religions

Article Metaphors in the Wisdom Literature of the Hebrew Bible and Contemporary Art

Bálint Károly Zabán

Kisszántó Ungarische Reformierte Kirche, No. 116, Jud. Bihor, 417077 Santaul Mic, Romania; [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +44-786-763-4279; +40-742-224-108

Academic Editors: Katharine J. Dell and Arthur J. Keefer Received: 30 April 2016; Accepted: 25 July 2016; Published: 29 August 2016

Abstract: Biblical wisdom literature is a treasure-trove of powerful metaphors. This article presents a sample of these metaphors and their significant impact on contemporary artwork. The impact is characterized by both appropriation and adaptation, similitude and analogy, respectively. The highlighted metaphors are not merely catalogued but, more or less, analyzed with regard to relevant contemporary artwork. This augments the importance of contemporary biblical literacy analysis and uses it as one of the tools by which it is possible to gauge the impact and interaction, in this case, of the metaphor-world of the wisdom tradition on contemporary art. More importantly, however, this study underscores the relevance of these metaphors for biblical exegesis, hermeneutics, and theology. The analysis of the reception of these metaphors in contemporary artworks undergirds and informs the process of interpretation. The reception of these metaphors in their contemporary art contexts is best understood within the framework of imagery and imagistic language. Metaphor, as a subset of imagery and imagistic language, is foundational for the examined wisdom books, Proverbs, Job, and Qoheleth, and for the relevant contemporary artwork, alike. Moreover, metaphor also constitutes a bridge between the ancient and contemporary context. With this backdrop in mind, this article argues for the necessity of exploring the connections between these wisdom books, metaphor studies, and contemporary artwork.

Keywords: metaphor; wisdom; contemporary; art; image; imagery; literature; theology

1. Introduction The purpose of the current article is to discover some of the ways in which the metaphors of the wisdom literature of the Hebrew Bible have been plied in contemporary art. The three building blocks of the treatment are summarily alluded to here. First, the elaboration of the purpose, per se, is prefaced by a brief presentation of the history of scholarship pertaining to the hermeneutics of the wisdom literature. As it is shown, the history of scholarship, in its hermeneutical aims, tends to emphasize the presence and relevance of metaphors within the wisdom literature. This section stresses the necessity of exploring the metaphor-world of the wisdom literature in convergence with other topics or textual, linguistic, semantic, pragmatic, and theological interests, etc. This necessity also pertains to the impact on contemporary biblical literacy. Second, the interaction of the metaphor-world of the wisdom literature and contemporary art is investigated in a separate section. In terms of metaphors considered, the investigation focuses chiefly on three wisdom books found in the Hebrew Bible, namely the book of Proverbs, Job, and Qoheleth. Third, the article concludes with a brief analysis of the consequences of the interaction of metaphors within the wisdom literature and contemporary art.

Religions 2016, 7, 106; doi:10.3390/rel7090106 www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Religions 2016, 7, 106 2 of 14

History of Wisdom Scholarship and Metaphors Quid est veritas? The question still persists with regard to a whole range of subject matter, some of which include the definition of wisdom in the context of the Hebrew Bible, the definition of metaphors in general, and in biblical scholarship, and, not in the least, the definition of contemporary art. Even if the definitive truth cannot be formulated with regard to the triumvirate of the aforementioned items, verifiable truth claims can certainly be pronounced. For quite a long period, the wisdom literature of the Hebrew Bible was overshadowed by an understandably intense preoccupation with the law and the prophetic corpus respectively. Moreover, at one point some scholars even asserted that the wisdom literature is a Fremdkörper, that is, a strange corpus in the Hebrew Bible [1]. Nevertheless, partly as a result of a two-fold process, a more worthwhile interest in the wisdom literature commenced following the impact of Gerhard Von Rad’s book Weisheit in Israel [2]. This two-fold process was marked, on one hand, by the publication of a few major and novel interpretations of the wisdom literature and, on the other hand, by a mushrooming of specific studies dedicated to the examination and appreciation of the poetry of the Hebrew Bible. This latter aspect was perhaps partly influenced by the form criticism and beyond stage, marked by the emergence of rhetorical criticism. Consequently, scholarship became interested in investigating the abovementioned salient features, one of which is metaphor. During the time that biblical scholarship focused on employing other beneficial methods in the hermeneutical process of biblical texts, such as historical, literary, transmission historical, redaction historical, form, and traditio-historical criticism, various truth claims and facts about the metaphors were somewhat marginalised. Currently, fresh theories with respect to the definition of metaphors in general, spurred by the scholarship of the past few decades, offer sundry truth claims. These truth claims do not settle all of the issues revolving around the definition and function of metaphors. Nonetheless, they highlight the avenues into areas which have been somewhat unexplored territories before. The various theories of metaphor with their cascading effect had a major impact on biblical studies. It was perhaps the arrival of the form criticism and beyond stage that properly heralded the ascendancy of the interest in metaphors and poetics, in biblical narrative and poetry alike [3]. This stage in biblical academics resulted in the creation of the exegetical, respectively hermeneutical, method designated as rhetorical criticism. This method, with a specific focus on the rhetorics of Hebrew Bible texts, impinged on scholarship to discover the literary beauties inherent in these texts. Rhetorics, poetical devices, and literary art in biblical texts have become salient features of the hermeneutical enterprise. Scholars also advanced additional methods and approaches, which were roughly in line with the aims and outworkings of the aforementioned rhetorical criticism. One such method is rhetorical analysis, which is to be differentiated from rhetorical criticism [4]. At present, the study of metaphors and the methodological and exegetical application of various metaphor theories on biblical texts is an ever-growing research area. This process has already generated studies concerned with the narrative and poetry of the Hebrew Bible. Moreover, since a significant part of Hebrew Bible poetry is also classified as wisdom literature, this surge in mutual influence and cooperation constitutes a stimulating period for wisdom literature and metaphor study alike. Nonetheless, the abovementioned application ought to converge with other topics and textual, linguistic, semantic, pragmatic, and theological interests, etc. This step is necessary to avoid the trap of metaphormania [5], which would make this application an autotelic enterprise. Apart from the books of Proverbs, Job, and Qoheleth, wisdom, as a genre element in Hebrew Bible texts, is not restricted to these three books. Moreover, at one stage it was thought to crop up almost everywhere in the Hebrew Bible, resulting in a sophiamania. This tendency had to be curbed by the development of a criteria system as an aid in the process of determining the influence of wisdom upon not strictly sapiential texts [6]. Still, it may be possible to make note of the overarching presence of the wisdom genre in the Hebrew Bible, the LXX and apocryphal texts without falling into the trap of sophiamania. Therefore, this inquest recognizes the presence of similar metaphors in the wisdom Religions 2016, 7, 106 3 of 14 texts and/or wisdom-like fragments of other books of the Hebrew Bible and the LXX. It also makes references to apocryphal wisdom books, such as Sirach. Some academics defined the book of Proverbs as containing early or traditional wisdom. This proverbial wisdom propagates a cause-and-effect relationship, Tun-Ergehen Zusammenhang, according to which good things befall the good and bad things befall the bad. When such a linkage ceased to operate consistently and harmoniously, it thrust the audience into a conundrum. This conundrum is then explored in the books of Job and Qoheleth. Job and Qoheleth, along with their metaphors, should be read in conjunction with Proverbs. Moreover, Job and Qoheleth partly operate as a canonical corrective to an overreading of Proverbs [7]. Therefore, the metaphors in Proverbs may be viewed as somewhat more confident in their tone. Robert Alter remarked that “in Proverbs, didactic points are frequently made through sharp thrusts of wit in the metaphors” [8]. In places even Proverbs hints at the imperfection of this sin-tainted world. The son might be enticed by sinners, who lie in wait for blood (1:8–19), or by the Strange Woman, who lures him into promiscuity (2:16–19; 5:1–6). The son might desert the wife of his youth and elope with a more arousing woman (5:15–20). There might be no guidance for a nation (11:14), or there might be a cruel man who hurts himself (11:17b). A marriage might suffer, when one has to live with a quarrelsome spouse (21:9, 19). In Job and Qoheleth, these, and even graver, imperfections of human existence become a sourer reality and personal experience. While Proverbs is the handbook preparing partly for success and partly for existential struggle, Job and Qoheleth are immersed in existential struggle.

2. Metaphors in the Wisdom Literature of the Hebrew Bible and Contemporary Art A correlation between metaphors and artwork may be established through the terms imagery and image. Moreover, these key terms also provide a framework within which this correlation may be explored. Still, as B. A. Strawn highlights, both key terms are notoriously slippery in the realm of literature. In poetic theory they appear in so many contexts that W. Mitchell thinks that “‘it may well be impossible to provide any rational systematic account of their usage’” [9]. As opposed to being a deterrent, this is rather a confirmation of the relevance and ubiquity of imagery. According to a social psychologist: “‘We live on images’” ([9], p. 306). Nonetheless, the complexity in interpreting poetry in general, metaphors and artwork orbit around understanding imagery. Therefore, the key term imagery may be analysed with regard to texts, but also in connection to artwork ([9], p. 306). At this point, what is of greater interest here is that imagery is a complex phenomenon and can be subdivided into particular categories. There are several theories which explain how images function and, correlatively, how best to interpret them. Many scholars, e.g., Louis Alonso-Schökel, purport that imagery operates chiefly as a means of comparison. According to W. Watson: “The essence of imagery is the juxtaposition of two different levels of meaning.” ([9], p. 307). Oliver claims that: “Imagery means, generally the representation of one thing by another thing,” and poetic language overall is “the language of one thing compared to another thing.” ([9], p. 307). Resemblance may be identified between these descriptions of imagery and the way metaphor works if only because metaphor is a subset of imagery. Metaphor studies can also offer valuable knowledge concerning the interpretation of imagery.

“Similarities are also seen, however, between imagery as fundamentally comparison—with reference to metaphor especially, including both the like and the unlike (see Ricoeur)—and how some scholars have characterized the nature of Hebrew parallelism.” ([9], p. 307).

Furthermore, A. Berlin claims that parallelism itself is like metaphor and, thus, imagery, and vice versa [10]. Sensitivity to juxtaposition and comparison and interpreting them properly is vital for an acceptable understanding of imagery. Since metaphor is a subset of imagistic language, its realm is the perfect place to examine interpretation ([9], p. 307). Such keywords as like, unlike, juxtaposition, and comparison have been circulated here to allude to the understanding of image, imagery, and metaphor. These, and other terms, are also important Religions 2016, 7, 106 4 of 14 in the process of defining metaphor on its own and, vis-à-vis, artwork. Other keywords may be mentioned, which are related to various metaphor definition theories. A Hungarian scholar, Piroska Kocsány, formulated, summarily, perhaps one of the most incisive critiques of these metaphor theories. Apparently,

“the concept of metaphor in the history of rhetorics, through turnings and twistings, seems to be returning to the Aristotelian point of departure. The most important stops of this story, may be schematically presented as follows:

(a) The metaphor in antiquity: from transference/transposition to brief similitude. (b) The metaphor as substitution/replacement: the pitfall of structuralism. (c) The metaphor as interaction: the snare of metaphorical revelation. (d) The metaphor as concept-transference/transposition: the detour of conceptual metaphor.” [11].

This latter concept reverts to the foundation of similitude, analogy, to the topic of establishing the common marks/signs. Irma Szikszainé Nagy noted that, through these remarks, Kocsány also formulated the directives of further research:

“The uniqueness and surprisingness of metaphors can be explained only through an approach, which interprets metaphors as a semiotic process, as a dynamic mark/sign and strives in the jointness of the object, respectively image/picture element to deal with the purpose and weight of similitude and analogy” ([11], p. 443).

Hereby, the aim is to underscore the oscillation of metaphor definition, regarding itself and regarding artwork. The purpose is also to show that the trail of metaphor definition seems to be returning to the Aristotelian point of departure, which is similitude and analogy [12]. In consequence, the examples given in the succeeding chapters operate on the lines of the keywords similitude and analogy. The interaction of the metaphor-world of the Bible in general and of its wisdom literature in particular with classical art, has been amply explored [13,14]. The relationship between classical and contemporary art and whether there is or is not a philosophical and ideological continuity between the two, has also been subjected to intense debate1. While this latter issue is still pending, it is undeniable that the metaphor-world of the Bible, in general, and of the wisdom tradition makes its impact on contemporary art and performs an interaction with it. The tool of biblical literacy is used here to investigate this impact and interaction. The interest of this tool lies not merely in the listing of metaphors found in the wisdom literature and then being mentioned or (re)used in contemporary art. The tool has also vested interest in determining the impact of this reference and usage and in examining possible changes made to these metaphors in their novel, contemporary art contexts. Therefore, the metaphors found in the three major wisdom books, that is Proverbs, Job, and Qoheleth, are presented at the same time as their reference and usage in contemporary art contexts. Obviously, the understanding of what is contemporary will always be in flux, anchored in the present with a starting date that moves forward. Moreover, the works the Contemporary Art Society, bought in 1910, in the year it was established by the critique Roger Fry, can hardly be labelled as contemporary [17]. Therefore, the dates of the contemporary artworks alluded to here, might slightly extend to the period prior to 1910. The lion’s share of the examples, which is not exhaustive by all means, includes mainly fine art and literature illustrations and one sitcom example, generally called contemporary. The method used in the selection of the examples was motivated mainly by two reasons. First, to bring a couple of examples of wisdom metaphors related mainly to fine art and belles lettres

1 See further Francis A. Schaeffer [15] and also his Art and the Bible [16]. Religions 2016, 7, 106 5 of 14

illustrations. Second, to foreground examples which, in some shape or form, are significant in the writer’s historical and cultural context. Obviously, other examples could be mentioned.

2.1. Metaphors in Proverbs and Contemporary Art The dating of Proverbs is a complex enterprise and nowadays few scholars attempt to deal

