DOCSLIB.ORG

Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (With Supplementary Data Through 1983)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 258 832 SE 045 828 TITLE Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (with Supplementary Data through 1983). Unmanned Space Activities. Part 3. Prepared at the Request of Hon. John C. Danforth, Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, United States Sena,a, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. REPORT NO Senate-Prt-98-235 PUB DATE May 85 NOTE 390p.; For Part 2, see ED 257 672. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials (090)-- Reports Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Technology; Communications; *Satellites (Aerospace); Science History; *Space Exploration; *Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS Congress 99th; *USSR ABSTRACT This report, the third and final part of a three-part study of Soviet space programs, provides a comprehensive survey of the Soviet space science programs and the Soviet military space programs, including its long history of anti-satellite activity. Chapter 1 is an overview of the unmanhed space programs (1957-83). Chapter 2 reports on significant activities in Soviet unmanned flight programs (1981-83), including space science activities, space applications, and military missions. Chapter 3 provides detailed information on Soviet unmanned scientific programs, considering the early years, suborbital programs, earth orbital development and science, the Soviet lunar program, and other areas. Chapter 4 provides additional information on applications of space activities to the Soviet economy, examining meteorological satellites, and space manufacturing. Chapter 6 discusses Soviet military space activities, documenting their uses of space systems for military purposes. (JN) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that car. be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) I/Thisdoc.iment has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it Minor chances 'ave been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions staid in this dOcu merit do lint necessarily represent offic4INIE pos.huti or puhcy .--, 00 cl r.; a. 99th Congremm S. PRT. 98-235 1st Session COMMITTEE PRINT Part 3 SOVIET SPACE PROGRAMS: 1976-80 (WITH SUPPLEMENTARY DATA THROUGH 1983) UNMANNED SPACE ACTIVITIES PREPARED AT THE REQUEST OF Hon. JOHN C. DANFORTH, Chairman COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE Part 3 MAY 1985 Printed for the use of the Committee on ('ommorce, Science, and Transportation U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE IS I) WASHINGTON :1985 For 4ale hr the Superintendent of Documents. U S Government Printing Office Washington: DC 20402 3 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION, Washington, DC, May 15, 1985. DEAR COLLEAGUE: I am pleased to transmit for your information and use a report on the Soviet unmanned space program. This is the third and final part of a comprehensive report on all aspects of the Soviet space program. This report updates the Soviet space activities of 1981 -88 and fol- lows two previous reports on Soviet launch vehicles and facilities and Soviet manned space programs. This third part, just as the first two parts of the study, should contribute significantly to the discussion of issues over which this Committee has jurisdiction. JOHN C. DANFORTH, Chairman. IIIU ERRATA SHEET All spacecraft illustrations appeii-ing in this volumeare copyrighted (including figures 33-35, 40-41, 43-45, 47-48 by 1). R. Woodsand 36- 39. 42. and 46 by G. E. Perry) andmay nog oe used elsewhere without their permission. LETTER OF SUBMITTAL U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION, Washington, DC. Hon. JOHN C. DANFORTH, Chairman, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transpor- tation, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC. DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: Transmitted herewith is the third ofa three part study, entitled "Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80." Pre- pared at the request of the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, the report presents a comprehensive and detailed over- view of the Soviet s ace program. This third and 1 part of the study reviews the Soviet un- manned space progrs during the period of 1957-83. Specifically, this part provides a comprehensive survey of the Soviet space sci- ence programs and the Soviet military space programs, including its long history of anti-satellite activity. Part 1 of this study contains detailed information on supporting vehicles and launch facilities, political goals and purposes, interna- tional cooperation in space, and