small on Australia. Of even more concern, falling Soviet RORSATs (the term, invented by U.S. military intelligence analysts, stands for “Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellites,” or all-weather naval space spies powered by nuclear reactors) ignited worldwide anxiety during unpredictable but unavoidable death plunges. The fall of Skylab became a world media event, as planet- wide anxiety followed its final weeks, days, and hours. -
513394 Journal of Space Law 34.2.Ps
JOURNAL OF SPACE LAW VOLUME 34, NUMBER 2 Winter 2008 1 JOURNAL OF SPACE LAW UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF LAW A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO SPACE LAW AND THE LEGAL PROBLEMS ARISING OUT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN OUTER SPACE. VOLUME 34 WINTER 2008 NUMBER 2 Editor-in-Chief Professor Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz, J.D. Executive Editor Jacqueline Etil Serrao, J.D., LL.M. Articles Editors Business Manager P.J. Blount Michelle Aten Jason A. Crook Michael S. Dodge Senior Staff Assistant Brad Laney Melissa Wilson Luke Neder Nicholas Welly Founder, Dr. Stephen Gorove (1917-2001) All correspondence with reference to this publication should be directed to the JOURNAL OF SPACE LAW, P.O. Box 1848, University of Mississippi School of Law, University, Mississippi 38677; [email protected]; tel: +1.662.915.6857, or fax: +1.662.915.6921. JOURNAL OF SPACE LAW. The subscription rate for 2008 is $100 U.S. for U.S. domestic/individual; $120 U.S. for U.S. domestic/organization; $105 U.S. for non-U.S./individual; $125 U.S. for non-U.S./organization. Single issues may be ordered at $70 per issue. For non-U.S. airmail, add $20 U.S. Please see subscription page at the back of this volume. Copyright © Journal of Space Law 2008. Suggested abbreviation: J. SPACE L. ISSN: 0095-7577 JOURNAL OF SPACE LAW UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF LAW A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO SPACE LAW AND THE LEGAL PROBLEMS ARISING OUT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN OUTER SPACE. VOLUME 34 WINTER 2008 NUMBER 2 CONTENTS Foreword ............................................... Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz iii Call for Papers ................................................................................ -
Hazards Volume IU: Risk Analysis
PB93199040 Hazard Analysis of Com,mercial Sp,ace Transportation V,olume I: Operations Volume II: Hazards Volume IU: Risk Analysis Prepared for: Office of Commercial Space Transportation Prepared by: Transportation Systems Center Cambridge, MA 02142 May 1988 Cover illustration: Near Earth Satellite Population of July 1,1987 Compliments of Teledyne Brown Engineering REPRODUCED BY, NJlI u.s. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service Springfield, Virginia 22161 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VOLUME I: SPACE TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS 1. THE CONTEXT FOR A HAZARD ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL SPACE ACTIVITIES 11 POLICY AND MARKET CONTEXT 1-1 1.2 REGULATORY CONTEXT FOR COMMERCIAL SPACE OPERATIONS 1-2 1 3 PU RPOSE AND SCOPE OF REPORT: HAZARD ANALYSIS OR RISK ASSESSMENT , 1-3 1.4 APPROACH TO HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR COMMERCIAL SPACE OPERATIONS 1-4 15 OVERVIEW OF THE REPORT ORGANIZATION 1-6 2. RANGE OPERATiONS, CONTROLS AND SAFETY 2 1 RANGE CHARACTERISTICS FOR SAFE OPERATION " ... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. 2-1 2.1.1 US Government Launch Sites ' " 2-1 2.1.2 Ground Operations and Safety 2-2 21.3 Range Safety Control System 2-3 22 LAUNCH PLANNING 2-6 221 Mission Planning 2-7 2.2.2 Standard Procedures to Prepare for a Launch 2-9 3. EXPENDABLE LAUNCH VEHKlE (ELV) CHARACTERISTICS 31 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 3-1 32 LAUNCH VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY 3-4 3_2.1 Propulsion Systems 3-5 3.2.2 Support Systems and Tanks 3-9 3T3Guloa-n-ceSystems 3-10 3.2.4 UpperStages 3-10 33 REPRESENTATIVE ELV's 3-11 33.1 Titan. ......... .... .... .. .... ................. .... 3-11 33.2 Delta. -
Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (With Supplementary Data Through 1983)
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 258 832 SE 045 828 TITLE Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (with Supplementary Data through 1983). Unmanned Space Activities. Part 3. Prepared at the Request of Hon. John C. Danforth, Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, United States Sena,a, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. REPORT NO Senate-Prt-98-235 PUB DATE May 85 NOTE 390p.; For Part 2, see ED 257 672. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials (090)-- Reports Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Technology; Communications; *Satellites (Aerospace); Science History; *Space Exploration; *Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS Congress 99th; *USSR ABSTRACT This report, the third and final part of a three-part study of Soviet space programs, provides a comprehensive survey of the Soviet space science programs and the Soviet military space programs, including its long history of anti-satellite activity. Chapter 1 is an overview of the unmanhed space programs (1957-83). Chapter 2 reports on significant activities in Soviet unmanned flight programs (1981-83), including space science activities, space applications, and military missions. Chapter 3 provides detailed information on Soviet unmanned scientific programs, considering the early years, suborbital programs, earth orbital development and science, the Soviet lunar program, and other areas. Chapter 4 provides additional information on applications of space activities to the Soviet economy, examining meteorological satellites, and space manufacturing. Chapter 6 discusses Soviet military space activities, documenting their uses of space systems for military purposes. -
Karnkraft I Rymden Anvandningen Av Reaktorer Och Radioaktiva Amnen Som Kraftkallor I Satelliter Och Rymdsonder
Karnkraft i rymden Anvandningen av reaktorer och radioaktiva amnen som kraftkallor i satelliter och rymdsonder LARS HOSTBECK FOI aren huvudsakligen uppdragsfinansierad myndighet under Forsvarsdepartementet. Karnverksamheten arforskning, metod- och teknikutveckling till nytta forforsvar och sakerhet. Organisationen har cirka 1000 anstallda varav ungefar 800 ar forskare. Delta gor organisationen till Sveriges storsta forskningsinstitut. FOI get kunderna tillgang till ledande expertis inom ett stort antal tillampningsomraden sasom sakerhetspolitiska studier och analyser inom forsvar och sakerhet, bedomning av olika typer av hot, system for ledning och bantering av kriser, skydd mot och bantering av farliga amnen, IT-sakerhet och nya sensorers mojligheter. FOI Totalforsvarets forskningsinstitut Tel: 08-55 50 30 00 www.foi.se Forsvars- och sakerhetssystem Fax: 08-55 50 31 00 FOI-R-2603-SE Underlagsrapport Forsvars- och sakerhetssystem 164 90 Stockholm ISSN 1650-1942 November 2008 Lars Hostbeck Karnkraft i rymden Anvandningen av reaktorer och radioaktiva amnen som kraftkallor i satelliter och rymdsonder FOI-R--2603--SE Omslagsbild: RORSAT illustrerad av Ronald C. Wittmann, 1982 Sovjetunionen placeradeut en serie av havsovervakningssatelliter utrustade med radar, s.k. RORSATs, i lag bana i borjan pa 1967. Genom att samutnyttjas i par lokaliserade de och siktade amerikanska fartyg. Syftet var sedan att anvanda ryska marina styrkor for att forstora de amerikanska fartygen. De karnbranslestyrda RORSATs som skots upp pa 70-talet kranglade ibland,