with this subject. Nonetheless, there is a scholarly consensus regarding the presenceReligions 2016 of traditional, 7, 106 5 of 14 ReligionsReligions 2016 2016,Religions ,7 7, ,106 106 2016, wisdom7, 106 in Proverbs. This is foundational for understanding the wisdom5 5of genreof 14 14 of the5 of Hebrew14 Bible. Concomitantly, the wisdom and the metaphors employed by it may be adumbratedcategories, innamely, several wisdom is grounded in the fear of the Lord, wisdom is preoccupied with categories, namely, wisdom is grounded in the fear of the Lord, wisdom is preoccupied with categories,categories, namely,namely, wisdomwisdomcategories, isis groundedgrounded namely, wisdom in the isfearfear grounded ofof thethe inLord,Lord, the fear wisdomwisdom of the Lord,isis preoccupiedpreoccupied wisdom is with preoccupiedwith discerning with discerningthe order that the Lord has built into creation, etc. The majority of the metaphors may be discerning the order that the Lord has built into creation, etc. The majority of the metaphors may be discerningdiscerning the the orderorder thatthatthe thethe order LordLord that has the built Lord into has creation, built into etc.etc. creation, TheThe majoritymajority etc. of Theof the the majority metaphors metaphors of themay may metaphors be be spotted, may grouped, be spotted, and/or mapped on the basis of these categories2. spotted, grouped, and/or mapped on the basis of these22 categories2. spotted,spotted, grouped, grouped, and/orand/orgrouped, mappedmapped and/or on the mapped basis of onthese the categoriescategories basis of these.. categories2. 2.1.1. Fine Art: Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka’s The Lonely Cedar and Pilgrimage to the Cedars of 2.1.1.2.1.1. Fine Fine Art: 2.1.1.Art: Tivadar Tivadar Fine Art:2.1.1. CsontváryCsontváry Tivadar Fine Art: CsontváryKosztka’s Tivadar The Kosztka’s Csontváry Lonely CedarCedarThe Kosztka’s Lonely andand PilgrimagePilgrimage CedarThe Lonely and to toPilgrimage Cedarthe the Cedars Cedarsand to ofPilgrimage of the Cedars to of the Lebanon Cedars Paintings of LebanonLebanon Paintings PaintingsLebanon PaintingsLebanon Paintings One may start with two paintings by the Hungarian avant-garde painter Tivadar Csontváry OneOne maymay startstartOne withmaywith twostarttwoOne paintingspaintingswith may two start bypaintings with the Hungarian two by paintings the Hungarian avant-gardeavant-garde by the Hungarianavant-garde painterpainter TivadarTivadar avant-garde painter Csontváry Csontváry Tivadar painter CsontváryKosztka, Tivadar entitled Csontváry The Lonely Cedar and Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Lebanon [19]. Albeit the authenticity Kosztka,Kosztka, entitled entitledKosztka, TheThe entitled LonelyLonelyKosztka, CedarTheCedar entitled Lonely andand PilgrimageCedarThe Lonely and toPilgrimage Cedar the CedarsCedarsand Pilgrimageto ofof the LebanonLebanon Cedars to [19]. [19]. theof Lebanon CedarsAlbeit Albeit ofthe[19]. the Lebanon authenticity authenticityAlbeit[19 the]. Albeit authenticity of a the supposed authenticity precursor of of these paintings, The Tree of Life, is under scrutiny, both aforementioned ofof a a supposed supposedof a precursorsupposedprecursora supposed ofofprecursor thesethese paintings, precursor of these ofThepaintings, these Tree paintings,of LifeTheLife, , Tree isis underunderThe of Life Tree scrutiny,scrutiny,, ofis Lifeunder, isboth both underscrutiny, aforementioned aforementioned scrutiny, both aforementioned both aforementionedworks (re)use, amongst works other metaphors, chiefly the metaphor of the Tree of Life, which Tree of Life worksworks (re)use, (re)use,works amongstamongst (re)use,(re)use, otherother amongst amongstmetaphmetaph otherors, other metaph chiefly metaphors,ors, the chieflymetaphor chiefly the of theofmetaphor thethe metaphor TreeTree ofofof LifetheLife of, the ,Treewhich whichTree of Treeof LifeTree Life, of which,of whichLife Life TreerepresentsTree of of Life Life representsthe universe [20]. The tree of life, as a metaphor, can be also encountered in the wisdom ,in the BHS , ֵעץ ַחיּ ִים ,representsrepresents represents thethe universeuniverse thethe [20].[20]. universe universe TheThe treetree [20]. [20 of]. Thelife The, astreetree a ofmetaphor,metaphor, of life life, ,as as a a canmetaphor,can metaphor, bebe alsoalso can encountered canencountered be be also also encountered encounteredin in the the wisdom wisdom in in the the context wisdom wisdom of contextProverbs of as reflected by the equivalent expression tree of life (in the Tg (c.f. 3:18; 11:30; 13:12; 15:4 אילנא דחיי the inthe the BHS,BHS, BHS, δένδρον ζωῆς in the the LXX (ξύλον ζωῆς in 3:18) and , ֵעininץ , ,ֵַעח ֵיּ עִץיץ ם ַ,ח,ַיּ ִחייּ ִיםlife lifeם , contextcontext ofof context ProverbsProverbs of ProverbsasasProverbs reflectereflecte as asd reflected reflectedby the byequivalent by the the equivalent equivalent expression expression expression treetree ofof tree tree lifelife of, of in in in the the the Tg TgTg Tg (c.f. (c.f.(c.f. (c.f. 3:18; 3:18; 3:18; 11:30; 11:30; 11:30; 13:12; 13:12; 13:12; 13:12; 15:4) 15:4) 15:4) 15:4) [ 21[21].[21].]. In InIn a aa more more recentrecent study of this biblical metaphor, Karolien Vermeulen reappraised the earlier אילנא אילנאאילנא דחיי דחיידחיי δένδρονδένδρον ζωῆς ζωῆςζωῆς in in in thethe the LXXLXX LXX (( ξύλον ξύλον(ξύλον ζωῆς ζωῆς inin in 3:18) 3:18) 3:18) andand and and scholarly view: [21].[21]. InIn aa moremoremore recent recentrecent studystudy studystudy ofof ofof this thisthis thisbiblical biblical biblical metaphor, me metaphor,taphor, Karolien KarolienKarolien Karolien Vermeulen VermeulenVermeulen Vermeulen reappraised reappraisedreappraised reappraised the the the earlierthe earlier earlier earlier scholarly scholarly view: scholarlyscholarly view: view:view: “…, the tree of life introduced in Prov 3:18 as a metaphor explicitly connects itself with “ ... , the tree of life introduced in Prov 3:18 as a metaphor explicitly connects itself with “…, the tree of life introduced in Prov 3:18 as a metaphor explicitly connects itself with the model tree of life as represented in Genesis 2–3 and in general with an ancient, “…, the tree“…, of lifethe introducedtreethe of modellife introduced in tree Prov of 3:18 life in asas Prov representeda metaphor 3:18 as a in explicitlymetaphor Genesis connects 2–3explicitly and initself connects general with with itself an with ancient, mainly the model tree of life as represented in Genesis 2–3 and in general with an ancient, mainly Mesopotamian concept of sacred trees and life giving plants. the model thetree model of life Mesopotamian treeas represented of life as represented concept in Genesis of sacred in2–3 Ge and treesnesis in and2–3 general lifeand giving inwith general plants.an ancient, with an ancient, mainlymainly Mesopotamian Mesopotamianmainly Mesopotamian conceptconcept of sacredconcept trees of sacred and lifelife trees givinggiving and plants.plants.life giving plants. The new tree and its predecessors are bound by thematic and verbal parallels. The The new tree and its predecessors are bound by thematic and verbal parallels. The stories The new tree and its predecessors are bound by thematic and verbal parallels. The stories merge wisdom/knowledge and immortality. The new treeThe andnew its treemerge predecessors and wisdom/knowledge its predecessors are bound areby and bounthematic immortality.d by and thematic verbal and parallels. verbal Theparallels. The storiesstories merge mergestories wisdom/knowlwisdom/knowl merge wisdom/knowledge and immortality.edge and immortality. The tree of metaphor in Proverbs stands for a blend of things covering longevity, health, The tree of metaphor in Proverbs stands for a blend of things covering longevity,immortality health, and wisdom. The tree of metaphor in Proverbs stands for a blend of things covering longevity, health, The tree of Themetaphor tree of in immortalitymetaphor Proverbs in stands andProverbs wisdom. for a stands blend forof things a blend covering of things longevity, covering health,longevity, health, immortality and wisdom. Whereas previous research favoured a unidirectional, demythologized reading of the immortalityimmortality and wisdom. and wisdom. Whereas previous research favoured a unidirectional, demythologized readingmetaphor, of the the…tree of life is a complex and inclusive image. It draws on a strong Whereas previous research favoured a unidirectional, demythologized reading of the Whereas previousWhereas research previousmetaphor, favoured research the ... a favoured unidirectional,tree of lifea unidirectional, is ademythologized complex anddemythologized inclusive reading image.of readingthe It drawsof the onmythological a strong symbol and incorporates its connotations in the final message. It deals with metaphor, the…tree of life is a complex and inclusive image. It draws on a strong metaphor, metaphor,the…tree ofmythologicalthe…tree life is a ofcomplex life symbol is aan andcomplexd inclusive incorporates and image.inclusive its connotations It drawsimage. on It in adraws thestrong final on message.a strong It dealsmore with than a tree of life; it deals with the tree of life.” [22]. mythologicalmythological symbol andmore symbol incorporates than and a tree incorporates ofits life;conno ittations deals its conno with in the thetations final tree message. in of the life.” final [It22 dealsmessage.]. with It deals with mythological symbol and incorporates its connotations in the final message. It deals with The mythological aspect of the biblical metaphor may be compared with Csontváry’s more than morea tree than of life; a treeit deals of life; with it dealsthe tree with of life.”the tree [22]. of life.” [22]. more than a tree of life;The it mythologicaldeals with the aspect tree of of life.” the biblical [22]. metaphor may be compared with Csontváry’smythological mythological allusions. In The Lonely Cedar, Csontváry’s ideas about the genesis, Urreligion and The mythological aspect of the biblical metaphor may be compared with Csontváry’s The mythologicalThe mythologicalallusions. aspect of In aspecttheThe Lonelybiblical of the Cedar metaphor biblical, Csontváry’s metaphormay be ideas comparedmay about be the comparedwith genesis, Csontváry’s Urreligionwith Csontváry’s relationshipand relationship of Hungarians of with cultures from the East are amalgamated with the Urmythologie of the mythological allusions. In The Lonely Cedar, Csontváry’s ideas about the genesis, Urreligion and mythologicalmythological allusions.Hungarians Inallusions. The Lonely withIn TheCedar cultures Lonely, Csontváry’s from Cedar the, Csontváry’sEast ideas are about amalgamated ideas the genesis,about with the Urreligion thegenesis,Urmythologie andUrreligion Treeof theofand LifeTree as of a Life symbolas of the universe, respectively with the ars poetica of the artist. Csontváry relationship of Hungarians with cultures from the East are amalgamated with the Urmythologie of the relationshiprelationship of Hungariansa of symbol Hungarians with cultures of the with universe, from cultures the respectively East from are the amalgamated East with are the amalgamated ars with poetica the Urmythologie ofwith the the artist. Urmythologie of Csontvárythe exclaimed of exclaimedthe that divine that Providence would not let him rest and spurred him to paint this five or six- Tree of Life as a symbol of the universe, respectively with the ars poetica of the artist. Csontváry Tree of Life Treeas a ofsymbol Life divineas ofa symbolthe Providence universe, of the would respectivelyuniverse, not letrespectively with him restthe andars with poetica spurred the ars of him poeticathe to artist. paint of Csontváry thisthe fiveartist. or Csontváry six-thousandthousand year year old oldcedar from the Mount of Lebanon, during his visit to the Holy Land. The symbolics exclaimed that divine Providence would not let him rest and spurred him to paint this five or six- of the painting are not autotelic, but formulate a message to the society of his time. Csontváry also exclaimed thatexclaimed divine that cedarProvidence divine from Providence thewould Mount not of wouldlet Lebanon, him not rest duringlet and him spurred hisrest visit and him to spurred the to Holypaint him Land. this to fivepaint The or symbolics this six- five or of thesix- painting are thousand year old cedar from the Mount of Lebanon, during his visit to the Holy Land. The symbolics noted that this cedar brandishes one of its branches as a sword against the world. Apocalyptic visions thousand yearthousand old cedar yearnot from old autotelic, cedarthe Mount from but formulateofthe Lebanon, Mount a of messageduring Lebanon, his to visitduring the society to thehis Holyvisit of his to Land.time. the Holy The Csontváry symbolics Land. The also symbolics noted that this cedar of the painting are not autotelic, but formulate a message to the society of his time. Csontváry also about the cataclysmic end of humanity were topics which occurred in the works of many of his of the paintingof the are painting notbrandishes autotelic, are not but oneautotelic, formulate of its branches but aformulate me asssage a sword ato me the againstssage society to the theof world. hissociety time. Apocalyptic of Csontváry his time. visions Csontváryalso about also the cataclysmic noted that this cedar brandishes one of its branches as a sword against the world. Apocalyptic visions contemporaries. The magic of reviving in this painting is reified by the colour-dynamics, shades of noted that thisnoted cedar that brandishes thisend cedar of humanity brandishes one of its were branches one topics of its as which branches a sword occurred asagainst a sword in the the againstworld. works Apocalypticthe of many world. of Apocalyptic his visions contemporaries. visions The magic about the cataclysmic end of humanity were topics which occurred in the works of many of his light and, so far unseen, totality of colours. For expressing the message of the painting, Csontváry about the cataclysmicabout the cataclysmic ofend reviving of humanity inend this of painting werehumanity topics is reifiedwere which topics by occurred the colour-dynamics,which in occurred the works in shades theof many works of light of of and,his many so farof unseen,his totality contemporaries. The magic of reviving in this painting is reified by the colour-dynamics, shades of created such a perfect system of colour, form and line, which bids the gazer towards the contemporaries.of colours. The magic For expressingof reviving the in messagethis painting of the is painting,reified by Csontvárythe colour-dynamics, created such shades a perfect of system of contemporaries.light and, so far Theunseen, magic totality of reviving of colours. in this For painting expressing is reified the message by the colour-dynamics,of the painting, Csontváry shades of understanding of the highest creating and creative Power [23]. light and, so far unseen, totality of colours. For expressing the message of the painting, Csontváry lightcreated and, such so far a unseen,perfect totalitysystem ofof colours. colour, Forform expressing and line, the which message bids of the the gazerpainting, towards Csontváry the In the Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Lebanon the cedar also occurs as a symbol of the artist. The cedar created such a perfect system of colour, form and line, which bids the gazer towards the createdunderstanding such a ofperfect the highest system crea tingof colour, and creative form Powerand line, [23]. which bids the gazer towards the with the twin tree-trunk is surrounded by humans enacting the rites of an ancient festivity or understanding2 of the highest creating and creative Power [23]. understandingIn the Pilgrimage of the highestto theFor Cedars acrea moreting of complete Lebanon and creative taxonomical the cedar Power enumeration also [23].occurs of as the a metaphors symbol of in Provthe artist. 1–9, see The further cedar [18]. ceremony [24]. Some animals also feature in the painting, which might recall the majestic cedar (in the in the Tg) on ארזָא ָר ָמא in the LXX is κέδρον μεγάλην and , ֶא ֶרז ַא ִדּיר withIn the the twin Pilgrimage Intree-trunk the toPilgrimage the isCedars surrou to of the ndedLebanon Cedars by theofhumans Lebanon cedar alsoenacting the occurscedar the also as ria occurstessymbol of anas of aancient thesymbol artist. festivity of The the cedarartist. or TheBHS cedar the equivalent expression is withceremony the twin with[24]. tree-trunkSomethe twin animals tree-trunkis surrou also featurended is surrou inby the humansnded painting, by enacting humanswhich mightthe enacting ri recalltes of the thean rimajesticancienttes of cedar anfestivity ancient (in the or festivity the mountain or height of Israel (Ezek 17:23 in the BHS/LXX and 17:22 in the Tg), which shelters many .in the cedar the majestic Tg) (in onthe cedar kinds (in ofthe birds ארזrecallָ אmajestic ָר ָמtheא in, in the feature the painting, LXX in is the κέδρον which painting, μεγάλην might which recall and might ֶאalso ֶ רז ַא ִדּfeatureיר ceremonyBHS the equivalent [24].ceremony Some expression animals[24]. Some also is animals onin the Tg)Furthermore, on Vermeulen’s abovementioned interpretation of the biblical metaphor of the Tree of ארזָ(manyTg א ָרthe ָ מאand shelters inארזָ א ָר whichָמ א inis κέδρονthe and LXX 17:22 μεγάλην is κέδρονin the and Tg), μεγάλην , ֶא ֶרזBHS/LXX LXXַא ִדּthe ירinis, in the ֶ א ֶרז ַא17:23 ִ דּיר BHSthe mountainthe equivalentBHS height the equivalentexpression of Israel (Ezek expressionis thekinds mountain of birds.the heightmountain of Israel height (Ezek of Israel 17:23 (Ezek in the 17:23 BHS/LXX in the and BHS/LXX 17:22 in and the 17:22 Tg), whichin the Tg),shelters which many shelters Life ,many with its emphasis on wisdom, knowledge, and immortality, resonates well with Ferenc kinds Furthermore,of birds.kinds of Vermeulen’sbirds. abovementioned interpretation of the biblical metaphor of the Tree of Romváry’s comments regarding the symbols of the Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Lebanon painting: Life, Furthermore,with its emphasisFurthermore, Vermeulen’s on Vermeulen’swisdom, abovementioned knowledge, abovementioned interp andretation immortality, interp of theretation biblicalresonates of themetaphor biblicalwell with of metaphor the Ferenc Tree ofof the Tree of LifeRomváry’s, with Lifeits comments ,emphasis with its regarding onemphasis wisdom, the onsymbols knowledge,wisdom, of the knowledge, Pilgrimageand immortality, to and the Cedarsimmortality, resonates of Lebanon wellresonates painting: with well Ferenc with 2 Ferenc For a more complete taxonomical enumeration of the metaphors in Prov 1–9, see further [18]. Romváry’s comments regarding the symbols of the Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Lebanon painting: Romváry’s comments regarding the symbols of the Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Lebanon painting: 2 For a more complete taxonomical enumeration of the metaphors in Prov 1–9, see further [18]. 2 For a more2 complete For a more taxonomical complete taxonomical enumeration enumeration of the metaphors of the in metaphors Prov 1–9, insee Prov further 1–9, [18]. see further [18]. Religions 2016, 7, 106 5 of 14 Religions 20162016,, 77,, 106106 55 ofof 1414 categories, namely, wisdom is grounded in the fear of the Lord, wisdom is preoccupied with categories,categories, namely,namely, wisdomwisdom isis groundedgrounded inin thethe fearfear ofof thethe Lord,Lord, wisdomwisdom isis preoccupiedpreoccupied withwith discerning the order that the Lord has built into creation, etc. The majority of the metaphors may be discerning the order that the Lord has built into creation,eation, etc.etc. TheThe majoritymajority ofof thethe metaphorsmetaphors maymay bebe spotted, grouped, and/or mapped on the basis of these categories2. spotted,spotted, grouped,grouped, and/orand/or mappedmapped on the basis of these categories22.. 2.1.1. Fine Art: Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka’s The Lonely Cedar and Pilgrimage to the Cedars of 2.1.1. Fine Art: Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka’s The Lonely Cedar andand Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Lebanon Paintings Lebanon PaintingsPaintings One may start with two paintings by the Hungarian avant-garde painter Tivadar Csontváry One may start with two paintings by the Hungarian avant-garde painter Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka, entitled The Lonely Cedar and Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Lebanon [19]. Albeit the authenticity Kosztka, entitled The Lonely Cedar andand Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Lebanon [19].[19]. AlbeitAlbeit thethe authenticityauthenticity ofof aa supposedsupposed precursorprecursor of these paintings, The TreeTree ofof LifeLife,,, isisis underunderunder scrutiny,scrutiny,scrutiny, bothbothboth aforementionedaforementionedaforementioned worksworks (re)use,(re)use, amongstamongst other metaphors, chiefly thethe metaphormetaphor ofof thethe TreeTreeTree ofofof LifeLifeLife,, , whichwhichwhich TreeTree of of Life Life representsrepresentsrepresents thethe universeuniverse [20].[20]. TheThe treetree ofof lifelife,, asas aa metaphor,metaphor, cancancan bebebe alsoalsoalso encounteredencounteredencountered ininin thethethe wisdomwisdomwisdom ֵעץ ַחיּ ִים ,ininin thethethe BHS,BHS,BHS , ,, ֵֵעץ ַַחיּ ִיּ ִיים , ,,contextcontextcontext ofof ProverbsProverbs asas reflectereflected by the equivalent expressionexpression treetreetree ofofof lifelifelife אילנא דחיי (in in in thethethe TgTgTg (c.f.(c.f.(c.f. 3:18; 3:18;3:18; 11:30; 11:30;11:30; 13:12; 13:12;13:12; 15:4) 15:4)15:4 אילנא דחיידחיי δένδρονδένδρον ζωῆςζωῆς inin thethe LXXLXX ((ξύλον ζωῆς inin 3:18)3:18) andand [21].[21].[21]. InInIn aaa moremore recentrecent studystudy ofof thisthis biblicalbiblical memetaphor,taphor, KarolienKarolien VermeulenVermeulenVermeulen reappraisedreappraisedreappraised thethethe earlierearlierearlier scholarlyscholarlyscholarly view:view: “…,“…, thethe treetree ofof life introduced in Prov 3:183:18 asas aa metaphormetaphor explicitlyexplicitly connectsconnects itself itself with with thethethe modelmodel treetree ofof lifelife asas representedrepresented inin GeGenesisnesis 2–32–3 andand inin generalgeneral withwith anan ancient,ancient, mainlymainly MesopotamianMesopotamian concept of sacred treestrees andand lifelife givinggiving plants.plants. TheThe newnew treetree and its predecessors are bounboundd byby thematicthematic andand verbalverbal parallels.parallels. TheThe storiesstories mergemerge wisdom/knowlwisdom/knowledgeedge andand immortality.immortality. TheThe treetree ofof metaphormetaphor in Proverbs stands forfor aa blendblend ofof thingsthings coveringcovering longevity, longevity, health, health, immortalityimmortalityimmortality andand wisdom.wisdom. WhereasWhereas previousprevious research favoured a unidirectional,unidirectional, demythologizeddemythologized readingreading ofof thethe metaphor,metaphor, the…treethe…tree of life is a complex anandd inclusiveinclusive image.image. ItIt drawsdraws onon aa strongstrong mythologicalmythological symbolsymbol and incorporates its connoconnotationstations ininin thethethe final finalfinal message. message.message. It ItIt deals dealsdeals withwith with moremore thanthan aa treetree of life; it deals with the treetree ofof life.”life.” [22].[22]. TheThe mythologicalmythological aspect of thethe biblicalbiblical metaphormetaphor maymaymay bebebe comparedcomparedcompared withwithwith Csontváry’sCsontváry’sCsontváry’s mythologicalmythological allusions.allusions. In The Lonely Cedar,, Csontváry’sCsontváry’s ideasideasideas aboutaboutabout thethethe genesis,genesis,genesis, UrreligionUrreligion andandand relationshiprelationshiprelationship ofof HungariansHungarians withwith culturescultures fromfrom thethe EastEast areareare amalgamatedamalgamatedamalgamated with withwith the thethe Urmythologie Urmythologie ofof of thethe the TreeTree ofof LifeLife asasas aa symbolsymbol ofof thethe universe,universe, respectivelyrespectively withwith thethe arsars poeticapoetica ofof thethe artist.artist. CsontváryCsontváry exclaimedexclaimedexclaimed thatthat divinedivine Providence wouldwould notnot letlet himhim restrest andand spurredspurredspurred himhimhim tototo paintpaintpaint thisthisthis fivefivefive or oror six- six-six- thousandthousandthousand yearyear oldold cedarcedar fromfrom thethe MountMount ofof Lebanon,Lebanon, duringduring hishishis visitvisitvisit to toto the thethe Holy HolyHoly Land. Land.Land. The TheThe symbolicssymbolics symbolics ofof thethe paintingpainting areare notnot autotelic, but formulate aa memessagessage toto thethe societysocietysociety ofofof hishishis time.time.time. CsontváryCsontváryCsontváry also alsoalso notednoted thatthat thisthis cedarcedar brandishesbrandishes one of its branches asas aa swordsword againstagainst the the world. world. Apocalyptic Apocalyptic visions visions about the cataclysmic end of humanity were topics which occurred in the works of many of his Religions about2016, 7, the 106 cataclysmic end of humanity were topics whichwhich occurredoccurred inin thethe worksworks ofof manymany6 of ofof 14 hishis contemporaries.contemporaries.contemporaries. TheThe magicmagic ofof revivingreviving inin thisthis paintingpainting isis reifiedreified bybyby thethethe colour-dynamics,colour-dynamics,colour-dynamics, shades shadesshades of ofof lightlightlight and,and,and, soso farfar unseen,unseen, totalitytotality ofof colours.colours. ForFor expressingexpressing thethe messagemessage ofofof thethethe painting,painting,painting, CsontváryCsontváryCsontváry colour,createdcreatedcreated form and suchsuch line, aa whichperfectperfect bids systemsystem thegazer ofof colour,colour, towards formform the andand understanding line,line,line, whichwhichwhich of bidsbidsbids the highestthethethe gazergazergazer creating towardstowardstowards and thethethe creativeunderstandingunderstanding Power [23]. ofof thethe highest creatingting andand creativecreative PowerPower [23].[23].[23]. In the PilgrimageInInIn thethethe PilgrimagePilgrimage to the Cedars to the Cedars of Lebanon of Lebanonthe cedar thethe cedarcedar also occurs alsoalso occursoccursoccurs as a symbol asasas aaa symbolsymbolsymbol of the of ofof artist.the thethe artist. artist.artist. The The TheThe cedar cedar cedarcedar with thewithwith twin thethe tree-trunk twintwin tree-trunktree-trunk is surrounded is surrounded by humans by humanshumans enacting enactingenacting the ritesthethe riri oftestestes an ofofof ancient ananan ancientancientancient festivity festivityfestivityfestivity or ororor ceremonyceremonyceremonyceremony [24]. Some[24].[24]. SomeSome animals animalsanimals also alsoalso feature featurefeature in inin the thethe painting, painting,painting, whichwhich mightmightmight recallrecallrecall recall the thethe the majestic majesticmajestic cedar cedar cedar (in (in(in thethe the inininin the thethe Tg) Tg)Tg) onon on ארזָארזָארזָאא ָ ָרָר ָמָָמאא inin the the LXX LXX isis κέδρονκέδρον μεγάληνμεγάλην andand ,, ֶֶֶא ֶֶֶרזז ַַַא ִִִדּיר in the BHSBHS thethe equivalentequivalent expression expression is is) on the mountainthethethe mountainmountainmountain height heightheight of Israel ofof IsraelIsrael (Ezek (Ezek(Ezek 17:23 17:2317:23 in the inin BHS/LXX thethe BHS/LXXBHS/LXX and andandand 17:22 17:2217:2217:22 inthe ininin thethe Tg),the Tg),Tg),Tg), which whichwhichwhich shelters shelters sheltersshelters many many manymany kinds ofkindskinds birds. ofof birds.birds. Furthermore,Furthermore,Furthermore, Vermeulen’s Vermeulen’sVermeulen’s abovementioned abovementioned interpretation interpinterpretationretation of the ofofof biblical thethethe biblicalbiblicalbiblical metaphor metaphor metaphormetaphor of the of ofof the theTreethe Tree Tree of of of Life, withLifeLife its,,, withwith emphasiswith itsitsits emphasisemphasis on wisdom, onon knowledge, wisdom,wisdom, knowledge,knowledge, and immortality, andand immortality,immortality,immortality, resonates well resonatesresonatesresonates with Ferenc wellwellwell Romváry’s withwithwith FerencFerencFerenc ReligionsRomváry’s 2016, 7, 106 comments regarding the symbols of the Pilgrimage to the Cedars of Lebanon painting:painting:6 of 14 commentsReligionsRomváry’s 2016 regarding, 7, 106 comments the symbols regarding of the thePilgrimage symbols toof thethe Cedars Pilgrimage of Lebanon to the Cedarspainting: of Lebanon painting:6 of 14

“[The“[The“[The cedar cedarcedar is isis a] a]a] tree treetree of ofof life. life.life. InInIn additionadditionaddition toto thisthis itit is is also also an an ancient ancient source...An source...An eagleeagle isis 222 For For For aaa moremoremore completecomplete taxonomicaltaxonomical enumerationenumeration ofof thethe metaphorsmetaphors ininin ProvProvProv 1–9,1–9,1–9, see seesee further furtherfurther [18]. [18].[18]. perchedperchedperched on onon the thethe tree treetree on onon the thethe left, left,left, [which [which[which is] is]is] thethethe symbolsymbolsymbol ofof wisdom,wisdom, knowledge knowledge and and ofof thethe spirit”spirit”spirit” ([ ([25],([25],25], p. p.p. 132). 132).132).

Next,Next,Next, two two additionaladditional examples examples of ofof metaphorsmetaphors are areare examined examinedexamined in inin greatergreater detail. detail.detail. TheseThese areare embeddedembedded ininin theirtheirtheir HebrewHebrewHebrew BibleBibleBible andand contemporarycocontemporaryntemporary artart contextscontexts respectively. respectively. TheThe firstfirstfirst one,one, thethe knifeknife toto thethe throat throat,, isisis aaa visualvisual metaphormetaphor forfor appetiteappetite curbingcurbing oror endangering endangering one’sone’s life life by byby demonstrating demonstratingdemonstrating a aa large largelarge appetite. appetite.appetite. TheTheThe secondsecondsecond exampleexampleexample presentspresentspresents twotwotwo extended,extended,extended, ontologicalontoloontologicalgical metaphorsmetaphorsmetaphors concerningconcerningconcerning thethethe paradoxicalparadoxicalparadoxical wisewisewise andandand thethethe paradoxicalparadoxicalparadoxical fool.fool.fool.