the future outlook for Soviet space programs. Part 2 of this study reviews Soviet manned space activi- ties and supporting life sciences research. With the completion of the final part of this study, it is appropri- ate and timely to commend the Congressional Research Service for such a scholarly and thoughtful effort in each of the three parts of this study. These three volumes will serve as one of the truly au- thoritative sources for information on the Soviet space programs, and the Committee and other Members of Congress are fortunate to have this study as a reference. Sincerely, SLADE GORTON, Chairman, Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space. At) Jr" CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Washington, DC, January 29, 1985. Hon. SLADE GORTON, Chairman, Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, Com- mittee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC. DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: We are happy to transmit to you herewith the third and final part of our review of Soviet space activities for the period 1976-80. As you know, Dr. Charles S. Sheldon II, who spearheaded the preparation of earlier editions of this report and was to have been primarily responsible for this edition as well, passed away in 1981. As a result, this report has taken longer to prepare than we had planned, and we have, therefore, included a supplementary chapter which highlights significant Soviet space activities from 1981 to 1983. Information in this report is current as of December 31, 1983. This volume has been written by Marcia S. Smith, Specialist in Aerospace and Telecommunications Systems; Geoffrey E. Perry, M.B.E., head of the Kettering Group of amateur satellite observers in England; and Patricia E. Humph lett, Analyst in Aviation and Space. Ms. Smith was responsible for overall coordination of the report, mid fcr writing the sections concerning space science, as well as the Executive summary and the overview. Ms. Humph lett contributed to the chapter on space science programs. Mr. Perry was responsible for the two chapters on space applications and military space activities, and contributed to the overview section. Before his illness, Dr. Sheldon had prepared many of the tables which appear in this volume. As requested, this part of the report is being sent to you in camera ready copy to accelerate the publication process. Ms. Shir- ley Williams and Mr. Terrence Lisbeth of the Production Support Unit of the Science Policy Research Division have been responsible for preparing the copy, and Ms. Sandra Burr, Ms. Kaseem Hall, and Ms. Karina Bush have all contributed to preparation of the manuscript. Mr. John Ragsdale of CRS' Automated Information Systems Office and Mr. Lloyd Beasley of your committee's staff have been particularly helpful in this process. It should be emphasized that this report is based exclusively upon unclassified sources, including Soviet announcements and in- dependent analyses made by Western observers of the Soviet space program and reported in the United States and abroad. Special thanks are extended to Mr. David R. Woods, an engineer with IBM Federal Systems Division in Owego, NY, who has provid- ed many of the illustrations for this volume. All the illustrations are based on unclassified materials appearing in scientific journals or actual models shown at the Paris Air Show arid other technical (VII) 6 VIII displays, and various Sovietdocumentary films. Theseillustrations are copyrighted and maynot be used elsewherewithout his permis- sion. Part 1 of this review, walingwith launch vehicles andsites, po- litical goals and purposes of theSoviet program, the Sovietattitude toward international cooperationin space, Soviet organizationfor conducting its space activities,and the resource burdenof the space program onthe Soviet economy, waspublished in December 1982 by your committee.Part 2, covering the Sovietmanned space program and the spacelife sciences, was publishedin October 1984 by your committee as well.We hope that thesecomprehensive re- views of Soviet space activities,which CRS has prepared since1961, continue to be useful in yourdeliberation on priorities forthe U.S. space program. Sincerely, GILBERT GUDE, Director. .11 CONTENTS Page Executive Summary 749 CHAPTER 1.OVERVIEW OF UNMANNED SPACE PROGRAMS: 1957-83 Space science 754 Earth orbital space science 754 Exploring the Moon and planets 755 Space applications 757 Space manufacturing 758 Communications 758 Meteorology 759 Earth resources 759 Navigation 760 The KOSPAS/SARSAT search and rescue satellite system 760 Geodesy and mapping
Recommended publications
  • Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite- R Series (GOES-R) 2016

    Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite- R Series (GOES-R) 2016

    Student Works 12-14-2016 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite- R Series (GOES-R) 2016 Paige N. Dixon Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/student-works Part of the Aviation and Space Education Commons, Meteorology Commons, and the Space Vehicles Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Dixon, P. N. (2016). Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite- R Series (GOES-R) 2016. , (). Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/student-works/67 This Undergraduate Research is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Works by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite- R Series (GOES-R) 2016 Paige N. Dixon Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona ABSTRACT This is a report on the first NOAA GOES-R satellite, launched on November 19th, 2016. This report will cover some of the details of the GOES-R project, as well as discuss the collaborations that made the project possible. This document will also detail some of the new satellite’s capabilities including geostationary lightning detection, and space weather monitoring, and will focus on real-world application of such technology. Additionally, this report will list some of the current and projected GOES-R products, and the potential benefits if testing proves successful. 1 1. Introduction The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration better known as NOAA, in collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration or NASA launched the first of the R-series GOES satellites into orbit on 19 November, of this year.
  • Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 Official Name Spacecraft / 1958 “Pioneer” Mass[Luna] No

    Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 Official Name Spacecraft / 1958 “Pioneer” Mass[Luna] No

    Deep Space Chronicle: Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 Official Spacecraft / Mass Launch Date / Launch Place / Launch Vehicle / Nation / Design & Objective Outcome* Name No. Time Pad No. Organization Operation 1958 “Pioneer” Able 1 38 kg 08-17-58 / 12:18 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 127 U.S. AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 1 c. 360 kg 09-23-58 / 09:03:23 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-3 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer Able 2 38.3 kg 10-11-58 / 08:42:13 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 130 U.S. NASA / AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 2 c. 360 kg 10-11-58 / 23:41:58 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-4 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer 2 Able 3 39.6 kg 11-08-58 / 07:30 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 129 U.S. NASA / AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 3 c. 360 kg 12-04-58 / 18:18:44 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-5 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer 3 - 5.87 kg 12-06-58 / 05:44:52 ETR / 5 Juno II / AM-11 U.S. NASA / ABMA lunar flyby U 1959 Luna 1 Ye-1 / 4 361.3 kg 01-02-59 / 16:41:21 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-6 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact P Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, andPlanetary Probes1958–2000 ofAllDeepSpace,Lunar, Master Table Pioneer 4 - 6.1 kg 03-03-59 / 05:10:45 ETR / 5 Juno II / AM-14 U.S.
  • Pushing the Limits of the Coronagraphic Occulters on Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph

    Pushing the Limits of the Coronagraphic Occulters on Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph

    Pushing the limits of the coronagraphic occulters on Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph John H. Debes Bin Ren Glenn Schneider John H. Debes, Bin Ren, Glenn Schneider, “Pushing the limits of the coronagraphic occulters on Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph,” J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 5(3), 035003 (2019), doi: 10.1117/1.JATIS.5.3.035003. Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Astronomical-Telescopes,-Instruments,-and-Systems on 02 Jul 2019 Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 5(3), 035003 (Jul–Sep 2019) Pushing the limits of the coronagraphic occulters on Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph John H. Debes,a,* Bin Ren,b,c and Glenn Schneiderd aSpace Telescope Science Institute, AURA for ESA, Baltimore, Maryland, United States bJohns Hopkins University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States cJohns Hopkins University, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Baltimore, Maryland, United States dUniversity of Arizona, Steward Observatory and the Department of Astronomy, Tucson Arizona, United States Abstract. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) contains the only currently operating coronagraph in space that is not trained on the Sun. In an era of extreme-adaptive- optics-fed coronagraphs, and with the possibility of future space-based coronagraphs, we re-evaluate the con- trast performance of the STIS CCD camera. The 50CORON aperture consists of a series of occulting wedges and bars, including the recently commissioned BAR5 occulter. We discuss the latest procedures in obtaining high-contrast imaging of circumstellar disks and faint point sources with STIS.
  • Shuttle-Mir Rendezvous & [Locking Missions

    Shuttle-Mir Rendezvous & [Locking Missions

    / tv -t_ ---Fi>{ NASA-TM-II2692 • _7, w- -_ ° ;: Fourth Report of the Task Force on the Shuttle-Mir Rendezvous & [locking Missions March 1, 1995 A Task Force of the NASA Advisory Council THOMAS P. STAFFORD 1006 Cameron Street Alexandria, VA 22314 March 1, 1995 Dr. Bradford Paxkinson Chairman, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Advisory Council National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546-0001 Dear Dr. Parkinson: Enclosed is the fourth report of the NAC Task Force on the Shuttle-Mir Rendezvous and Docking Missions. This report is the culmination of a two and one-half month review of preparations in Russia for the Phase 1A missions (Soyuz TM-21, Mir 18 Main Expedition, and STS-71). Once again the Task Force received tremendous support from many individuals and organizations at NASA. The same applied to our site visits in Russia where we were met with an openness and candor which served to reinforce our confidence in the ultimate success of the upcoming missions. Over the next two months, the Task Force will be focusing its efforts in two areas. The first are the preparations for STS-71, including the status of the Orbiter Docking System and the analysis of data produced by the STS-63 mission. The second area is the NASA and NASA contractor presence in Russia, including the interaction of Phase 1 and Phase 2 personnel, NASA and contractor functions, and the transition from Phase 1 to Phase 2. Sincerely, Thomas P. Stafford CC: NASA/HQ/Code A/Mr. Goldin NASA/HQ/Code A/Gen. Dailey NASA/HQ/Code A/Mr.
  • Detection of Large-Scale X-Ray Bubbles in the Milky Way Halo

    Detection of Large-Scale X-Ray Bubbles in the Milky Way Halo

    Detection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo P. Predehl1†, R. A. Sunyaev2,3†, W. Becker1,4, H. Brunner1, R. Burenin2, A. Bykov5, A. Cherepashchuk6, N. Chugai7, E. Churazov2,3†, V. Doroshenko8, N. Eismont2, M. Freyberg1, M. Gilfanov2,3†, F. Haberl1, I. Khabibullin2,3, R. Krivonos2, C. Maitra1, P. Medvedev2, A. Merloni1†, K. Nandra1†, V. Nazarov2, M. Pavlinsky2, G. Ponti1,9, J. S. Sanders1, M. Sasaki10, S. Sazonov2, A. W. Strong1 & J. Wilms10 1Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany. 2Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. 3Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching, Germany. 4Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany. 5Ioffe Institute, St Petersburg, Russia. 6M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, P. K. Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia. 7Institute of Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. 8Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Tübingen, Germany. 9INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate, Italy. 10Dr. Karl-Remeis-Sternwarte Bamberg and ECAP, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bamberg, Germany. †e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] The halo of the Milky Way provides a laboratory to study the properties of the shocked hot gas that is predicted by models of galaxy formation. There is observational evidence of energy injection into the halo from past activity in the nucleus of the Milky Way1–4; however, the origin of this energy (star formation or supermassive-black-hole activity) is uncertain, and the causal connection between nuclear structures and large-scale features has not been established unequivocally.
  • ABM and SPACE DEFENSE A. Karpenko Nevsky Bastion, No. 4, 1999, Pp

    ABM and SPACE DEFENSE A. Karpenko Nevsky Bastion, No. 4, 1999, Pp

    ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE A. Karpenko Nevsky Bastion, No. 4, 1999, pp. 2-47 The work on designing of the antiballistic missiles (ABM) began in 1946. Within the framework of the MX-C94 Wizard project the American Michigan University researched and prepared specifications for the ABM missiles intended for interception of long-range missiles of the V-2 type. The Soviet Union also started working on the ABM defense problems after World War II. Between 1948 and 1951, the NII-4 research institute of the Defense Ministry (the group of G. Mozharovsky) and the NII-885 research institute (the group of Khlebtsevich), which worked on development and application of ballistic missiles, performed the first, mainly theoretical, research of possibilities of the ABM defense organization. This research offered the schemes for ABMs equipment with two types of homing systems. For the television-guided ABMs a fragmentation warhead was offered with low-speed fragments and a circular-disc effective zone. The warhead was to be exploded with a deflection allowing for formation of the fragments' field. For the self-homing ABMs the directed effect warhead was offered, which had to turn towards the target together with the missile, and had to be exploded in response to the information of the self-homing warhead, creating the biggest density of the fragments' field directed to the target. In 1950, the Third Main Department (TGU) was organized within the Special Committee under the supervision of Lavrenty Beriya. The KB-1 design bureau, which concentrated the leading specialists developing guided missiles and homing systems, was the favorite of the TGU.
  • Alactic Observer