2.1.2.2.1.2.2.1.2. TheThe KnifeKnife toto thethe ThroatThroat Metaphor MetaphorMetaphor ProverbsProverbsProverbs 23:1–1123:1–1123:1–11 echoesechoesechoes ananan ancientancientancient wisdomwisdomwisdom text,text,text, thethethe Teaching TeachingTeaching of ofof Amenemope AmenemopeAmenemope... AdmonitionsAdmonitionsAdmonitions concerningconcerningconcerning table tabletable manners mannersmanners are areare on onon displaydisplay inin otherother ancientancient wisdomwisdom texts,texts, likelike thethe InstructionInstruction toto Kagemni Kagemni,, thethethe InstructionInstructionInstruction ofofof PtahhotepPtahhotepPtahhotep and andand the thethe abovementioned abovementionedabovementioned Amenemope. Amenemope.Amenemope. ElaborateElaborateElaborate directionsdirectionsdirections concerningconcerningconcerning tabletabletable manners mannersmanners are areare also alsoalso dealt dealtdealt with withwith in inin the thethe apocryphal apocryphalapocryphal Jewish JewishJewish wisdom wisdomwisdom book bookbook Sirach SirachSirach (31:12–32:13). (31:12–32:13).(31:12–32:13). This This wasThis awaswas well-known aa well-knownwell-known topic topictopic in wisdom inin wisdomwisdom tradition. tradition.tradition. Apparently, Apparently,Apparently, the thethe conclusions conclusionsconclusions to toto be bebe drawn drawndrawn regarding regardingregarding thethethe socialsocialsocial statusstatus of of the the dinerdiner areare are somesome somewhatwhatwhat speculative.speculative. speculative. InIn In verseverse verse 1,1, it 1,it makesmakes it makes littlelittle little differencedifference difference whetherwhether whether thethe thecaveatcaveat caveat isis toto is considerconsider to consider thethe food thefood food oror thethe or proprietor. theproprietor. proprietor. ProbablyProbably Probably bothboth both areare envisionedenvisioned are envisioned inin thethe in injunction.injunction. the injunction. TheThe Theproprietorproprietor proprietor maymay may bebe seen beseen seen asas probing asprobing probing thethe the visitantvisitant visitant (see(see (see furtherfurther further 23:3).23:3). 23:3). InIn In verseverse verse 2,2, 2, thethe visualvisual metaphor metaphor ofof ((סכינאסכינא בלועךבלועך and and in in the the Tg Tg is is ַשַׂשׂ ִכִּכּיןין ְבְּבּ ֶֹלעֶֹלעׇ ׇך ך thethethe knifeknifeknife toto thethe throat throat (the(the(the equivalent equivalentequivalent expressionexpression inin in thethe the BHSBHS BHS isis is hashashas beenbeenbeen decodeddecoded ininin atat leastleast twotwo ways:ways: curbcurb thethe appetite,appeappetite,tite, oror endangerendanger one’sone’s lifelife byby gluttony.gluttony. TheThe firstfirstfirst interpretationinterpretationinterpretation seemsseemsseems moremoremore plausible.plausible.plausible. In In verse verse 3, 3, the the deceptivedeceptive food food isisis ambiguous;ambiguous;ambiguous; itit maymaymay pointpointpoint tototo thethethe unpleasantunpleasantunpleasant effectseffects ofof gobbling,gobbling, or or signalsignal thethe factfact thatthat thethe victualvictual is is notnot promotivepromotive to to good good health. health. Nevertheless,Nevertheless,Nevertheless, it itit more moremore likely likelylikely alludes alludesalludes to toto thethe wilywily charactercharcharacteracter ofof thethe proprietor,proprietor, who whowho isis testingtesting thethe charactercharacter ofofof thethe visitant.visitant. Hence,Hence, thethe victualvictual cancan bebe deemeddeemed deceptivededeceptiveceptive becausebecausebecause it itit doesdoes notnot serveserve thethe aimaim ofof healthhealth ororor taste,taste,taste, butbutbut isisis employedemployedemployed forforfor privateprivateprivate intentintentintent bybyby the thethe proprietor proprietorproprietor [ [26].[26].26]. ThisThThisis visualvisualvisual metaphormetaphormetaphor ofofof the thethe knifeknifeknife tototo thethethe throatthroatthroat is isis recommended recommendedrecommended as asas a aa necessity necessitynecessity by byby the thethe sages sagessages to toto foil foilfoil the thethe temptations temptationstemptations inviting invitinginviting the thethe wise wisewise to jointoto joinjoin in ruthlessinin ruthlessruthless gluttonies. gluttonies.gluttonies. AAA shortshortshort episode episodeepisode in ininThe TheThe Simpsons SimpsonsSimpsonsfeatures featuresfeatures a a dreama dreamdream of ofof Homer’s Homer’sHomer’s that thatthat he hehe is is theis thethe legendary legendarylegendary Solomon, Solomon,Solomon, in theinin thethe royal royalroyal court courtcourt with withwith the thethe means meansmeans to toto exercise exerciseexercise justice. justicjustice.e. He HeHe is isis asked askedasked to toto settle settlesettle an anan argument argumentargument between betweenbetween LennyLennyLenny andandand Carl,Carl,Carl, whowhowho bothbothboth assertassertassert ownershipownershipownership ofofof aaa pie.pie.pie. InIn thethe originaloriginaloriginal storystorystory (1(1(1 KingsKingsKings 3:16–28),3:16–28),3:16–28), twotwotwo femalefemalefemale prostitutesprostitutesprostitutes assertassertassert theirtheirtheir ownershipownershipownership overoverover ananan infant.infantinfant.. SolomonSolomonSolomon demandsdemands aa blade,blade,blade, pronouncingpronouncingpronouncing thatthatthat thethethe livelivelive infantinfant must must be bebe sliced slicedsliced inin two,two, withwith with eacheach each womanwoman woman receivingreceiving receiving halfhalf half thethe the child.child. child. TheThe The maternalmaternal maternal instinctsinstincts instincts ofof ofthethe the biologicalbiological biological mothermother mother becomebecome become manifestmanifest manifest asas as sheshe she inteinte intercedesrcedesrcedes forfor for thethe infant’s infant’s survival. survival. The The decisiondecision isisis interpretedinterpretedinterpreted as asas buttressing buttressingbuttressing Solomon’s Solomon’sSolomon’s wisdom. wisdom.wisdom. InInIn The The SimpsonSimpson’s’s’s version, version,version, the thethe baby babybaby is isis replaced replacedreplaced by byby a aa pie. pie.pie. AsAs opposedopposed toto Solomon,Solomon, Homer’sHomer’s decisiondecision isisis governedgovernedgoverned bybyby ruthless ruthlessruthless gluttony: gluttony:gluttony:

“The“The“The pie piepie shall shallshall be bebe cut cutcut in in two,in two,two, and andand each eacheach man manman shall shsh receiveallall receive…death.receive…death.... death. I’ll I’ll eatI’ll eaea thett thethe pie.” pie.”pie.” ([27 ],([27],([27], p. 158). p.p. 158).158). TheThe SimpsonsSimpsons parodyparody eradicateseradicates thethe womenwomen altogetheraltogether fromfrom thethe scenescene andand supplantssupplants themthem withwith malemale figures.figures. ByBy thisthis thethe objectobject ofof Homer’sHomer’s cravincraving,g, thethe pie,pie, isis mademade central,central, therebythereby stressingstressing thethe satiricalsatirical effecteffect ofof Homer’sHomer’s gluttonygluttony hamperinghampering hishis capabilitycapability toto makemake wisewise judgments.judgments. AsAs opposedopposed toto thethe visualvisual metaphormetaphor ofof thethe knifeknife toto thethe throatthroat inin ProvProv 23:1–3,23:1–3, herehere oneone encountersencounters thethe visualvisual metaphormetaphor ofof thethe knifeknife toto thethe piepie,, withwith nono childchild toto die,die, justjust aa piepie toto bebe gobbledgobbled upup inin haste.haste. WhileWhile thethe firstfirst metaphormetaphor isis designeddesigned toto foilfoil thethe temptationstemptations ofof ruthlessruthless glgluttonyuttony fromfrom empoweringempowering one,one, thethe secondsecond metaphormetaphor isis contrivedcontrived toto lurelure oneone intointo wallowingwallowing inin it.it. ThisThis isis nono proofproof toto thethe factfact thatthat thethe authorauthor ofof thethe sitcomsitcom mademade anyany deliberatedeliberate useuse ofof thisthis particularparticular wisdomwisdom metaphor.metaphor. Nevertheless,Nevertheless, itit mightmight bebe feasiblefeasible toto suggestsuggest thatthat thethe ironyirony inin bothboth metaphorsmetaphors andand theirtheir discourse-contextsdiscourse-contexts allowsallows forfor aa possiblepossible analogyanalogy betweenbetween thethe ancientancient texttext andand thethe modernmodern sitcom.sitcom. InIn ProvProv 23:1–323:1–3 thethe metaphormetaphor andand itsits discourse-discourse- contextcontext suggestssuggests thethe possibilitypossibility ofof thethe wisewise becomingbecoming unwise,unwise, unlessunless thethe knifeknife isis appliedapplied toto thethe throat.throat. InIn TheThe SimpsonsSimpsons thethe wisewise hashas alreadyalready becomebecome unwiseunwise byby givinggiving wayway toto gluttony.gluttony. IsIs thethe IsraeliteIsraelite paragonparagon ofof wisdom,wisdom, Solomon,Solomon, alwaysalways presentedpresented likelike aa wisewise oror sometimessometimes likelike anan unwise?unwise? IsIs itit possiblepossible Religions 2016, 7, 106 7 of 14

The Simpsons parody eradicates the women altogether from the scene and supplants them with male figures. By this the object of Homer’s craving, the pie, is made central, thereby stressing the satirical effect of Homer’s gluttony hampering his capability to make wise judgments. As opposed to the visual metaphor of the knife to the throat in Prov 23:1–3, here one encounters the visual metaphor of the knife to the pie, with no child to die, just a pie to be gobbled up in haste. While the first metaphor is designed to foil the temptations of ruthless gluttony from empowering one, the second metaphor is contrived to lure one into wallowing in it. This is no proof to the fact that the author of the sitcom made any deliberate use of this particular wisdom metaphor. Nevertheless, it might be feasible to suggest that the irony in both metaphors and their discourse-contexts allows for a possible analogy between the ancient text and the modern sitcom. In Prov 23:1–3 the metaphor and its discourse-context suggests ReligionsReligionsReligionsReligionsReligionsReligionsReligionsReligionsReligions 2016 2016 20162016 2016 2016 2016, , 2016, 7, 7 7,,7, ,,2016 1067 , 106,7 106 ,1067 ,,106 ,7106 106, , , 106 7 the ,, 106106 possibility of the wise becoming unwise, unless the knife is applied to the777 7 ofthroat. of7 of7of 7of 14 14of 714of14 14 of 14 7 14 14of In 14The Simpsons the wise has already become unwise by giving way to gluttony. Is the Israelite paragon of wisdom, forforforforforfor for the the forthethe the the for the wise wisethe wisewise wise wisethe wise wise to to towiseto to becometo becometo become become tobecome become become toSolomon,become become unwise? unwise? unwise?unwise? unwise? unwise? unwise? unwise? alwaysunwise? In In InIn In Inboth bothIn both both Inboth presentedboth both Inboth contexts contexts contextsbothcontexts contexts contexts contexts contexts contexts like me me meme me me taphormetaphor ataphormetaphortaphorwisetaphor taphormetaphortaphor and and orandand and and andsometimes and irony irony ironyirony ironyand irony irony irony alike ironyalike alikealike alike alike alike alike like may may mayalikemay may may may anmay function function function function mayfunction unwise?function function function function as as asas as as Isa aas a a as tactica tactic ittactica tactic atactic asatactic possibletactic tactica in intactic inin in in in in for in the wise to aaa a ageneral general ageneral generala generala generalgeneral generala general strategy strategy strategy strategy strategy strategystrategy strategy strategy becometo to to to to tosuggest tosuggest suggest suggestto suggest suggest suggest tosuggest unwise?suggest something something something something something somethingsomething something something In both more more more more more moremore contextsmore or moreor or or or orothe orothe othe orothe othe othe othe or metaphorotherrr rthan rothethan thanr thanr than rthanthan than r what what whatthan what what whatwhat andwhat is iswhat is is is ironyexpressed isexpressed isexpressed expressedis expressed expressed expressed isexpressed alikeexpressed [28]. [28]. may[28]. [28]. [28]. [28].[28]. [28]. In In functionIn [28].In In Inspite Inspite spite spiteIn spite spite spite Inspite ofof spiteof of asof ofthe ofthe the theof athe the the of tactic the the in a general ostensibleostensibleostensibleostensibleostensibleostensibleostensibleostensibleostensible effort effort efforteffort effort effort effort effort to effortto toto to strategy toconceal concealto conceal conceal toconceal conceal conceal toconceal conceal meaning, meaning, tomeaning,meaning, meaning, meaning, suggestmeaning, meaning, meaning, ir ir irir ony somethingir onyonyir onyirony onyirony ony is iris isis isony a isa ais a meansa ismeans ameans means ameans aismeans means more meansa means of of ofof of or ofrevelatory revelatoryof revelatory revelatory ofrevelatory otherrevelatory revelatory ofrevelatory revelatory than language. language. language.language. language. language. whatlanguage. language. language. is expressed [28]. In spite of the ostensible “It“It“It“It“It“It “It reveals reveals“Itreveals reveals reveals reveals“Itreveals reveals reveals by bybyeffort by by by by asking askingbyasking asking asking askingbyasking toasking concealasking the thethe the the the the readerthe readerreader reader readerthereader meaning,reader reader reader to toto to to to maketo makemake maketo make ironymake make tomake makejudgments judgmentsjudgments judgments isjudgments judgmentsjudgments ajudgments meansjudgmentsjudgments and andand ofand and andand revelatory and decisions decisions decisions decisionsand anddecisions decisionsdecisions decisions decisionsdecisions language. about aboutabout about about aboutabout about aboutabout the thethe the the the the relativethe relativerelative relative relativethe therelativerelative relative relativerelative valuevaluevaluevaluevaluevaluevalue value of of of of of statedof stated statedof stated stated stated ofstated stated and and and and andand and intended intended intendedand intended intendedintended intended intended meanings, meanings, meanings, meanings, meanings,meanings, meanings, meanings, drawing drawing drawing drawing drawingdrawing drawing drawing the the the the thethe thereader reader reader readerthe readerreader reader reader into into into into intointo into its its itsinto its its its visionvisionits vision vision visionvisionits vision vision of of of of of truth,of truth, truth,of truth, truth, truth, oftruth, truth, so so so so so so so so value of stated and“It intended reveals by meanings, asking the drawing reader tothe make reader judgments into its vision and decisions of truth, about so the relative value thatthatthatthatthatthatthat when whenthat when whenwhen whenwhen when the the the thethe the the reader reader readerthe readerreader readerreader reader finally finally finally finallyfinally finallyfinally finally understands, understands, understands, understands,understands, understands,understands, understands, he he he hehe he heor or or ororhe or she orshe she sheshe orshe she becomes becomes becomesshe becomesbecomes becomesbecomes becomes a a a a a member amember membera member member memberamember member of of of of of of the ofthe the thethe ofthe the the that when the readerof stated finally and intendedunderstands, meanings, he or drawing she becomes the reader a member into its vision of the of truth, so that when communitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunity that thatthat that that that that shares shares sharesthatshares shares shares shares shares that thatthat that that that that vision, vision, vision,thatvision, vision, vision, vision, vision, constituted constitutedconstituted constituted constituted constituted constituted constituted by byby by by by those thosebythose those those thoseby those thosewho whowho who who who who also alsoalso whoalso also also also followed followed followedalsofollowed followed followed followed followed the thethe the the the theauthor’s author’sauthor’s author’s author’sthe author’s author’s author’s community that sharesthe reader that vision, finally constituted understands, by he those or she who becomes also followed a member the of author’s the community that shares lead.”lead.”lead.”lead.”lead.”lead.”lead.”lead.” ([29], ([29],([29], ([29], ([29], ([29], ([29], p.([29], p.p. p. p. xiii). p.xiii). xiii). p.xiii). xiii). xiii). p.xiii). xiii). lead.” ([29], p. xiii).that vision, constituted by those who also followed the author’s lead.” ([29], p. xiii).