    Alactic Observer

    alactic Observer G John J. McCarthy Observatory Volume 14, No. 2 February 2021 International Space Station transit of the Moon Composite image: Marc Polansky February Astronomy Calendar and Space Exploration Almanac Bel'kovich (Long 90° E) Hercules (L) and Atlas (R) Posidonius Taurus-Littrow Six-Day-Old Moon mosaic Apollo 17 captured with an antique telescope built by John Benjamin Dancer. Dancer is credited with being the first to photograph the Moon in Tranquility Base England in February 1852 Apollo 11 Apollo 11 and 17 landing sites are visible in the images, as well as Mare Nectaris, one of the older impact basins on Mare Nectaris the Moon Altai Scarp Photos: Bill Cloutier 1 John J. McCarthy Observatory In This Issue Page Out the Window on Your Left ........................................................................3 Valentine Dome ..............................................................................................4 Rocket Trivia ..................................................................................................5 Mars Time (Landing of Perseverance) ...........................................................7 Destination: Jezero Crater ...............................................................................9 Revisiting an Exoplanet Discovery ...............................................................11 Moon Rock in the White House....................................................................13 Solar Beaming Project ..................................................................................14
  • Gridded Satellite (Gridsat) GOES and CONUS Data Kenneth R

    Gridded Satellite (Gridsat) GOES and CONUS Data Kenneth R

    Discussions Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-33 Earth System Manuscript under review for journal Earth Syst. Sci. Data Science Discussion started: 27 April 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data Gridded Satellite (GridSat) GOES and CONUS data Kenneth R. Knapp1 and Scott L. Wilkins2 1NOAA/NESDIS/National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC 28801, USA 2Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites – North Carolina (CICS-NC), North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC 5 28801, USA Correspondence to: Kenneth R. Knapp ([email protected]) Abstract. The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series is operated by the U. S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). While in operation since the 1970s, the current series (GOES 8- 15) has been operational since 1994. This document describes the Gridded Satellite (GridSat) data, which provides GOES data 10 in a modern format. Four steps describe the conversion of original GOES data to GridSat data: 1) temporal resampling to produce files with evenly spaced time steps, 2) spatial remapping to produce evenly spaced gridded data (0.04° latitude), 3) calibrating the original data and storing brightness temperatures for infrared channels and reflectance for the visible channel, and 4) calculating spatial variability to provide extra information that can help identify clouds. The GridSat data are provided on two separate domains: GridSat-GOES provides hourly data for the Western Hemisphere (spanning the entire GOES domain) 15 and GridSat-CONUS covers the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) every 15 minutes. Dataset reference: doi:10.7289/V5HM56GM 1 Introduction NOAA has used the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series since 1975 to monitor weather.
  • Observations of Comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983D) at La Silla T

    Observations of Comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983D) at La Silla T

    - 12 the visual by 1.3 mag). Like for the other SOor variables we M explain this particular finding by the very high mass loss (M = Bol 5 6.10- M0 yr-') during outburst. The variations in the visual are caused by bolometric flux redistribution in the envelope whilst -10 the bolometric luminosity remains practically constant. The location of R127 in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram together with the other two known SOor variables of the LMC -B are shown in fig. 8. We note that Walborn classified R127 as an Of or alterna­ tively as a late WN-type star. This indicates that the star is a late Of star evolving right now towards a WN star. Since we have -6 detected an SOor-type outburst of this star we conclude that this transition is not a smooth one but is instead accompanied '.8 '.6 4.0 3.6 by the occasional ejection of dense envelopes. Fig. 8: Location of the newly discovered S Dar variable R 127 in the References Hertzsprung-Russell diagram in comparison with the other two estab­ lished SOor variables of the LMG. Also included in the figure is the Conti, P. S.: 1976, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sei. Liege 9,193. upper envelope of known stellar absolute bolometric magnitudes as Dunean, J. C.: 1922, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 34, 290. derived byHumphreys andDavidson (1979). The approximateposition Hubble, E., Sandage, A.: 1953, Astrophys. J. 118, 353. o( the late WN-type stars is also given. Humphreys, R. M., Davidson, K.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 232,409. Lamers, H.
  • Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space

    Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space

    SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space December 1983 NTIS order #PB84-181437 Recommended Citation: SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space–A Technical Mere- orandum (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA- TM-STI-14, December 1983). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-600624 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword As the other major spacefaring nation, the Soviet Union is a subject of interest to the American people and Congress in their deliberations concerning the future of U.S. space activities. In the course of an assessment of Civilian Space Stations, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has undertaken a study of the presence of Soviets in space and their Salyut space stations, in order to provide Congress with an informed view of Soviet capabilities and intentions. The major element in this technical memorandum was a workshop held at OTA in December 1982: it was the first occasion when a significant number of experts in this area of Soviet space activities had met for extended unclassified discussion. As a result of the workshop, OTA prepared this technical memorandum, “Salyut: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space. ” It has been reviewed extensively by workshop participants and others familiar with Soviet space activities. Also in December 1982, OTA wrote to the U. S. S. R.’s Ambassador to the United States Anatoliy Dobrynin, requesting any information concerning present and future Soviet space activities that the Soviet Union judged could be of value to the OTA assess- ment of civilian space stations.
  • Alactic Observer Gjohn J

    Alactic Observer Gjohn J

    alactic Observer GJohn J. McCarthy Observatory Volume 5, No. 2 February 2012 Belly of the Beast At the center of the Milky Way galaxy, a gas cloud is on a perilous journey into a supermassive black hole. As the cloud stretches and accelerates, it gives away the location of its silent predator. For more information , see page 9 inside, or go to http://www.nasa.gov/ centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/ blackhole_slumber.html. Credit: NASA/CXC/MIT/Frederick K. Baganoff et al. The John J. McCarthy Observatory Galactic Observvvererer New Milford High School Editorial Committee 388 Danbury Road Managing Editor New Milford, CT 06776 Bill Cloutier Phone/Voice: (860) 210-4117 Production & Design Phone/Fax: (860) 354-1595 Allan Ostergren www.mccarthyobservatory.org Website Development John Gebauer JJMO Staff Marc Polansky It is through their efforts that the McCarthy Observatory has Josh Reynolds established itself as a significant educational and recreational Technical Support resource within the western Connecticut community. Bob Lambert Steve Barone Allan Ostergren Dr. Parker Moreland Colin Campbell Cecilia Page Dennis Cartolano Joe Privitera Mike Chiarella Bruno Ranchy Jeff Chodak Josh Reynolds Route Bill Cloutier Barbara Richards Charles Copple Monty Robson Randy Fender Don Ross John Gebauer Ned Sheehey Elaine Green Gene Schilling Tina Hartzell Diana Shervinskie Tom Heydenburg Katie Shusdock Phil Imbrogno Jon Wallace Bob Lambert Bob Willaum Dr. Parker Moreland Paul Woodell Amy Ziffer In This Issue THE YEAR OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ................................ 4 SUNRISE AND SUNSET .................................................. 11 OUT THE WINDOW ON YOUR LEFT ............................... 5 ASTRONOMICAL AND HISTORICAL EVENTS ...................... 11 FRA MAURA ................................................................ 5 REFERENCES ON DISTANCES .......................................
  • Design for Chernobyl / Between Power and Plants

    Design for Chernobyl / Between Power and Plants

    Design for Chernobyl / between power and plants The designers at LOLA by Silke Rainen landscape architects, L+CC architects and TALLER Architects use glass as a metaphor for the dilemma of invisible danger in Chernobyl. 2 DESIGN FOR CHERNOBYL Nature returns, even in Chernobyl. Photo Kai van Reenen What could the world possibly learn from a world that has died? Bright yellow warning signs and a silver lining! The post-nuclear landscape of Chernobyl in Ukraine has been dubbed the mother of all lost land- scapes. Humans wisely abandoned the toxic zone cre- ated by the 1986 nuclear disaster. The cruel loss of a place of human habitation has in the meantime made way for the triumphant return of wild nature, to the astonishment of scientists. Despite the radioactivity, and faster than anyone would have imagined possi- ble, life returned to the death zone. DESIGN FOR CHERNOBYL The only difference is, this is not a ‘fun place’ at all Scenes of the village of Pripyat, founded in 1970 for the workers of the nuclear plant. Photos Kai van Reenen AN OBSERVATION Luxuriant nature overlaying an invisible dan- ger made people believe it was safe to return to Chernobyl. And they have done so in large numbers. So much so that souvenir kiosks have sprung up and it is possible to take a guided tour around the site. Visitors can locate the highlights on a map that would not be out of place in Disney World. The only differ- ence is, this is not a ‘fun place’ at all. Since the region has never been granted protected status, these devel- opments are all omens that Chernobyl’s Exclusion Zone could die another death.