2.1.3.2.1.3.2.1.3.2.1.3.2.1.3.2.1.3.2.1.3.2.1.3. Belles Belles2.1.3. BellesBelles Belles Belles Belles Belles Lettres BellesLettres LettresLettres Lettres Lettres Lettres Lettres :Lettres: :2.1.3. Friedrich: Friedrich :FriedrichFriedrich :Friedrich :Friedrich :Friedrich Friedrich::Belles FriedrichFriedrich Dürrenmatt’s Dürrenmatt’s Dürrenmatt’sDürrenmatt’s LettresDürrenmatt’s Dürrenmatt’s Dürrenmatt’s Dürrenmatt’s Dürrenmatt’sDürrenmatt’s: Friedrich Die Die DieDie Die Die Die Physiker DiePhysiker Physiker Dürrenmatt’sPhysiker Physiker DiePhysiker Physiker Physiker Physiker,, , the, the ,thethe ,the ,the , the Möbius theMöbius MöbiusMöbius ,,Möbius DieMöbiusthe theMöbius Möbius PhysikerMöbiusMöbius Strip, Strip, Strip,Strip, Strip, Strip, Strip, Strip, , the Strip,theStrip, the the the the the Paradoxical theParadoxical Paradoxical MöbiusParadoxical Paradoxical Paradoxicalthe theParadoxical Paradoxical ParadoxicalParadoxical Strip, Wise, Wise, Wise,Wise, Wise, Wise, theWise, Wise, andWise, ParadoxicalWise,and andand and and and and and and Wise, thethethethethethe the Paradoxical theParadoxical ParadoxicalParadoxical Paradoxical Paradoxicalthe Paradoxical Paradoxical Paradoxical Fool Fool FoolFool Fool Fool andFool Fool Fool the Paradoxical Fool WithWithWithWithWithWithWithWith regard regard Withregard regard regard regardregard regard regard to to to to to toSolomon, toSolomon, Solomon, Solomon,to Solomon, Solomon, WithSolomon, toSolomon, Solomon, regard the the the the the the the icon theicon icon icon toicon theiconicon icon Solomon, of of of oficon of ofIsraelite ofIsraelite Israelite Israeliteof Israelite Israelite Israelite ofIsraelite IsraeliteIsraelite the wisdom, wisdom, wisdom, wisdom, wisdom, icon wisdom,wisdom, wisdom, wisdom,wisdom, of the Israelitethe the the the the the interface theinterface interface interface interfacethe interfacetheinterface interface wisdom, interfaceinterface of of of of of oftheological oftheological theological theologicalof theological thetheological theological ofoftheological theological interface intentionality intentionality intentionality intentionality intentionality intentionalityintentionality intentionalityof intentionalitytheological intentionality andandandandandandand and ironic ironicironic ironicand ironic ironicironic ironic articulationironicironic articulationarticulation articulation articulation articulationarticulation articulation articulationarticulationand of ofofironic of of of theof thethe ofthe the the theofof Hebrewthe articulation HebrewHebrew Hebrew Hebrewthe theHebrewHebrew Hebrew HebrewHebrew Bible BibleBible Bible Bible BibleofBible Bible the narratives BiblenarrativesBiblenarratives narratives narratives narrativesnarratives Hebrewnarratives narrativesnarratives related relatedrelated related Biblerelated relatedrelated related relatedrelated narrativesto toto to to to himto himhim himto him him him toto him and, and, and, and,himhim and, and, relatedand,and, I I I and,and, I wouldI would wouldI wouldI would Iwouldwould towouldII wouldwould him add, add,add, add, add, add,add, add,and, what whatwhatadd, add,what what whatwhat what I wouldthewhat thewhatthe the the the the the thethe add, what the wisdomwisdomwisdomwisdomwisdomwisdomwisdomwisdomwisdom tradition tradition tradition traditiontradition tradition tradition tradition tradition attributes attributeswisdom attributes attributesattributes attributes attributes attributes attributes tradition to to to toto tohim himto him himtohim him him to him in in in in attributeshimin inProverbs, Proverbs,in Proverbs, Proverbs,inProverbs, Proverbs, Proverbs, inProverbs, Proverbs, to is is is is is himseminal. isseminal. seminal.is seminal.seminal.is seminal. seminal. isseminal. in seminal. Proverbs, The The The TheThe The The The intricate intricate intricate intricateintricateThe intricate intricate isintricate intricate seminal. complexities complexities complexities complexitiescomplexities complexities complexities complexities complexities The intricate of of of ofof ofthe theof the theofthe the the oftexts thetexts texts complexitiestextstexts textsthe texts texts in in intexts inin in in in in of the texts questionquestionquestionquestionquestionquestionquestionquestionquestion propose, propose, propose,propose, propose, propose, propose, propose, propose, first, infirst, first,first, first, first, questionfirst, first, a a a first,a paradoxical,a paradoxical, aparadoxical, paradoxical, a paradoxical,aparadoxical, paradoxical, paradoxical,a propose, paradoxical, then then thenthen then first,then then then ironical ironical ironicalironical thenironical aironicalironical ironical paradoxical, ironical Solomon, Solomon, Solomon,Solomon, Solomon, Solomon, Solomon, Solomon, Solomon, then whose whose whosewhose whose whose whose whose ironical whose picture picture picturepicture picture picture picture picture Solomon,picture is is isis is tainted istainted taintedistainted taintedis tainted tainted istainted whosetainted in in inin in inplaces placesin places places inplaces places pictureplaces inplaces places with with withwith with with with with is with tainted in places aaa a proclivitya proclivity proclivityaproclivity aproclivity aproclivity proclivity proclivitya proclivity of of ofof of livingof livingof living living ofliving living living oflivingwith livingon on onon on on theon athe theonthe the proclivitythe theon verge vergethe vergeverge verge verge theverge verge ofverge of ofof of ofbecoming ofbecomingof becoming becoming ofbecoming becoming livingbecoming ofbecoming becoming on a a a a fool.a fool. fool.a thefool. afool. afool. fool. fool. a As vergeAs AsAs fool.As As Asmuch much muchAsmuch much muchAsmuch of much becomingasmuch as asas as as wisdom wisdomas wisdom wisdom aswisdom wisdom wisdom aswisdom wisdom a was was was fool.waswas was was was a a a a realitywasa reality Asrealitya reality areality areality reality realitymucha reality in in inin in Solomon’sin Solomon’sin Solomon’s Solomon’s asinSolomon’s Solomon’s Solomon’s inSolomon’s wisdom Solomon’s was a reality in personalitypersonalitypersonalitypersonalitypersonalitypersonalitypersonalitypersonalitypersonality and and and and and andand and demeanour, demeanour, demeanour, demeanour,and demeanour,Solomon’s demeanour,demeanour, demeanour, demeanour, so personalityso so so so sotoo so tootoo sotoo too too too so was toowas was was wastoo waswas was andthe the the thewas the the the reality thedemeanour,reality reality reality realitythe realityreality reality reality of of of of of oflapsing oflapsing lapsing lapsingof lapsing solapsing lapsing oflapsing too lapsing into into wasinto into into intointo into foolishness. thefoolishness.foolishness. foolishness.into foolishness. foolishness.foolishness. realityfoolishness. foolishness. of It It lapsingIt It Itis Itis isIt is isIt suggested issuggested issuggested suggestedItis suggested suggested suggested intoissuggested suggested foolishness. here here here here here herehere here here It is suggested that,that,that,that,that,that,that,that, especially especiallythat, especiallyespecially especially especially especiallyespecially especially Proverbs, Proverbs, Proverbs,Proverbs, Proverbs, hereProverbs, Proverbs,Proverbs, Proverbs, that, in in inin especiallyin in somein some someinsome some some someinsome someinstances instances instancesinstances instances instances Proverbs,instancesinstances instances of of ofof of of in metaphorof metaphor metaphorofmetaphor metaphor somemetaphor metaphorofmetaphor metaphor instances display, display, display,display, display, display, display,display, display, of impinges impinges impingesmetaphorimpinges impinges impinges impingesimpinges impinges on on on display,on on on on showcasing showcasingon showcasingshowcasing showcasing showcasingon showcasingshowcasing impingesshowcasing the the thethe the the onthe the showcasingthe the paradoxicalparadoxicalparadoxicalparadoxicalparadoxicalparadoxicalparadoxicalparadoxicalparadoxical nature nature nature nature nature naturenature nature paradoxicalnature of of of of of ofthe ofthe the theof the the the ofwise thewise wise wise wisethe wisewise wise natureand andandwise and and andand and of of of ofand of ofofthe theof the theof the thethe the offools. thefools. fools. fools. fools. wisethe fools.fools. fools. While fools.While While While and While WhileWhile While ofWhile the the the the the the the wise thewise wise wise fools.wisethe wisewise wise in ininwise in in insome Whilesomein some somein some some some insome cases somecases cases the cases cases casescases cases wise can casescan can can can cancan caneasily ineasily easily easily easilycan easilysomeeasily easily easilylapse lapse lapse lapse lapse cases lapselapse lapse into lapseinto into into into can intointo into easilyinto lapse into foolishness,foolishness,foolishness,foolishness,foolishness,foolishness,foolishness,foolishness,foolishness, equally equallyequally equally equally equallyequally equally foolishness,equally fools foolsfools fools fools foolsfools fools might mightfoolsmight might might mightmight equallymight might resort resortresort resort resort resortresort resort fools resort to toto to to to danglingto mightdanglingdangling todangling dangling danglingdangling todangling dangling resort and andand and and and toand and flaunting flaunting dangling flaunting flauntingand flaunting flauntingflaunting flaunting flaunting and a aa a a luxurious luxuriousaluxurious a luxurious flauntingluxuriousa luxuriousluxurious luxuriousa luxurious proverb proverb aproverb proverb proverb luxuriousproverbproverb proverb proverb from fromfrom from from from proverbfromfrom their theirfromtheir their their theirtheir their from their their mouths. mouths.mouths.mouths.mouths.mouths.mouths.mouths.mouths.mouths. To To ToTo To To Tocorroborate corroborate corroborateTocorroborate corroborate corroborateTocorroborate corroborate corroborateTo corroborate this this thisthis this this this thispoint, point, point,point, point, thispoint, point, point, thispoint, Proverbs Proverbs ProverbsProverbs Proverbs Proverbs Proverbs point,Proverbs Proverbs 25:26– 25:26– Proverbs25:26–25:26– 25:26– 25:26– 25:26– 25:26– 2825:26–28282828 28 – 28– – 25:26–28–28 26:1–12– 26:1–12 –26:1–1226:1–12 –28 26:1–12–26:1–12 26:1–12 26:1–12– 26:1–12 may may –maymay may 26:1–12may may may be be be be maybe be adduced beadduced adducedbeadduced adduced adduced may adducedbe adduced adduced be as as as adducedasas as an anas anan asan an example. anexample. asexample.anexample. example. example. example.an example. as example. an This This This example.ThisThis This This This This This section sectionsectionsectionsectionsectionsectionsectionsectionsection may may maymay may may may may be be be be maybe be viewed beviewed viewedbeviewed viewed viewed viewedmaybe viewed viewed as beas asas as as a aas vieweda aas pericopea pericope apericope pericope a pericopeasapericope pericope pericopea pericope as if if aifif if the pericopetheif theifthe the ifthe the concep theconcepif concepconcep concep concep theconcep concep ifconceptualtualtual thetualtualtualtual tual target conceptualtarget targettarget tualtarget target target target targetdomain, domain, domain,domain, domain, domain, domain, domain, target domain, the the thethe the the thedomain, topic thetopic topictopic topic topicthe topic topic of of topicofof of ofthe theof the the ofthe the the ofwise thetopicwise wisewise wise wisethe wise wise gambling gambling gambling ofwisegambling gambling gambling gambling thegambling gambling wise gambling away awayawayawayawayawayawayawayaway his awayhis his his his his his wisdom wisdomhis wisdom wisdom wisdom wisdomhiswisdom wisdom wisdom (25:26–28; his(25:26–28; (25:26–28; (25:26–28; (25:26–28; (25:26–28;(25:26–28; wisdom(25:26–28; (25:26–28; 26:4), 26:4), 26:4), 26:4), (25:26–28;26:4), 26:4),26:4), 26:4), respectively 26:4),respectively respectively respectively respectively respectivelyrespectively respectively 26:4),respectively respectively th th th th the ethe the foole thfool efool foole fooleth foolfool fool emasquerading masquerading masquerading masqueradingfool masquerading masqueradingmasquerading themasquerading masquerading fool masquerading his his his his his his his alleged allegedhis alleged alleged alleged allegedhisalleged alleged alleged hiswisdom wisdom wisdom wisdom wisdom wisdom allegedwisdom wisdom wisdom is is is is is wisdomgiven isgiven givenis givenis given givengiven isgiven given is given priority priorityprioritypriorityprioritypriorityprioritypriorityprioritypriority (26:1, (26:1, (26:1, (26:1,(26:1, (26:1, (26:1, (26:1, 7–9). (26:1,7–9). 7–9). 7–9).7–9). 7–9). 7–9). 7–9).(26:1, The TheThe7–9). TheThe The The The pericope 7–9).pericopepericope pericopepericopeThe pericope pericope pericope Thepericope unleashes unleashes pericopeunleashes unleashesunleashes unleashes unleashes unleashes unleashes unleashes an an an anan an avalan aval avalan avalaval aval avalan avalancheancheancheanche ancheaval anancheancheanche avalanche ancheof of of ofof ofsimiles similesof similes similesofsimiles similes similes ofsimiles similes of which, which, which,which, simileswhich, which, which, which, which, in in inin which,in inturn, turn,in turn, turn,inturn, turn, turn, inturn, contribute contribute inturn,contribute contributecontribute contribute turn,contribute contribute contribute contribute to to to toto tothe theto the thetothe the the to the to the the edification edificationedificationedificationedificationedificationedificationedificationedificationedification of of ofof of twoof twoof two two oftwo two two of two extended extended extendedofextended extendedtwo extended extended two extended extended extended metaphors, metaphors, metaphors,metaphors, metaphors, metaphors, metaphors, metaphors, metaphors, metaphors, one one oneone one one one concerneone concerne concerneconcerne concerne oneconcerne concerne oneconcerne concerne concerneddddd dwith withd withwithd with dwith with withd the the thewiththe the withthe the wise, wise,the wise,wise, wise, wise,the wise, thewise, and andwise, andand and wise,and and and the the thethe theand the theand other otherthe otherother other otherthe other theother with withother withwith with otherwith with with the the thewiththe the the with the fool. fool.the fool.fool. fool. fool.the fool. thefool. The The The The fool.The The fool.The The The The edification edificationedificationedificationedificationedificationedificationedificationedificationedification process process process processprocess process process process processprocess is is is is is linguistically islinguistically linguisticallyis linguisticallylinguisticallyis linguistically linguistically islinguistically is linguistically linguistically indicated indicated indicated indicatedindicated indicated indicated indicated indicated indicated by by by byby by theby the theby thethe the bythe Hebrew bytheHebrew Hebrew HebrewHebrew Hebrewthe Hebrew theHebrew Hebrew Hebrew lexical lexical lexical lexicallexical lexical lexical lexical lexical markerlexical marker marker markermarker marker marker marker marker marker for for for forfor for for similes, similes, forsimiles, similes,similes, similes, forsimiles, forsimiles, similes, similes, like like like likelike like like (Hebrew like(Hebrew (Hebrew (Hebrew(Hebrew (Hebrewlike likelike(Hebrew (Hebrew (Hebrew(Hebrew(Hebrew preposition A ).A ).A A deliberately- deliberately-Adeliberately- Adeliberately-).A deliberately- deliberately- deliberately- deliberately-usedAdeliberately- deliberately- metaphorהיקA). A .( .(היק.(.(.(היק היק היק היקהיק היק היק Greek subordinating subordinating subordinatingsubordinating subordinating subordinating subordinating subordinating subordinating conjunction conjunction conjunctionconjunction conjunction conjunction conjunction conjunction conjunction ὣσπερ ὣσπερ ὣσπερὣσπερ ὣσπερ ὣσπερ ὣσπερ ὣσπερ ;ὣσπερ; ; ; ; ;AramaicAramaic ;Aramaic Aramaic;Aramaic AramaicAramaic;;Aramaic AramaicAramaicAramaic preposition prepositionpreposition preposition preposition preposition prepositionpreposition preposition prepositionpreposition ;; ְ ְכ Greek ;Greek Greek;ְכ Greek ;Greekְכ ;Greekְ Greekכ ; Greek ְְ;כ ;ְכ ; ְכ ְכ ְכ prepositionprepositionprepositionprepositionprepositionprepositionprepositionprepositionpreposition usedusedusedusedusedusedusedused metaphor metaphor metaphorused metaphor metaphor metaphormetaphor metaphor metaphor may may may may may maymaymay may be be be maybe be be beindicated indicatedindicatedbe indicated indicated indicatedindicated be indicated indicated by by by by by by bylexical bylexical lexicalby lexical lexical lexicalbylexical lexicallexical lexical markers, markers, markers, markers, markers, markers,markers, markers,markers, markers, such such such such such suchsuch such as asassuch as as aslike aslike like likeas like like ,like as, ,like ,bylike by ,by by, bylike,like by, bythe, the theby the by ,the, the by theby extension theextension extension the extension extension the extensiontheextension extension extension extensionextension of of of of of ofthe theof the theof the the of the ofofmetaphor themetaphor metaphor metaphor the metaphorthe metaphorthemetaphor metaphor metaphor metaphormetaphor beyond one beyondbeyondbeyondbeyondbeyondbeyondbeyondbeyondbeyond one one oneone one one one onephrase phrase phrasephrase phrase onephrase phrase phrase phrasephrase or or oror or or clause clauseor clause clause orclause clause clause orclause or clause and clauseand andand and and and and the the thethe theand the andthe use usethe useuse use usethe use of theuse of ofof of use extendof extendof extend extend useofextend extend extend ofextend of extendedededed extendeded ed comparisons,ed comparisons, comparisons,edcomparisons, comparisons, comparisons, comparisons,ed comparisons, comparisons, comparisons, respectively, respectively, respectively,respectively, respectively, respectively, respectively, respectively, respectively, respectively, analogies analogies analogiesanalogies analogies analogies analogies analogies analogies analogies [30]. [30]. [30].[30]. [30]. [30]. [30]. [30]. Here, Here, Here, Here, [30].Here, Here, Here, Here, [ 30 Here, ]. Here, the two thethethethethethe the two thetwo two twotwo twothe two two extended extended extended extendedtwoextended extended extended extended extended metaphors metaphors extendedmetaphors metaphorsmetaphors metaphors metaphors metaphors metaphors metaphors are are are areare are are ontological, areontological, ontological, ontological,ontological, ontological, areontological, ontological, areontological, ontological, of of of ofof ofth thof th thofth eeth e the ofaspecte thaspect aspecte aspecteaspect easpectth ofaspect aspecte the aspect identifying identifying identifying identifyingidentifying aspectidentifyingidentifying identifying identifying identifying kind kind kind kindkind kind kind kind [31]. [31]. [31].kind [31].[31]. [31]. [31]. kind[31]. A A A A[31].[31]. A popularA popular Apopular popular [Apopular 31popular popular AApopular]. popular Apopular example popular example example exampleexample example example example exampleexample example of such an ofofofofof ofsuch suchof such suchof such suchsuch ofsuch an anansuch an an an ontologicalan ontological ontologicalan ontological ontological ontologicalanontological ontological ontologicalontological metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphormetaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor is, is, is, is, is, is,“The is,“The “The is,“The “The “The “Theis, “The is, uglyugly “Theugly ugly “Theugly uglyugly ugly si sisiugly side siuglydede sidesi de desi deof of ofde ofsi of sideofhis dehisof his hisof his his his ofpersonality personalityhis ofpersonality personality personality personalityhis hispersonality personality personality personality emer emer emer emer emer emeremer emergesges gesgesemer emergesgesgesges under gesunder under under underges underunder under under pressure” pressure” pressure” pressure” pressure” pressure”pressure” pressure” pressure” etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.etc. etc. etc. Paradoxical ParadoxicalParadoxicalParadoxicalParadoxicalParadoxicalParadoxicalParadoxicalParadoxicalParadoxical aspects aspects aspects aspects aspects aspectsaspects aspects aspects in in in in in inthe thein the thein the the the ininpersonality thepersonality personality personality personality thethe personalitypersonality personality personalitypersonality of of of of of ofthe theof the theof the the ofthe ofwise thewise wise wise thewise the wisewise wise arewise are arewise are are are are identified areidentified identified identifiedare identified areidentifiedareidentified identified identified identifiedidentified through through through through through throughthrough through through throughthrough the the the the the the the ontological theontological theontological ontological ontological the ontologicaltheontological ontological ontologicalontological metaphors metaphors metaphors metaphors metaphors metaphorsmetaphors metaphors metaphorsmetaphors muddied spring 25:26a),ָinָ 25:26a), 25:26a), 25:26a), in25:26a), 25:26a), city city city city city citycity citybroken broken broken broken broken city brokenbroken broken broken into (25:28; BHSמ ,(25:26a), 25:26a),in 25:26aקinָ in inמ inָinוֹרמ קinָ מin ָָ קמ ָ קמָָוֹרָמָקמָוֹרקמ קְוֹרְקשׁ קָוֹרמ וֹרָָָחוֹרמ וֹרְָ מוֹרשָׁ ָתמְ ָשָׁ מ ְחָ משְְָׁמָָחשׁמְתָחשְׁ ָשְָׁתח שְָׁשׁחתָ חָתח ָחת תת BHS(BHS)ת 25:26a),ַinַ 25:26a), 25:26a), 25:26a), in25:26a), 25:26a), polluted polluted polluted polluted polluted pollutedpolluted polluted polluted fountain fountain fountain fountain fountain fountain fountain fountain fountain (BHS (BHS (BHS (BHS (BHS (BHS(BHS(BHS (BHSמ ,(in25:26a),ְ ְ 25:26a),in 25:26aעinַָ inיָמ inןinַמ inְעַ מin ַ ְיַָעמ ִנְִַ ןעמיְַָמְַעימָן ְַמעיְָָןָעָנְִרפּ יעָןְיעָ נִיןָןי ָנִשׂן ִָנִרפּן נִ ָרפּנִ נִָרפּשׂנִָָרפּ שָׂרפָּרפּשָׂ רפָּשׂרפּ שׂ שׂשׂ BHS(BHS)שׂ muddiedmuddiedmuddiedmuddiedmuddiedmuddiedmuddiedmuddiedmuddied spring spring spring spring spring springspring spring spring (BHS (BHS (BHS (BHS (BHS (BHS(BHS (BHS(BHS and and), and and),and ),and and and ),[city] [city] [city] [city] and[city] [city] [city] [city] without without[city] withoutwithout without withoutwithout without without walls (25:28; BHS,( קרתא ,(,(,( ,(קרתאקרתא קרתא קרתא קרתאקרתא קרתא קרתא דתריעא דתריעאדתריעא TgTgדתריעא דתריעא; ;דתריעא דתריעאTgדתריעא דתריעא LXXִ πόλις;; πόλις πόλις LXXπόλιςLXXπόλις πόλιςπόλις πόλις τὰ τὰπόλις τὰ τὰτὰ τὰ τείχη τὰτείχη τείχητὰ τείχητείχη τείχη τείχητὰ τείχη καταβεβλημένη καταβεβλημένη τείχηκαταβεβλημένη καταβεβλημένηκαταβεβλημένη καταβεβλημένηκαταβεβλημένη καταβεβλημένη καταβεβλημένη;; ; Tg; Tg; ;Tg Tg; TgTg ; Tg ; Tgִע LXX; LXX;LXXירLXXִ ע;LXX ִ LXX ע; LXXִ ע;LXXְְ ירפִּ;ִע ;ִ;ירע ִעִירעִ ְעפּיר ירְָָפּרוּציר ירְפּ ירְְ הפּ ְפּ ְָ רוּצ פְּפְָּרוּצפּהָרוּצ ָָהרוּצ ָהרוּצָ רוּצָהרוּצ ָרוּצהBHSBHS הה ה intointointointointointointo into(25:28; (25:28; (25:28; (25:28;(25:28; intointo (25:28;(25:28; (25:28; (25:28; (25:28; BHS BHS BHS BHSBHS BHSBHS BHS Paradoxical Paradoxical). ParadoxicalParadoxical Paradoxical). Paradoxical aspects aspects aspects aspects aspects aspectsaspects aspects aspects in the demeanour.(ולא Paradoxical Paradoxical). Paradoxical.( .(ולא.(.(ולא.( ולא ולאאית ולאולא ולא ולא אית אית להאית אית איתאית להאית איתלה לה לה להלה לה לה שׁורהא שׁורהאשׁורהא Tgשׁורהא שׁורהא שׁורהא שׁורהא;[Tgשׁורהא שׁורהא LXX ;;ἀτείχιστος ἀτείχιστοςἀτείχιστος LXXἀτείχιστος ἀτείχιστος ἀτείχιστοςἀτείχιστος ἀτείχιστος ἀτείχιστος [ [ unfortified[unfortified unfortified[unfortified [unfortified [unfortified[unfortified unfortified[unfortified [[unfortified];];];]; ];Tg Tg]; Tg ];Tg Tg]; Tg Tgֵֵא LXX;LXX יןLXX;ֵ אLXX ;LXXֵ א;LXXֵ LXX ;יןא ֵֵ; א;יןֵ ;אֵיןאֵָָ אֵיןחוֹמא יןין הין יןָ חוֹמ ָ חוֹמהָחוֹמ ָָ החוֹמ ָהחוֹמָ חוֹמָהחוֹמ ָחוֹמהBHS BHSהה ה wallswallswallswallswallswallswallswalls (25:28; (25:28; (25:28;walls (25:28; (25:28; (25:28;(25:28; (25:28; (25:28; (25:28; BHS BHS BHS BHS BHS BHSBHS BHS ininininin in in the theinthe the thethe in the the demeanour demeanourdemeanour demeanourthe demeanourdemeanour demeanourdemeanour demeanourof theof ofof of of of of thefool theofthe the thethe of the the arefool foolfool foolthe foolfool fool identified fool are arearefool are areare are are identified identifiedidentified identified areidentifiedidentified identified throughidentified identified through throughthrough through ontological throughthrough throughthrough through ontological ontologicalontological ontological ontologicalontological ontological metaphorsontological ontological metaphors metaphorsmetaphors metaphors metaphors bymetaphors metaphorsmetaphors meansmetaphors byof byby by by bymetaphoricizing by meansby means means means meansbymeans meansmeans means of ofof of of of of of of certain items metaphoricizingmetaphoricizingmetaphoricizingmetaphoricizingmetaphoricizingmetaphoricizingmetaphoricizingmetaphoricizingmetaphoricizing certain certaincertain certainbestowed certaincertain certaincertain certain certain items items items items items itemsitems items (26:1, bestowed items bestowedbestowed bestowed bestowed bestowedbestowed bestowedbestowed 8), bestowed entrusted (26:1, (26:1,(26:1, (26:1,(26:1, (26:1, (26:1, 8), (26:1, 8),8), 8), (26:6,8), 8),entrusted8), entrustedentrusted8), entrustedentrusted 8),entrusted entrustedentrusted 10), entrusted or (26:6, (26:6, (26:6, (26:6,(26:6, misused (26:6, (26:6,(26:6, 10), (26:6,10), 10), 10),10), 10), 10),or 10), oror by10), oror10), misused or misusedmisused ormisused the misusedor ormisused ormisused fool.misused misusedmisused by byby byby The bythe thetheby the the byby theitem fool. thefool. fool. fool. fool.the thethefool. fool. misusedThe The The fool.TheThefool. The The The by the fool is itemitemitemitemitemTheTheitemitem misused misused misusedmisused itemitemmisused misused misused misused misusedmisused by by byby by theby the thebythe athe thebyproverb foolby thefool foolfool fool thethefool fool is is isis isfool. afool a ais Thea proverba isproverb proverb proverb aproverb is ais isproverb proverb proverba aa proverb proverbproverb.. . The. The .TheThe The. misused.The The proverb proverb. proverb.. .proverb The proverbTheTheThe proverb proverb proverb proverbproverb inmisused misused misusedmisused misused the misused misused misused mouthmisusedmisused in in inin in the thein the the ofinthe thein mouthinin mouththe mouthmouth mouth the the themouth foolmouth mouth mouthmouth of of ofisof of the theof signalledthe the ofthe theof foolofof foolthe foolfool foolthe the thefool fool is is isisfool isfool byfoolsignalled signalled signalledissignalled signalledis the signalledis signalledisis signalled signalledsignalled metaphor’s by by byby by theby the thebythe the by bytheby the uselessly the the dangling ָָע ָָ ל ָ עה ָ ָע ל ָל ָעה ָ עָ ָעהלָעָָלע ָלָהלָלהBHSBHS ה ה ה ;respectivelyrespectively ascending ascending ascendingascending ascending ascending ascending ascending thorn thornascending thornthorn ascendingthorn thorn thorn (26:9a; (26:9a; thorn(26:9a;(26:9a; (26:9a; (26:9a; (26:9a; thorn thorn (26:9a; (26:9a; BHS BHS BHSBHS BHS BHS BHS(26:9a; (26:9a ,(,(דּrespectivelyדּ ,(ליוּrespectivelyליוּ דּrespectively ),respectively), respectivelyדּrespectively ליוּשׁוrespectivelyֺ דּrespectively,(שׁוֺ ַ ,(ק,(ַדּק,(יִליוּדּ,(יִדּ ליוֺּדּשׁוֺםדּם ַַליוּ קליוּ ִי ִליוּשׁוֺליוּ ליוּ שׁוַֺםק ַיִקשׁוֺשׁוֺיִםַשׁוBHSֺקשׁוַֺ קBHSשׁוֺםיִַ קַיקִ ַיקִםיִיםִ BHSם ם ם metaphor’smetaphor’smetaphor’smetaphor’smetaphor’sthethemetaphor’smetaphor’s metaphor’smetaphor’smetaphor’s uselessly uselessly uselesslyuselessly uselessly uselessly uselessly uselesslyuselesslyuselessly dangling dangling danglingdangling dangling dangling dangling dangling danglingdangling legs legs legslegs legs legs (26:7;legs (26:7; (26:7;(26:7; (26:7;legs (26:7;legs (26:7;legs BHS BHS(26:7; BHSBHS BHS (26:7; (26:7;BHS BHS IsSolomon Solomon).). Is wise Iswise wisewise wiseSolomon Solomonwise wise or or orwiseor or a aor a aor fool?a fool? fool? fool? awise fool?orawise fool? fool?a Or Or fool?Or Or or Oror Oris is isOra is a is he fool he heOrisfoolhe heis ahe a ais hea? wisea? wise wise Orwise aheOr wisea wise wiseis a is fool fool foolwisefool hefoolhe fool foola or aor or orwise foolorwise a aor a aor foolisha foolish foolish foolish a foolishorfool a foolfoolish foolisha foolishor orכובא Solomonכובא .( IsIs ). Is ).Solomon Solomon SolomonIs SolomonIsSolomonסליק Is כובאסליקIs.( .( .(.(.(כובאTgכובא Tg; כובא;כובאסליקכובא כובא כובא סליקסליק TgTg סליק;;סליק סליקTgסליק סליקἂκανθαι ;LXX LXX φύονται φύονται φύονταιφύονται φύονται φύονταιἂκανθαι ἂκανθαιφύονται φύονται;; ; Tg; Tg ;TgTg Tg; φύονται; Tg φύονται ; חוἂκανθαιֺחוἂκανθαιַ ֺח ַח ἂκανθαι LXXLXX ἂκανθαιָ עἂκανθαι ἂκανθαιָ; ע;ἂκανθαιָ ל ָלLXX הLXXֺחוֺ;ה ַַ; ח LXX LXXחוLXX ;LXXֺ ;חוLXXַֺ ח ; ; ַ; חחוBHSֺחוֺחוBHSַֺח חוַֺחוֺח ַח ַח ַח sage?sage?sage?sage?sage?aa sage?foolish foolishsage? Is sage?Is IsIs Is the the theIsthe theIs sage? thesage? wise wiseIsthe wisewise wise the wise wise Isperson personIs personpersonwise personthe theperson person wise personwise a a a a crystala crystal crystal crystal acrystalperson aperson crystal crystal a crystal clean clean cleanclean cleana aclean crystal cleancrystal spring springclean springspring spring spring spring clean cleanspring or or oror or a aor a a springormuddied a muddiedspring muddied muddied a muddied ora muddied muddied a muddied or or spring spring springa springaspring muddied springmuddied spring ,spring, , an, an an,an an, unpolluted,an unpolluted unpollutedspringanunpolluted springunpolluted,, unpollutedanan unpolluted unpollutedunpolluted, ,an an unpolluted orunpolluted or oror or a aor a a or polluteda polluted polluted polluted a polluted orora polluted polluted aa polluted or or fountain fountain fountain fountaina fountaina fountainpolluted pollutedfountain fountain??? ? ? ? ? ? DoesDoesDoesDoesDoesfountainfountainDoesDoes the the Doesthe thethe the fool ?thefool fool? foolfool Doesthe Doesfool fool become become become becomefoolbecome become thebecomethe become fool foolwise wise wise wisewise wise becomewise become by by bywise byby simplyby simply simplyby simplysimply bysimply simplywisewise simply flaunting flaunting flaunting flauntingflaunting by byflaunting flaunting simply simplyflaunting some some some somesome some flausomeflau proverbs someproverbs proverbs proverbsntingproverbsnting proverbs proverbs proverbs somesome from from from fromfrom from fromproverbs proverbs his his fromhis hishis his mouth? mouth?his mouth? mouth?mouth? hismouth? mouth? from frommouth? Is Is Is Is Is one hisone oneIshis oneIsone one Is mouth?onedealing dealingmouth? dealing dealing dealingone dealing dealing dealing with Iswith withIs withwith onewithone with with aaa a adealing paradoxical, paradoxical,dealingparadoxical, aparadoxical,paradoxical,a paradoxical, paradoxical,a paradoxical, withwith Möbiusa MöbiusMöbiusa Möbius Möbius paradoxical, paradoxical,Möbius Möbius Möbius strip-like strip-likestrip-like strip-likestrip-like strip-like strip-like strip-like MöbiusMöbius wise wisewise wisewise wise wise strip-like and/or strip-likeand/orand/orwise and/orand/or and/or and/or and/or a aa a a wiseparadoxical, paradoxical,wiseparadoxical, a paradoxical,paradoxical,a paradoxical, paradoxical,a and/or and/orparadoxical, a Möbiusa Möbius Möbius Möbius paradoxical,Möbiusparadoxical, Möbius Möbius Möbius strip-like strip-likestrip-like strip-likestrip-like strip-like strip-like Möbiusstrip-likestrip-likeMöbius fool? fool?fool? fool?fool? fool? fool? strip-like strip-like Is Isfool?fool?Is Is Is wisdom wisdomIs wisdom wisdomIswisdom wisdom IsIswisdom fool?wisdomwisdomfool? an anan anan Is an Is an anan illusionillusionillusionillusionillusionwisdomwisdomillusionillusionillusion in in inin in anSolomon, Solomon,anin Solomon, Solomon, inSolomon, illusionSolomon, illusioninSolomon, Solomon, the the theinthe inthe the Solomon,Wise? theWise?Solomon, Wise?Wise? Wise? the Wise? Wise? Wise? the the Wise? Wise? FriedrichFriedrichFriedrichFriedrichFriedrichFriedrichFriedrichFriedrichFriedrich Dürrenmatt, Dürrenmatt, Dürrenmatt,Dürrenmatt, Dürrenmatt, Dürrenmatt, Dürrenmatt, Dürrenmatt, Dürrenmatt, the the thethe the the the son sonthe sonson son sonthe son ofson of ofof ofson aof aof a a ofSwissa Swiss Swissa Swiss a Swiss ofaSwiss Swiss Swiss a ProtestantSwiss Protestant ProtestantProtestant Protestant Protestant Protestant Protestant Protestant (Reformed) (Reformed) (Reformed)(Reformed) (Reformed) (Reformed) (Reformed) (Reformed) (Reformed) pastor, pastor, pastor,pastor, pastor, pastor, pastor, pastor, pastor, in in inin in hisin hisin his his inhis his his satirical insatiricalhis satiricalsatirical satirical satirical hissatirical satirical satirical drama drama dramadrama drama drama drama drama drama Die Die DieDie Die Die Die Die Die PhysikerPhysikerPhysikerPhysikerPhysikerPhysikerPhysikerPhysikerPhysiker (1961) (1961) (1961)(1961) (1961) (1961) (1961) (1961) (1961)(1961) sets sets setssets sets sets sets sets the the thethe the setssetsthe the story storythe storystory story storythe thestory story in instory instoryin in thein thein the the inthe the the drawingin indrawingthe drawingdrawing drawing drawingthe thedrawing drawing drawingdrawing room room roomroom room room room room of roomofroom ofof of Lesof Lesof Les Les ofLes Les Les Cerisiers ofCerisiersofLes CerisiersCerisiers Cerisiers Cerisiers LesCerisiers Cerisiers Cerisiers sanatorium. sanatorium. sanatorium.sanatorium. sanatorium. sanatorium. sanatorium. sanatorium. sanatorium. The The TheThe The The The The third third thirdthird thirdThe third third third physicist, physicist, thirdphysicist,physicist, physicist, physicist, physicist, physicist, physicist, and and andand and and and and and thethethethethethe the protagonistthe protagonistprotagonist protagonist protagonistthe protagonistprotagonist protagonist protagonist of ofof of of of theof thethe theof the the the of play,the play,play, play, play,the play,play, play, is isplay,is is is Johannis JohannisJohann Johannis Johann Johann Johann isJohann Johann Wilhelm WilhelmWilhelm Wilhelm Wilhelm WilhelmWilhelm Wilhelm Wilhelm Mö MöMö Mö Mö MöMö bius.bius.Möbius.bius.bius. bius.Möbius.bius. This Thisbius.This This This ThisThis This physicist physicistphysicist Thisphysicist physicist physicistphysicist physicist physicist seemingly seeminglyseemingly seemingly seemingly seeminglyseemingly seemingly seemingly suffers sufferssuffers suffers suffers sufferssuffers suffers suffers from fromfrom from from fromfrom from the thefromthe the the the the the the delusiondelusiondelusiondelusiondelusiondelusiondelusiondelusiondelusion that that thatthat that that that that King King KingKing Kingthat King King King Solomon Solomon SolomonKingSolomon Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon appears appears appearsappears appears appears appears appears appears to to toto to himto himto him him tohim him him to him in in inin inhim visions,in visions,in visions, visions,invisions, visions, visions, invisions, visions, disclosing disclosing disclosingdisclosing disclosing disclosing disclosing disclosing disclosing secrets secrets secretssecrets secrets secrets secrets secrets secrets of of ofof of theof theof the the ofthe the the physicalof physicalthe physicalphysical physical physicalthe physical physical physical world. world. world.world. world. world. world. world. world. Albeit Albeit AlbeitAlbeit Albeit Albeit Albeit Albeit Albeit Möbius,Möbius,Möbius,Möbius,Möbius,Möbius,Möbius,Möbius,Möbius, unlike unlikeunlike unlike unlike unlike unlikeunlike unlike the thethe the the the the otherthe otherother other otherthe other otherother twoother twotwo two two two two two patients, patients, patients, patients,two patients, patients, patients,patients, patients, Herbert HerbertHerbert Herbert Herbert Herbert HerbertHerbert Herbert Ge GeGe Ge Ge Georg GeorgorgorgGeorg orgorg Ge org Butler, Butler,Butler, Butler, Butler,org Butler, Butler,Butler, Butler, alias aliasalias alias alias alias aliasalias Einstein, Einstein,aliasEinstein, Einstein, Einstein, Einstein, Einstein,Einstein, Einstein, and andand and and and and and Ernst Ernst Ernst Ernstand Ernst Ernst ErnstErnst HeinrichErnst HeinrichHeinrich Heinrich Heinrich Heinrich HeinrichHeinrich Heinrich Ernesti,Ernesti,Ernesti,Ernesti,Ernesti,Ernesti,Ernesti,Ernesti,Ernesti, alias alias aliasalias alias alias alias alias Newton, Newton, Newton,Newton,alias Newton, Newton, Newton, Newton, Newton, does does doesdoes does does does does not not notdoesnot not not not believe notbelieve believebelieve believe notbelieve believe believe believe himself himself himselfhimself himself himself himself himself himself to to toto to beto beto be be tobe be a bea ato abe famousa famous famousa famous afamousbe afamous famous famous a famous scientist. scientist. scientist.scientist. scientist. scientist. scientist. scientist. scientist. Dürrenmatt Dürrenmatt DürrenmattDürrenmatt Dürrenmatt Dürrenmatt Dürrenmatt Dürrenmatt Dürrenmatt evidently evidently evidentlyevidently evidently evidently evidently evidently evidently named named namednamed named named named named named thethethethethethe the the character charactercharacter characterthe charactercharacter charactercharacter character after afterafter after afterafter afterafter theafter thethe the thethe the the 19th 19th 19th 19ththe 19th19th 19th19th century century19thcentury century centurycentury centurycentury century German GermanGerman German GermanGerman GermanGerman German mathematician mathematicianmathematician mathematician mathematicianmathematician mathematicianmathematician mathematician August AugustAugust August AugustAugust AugustAugust August Ferdinand FerdinandFerdinand Ferdinand FerdinandFerdinand FerdinandFerdinand Ferdinand Möbius. Möbius.Möbius. Möbius. Möbius.Möbius. Möbius.Möbius. Möbius. He HeHe He HeHe He He He discovereddiscovereddiscovereddiscovereddiscovereddiscovereddiscovereddiscovereddiscovered what what what whatwhat what what what is is whatis is is called iscalled calledis calledcalledis called called iscalled called the the the thethe the the Mö theMö Mö MöMö Mö theMöbius biusMöbiusbiusbius biusMöbiusbius strip, strip, strip, strip,biusstrip, strip, strip, strip, a astrip, a a looped,a looped, alooped, looped,a looped,alooped, looped, looped,a looped, ribbon-like ribbon-like ribbon-like ribbon-likeribbon-like ribbon-like ribbon-like ribbon-like ribbon-like sh sh sh shsh ape,sh ape,ape,sh ape,shape,ape,ape, shape, whose whose whose whoseape,whose whose whose whose whose apparently apparently apparently apparentlyapparently apparently apparently apparently apparently opposite opposite opposite oppositeopposite opposite opposite opposite opposite Religions 2016, 7, 106 7 of 14 Religions 2016, 7, 106 7 of 14 Religions 2016, 7, 106 7 of 14 Religions 2016, 7, 106 7 of 14 for the wise to become unwise? In both contexts metaphor and irony alike may function as a tactic in for the wise to becomeReligions 2016 unwise?, 7, 106 In both contexts metaphor and irony alike may function as a tactic in for 7the of 14wise a general to become strategy unwise? to suggestIn both contextssomething me taphormore orand other irony than alike what may isfunction expressed as a [28].tactic Inin spite of the a general forstrategy the wise to tosuggest become something unwise? In more both or contexts other thanmetaphor what and is expressed irony alike [28]. may In function spite of as the a tactic a general in ostensible strategy to effort suggest to conceal something meaning, more ironyor othe isr athan means what of revelatoryis expressed language. [28]. In spite of the ostensiblea effort generalfor to the concealstrategy wise tomeaning, to become suggest unwise?ir onysomething is aIn means both more contexts of or revelatory other metaphor than language. what and ironyis expressed alike may [28]. function In spite as ofaostensible tactic the in effort to conceal meaning, irony is a means of revelatory language. a general strategy to suggest something more or other than what is expressed [28]. In spite of the “It reveals by asking the reader to make judgments and decisions about the relative “It ostensiblereveals by effort asking to concealthe reader meaning, to make irony judgments is a means and of revelatory decisions language.about the relative ostensible effort to conceal meaning, irony is a means of revelatory language. “It revealsvalue by asking of stated the andreader intended to make meanings, judgments drawing and decisions the reader about into the its relative vision of truth, so value of stated“It reveals and intendedby asking meanings, the reader drawing to make thejudgments reader into and itsdecisions vision ofabout truth, the so relative value of statedthat when and intended the reader meanings, finally drawing understands, the reader he intoor she its visionbecomes of truth, a member so of the that whenvalue the“It ofreader revealsstated finallyand by askingintended understands, the meanings, reader tohe drawingmakeor she judgments thebecomes reader and ainto decisionsmember its vision aboutof ofthe truth,the relative so that whencommunity the reader that finally shares understands, that vision, constitutedhe or she bybecomes those whoa member also followed of the the author’s communitythat that whenvalue shares ofthe statedthat reader vision, and finally intended constituted understands, meanings, by those drawinghe who or also shethe followedreaderbecomes into thea its memberauthor’s vision of of truth, the so communitylead.” that ([29],shares p. that xiii). vision, constituted by those who also followed the author’s lead.” ([29],community p. xiii).that when that sharesthe reader that vision,finally constituted understands, by thosehe or who she also becomes followed a memberthe author’s of the lead.” ([29], p. xiii). lead.”community ([29], p. xiii). that shares that vision, constituted by those who also followed the author’s 2.1.3. Belles Lettres: Friedrich Dürrenmatt’s Die Physiker, the Möbius Strip, the Paradoxical Wise, and lead.” ([29], p. xiii). 2.1.3. Belles Lettres: Friedrich Dürrenmatt’s Die Physiker, the Möbius Strip, the Paradoxical Wise, and 2.1.3. Bellesthe Lettres Paradoxical: Friedrich Fool Dürrenmatt’s Die Physiker, the Möbius Strip, the Paradoxical Wise, and the Paradoxical2.1.3. Belles Fool Lettres: Friedrich Dürrenmatt’s Die Physiker, the Möbius Strip, the Paradoxical Wise, theand Paradoxical Fool 2.1.3. Belles Lettres: Friedrich Dürrenmatt’s Die Physiker, the Möbius Strip, the Paradoxical Wise, and the Paradoxical Fool With regard to Solomon, the icon of Israelite wisdom, the interface of theological intentionality With regardthe to Paradoxical Solomon, Foolthe icon of Israelite wisdom, the interface of theological intentionality Withand regard ironic to articulationSolomon, the of iconthe Hebrewof Israelite Bible wisdom, narratives the interface related ofto theologicalhim and, intentionalityI would add, what the With regard to Solomon, the icon of Israelite wisdom, the interface of theological intentionalityand ironic articulation of the Hebrew Bible narratives related to him and, I would add, what the and ironic articulationWith of regardthe Hebrew to Solomon, Bible narrativesthe icon of relatedIsraelite towisdom, him and, the Iinterface would add,of theological what the intentionality wisdom tradition attributes to him in Proverbs, is seminal. The intricate complexities of the texts in and ironic articulation of the Hebrew Bible narratives related to him and, I would add, whatwisdom the tradition attributes to him in Proverbs, is seminal. The intricate complexities of the texts in wisdom traditionand attributes ironic articulation to him in of Proverbs, the Hebrew is seminal. Bible narratives The intricate related complexities to him and, of I thewould texts add, in what the question propose, first, a paradoxical, then ironical Solomon, whose picture is tainted in places with wisdom tradition attributes to him in Proverbs, is seminal. The intricate complexities of the textsquestion in propose, first, a paradoxical, then ironical Solomon, whose picture is tainted in places with question propose,wisdom first, traditiona paradoxical, attributes then to ironical him in Proverbs,Solomon, iswhose seminal. picture The intricateis tainted complexities in places with of the texts in a proclivity of living on the verge of becoming a fool. As much as wisdom was a reality in Solomon’s question propose, first, a paradoxical, then ironical Solomon, whose picture is tainted in places awith proclivity of living on the verge of becoming a fool. As much as wisdom was a reality in Solomon’s a proclivity of livingquestion on propose,the verge first, of becoming a paradoxical, a fool. then As ironicalmuch as Solomon, wisdom whosewas a realitypicture inis Solomon’stainted in places with personality and demeanour, so too was the reality of lapsing into foolishness. It is suggested here a proclivity of living on the verge of becoming a fool. As much as wisdom was a reality in Solomon’spersonality and demeanour, so too was the reality of lapsing into foolishness. It is suggested here personality anda demeanour,proclivity of livingso too on was the theverge reality of becoming of lapsing a fool. into As foolishness. much as wisdom It is suggested was a reality here in Solomon’s that, especially Proverbs, in some instances of metaphor display, impinges on showcasing the personality and demeanour, so too was the reality of lapsing into foolishness. It is suggested that,here especially Proverbs, in some instances of metaphor display, impinges on showcasing the that, especiallypersonality Proverbs, andin somedemeanour, instances so tooof wasmetaphor the reality display, of lapsing impinges into foolishness.on showcasing It is suggested the here paradoxical nature of the wise and of the fools. While the wise in some cases can easily lapse into that, especially Proverbs, in some instances of metaphor display, impinges on showcasingparadoxical the nature of the wise and of the fools. While the wise in some cases can easily lapse into paradoxical naturethat, ofespecially the wise Proverbs, and of the in fools.some Whileinstances the wiseof metaphor in some display,cases can impinges easily lapse on showcasing into the foolishness, equally fools might resort to dangling and flaunting a luxurious proverb from their paradoxical nature of the wise and of the fools. While the wise in some cases can easily lapsefoolishness, into equally fools might resort to dangling and flaunting a luxurious proverb from their foolishness, equallyparadoxical fools mightnature resortof the wiseto dangling and of the and fools. flaunting While athe luxurious wise in some proverb cases from can easilytheir lapse into mouths. To corroborate this point, Proverbs 25:26–28 – 26:1–12 may be adduced as an example. This foolishness, equally fools might resort to dangling and flaunting a luxurious proverb from mouths.their To corroborate this point, Proverbs 25:26–28 – 26:1–12 may be adduced as an example. This mouths. To corroboratefoolishness, this equally point, Proverbsfools might 25:26– resort28 to– 26:1–12 dangling may and be flaunting adduced a as luxurious an example. proverb This from their section may be viewed as a pericope if the conceptual target domain, the topic of the wise gambling mouths. To corroborate this point, Proverbs 25:26–28 – 26:1–12 may be adduced as an example.section This may be viewed as a pericope if the conceptual target domain, the topic of the wise gambling section may be mouths.viewed Toas acorroborate pericope if this the point, concep Proverbstual target 25:26–28 domain, – 26:1–12 the topic may of be the adduced wise gambling as an example. This away his wisdom (25:26–28; 26:4), respectively the fool masquerading his alleged wisdom is given section may be viewed as a pericope if the conceptual target domain, the topic of the wise gamblingaway his wisdom (25:26–28; 26:4), respectively the fool masquerading his alleged wisdom is given away his wisdomsection (25:26–28; may be 26:4), viewed respectively as a pericope th eif foolthe conceptualmasquerading target his domain, alleged the wisdom topic of isthe given wise gambling priority (26:1, 7–9). The pericope unleashes an avalanche of similes which, in turn, contribute to the away his wisdom (25:26–28; 26:4), respectively the fool masquerading his alleged wisdom is givenpriority (26:1, 7–9). The pericope unleashes an avalanche of similes which, in turn, contribute to the priority (26:1, 7–9).away The his pericopewisdom (25:26–28;unleashes 26:4), an aval respectivelyanche of similesthe fool which, masquerading in turn, hiscontribute alleged wisdomto the is given edification of two extended metaphors, one concerned with the wise, and the other with the fool. The priority (26:1, 7–9). The pericope unleashes an avalanche of similes which, in turn, contribute toedification the of two extended metaphors, one concerned with the wise, and the other with the fool. The edification of twopriority extended (26:1, metaphors, 7–9). The pericope one concerne unleashesd with an theavalanche wise, and of similes the other which, with in the turn, fool. contribute The to the edification process is linguistically indicated by the Hebrew lexical marker for similes, like (Hebrew edificationedification of two of extended two extended metaphors, metaphors, one concerned one concerned with with the wise, the wise, and andthe otherthe other with with the fool.the fool.edification The The process is linguistically indicated by the Hebrew lexical marker for similes, like (Hebrew ‐A deliberately .(היק Greek subordinating conjunction ὣσπερ; Aramaic preposition ; ְכ edification process is linguistically indicated by the Hebrew lexical marker for similes, like (Hebrew preposition -A deliberately .(היק Greek subordinating conjunction ὣσπερ; Aramaic preposition ; ְכ edificationedification process process is linguistically is linguistically indicated indicated by the by Hebrew the Hebrew lexical lexical marker marker for similes,for similes, like like(Hebrew (Hebrewpreposition A deliberately- used metaphor may be indicated by lexical markers, such as like, by the extension of the metaphor .(היק Greek subordinating conjunction ὣσπερ; Aramaic preposition ; ְכ preposition A). deliberately A deliberatelyused‐ metaphor‐ may be indicated by lexical markers, such as like, by the extension of the metaphor היק.( היק Greek subordinating subordinating conjunction conjunction ὣσπερ ὣσπερ; Aramaic; Aramaic preposition preposition ; ְכ Greek ; ְכ prepositionpreposition used metaphor may be indicated by lexical markers, such as like, by the extension of the metaphor beyond one phrase or clause and the use of extended comparisons, respectively, analogies [30]. Here, used metaphorused metaphor may bemay indicated be indicated by lexical by lexical markers, markers, such such as like as, likeby ,the by extensionthe extension of the of themetaphor metaphorbeyond one phrase or clause and the use of extended comparisons, respectively, analogies [30]. Here, beyond one phrase or clause and the use of extended comparisons, respectively, analogies [30]. Here, the two extended metaphors are ontological, of the aspect identifying kind [31]. A popular example beyondbeyond one phrase one phrase or clause or clause and the and use the of use extended of extended comparisons, comparisons, respectively, respectively, analogies analogies [30]. [30]. Here,the Here, two extended metaphors are ontological, of the aspect identifying kind [31]. A popular example the two extended metaphors are ontological, of the aspect identifying kind [31]. A popular example the twothe extended two extended metaphors metaphors are ontological, are ontological, of the of aspect the aspect identifying identifying kind kind [31]. [31]. A popular A popular example ofexample such an of ontological such an ontological metaphor metaphoris, “The ugly is, “Theside ofugly his sidepersonality of his personality emerges under emerges pressure” under etc. pressure” etc. of such an ontological metaphor is, “The ugly side of his personality emerges under pressure” etc. of suchof ansuch ontological an ontological metaphor metaphor is, “The is, “The ugly uglyside sideof his of personality his personality emerges emerges under under pressure” pressure”Paradoxical etc. etc. Paradoxical aspects in aspects the personality in the personality of the wise of are the identified wise are throughidentified the through ontological the ontologicalmetaphors metaphors cityin 25:26a), broken city broken ָמקוֹר ָמ,(25:26a ְ שׁ ָחinת ָמקוֹר BHS) ָמ ְשׁ ָחת in polluted 25:26a), fountain polluted (BHS fountain ַמ ְﬠ ָין ִנ,(25:26a ָרפּin שׂ ַמ ְעיָן נBHSִ) ָרפּשׂ ParadoxicalParadoxical aspectsParadoxical in aspects the personalityaspects in the in personality the of personality the wise of theare of wise identifiedthe wise are identified are through identified through the through ontological the ontologicalthe ontologicalmetaphors metaphors metaphors muddied springmuddied (BHS spring without and [city] without,( קרתא[and [city ,(דתריעא קרתאTg ;דתריעא LXX τὰ τείχη πόλις καταβεβλημένη τὰ τείχη καταβεβλημένη; Tg ; ִﬠירπόλις ְפּ LXXָרוּצ ;ה ִ עיר ְפּBHS ָרוּצה ;25:26a), cityin 25:26a), broken city citybrokeninto broken (25:28; into BHS (25:28 ָמקin וֹר ָמ ָקמ,(25:26aְוֹר שׁ ָ חinָמת ְ שָׁמ ָחקת וֹרBHS) ָמ ְשׁBHS)ָח ת 25:26a),ַ in 25:26a), fountainpolluted polluted fountain(BHS fountainמpolluted ְ ﬠ ָיinן ִַנמ ְﬠ ָרפָּיןשׂ,(25:26a ִ נinָרפּ שַׂמBHS) ְ עיָן נspring (BHSִָרפּ שׂ muddied springmuddied muddied(BHS spring Paradoxical aspects aspects .(ולא אית Paradoxical לה.( ולא שׁורהאאית להTg ;[שׁורהא LXX ἀτείχιστος[unfortified ];[unfortified Tg ; ֵאיןἀτείχιστος ָחוֹמLXXה ; ֵאין BHS ָחוֹמה ;city]), and), without and [city] [city] without walls without (25:28; walls BHS (25:28]קרתא קרתאand ,(דתריעא Tgקרתאדתריעא ; Tg ;דתריעא LXXτείχηπόλις πόλις τὰκαταβεβλημένη τείχη τὰ τείχη καταβεβλημένη καταβεβλημένη; Tg ; ִﬠτὰ ירLXX ְ;פּ ִﬠπόλις ָיר רוּצ הְפּ LXX ָרוּצ ;הBHSִע יר ְפּBHS ;25:28) ָרוּצה into (25:28;into BHS (25:28;into Paradoxical). Paradoxical aspects aspects in aspects the demeanour in the demeanour of the foolof theare foolidentified are identifiedthrough ontologicalthrough ontological metaphors metaphorsby means byof means of ולא.( ולאאית Paradoxical לה.(אית ולאלה שׁורהא אית Tg שׁורהאלה ;[ Tg ;[שׁורהא LXXἀτείχιστος [unfortified ἀτείχιστος [unfortified]; Tg[unfortified ; ֵאיןLXX ; ֵא ָחוֹמἀτείχιστοςין ה ָחוֹמLXXה BHS; ֵאין BHS ;25:28) ָחוֹמה walls (25:28;walls BHS (25:28;walls in the demeanourin thein demeanourthe of demeanour the foolof theareof fooltheidentified foolare identifiedare through identified throughontological through ontological ontologicalmetaphors metaphors metaphorsby means by bymeansof meansmetaphoricizing of of metaphoricizing certain items certain bestowed items bestowed (26:1, 8), (26:1,entrusted 8), entrusted (26:6, 10), (26:6, or misused10), or misused by the byfool. the fool. The Religions 2016, 7, 106 8 of 14 metaphoricizingmetaphoricizingmetaphoricizing certain items certain certainbestowed items items bestowed (26:1, bestowed 8),(26:1, entrusted (26:1, 8), entrusted 8), entrusted(26:6, (26:6,10), (26:6, or10), misused 10),or misused or misused by bythe the byfool. thefool. fool.The The itemThe itemmisused misused by the by fool the is fool a proverb is a proverb. The proverb. The proverb misused misused in the mouth in the ofmouth the fool of theis signalled fool is signalled by by the ָﬠ ָלה respectively), respectively ascending ascending thorn thorn (26:9a; (26:9a; BHSדּ ,(ליוּדּ ֹליוּשׁו ַ ק ִיםשׁוֺ ַקיִם The item misuseditem misuseditem by misused the by fool the by is fool thea proverb is fool a proverb is. aThe proverb. proverbThe. proverbThe misused proverb misused misusedin the in mouththe in mouth the of mouth the of foolthe of fool theis signalled foolis signalled is signalled by bythe theby metaphor’s the metaphor’s uselessly uselessly dangling dangling legs legs(26:7; (26:7; BHS BHS Is Is Solomon Solomon wise wise or or a afool fool?? Or Or is ishe he a wise a wise fool fool or or a foolish .(.(כובאכובא סליקסליק LXX LXXLXX ἂκανθαιἂκανθαι φύονται; Tg; ;חוֺ ֹחוַח ַח ָעָﬠ ָל ָלה ה ָﬠ ָלה respectively ascendingascendingascending ascending thorn thorn thorn thorn (26:9a; (26:9a;(26:9a; (26:9a; BHS BHSBHSBHS ,(דּrespectively respectively ליוּ ,( ,(דּדּ ֹשׁו ַליוּק ִיליוּ ם ֹשׁו ַקשׁוִֺי ַקםיBHSִ ם the metaphor’smetaphor’smetaphor’s uselessly uselessly dangling uselessly dangling danglinglegslegs legs (26:7;(26:7; (26:7; legs BHS (26:7; BHS ?Is Is Solomon Is). Solomon Is Solomon Solomon wise wise wise wise or or a orafool? fool a a fool? fool?Or? Or is Or ishe Or ishe a he wise isa wisea he wise fool a fool wise fool or or a or foolfoolish a foolish or a foolishsage?sage? IsIs sage?the the wise wise Is person person the wise a a crystal crystal clean clean spring spring or or a amuddied muddied spring spring, an, an unpolluted unpolluted or ora polluted a polluted fountain .(כובא.( כובאכובא סליק Tgסליק ; סליק ἂκανθαιLXXἂκανθαι ἂκανθαι φύονται φύονται φύονται; ;Tg Tg ; ֹחו ַח LXXLXX ;;חוֺֹחו ַַח ח ָע ָלה BHS a foolish sage?sage? Is sage?Is the the wise Iswise the person personwise person a crystalperson a crystal cleanclean a crystalclean springspring spring cleanor or a a muddied ormuddied spring a muddied spring or spring a springmuddied, an, an unpolluted, anunpolluted springunpolluted, anor or a unpolluted or polluteda polluteda polluted fountain or fountainfountain a polluted? ?? DoesDoes fountain thethe foolfool? Does becomebecome the fool wisewise by by simply simply flaunting flaunting some some proverbs proverbs from from his his mouth? mouth? Is Is one one dealing with fountain? Does Doesthethe foolfool the become foolbecome become wise wise wisebybecome by simply bysimply simply wise flaunting flau by flaunting simplynting some some some flaunting proverbs proverbsproverbs some from fromfrom proverbshis mouth? hishis mouth? mouth? from Is one hisIs Is onedealing mouth? one dealing dealingwith Is onewith dealingwith a paradoxical, a paradoxical, with a paradoxical, Möbius Möbius strip strip-like‐like wise wise and/or and/or a paradoxical,a paradoxical, Möbius Möbius strip strip-like‐like fool? fool? IsIs wisdom an dealing witha paradoxical, a aparadoxical, paradoxical, Möbius Möbius Möbius strip Möbius strip-like‐striplike ‐wiselike strip-like wise wiseand/or and/or wise a paradoxical, and/ora paradoxical, a paradoxical, Möbius MöbiusMöbius strip Möbius strip ‐strip-likelike‐ likefool? strip-like fool? fool?Is wisdom Is Is fool? wisdom wisdom Isan wisdom an anillusion illusion an illusion in inSolomon, Solomon, in Solomon, the the Wise? Wise? illusion in Solomon, the Wise? wisdom anillusion illusion in inSolomon, Solomon, the the Wise? Wise?the Wise? Friedrich FriedrichDürrenmatt, Dürrenmatt, the son of thea Swiss son ofProtestant a Swiss Protestant(Reformed) (Reformed) pastor, in his pastor, satirical in hisdrama satirical Die drama Die Friedrich Dürrenmatt, the son of a Swiss Protestant (Reformed) pastor, in his satirical drama Die Friedrich FriedrichDürrenmatt, Dürrenmatt, the son of the a Swiss sonFriedrich of Protestant a Swiss Dürrenmatt, Protestant (Reformed) (Reformed) the pastor, son of inpastor, a Swisshis satirical in Protestant his satirical drama (Reformed) Diedrama Physiker Die pastor, (1961)Physiker in sets his (1961) the satirical story sets in the drama the story drawing in the room drawing of Les room Cerisiers of Les sanatorium. Cerisiers sanatorium. The third physicist, The third and physicist, and Physiker (1961) sets the story in the drawing room of Les Cerisiers sanatorium. The third physicist,the protagonist and of the play, is Johann Wilhelm Möbius. This physicist seemingly suffers from the Physiker (1961)Physiker sets (1961) the story sets thein the story drawingDie in the Physiker drawingroom (1961)of Lesroom Cerisiers sets of theLes Cerisiersstorysanatorium. in thesanatorium. drawing The third The room physicist, third of Lesphysicist, and Cerisiers andsanatorium. the protagonist The third of physicist, the play, is Johann Wilhelm Möbius. This physicist seemingly suffers from the the protagonistthe protagonist of the of play, the play,is Johann is Johann Wilhelm Wilhelm Möbius. Möbius. This Thisphysicist physicist seemingly seemingly suffers suffers from fromdelusion the the that King Solomon appears to him in visions, disclosing secrets of the physical world. Albeit the protagonist of the play, is Johannand Wilhelm the protagonist Möbius. ofThis the physicist play, is Johannseemingly Wilhelm suffers Möbius. from the This physicistdelusion seemingly that suffersKing Solomon from appears to him in visions, disclosing secrets of the physical world. Albeit delusiondelusion that King that KingSolomon Solomon appears appears to him to inhim visions, in visions, disclosing disclosing secrets secrets of the of physicalthe physical world. world. AlbeitMöbius, Albeit unlike the other two patients, Herbert Georg Butler, alias Einstein, and Ernst Heinrich delusion that King Solomon appears tothe him delusion in visions, that disclosing King Solomon secrets appears of the physical to him in world. visions, Albeit disclosing secretsMöbius, of the unlike physical the world. other two patients, Herbert Georg Butler, alias Einstein, and Ernst Heinrich Möbius,Möbius, unlike unlike the other the other two patients,two patients, Herbert Herbert Georg Georg Butler, Butler, alias alias Einstein, Einstein, and andErnst Ernst Heinrich HeinrichErnesti, alias Newton, does not believe himself to be a famous scientist. Dürrenmatt evidently named Möbius, unlike the other two patients,Albeit Herbert Möbius, Ge unlikeorg Butler, the other alias two Einstein, patients, and Herbert Ernst Georg Heinrich Butler, alias Einstein,Ernesti, and alias Ernst Newton, Heinrich does not believe himself to be a famous scientist. Dürrenmatt evidently named Ernesti,Ernesti, alias Newton,alias Newton, does doesnot believe not believe himself himself to be to a famousbe a famous scientist. scientist. Dürrenmatt Dürrenmatt evidently evidently namedthe named character after the 19th century German mathematician August Ferdinand Möbius. He Ernesti, alias Newton, does not believeErnesti, himself alias to be Newton, a famous does scientist. not believe Dürrenmatt himself evidently to be a famous named scientist. Dürrenmattthe character evidently after named the 19th century German mathematician August Ferdinand Möbius. He the characterthe character after afterthe 19ththe 19thcentury century German German mathematician mathematician August August Ferdinand Ferdinand Möbius. Möbius.discovered He He what is called the Möbius strip, a looped, ribbon-like shape, whose apparently opposite the character after the 19th centuryReligionstheReligions characterGerman 20162016,,, 77 ,,, after 106106mathematician106 the 19th century August German Ferdinand mathematician Möbius. August He Ferdinanddiscovered Möbius. what He discovered is called88 ofof 1414 the Möbius strip, a looped, ribbon‐like shape, whose apparently opposite discovereddiscovered what whatis called is called the Möbius the Möbius strip, strip, a looped, a looped, ribbon ribbon‐like‐ likeshape, shape, whose whose apparently apparently opposite opposite discovered what is called the Möbiuswhat strip, is a called looped, the ribbon-like Möbius strip, shape, a looped, whose ribbon-like apparently shape, opposite whose apparently opposite surfaces form surfacessurfaces formform onlyonly oneone side.side. ThisThis becomesbecomes thethe inteinterpretiverpretive keykey forfor thethe paradoxicalparadoxical play:play: thethe twotwo sidessides surfacesonly one form side. only This one becomes side. This the interpretive becomes the key inte forrpretive the paradoxical key for the play: paradoxical the two sidesplay: turnthe two out sides to be turnturn outout toto bebe anan illusion;illusion; thethe loverslovers areare alsoalso thethe killers,killers, thethe twotwo mentallymentally ill,ill, thethe spies,spies, thethe seeminglyseemingly turnan illusion; out to be the an lovers illusion; are the also lovers the killers, are also the the two killers, mentally the two ill, thementally spies, ill, the the seemingly spies, the mentally seemingly ill mentallymentally illill Möbius,Möbius, thethe inventor,inventor, thethe healerhealer doctordoctor psychiatristpsychiatrist MathildeMathilde vonvon Zahnd,Zahnd, aa powerpower maniac,maniac, mentallyMöbius, theill Möbius, inventor, the the inventor,healer doctor the healer psychiatrist doctor psychiatrist Mathilde von Mathilde Zahnd, von apower Zahnd, maniac, a power who maniac, also whowho alsoalso claimsclaims KingKing SolomonSolomon toto bebe speakingspeaking toto her.her. whoclaims also King claims Solomon King toSolomon be speaking to be tospeaking her. to her. AsAs muchmuch asas ProverbsProverbs isis moremore confidentconfident aboutabout whatwhat itit meansmeans toto bebe wisewise andand usesuses bolderbolder As muchmuch asas Proverbs Proverbs is moreis more confident confident about about what itwhat means it tomeans be wise to andbe wise uses bolderand uses metaphors bolder metaphorsmetaphors toto expressexpress that,that, inin places,places, oneone isis surprisedsurprised byby thethe luciditylucidity withwith whichwhich thethe paradoxparadox andand thethe metaphorsto express that,to express in places, that, onein places, is surprised one is surprised by the lucidity by the with lucidity which with the which paradox the andparadox the ensuingand the ensuingensuing ironyirony gushgush forthforth inin thethe metaphorsmetaphors ofof thethe targettarget domain.domain. ensuingirony gush irony forth gush in theforth metaphors in the metaphors of the target of the domain. target domain.

2.2.2.2. Metaphors Metaphors in in Job Job and and Contemporary Contemporary Art Art ManyMany scholars, scholars, both both Jewish Jewish and and Christian, Christian, have have applaudedapplauded applauded thethethe bookbook book forfor for itsits its finestfinest finestfinest details detailsdetails of ofof craftsmanship,craftsmanship, in in which which metaphor-rainfalls metaphor-rainfalls are are show showeredshoweredered upon upon thethe ancientancient andand modernmodern reader reader alike.alike. alike. InInIn thethe followingfollowing following somesome some ontologicalontological ontological metaphorsmetaphors metaphors forfor for suffering/painsuffering/pain suffering/pain areare arelistedlisted listed fromfrom from thisthis rich thisrich wisdomwisdom rich wisdom text-text- granary.text-granary.granary. TheThe final Thefinal final exampleexample example isis aa metaphormetaphor is a metaphor forfor wholesomewholesome for wholesome food.food. food.

2.2.1.2.2.1. Metaphors Metaphors for for Suffering Suffering TheThe ontological ontological metaphors metaphors for for suffering suffering are are the the most most important important ones, ones, which which are are adopted adopted and and adaptedadapted from from the the book book of of JobJob inin contemporarycontemporary art.art. A A conversation conversation entitled, entitled, TheThe ‘Book‘Book of of Job’ Job’ in in the the ModernModern AgeAge ,,, , airedairedaired aired ininin in OctoberOctoberOctober October 201320132013 2013 ononon on OnOnOn On PointPointPoint Point radioradioradio radio betweenbetweenbetween between TomTomTom Tom Ashbrook,Ashbrook,Ashbrook, Ashbrook, MarkMarkMark Mark Larrimore,Larrimore,Larrimore, Larrimore, andandand GregandGreg Greg EpsteinEpstein Epstein pointspoints points toto thethe to contemporarycontemporary the contemporary interestinterest interest thatthat thatthethe storylinestoryline the storyline andand anditsits metaphorsmetaphors its metaphors stillstill stillenjoy.enjoy. enjoy.

FineFine Art: Art: Francis Francis Gruber’s Gruber’s JobJob PaintingPainting TheThe hard hard and and endless endless Jobian Jobian struggle struggle and and its its accompanyingaccompanying metaphors metaphors for for suffering suffering were were immortalizedimmortalizedimmortalized ininin Francis Francis Gruber’s Gruber’s JobJob paintingpaintingpainting (1944),(1944), (1944), inin in thethe the stylestyle style ofof of FrenchFrenchFrench Miserabilism.Miserabilism.Miserabilism. TheThe The paintingpaintingpainting exhibitedexhibited inin SalonSalon d’Automned’Automne d’Automne isisisis aaa a symbolsymbolsymbol symbol ofofof of downtroddendowntroddendowntrodden downtrodden peoplepeoplepeople people ananan anddd isis isanan an allegoryallegory allegory ofof ofthethe the survivalsurvival survival ofof hopeofhope hope duringduring during thethe the occupation.occupation. occupation. TheThe The paperpaper paper withwith with thethe inscriptioninscription the inscription atat whichwhich at which Gruber’sGruber’s Gruber’s JobJob isis Joblookinglooking is looking isis takentaken is fromtakenfrom JobJob from 23:2.23:2. Job TheThe 23:2. paperpaper The paper isis onon the isthe on ground.ground. the ground. JobJob withwith Job withaa headhead a head tiltedtilted tilted towardstowards towards thethe groundground the ground gazesgazes gazes atat thethe at inscription:theinscription: inscription: MaintenantMaintenantMaintenant encore, encore,encore, ma mama plainte plainteplainte est estest une uneune révolte, révolte,révolte, et pourtant etet pourtantpourtant ma main mama comprimemainmain comprimecomprime mes soupirs mesmes (Biblesoupirssoupirs d’Ostervald (Bible(Bible d’Ostervaldd’Ostervald 1881) [32 1881)].1881) [32].[32]. ׇׇׇ),), whereaswhereas the the LXX LXX inserts insertsיי ִִדִדיי ׇׇׇכּכּ ְבְְב ָָדָדהה)) TheThe BHS BHS of of Job Job 23:2 23:2 qualifiesqualifies qualifies the the handhand ofofof JobJobJob asasas becomingbecoming heavyheavy thethethe masculine masculinemasculine singular singularsingular possessive possessivepossessive pronoun pronounpronoun hishis (((αὐτουαὐτου),), in in reference reference to toto God. God. Thus,Thus, inin thethe LXXLXX version,version, thethethe heavyheavy hand hand metaphormetaphormetaphor ( ((ήή χεὶρχεὶρ αὐτουαὐτου βαρειαβαρεια γέγονενγέγονεν)) alludesalludes tototo GodGodGod beingbeingbeing heavy-handedheavy-handedheavy-handed withwithwith Job.Job.Job.

FineFine Art:Art: GyulaGyula Kardos’Kardos’ TheThe GodGod FearingFearing JobJob PaintingPainting OnOn GyulaGyula Kardos’Kardos’ TheThe God-fearingGod-fearing JobJob (1900)(1900)(1900) painting,painting,painting, JobJobJob longinglylonginglylongingly gazesgazesgazes upwardsupwardsupwards withwithwith hishishis leftleftleft handhand usedused toto supportsupport himselfhimself andand hishis rightright handhand touchingtouching thethe groundground butbutbut notnotnot clenchedclenchedclenched intointointo aaa fist.fist.fist. TheThe palmpalm ofof thethe handhand isis opopen,en, awaitingawaiting remissionremission [33].[33].

FineFine Art:Art: SándorSándor Návay’sNávay’s JobJob StatueStatue SándorSándor Návay,Návay, inin hishis 20032003 bronzebronze statuestatue ofof Job,Job, portrayedportrayed JobJob asas aa metaphormetaphor ofof aa meremere bundlebundle ofof painpain... TheTheThe writhingwrithingwrithing ofofof thethethe bodybodybody partspartsparts isisis alsoalsoalso evocativeevocativeevocative ofofof thethethe spiritualspiritualspiritual convulsion.convulsion.convulsion. Nevertheless,Nevertheless,Nevertheless, Job’sJob’sJob’s gazegaze isis notnot searchingsearching forfor ththee humushumus butbut forfor heavenheaven [33].[33].

FineFine Art:Art: FurtherFurther PortrayalsPortrayals ofof thethe JoJobianbian OntologicalOntological MetaphorsMetaphors forfor SufferingSuffering AustrianAustrian artistartist HansHans Fronius,Fronius, membermember ofof anan oldold ProtestantProtestant (Lutheran)(Lutheran) German-SaxonGerman-Saxon aristocraticaristocratic familyfamily inin Transylvania,Transylvania, producedproduced twelvetwelve charcoalcharcoal sksketches,etches, thusthus perpetuatingperpetuating Job’sJob’s fatefate asas oneone ofof thethe mainmain ontologicalontological metaphorsmetaphors forfor suffering.suffering. TheThe JobianJobian ontologicalontological metaphormetaphor forfor sufferingsuffering waswas alsoalso enshrinedenshrined inin WillyWilly Jaeckel’sJaeckel’s thirteenthirteen lithographies,lithographies, HelmuthHelmuth Uhrig’sUhrig’s penpen andand inkink drawings,drawings, andand alsoalso inin WilliamWilliam Blake’sBlake’s engravingsengravings [34].[34]. Religions 2016, 7, 106 9 of 14

Fine Art: Gyula Kardos’ The God Fearing Job Painting On Gyula Kardos’ The God-fearing Job (1900) painting, Job longingly gazes upwards with his left hand used to support himself and his right hand touching the ground but not clenched into a fist. The palm of the hand is open, awaiting remission [33].

Fine Art: Sándor Návay’s Job Statue Sándor Návay, in his 2003 bronze statue of Job, portrayed Job as a metaphor of a mere bundle of pain. The writhing of the body parts is also evocative of the spiritual convulsion. Nevertheless, Job’s gaze is not searching for the humus but for heaven [33].

Fine Art: Further Portrayals of the Jobian Ontological Metaphors for Suffering Austrian artist Hans Fronius, member of an old Protestant (Lutheran) German-Saxon aristocratic family in Transylvania, produced twelve charcoal sketches, thus perpetuating Job’s fate as one of the main ontological metaphors for suffering. The Jobian ontological metaphor for suffering was also enshrined in Willy Jaeckel’s thirteen lithographies, Helmuth Uhrig’s pen and ink drawings, and also in William Blake’s engravings [34].

Belles Lettres: G. K. Chesterton’s The Man Who Was Thursday Metaphysical Thriller G. K. Chesterton, in his novel The Man Who Was Thursday, creates a London suburb, Saffron Park. The suburb is intended in many ways to be reminiscent of Job’s life in the early chapters of the biblical book. Chesterton writes about the suburb:

“The place was not only pleasant, but perfect.” ([35], p. 7).

Towards the end of the novel, the European anarchist council is debunked. The leader Gabriel Syme, alias Sunday, an undercover policeman, is a force of good. Still, he is unable to answer the question as to why he has caused so much trouble and pain to the other undercover detectives, who were also members of the council. Gregory Lucian, alias Thursday, the main protagonist and the only true anarchist, challenges the good council. His reasoning is that the council members as rulers have not really suffered like Gregory or their other subjects. Thus, their power is illegitimate. Syme argues that he also inflicted terror on the other members of the council. The dream comes to a closure when Sunday is asked whether he has ever suffered. His final words quote Jesus’ question posed to the Sons of Thunder, James and John:

“Can ye drink of the cup that I drink of?” (KJV; Mark 10:38–39).

Who will drink the Jobian cup of suffering or that of Jesus? This metaphysical thriller, based largely on the book of Job, is a useful guide for reading Job for further theological and cultural insights ([36], pp. 133, 138; [37,38]).

2.2.2. The Metaphor for Wholesome Food and András Visky’s Juliet Monodrama The freshest prisoner of the Joban angst and suffering is Juliet (2006). András Visky’s monodrama, entitled Juliet—Conversation about Love, which was on stage at the Sacred Playground Theatre Project, Edinburgh Fringe Festival 2013, directed by Robin Witt, presents the tragic family story of the author. The author’s father is a Protestant (Reformed) minister who leaves Hungary after the Second World War in order to serve as a clergyman in Northern Transylvania, which, at the closure of the conflict, was annexed from Hungary by Romania. The 1956 revolution in Hungary had its repercussions in neighbouring Romania as well. As part of the communist reprisals, the father Ferenc Visky, amongst many, is sentenced for twenty-two years. A short while hence, the mother Juliet, the protagonist of the monodrama is taken captive with her seven children to the Gulag at the Danube delta. In inhumane conditions with her children, not knowing whether the husband is alive or dead, Juliet repels the ReligionsReligions 2016 2016, ,7 7, ,106 106 99 of of 14 14

BellesBelles LettresLettres: :G. G. K.K. Chesterton’sChesterton’s The The Man Man WhoWho Was Was ThursdayThursday MetaphysicalMetaphysical ThrillerThriller G.G. K. K. Chesterton, Chesterton, in in his his novel novel The The Man Man Who Who Was Was Thursday Thursday, ,creates creates a a London London suburb, suburb, Saffron Saffron Park. Park. TheThe suburb suburb is is intended intended in in many many ways ways to to be be reminiscen reminiscentt of of Job’s Job’s life life in in the the early early chapters chapters of of the the biblical biblical book.book. ChestertonChesterton writeswrites about about thethe suburb:suburb: “The“The placeplace waswas notnot onlyonly pleasapleasant,nt, butbut perfect.”perfect.” ([35],([35], p.p. 7)7) TowardsTowards thethe endend ofof thethe novel,novel, thethe EuropeanEuropean anarchistanarchist councilcouncil isis debunked.debunked. TheThe leaderleader GabrielGabriel Syme,Syme, aliasalias Sunday,Sunday, anan undercoverundercover policeman,policeman, isis aa forceforce ofof good.good. Still,Still, hehe isis unableunable toto answeranswer thethe questionquestion asas toto whywhy hehe hashas causedcaused soso muchmuch troubltroublee andand painpain toto thethe otherother undercoverundercover detectives,detectives, whowho werewere also also members members of of the the council. council. Gregory Gregory Lucian, Lucian, alias alias Thursday, Thursday, the the main main protagonist protagonist and and the the only only truetrue anarchist, anarchist, challengeschallenges thethe goodgood council.council. HisHis reasoningreasoning is is thatthat thethe councilcouncil membersmembers as as rulersrulers havehave notnot really really suffered suffered like like Gregory Gregory or or their their other other subj subjects.ects. Thus, Thus, their their power power is is illegitimate. illegitimate. Syme Syme argues argues thatthat hehe also also inflicted inflicted terrorterror onon thethe otherother membersmembers ofof thethe council.council. TheThe dreamdream comescomes toto a a closureclosure whenwhen SundaySunday isis askedasked whetherwhether hehe hashas everever suffered.suffered. HiHiss finalfinal wordswords quotequote Jesus’Jesus’ questionquestion posedposed toto thethe SonsSons ofof Thunder,Thunder, James James and and John:John: “Can“Can yeye drink drink ofof thethe cupcup thatthat II drinkdrink of?”of?” (KJV; (KJV; Mark Mark 10:38–39).10:38–39). WhoWho willwill drinkdrink thethe JobianJobian cupcup ofof sufferingsuffering oror thatthat ofof Jesus?Jesus? ThisThis metaphysicalmetaphysical thriller,thriller, basedbased largelylargely on on the the book book of of Job, Job, is is a a useful useful guide guide for for reading reading Job Job for for further further theological theological and and cultural cultural insights insights ([36],([36], pp.pp. 133, 133, 138; 138; [37,38]). [37,38]).

2.2.2.2.2.2. TheThe MetaphorMetaphor forfor WholesomeWholesome Food Food andand AndrásAndrás Visky’sVisky’s JulietJuliet MonodramaMonodrama TheThe freshestfreshest prisonerprisoner ofof thethe JobanJoban angstangst andand sufferingsuffering isis JulietJuliet (2006).(2006). AndrásAndrás Visky’sVisky’s monodrama,monodrama, entitledentitled Juliet—ConversationJuliet—Conversation aboutabout LoveLove, , whichwhich waswas onon stagestage atat thethe SacredSacred PlaygroundPlayground TheatreTheatre Project,Project, EdinburghEdinburgh FringeFringe FestivalFestival 2013,2013, didirectedrected byby RobinRobin Witt,Witt, presentspresents thethe tragictragic familyfamily storystory of of the the author. author. The The author’s author’s father father is is a a Protes Protestanttant (Reformed) (Reformed) minister minister who who leaves leaves Hungary Hungary after after thethe SecondSecond WorldWorld WarWar inin orderorder toto serveserve asas aa clerclergymangyman inin NorthernNorthern Transylvania,Transylvania, which,which, atat thethe closureclosure of of the the conflict, conflict, was was anne annexedxed from from Hungary Hungary by by Ro Romania.mania. The The 1956 1956 revolution revolution in in Hungary Hungary had had itsits repercussionsrepercussions inin neighbouringneighbouring RomaniaRomania asas well.well. AsAs partpart ofof thethe communistcommunist reprisals,reprisals, thethe fatherfather FerencFerenc Visky,Visky, amongstamongst many,many, isis sentencedsentenced forfor twentwenty-twoty-two years.years. AA shortshort whilewhile hence,hence, thethe mothermother Religions 2016, 7, 106 10 of 14 Juliet,Juliet, thethe protagonistprotagonist ofof thethe monodramamonodrama is is takentaken cacaptiveptive withwith herher seven seven childrenchildren toto thethe GulagGulag at at thethe DanubeDanube delta.delta. InIn inhumaneinhumane conditionsconditions withwith herher children,children, notnot knowingknowing whetherwhether thethe husbandhusband isis alivealive oror dead,dead, JulietJuliet repelsrepels therealitythe realityreality by which byby whichwhich God GodGod views viewview herss as herher one asas reacting oneone reactingreacting the role thethe of rolerole Job. ofof Three Job.Job. ThreeThree times times shetimes repeats the exclamation sheshe repeatsrepeats thethe exclamationexclamationthat “I thatthat am not“I“I amam A notJOB.”not AA JOB.”AfterJOB.” theAfter After exclamation thethe exclamationexclamation she reiterates sheshe reiteratesreiterates twice twice that:twice “I that:that: do “I not“I understand a word dodo notnot understandunderstand aa wordfromword thisfromfrom entire thisthis entireentire Job, not Job,Job, a not singlenot aa singlesingle word.” word.”word.” [39]. [39]Umpteen[39]. . UmpteenUmpteen times timestimes she draws sheshe drawsdraws parallels between her life parallelsparallels betweenbetween herher andlife life and and that thatthat of Job. ofof Job.Job. She SheShe has has sevenhas seven seven children, children,children, Job JobJob had hadhad seven seven seven sons. sons. sons. She SheShe is temptedis is temptedtempted by a communist lawyer, byby a a communist communist lawyer, lawyer,who who who paid paid paid her her her a visita a visit visit at at theat the the Gulag, Gulag, Gulag, to to to denounce denounce denounce her her her husband husband husband and and and divorce divorce divorce him. him. him. Job is also tempted by JobJob is is also also tempted tempted by by hishis his wife wife to to cursecurse God God and and turn turn his hishis back backback on on Him. Him. She She has has a a deadly deadly deadly illness, illness, illness, angina anginaangina pectoris. Job is struck She She bemoans the day she .(.(שׁיחנהשׁיחנה בישׁאבישׁא LXX LXX ἓλκει ἓλκει πονηρῷ πονηρῷ;; Tg Tg ;; ְְשְׁשׁ ִִח ִחיןין ָָרָרעע pectorispectoris. .Job Job is is struck struck with with loathsome loathsomeloathsome sores sores sores (2:7; (2:7;(2:7; BHS BHS BHS bemoansbemoans thethe day day sheshe leftleftleft the the citycity of of herher her birth birth birth BudaBuda Budapest,pest,pest, meetsmeets meets thethe the Woman Woman Woman ofof of DeathDeath Death andand and wisheswishes wishes toto tobebe be dead. Job laments dead.dead. Job Job laments laments the the day theday dayof of his his of birth. birth. his birth. During During During Juliet Juliet Juliet’s’s’s almost almost almost Augustinian Augustinian Augustinian soliloquy, soliloquy, soliloquy, she she is is she taken taken istaken twice twice twice to the mortuary. toto thethe mortuary.mortuary. InIn bothbothIn both instancesinstances instances sheshe she isis revivedrevived is revived byby by thethe the wholesomewholesome wholesome foodfood food ofof of honeyhoney honey andand and lukewarmlukewarm lukewarm milk: milk:milk: “I woke to “I woke to “I woke to My firstborn’s shakes and slaps, My firstborn’s shakes and slaps, My firstborn’s shakes andMy slaps, eyelids he pulls upwards. My eyelids he pulls upwards. My eyelids he pullsA upwards. twelve year old Jesus gazed at me. A twelve year old Jesus gazed at me. A twelve year old JesusI didgazed not at hear me. what he uttered to me. I did not hear what he uttered to me. I did not hear Hewhat clamped he uttered my nose,to me. he gripped it, he gripped it . . . He clamped my nose, he gripped it, he gripped it… He clamped my nose, heWhat gripped are you it, he doing, gripped you, it… you’re throttling me . . . What are you doing, you, you’re throttling me…! What are you doing, you, you’re throttling!Air! me…! Air! Air! Air! Air! Air! My mouth cleft open a rive, My teeth betwixt he put a blade, a knife, With his other hand honey and lukewarm milk Dribbles he into me.Honey and milk... And I plunged back into the unconscious peace.” ([39], p. 36).

The metaphor of wholesome, reviving food, as in honey and curd, occurs in Zophar’s speech against the wicked in Job 20. The food is still the dominant imagery in verse 17. Nonetheless, there is a new development, for here it is not the poisonous victual that the evildoer eats, as in the preceding verses (20:14, 16) but the wholesome food that he will never eat because he has died of his eating. He will not savour quintessential food, that is oil, honey, and cream, which are the regular symbols of plenitude in the land of Canaan. In biblical times, honey is typically wild honey (Judg 14:8; 1 Sam 14:25–26) or a thick grape or date syrup. Cream or curds is not butter but a fermented milk product, nowadays called leben, and similar to yoghurt. This was concocted by churning fresh milk in a goatskin holding the remainder of clots from the previous supply. In Isa 7:14 curds and honey are probably an elementary diet, but more often milk and honey are a symbol of abundance, especially if the land is flowing with them (Exod 3:8, 17; 13:5; 33:3; Lev 20:24). In the Baal myth, a passage has El dreaming that Baal has come back to life and the earth’s fertility is reignited. He sees that “the heavens rained oil, the ravines (nh. l, like lx;n: here) ran with honey” ([34], p. S. 490). Juliet’s second time in the mortuary is again distinguished by an internal dialogue-brawl with God. The moment of awakening is again caused by her feeling the clamped-nose effect.

“He [the child] clamps my nose, as if he would punish. Knife-blade. Honey and milk. What did He tell you? That I should not flee from Him—to Him. Whither from Him? Well, to death—to Him. But He does not want to accept me. Well spoken! Very well spoken! Heed His Words, and return.” ([39], pp. 58–59). Religions 2016, 7, 106 11 of 14

In both scenes at the mortuary the internal dialogue-brawl with God is connected with a desire to die, with children desperate to revive their mother functioning as the element of deus ex machina of the monodrama and finally the metaphor for wholesome food, namely honey and milk.

2.3. Metaphors in Qoheleth and Contemporary Art The Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh and the Egyptian Dispute Over Suicide alike deliberated about life’s conundrums. Qoheleth seems to have surpassed both works in terms of the piteousness and profundity with which he presents these conundrums. Qoheleth, the one who assembles, managed to convene a collection of some of the most perplexing issues of humanity regarding life, death, happiness, vanity (or enigma), time, etc.

“It is endlessly quoted, often out of context, and provides a great reservoir of metaphors and images for people to draw on.” ([36], p. 188). Religions 2016, 7, 106 11 of 14 ReligionsReligionsReligionsReligions 2016 2016, ,20167 72016, ,106 106In, 7, 7, the 106, 106 following, the conceptual metaphor for ephemerality, vanity, enigmatical,1111 of of that14 111411 of of is14 14 hebel , and ontological metaphors in Qoh 1:4–7 are surveyed with regard to their impact on contemporary2.3.1. art. The Conceptual Metaphor for the Enigmatical 2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.1. 2.3.1. TheThe ConceptualThe ConceptualThe Conceptual Conceptual MetaphorMetaphor Metaphor Metaphor forfor the thefor for EnigmaticalEnigmaticalthe the Enigmatical Enigmatical 2.3.1. The Conceptual Metaphor for the Enigmatical Belles Lettres: Robert Bridges, T. S. Eliot, A. M. Klein Poems BellesBellesBelles Belles LettresLettres Lettres Lettres:: RobertRobert: :Robert Robert Bridges,Bridges, Bridges, Bridges, T.T. S.S. T. Eliot,T.Eliot, S. S. Eliot, Eliot, A.A. M.M. A. A. KleinKlein M. M. Klein Klein PoemsPoems Poems Poems Belles Lettres: Robert Bridges, T. S. Eliot, A. M. Klein Poems This conceptual metaphor may be grouped in five hermeneutical reading-stages. The final one ThisThis This conceptualThisconceptual conceptual conceptual metaphormetaphor metaphor metaphor maymay may bemaybe groupedgrouped be be grouped grouped inin fifi veinve in hermeneuticalfi hermeneuticalfiveve hermeneutical hermeneutical reading-stages.reading-stages. reading-stages. reading-stages. TheThe Thefinal finalThe final onefinalone one one applies to contemporary art, which is characterized by a rediscovery of Renaissance readings ([40], appliesappliesappliesapplies toto contemporarycontemporary to to Thiscontemporary contemporary conceptual art,art, whichart,which art, metaphor which which isis characterizedcharacterized is mayis characterized characterized be grouped byby aa by rediscoverybyrediscovery in a a fiverediscovery rediscovery hermeneutical ofof RenaissanceRenaissance of of Renaissance Renaissance reading-stages. readingsreadings readings readings ([40],([40], The ([40], ([40], final p. one 140). Vanitas vanitatum, et omnia vanitas (2:2b) is the opening and probably the most popular p.p. 140).140).p.p. 140). 140).VanitasVanitasapplies VanitasVanitas vanitatum, tovanitatum, contemporary vanitatum,vanitatum, etet omniaomnia etet art, omniaomnia vanitas whichvanitas vanitasvanitasis (2:2b)(2:2b) characterized (2:2b)(2:2b) isis thethe isis opening theopening bythe a openingopening rediscovery andand andprobablyandprobably of probablyprobably Renaissance thethe most themostthereadings most most popularpopular popularpopular ([40 ], p. conceptual 140). metaphor for ephemerality. Vanitas is also a category of symbolic works of art. In conceptualconceptualconceptualconceptualVanitas metaphormetaphor metaphormetaphor vanitatum, forfor ephemerality. forephemerality.for et omnia ephemerality.ephemerality. vanitas VanitasVanitas(2:2b) VanitasVanitas isis is also thealso isis openingalso aalsoa categorycategory aa categorycategory and ofof probably symbolic symbolic ofof symbolicsymbolic the worksworks most worksworks popularofof art. art. ofof art.InIn conceptualart. InIn contemporary art, vanitas also preponderates in Salvador Dali’s illustration of Qoheleth. The portrait contemporarycontemporarycontemporarycontemporarymetaphor art,art, vanitasvanitasart, art, for vanitas ephemerality.vanitas alsoalso also preponderates preponderatesalso preponderates preponderatesVanitas inisin SalvadoralsoSalvador in in Salvador a Salvador category Dali’sDali’s Dali’s Dali’s of illustrationillustration symbolic illustration illustration ofof works Qoheleth.Qoheleth. of of Qoheleth. ofQoheleth. art. TheThe In contemporary portraitThe portraitThe portrait portrait of art,Qoheleth from the artist’s 1969 illuminated Bible is facing the overture of the book, as found in ofof QohelethQohelethofof Qoheleth Qohelethvanitas fromfrom alsofrom from thethe preponderates artist’sartist’sthe the artist’s artist’s 19691969 1969 illuminated1969illuminated in Salvadorilluminatedilluminated BiblBibl Dali’s eBible Bibl isis illustrationfacingefacinge is is facing facing thethe overtureoverturethe ofthe Qoheleth. overture overture ofof thethe Theofof book,book,the the portrait book, book, asas foundfound ofas as Qohelethfound found inin in in Qoh from 1:1–3. LXX ματαιότης; Tg ; ֶח ֶבל QohQoh Qoh 1:1–3.Qoh1:1–3. 1:1–3. the1:1–3. artist’s 1969 illuminated Bible is facing the overture of the book, as found in Qoh 1:1–3. This conceptual metaphor is based on the Hebrew word hebel (BHS which is intentionally positioned in this verse and at the closure of the book, in 12:8, forms an ,( הבלו LXX LXXματαιότηςLXXματαιότης ματαιότης ματαιότης;; TgTg ; ; TgTg Tg ; ;ֶח ֶחֶב ֶבLXXלLXX ל ;; ֶחֶח ֶבֶבללThisThis This conceptualThisconceptual conceptual Thisconceptual conceptual metaphormetaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor isis basedbased is is based based is onon based the theon on Hebrew ontheHebrewthe theHebrew Hebrew Hebrew wordword word word hebel wordhebel hebel hebel(BHS(BHShebel (BHS (BHS (BHS whichwhich),),which which which isis intentionallyintentionally is is is intentionally intentionally intentionally positionedpositioned positioned positioned positioned inin this inthis in thisin versethis versethis verse verse verse andand and andat atand atthethe at theat closure closurethe the closure closure closure ofof of thethe ofthe of book, book,the the book, book, book, inin in 12:8,12:8, 12:8,in in 12:8, forms12:8,forms forms forms forms anan an inclusio.an an inclusio. The translation of the word may be vanity, useless, absurd, transience, meaningless, or probably הבלו,(הבלו,(הבלוהבלו inclusio.inclusio.inclusio.inclusio. The TheThe translation Thetranslation translationThe translation translation of of of the the theof of word wordthe wordthe word word may may may may bemaybe be vanity vanity bevanity be vanity vanity,, useless useless, useless, ,useless useless,, absurd absurd, absurd, ,absurd absurd,, transience transience, transience, ,transience transience,, meaningless meaningless, meaningless, ,meaningless meaningless,, or or, probably orprobably, ,or or probably probably probably rather rather enigmatic ([36], p. 194). The complexity of the rendering revolves around deciphering whether ratherratherratherrather enigmaticenigmaticenigmatic enigmatic enigmatic ([36],([36],([ ([36],36 ([36], p.p.], 194). p.194). p. p. 194). 194). The194).The The complexityThe complexityThe complexity complexity complexity ofof the ofthe of of the re rethe thenderingndering rendering re renderingndering revolvesrevolves revolves revolves revolves aroundaround around around around decipheringdeciphering deciphering deciphering deciphering whetherwhether whether whether whether one one can can ascertain a kernel to its employment in Qoheleth. The term has negative connotations but its oneone canonecanone ascertaincanascertain canascertain ascertain ascertain aa kernelakernel kernel a a kernel kernel toto to itsits itsto to employmentemployment its employmentits employment employment inin in QoQo in Qoheleth. inheleth.heleth. Qo Qoheleth.heleth. TheThe The termThe termThe term term hastermhas has negativehasnegative has negative negative negative connotationsconnotations connotations connotations connotations butbut but itsitsbut but its its centralits central meaning is specifically foregrounded by the phrase that regularly escorts it, namely striving LXX προαίρεσις πνεύματος). This does not ; ְוּרעוּת ַרוּח centralcentralcentralcentral meaningmeaningmeaning meaning meaning isis specifically isspecifically is specificallyis specifically specifically foregroundedforegrounded foregrounded foregrounded foregrounded byby by thethe by by the phrasephrasethe the phrase phrase phrase thatthat that thatregularly regularlythat regularly regularly regularly escortsescorts escorts escorts escorts it,it, namely it,namely it, it, namely namely namely strivingstrivingstriving striving striving for for the the wind (1:14; 2:11, 17, 26; 4:4, 6; 6:9; BHS ,LXX προαίρεσιςLXXπροαίρεσις προαίρεσις προαίρεσις πνεύματοςπνεύματος πνεύματος πνεύματος).). ThisThis).). This doesdoesThisdoes does not doesnotnot mean not not mean that that the wind is unreal but that one cannot clasp it in one’s hands ([36], p. 194). Nevertheless ; ; ְוּר ְוּרLXX LXXLXX ;עוּת;עוּתְ ְוּרוּר ַרוּח עוּתַרוּח עוּת ַרוּח ַרוּח forfor thetheforfor wind windthe thewind wind wind(1:14;(1:14;(1:14; (1:14; (1:14; 2:11,2:11, 2:11, 2:11, 17,2:11,17, 17, 26; 26;17, 17, 26; 4:4, 4:4,26; 4:4,26; 6;4:4, 6;4:4, 6; 6:9;6:9; 6:9;6; 6; BHS6:9; BHS BHS6:9; BHS BHS meanmeanmeanmean thatthatthe thatthe thethat wind windwindthe the wind is wind isis unreal unrealunreal is is unreal unreal but butbut that thatbutthat but one thatone onethat cannot cannotone cannotone cannot cannot clasp claspclasp itclasp clasp it init inin one’s it one’sone’sit in in handsone’s one’s handshands hands ([hands36 ([36],([36],], p. ([36], ([36], p. 194).p. 194).194). p. p. Nevertheless, 194). 194).Nevertheless,Nevertheless, Nevertheless, Nevertheless, most artists most artists interpreted the hebel conceptual metaphor and its auxiliary themes as witnesses to only mostmostmost most artistsartists interpretedartists artists interpretedinterpreted interpreted interpreted the thethehebel hebelhebelthe theconceptual hebel conceptualhebelconceptual conceptual conceptual metaphor metaphormetaphor metaphor metaphor and andand its andits its auxiliaryand auxiliauxili its its auxili auxiliaryary themes themesarythemesary themes themes as as witnessesas witnesseswitnesses as as witnesses witnesses to to onlyto onlyonly to to the only only gloomy the gloomy side of human existence. thethe gloomygloomythethe gloomy gloomyside sideside of side of humanofside humanhuman of of human human existence. existence.existence. existence. existence. The vanitas metaphor can be seen (re)emerging in some 20th century poetry. In his applauded TheThe ThevanitasvanitasThe vanitas Thevanitas metaphormetaphorvanitas metaphor metaphor metaphor cancan becan becan seenseen be be can seen (re)emergingseen(re)emerging be (re)emerging seen(re)emerging (re)emerging inin somesome in in some some 20th20th in some 20th century20thcentury century 20thcentury poetry.poetry. century poetry. poetry. InIn poetry. hishis In In applauded applaudedhis his In applauded applauded his applauded The Testament of Beauty (1929), Robert Bridges proffers a Qoheleth-like stanza that is as dismal as any TheThe TestamentTheTestamentThe Testament TestamentThe Testament ofof BeautyBeauty of of Beauty Beauty (1929), of(1929), Beauty (1929), (1929), RobertRobert(1929), Robert Robert BridgesBridges Robert Bridges Bridges proffersproffers Bridges proffers proffers aa proffers Qoheleth-likeQoheleth-like a a Qoheleth-like Qoheleth-like a Qoheleth-like stanzastanza stanza stanza thatthat stanza thatis isthat asas is dismal thatisdismal as as dismal isdismal as asas dismalanyany as as any any as vanitas any adaptation ([40], p. 136). T. S. Eliot also embarked upon involving more comprehensively the vanitasvanitasvanitasvanitas adaptationadaptationvanitas adaptation adaptationadaptation ([40],([40], ([40], ([40], p.p. 136).136). ([p. p.40 136). T.136).],T. p. S.S. T. 136).EliotT.Eliot S. S. Eliot T.alsoEliotalso S. also emEliot emalsobarkedbarked em em alsobarkedbarked embarked uponupon upon upon involvinginvolving uponinvolving involving involving moremore more more comprehensivelycomprehensively morecomprehensively comprehensively comprehensively thethe the the vanitas the metaphor, as exemplified in Dry Salvages, II (1941) of the Four Quartets (1943) ([40], p. 137). In vanitasvanitasvanitasvanitas metaphor,metaphor,vanitas metaphor, metaphor,metaphor, asas exemplifiedexemplified as as exemplified exemplified as exemplified inin DryDry in in SalvagesDry SalvagesDry in DrySalvages Salvages, Salvages, IIII (1941)(1941), ,II II (1941) ,(1941) II ofof (1941) thethe of of Four Fourthe ofthe the Four QuartetsFourQuartetsFour Quartets Quartets Quartets (1943)(1943) (1943) (1943) ([40],(1943)([40], ([40], ([40], p.p. ([ 40 137).137). p.], p. p.137). In137).In 137). In In Inhis his Koheleth (c.1944), Canadian poet A. M. Klein, representative of the Montreal group of poets in the hishis KohelethKohelethhishis Koheleth KohelethKoheleth ((cc.1944),.1944), ( c((c.1944),c.1944),.1944), CanadianCanadian Canadian Canadian Canadian poetpoet poet A.poetA. poet M.M. A. A. A. Klein, Klein,M. M. Klein, Klein, representativerepresentative representative representative ofof thethe of ofof MontrealMontrealthe thethe Montreal Montreal groupgroup group group ofof poetspoets ofof of poetspoets poets inin thethe inin in thethe the 1920s1920s and 1930s, acknowledged little beyond Qoheleth’s most gloomy metaphors and themes ([40], 1920s1920s1920s1920s andandand and1930s, 1930s,and 1930s,1930s, 1930s, acknowledgedacknowledged acknowledgedacknowledged acknowledged littlelittle littlelittle beyondlittlebeyond beyondbeyond beyond QoheQohe Qoheleth’sQohe Qoheleth’sleth’sleth’sleth’s mostmostmost most most gloomygloomygloomy gloomy gloomy metaphorsmetaphors metaphors metaphors metaphors andandand andthemes themesand themes themes themes ([40],([40], ([ ([40], 40 ([40], ], p. p. 71).71). Nonetheless, hebel was not the only (re)adapted metaphor from Qoheleth. p.p. 71).71).p.p. Nonetheless,71).Nonetheless, 71).Nonetheless, Nonetheless, Nonetheless, hebelhebelhebel hebel washebelwaswas was not notwas not thethenot not the only onlythe the only only (re)adaptedonly(re)adapted (re)adapted (re)adapted (re)adapted metaphormetaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor fromfrom from from from Qoheleth.Qoheleth. Qoheleth. Qoheleth. Qoheleth. 2.3.2. Belles Lettres: Ernest Hemingway’s Fiesta Novel and the Ontological Metaphors in Qoh 1:4–7 2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2. 2.3.2. BellesBelles 2.3.2.Belles Belles LettresLettres BellesLettres Lettres:: ErnestErnest Lettres: :Ernest Ernest Hemingway’sHemingway’s: Ernest Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’s FiestaFiesta Fiesta Fiesta NovelNovel FiestaNovel Novel andandNovel theand theand Ontological Ontologicalthe the and Ontological Ontological the Ontological MetaphorsMetaphors Metaphors Metaphors Metaphors inin QohQoh in in Qoh 1:4–7Qoh1:4–7 in 1:4–7 Qoh 1:4–7 1:4–7 The major themes of Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises (1926), or Fiesta, as it was published TheThe major ThemajorThe major majorThe themes themes major themes themes of of themesErnest Ernest of of Ernest Ernest ofHemingway’sHemingway’s Ernest Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’s The The Sun SunThe The Also SunAlso TheSun SunAlsoRises RisesAlso AlsoRises (1926), Rises(1926), Rises (1926), (1926), or or(1926), Fiesta Fiesta or or Fiesta Fiesta, or, as asFiesta it it, ,aswas wasas ,it asit waspublished publishedwas it was published published published in Britain, in appear in its two epigraphs. The first is a reference to the expression Lost Generation, inin Britain,Britain,inin Britain,Britain,Britain, appearappear appearappear appear inin itsits in in intwo two itsits its twoepigraphs. epigraphs.two epigraphs. epigraphs.epigraphs. TheThe ThefirstfirstThe first firstisfirstis aa is isreferencereferenceis a a referencea referencereference toto to thethe totheto expression theexpressionthe expression expressionexpression LostLost LostGeneration GenerationLost GenerationGeneration,,, broached, broached, by Gertrude Stein intimating the post-war generation; the other epigraph is a quotation broachedbroachedbroachedbroached by byby GertrudeGertrude Gertrudeby by Gertrude Gertrude SteinSteinStein Stein Stein intimatingintimatingintimating intimating intimating thethe post-warpost-wthepost-w the post-w post-warar generation;generation;arar generation; generation; the the other theother the other other epigraph epigraph epigraph epigraph is is a a quotation isquotationis a a quotation quotation from from the the King James Version of Qoh 1:4–7. Apparently, Hemingway explained to his editor Max fromfromfrom from thethe Kingthe Kingthe King King JamesJames James James VersionVersionVersion Version Version of ofof Qoh QohQoh of of 1:4–7. Qoh 1:4–7.Qoh1:4–7. 1:4–7. Apparently,1:4–7. AppaAppa Appa Apparently,rently,rently,rently, Hemingway HemingwayHemingway Hemingway Hemingway explained explaiexplai explai explainedned to nedto histoned hishis editorto to editoreditorhis his Maxeditor editor MaxMax Perkins Max Max Perkins that that the book was not so much about a generation being lost but that the earth abideth forever. PerkinsPerkinsPerkinsPerkins thatthatthe that the thethat book bookbookthe the was book book waswas not was not notwas so muchsosonot not muchmuch so so about much much aboutabout a about generationabout aa generationgeneration a a generation generation being beingbeing lost being being lostlost but butlostbut thatlost thatbutthat thebut that the earththethat earth earththe the abideth earth abidethearthabideth foreverabideth abideth foreverforever. Hemingwayforever forever.. . Hemingway. reckoned that the characters in Fiesta may have been battered but were not lost [41]. HemingwayHemingwayHemingwayHemingwayreckoned reckonedreckoned reckoned reckoned that thatthat the that thethethat characters charactersthe charactersthe characters characters in Fiesta inin FiestaFiesta in inmay Fiesta Fiesta maymay have may havemayhave been have have beenbeenbattered been beenbatteredbattered battered batteredbut butbut were werebut werebut not were were notnot lost lostnot lostnot [41 lost [41].].[41].lost Rightly [41]. [41]. Rightly so, so, Qoh 1:4 avows the ephemeral character of humanity, against the background of the RightlyRightlyRightlyRightly so,so, QohQoh so,so, Qoh 1:4Qoh1:4 avowsavows 1:41:4 avowsavows thethe ephemeral theephemeralthe ephemeralephemeral charactecharacte charactecharacterr ofof rhumanity,humanity, r ofof humanity,humanity, againstagainst againstagainst thethe background thebackgroundthe backgroundbackground ofof thethe ofof thethe perpetual earth. The constant repetition, the coming and going, is brought out in the metaphors of perpetualperpetualperpetualperpetual earth.earth. earth. earth. TheThe ThecocoThenstantnstant co constantnstant repetition,repetition, repetition, repetition, thethe comingthecoming the coming coming andand and goinggoingand going ,going, isis broughtbrought, ,is is brought brought outout inout inout thethe in in metaphorsthemetaphors the metaphors metaphors ofof of of verses 4–7. The image of generation stands for repetition, ongoing and relentless, always versesversesversesverses 4–7.4–7. 4–7. 4–7.TheThe TheTheimageimage imageimage ofof generation generationofof generationgeneration standsstands standsstands forfor forrepetition,repetition,for repetition,repetition, ongoingongoing ongoingongoing andand andandrelentless,relentless, relentless,relentless, alwaysalways alwaysalways monotonous, and this is reinforced by the succeeding examples. The metaphors in Qoh 1:4-7 are LXX γενεὰ; Tg ;דּוֺר monotonous,monotonous,monotonous,monotonous, andand andthisthisand this isisthis reinforcedreinforced is is reinforced reinforced byby the theby by succthe succthe eedingsucc eedingsucceedingeeding examples.examples. examples. examples. TheThe ThemetaphorsmetaphorsThe metaphors metaphors inin QohQoh in in Qoh 1:4-7Qoh1:4-7 1:4-7 1:4-7areare are are ontological, since the structural term for kin relationships generation (1:4a; BHS ;LXX ἣλιος ; ֶשּׁ ֶמשׁ and the terms relating to the natural phenomena, such as the sun (1:5a; BHS ( דרא LXX γενεὰLXXγενεὰ γενεὰ ;γενεὰ; TgTg ; ;Tg Tg ; ;דּוֺדּוֺרLXXרLXX ; ;דּוֺדּוֺררontological,ontological,ontological,ontological, sincesince since since thethe structurstructurthe the structur structuralal termtermalal term termforfor kin kinfor for relationshipskinrelationships kin relationships relationships generationgeneration generation generation (1:4a;(1:4a; (1:4a; (1:4a; BHSBHS BHS BHS LXX χείμαρροι; Tg ;נְּ ָח ִלים streams (1:7a; BHS ,(רוח LXX πνεῦμα; Tg ; ַרוּח wind (1:6b; BHS ,( ֶשׁ ֶמשׁ ;LXX ἣλιοςLXXἣλιος ἣλιος ;ἣλιος; ; Tg ; ; ֶשּׁ ֶשֶּׁמLXXֶמLXX שׁ;;שׁ ֶשֶּׁ שּׁ ֶמֶמשׁשׁand) ) andthe theand termstermsthe the terms terms relatingrelating relating relating toto thethe to to naturalnaturalthe the natural natural phenomena,phenomena, phenomena, phenomena, suchsuch such suchasas thethe as as sunsunthe the (1:5a;sun(1:5a; sun (1:5a; (1:5a; BHSBHS BHS BHSדראand דרא ((דראדרא are specified as being a person. In the case (אוקיאנוס ׇ ; LXX θάλασσα; Tgיּם and sea (1:7a; BHS .( נחליא LXX χείμαρροιLXXχείμαρροι χείμαρροι χείμαρροι;; TgTg ; ;Tg Tg ; נְּ;נְָּח ָחִלLXXִ LXXל ;ים;נְּיםנְּ ָח ָח ִל ִליםיםstreamsstreams),), streams streams (1:7a;(1:7a; (1:7a; (1:7a; BHSBHS BHS BHSרוח רוח ,( ,(Tg Tgרוח;רוח ; LXX πνεῦμαLXXπνεῦμα πνεῦμα πνεῦμα;; TgTg ; ; ַרוּח LXXַ LXXרוּח ; ; ַרוּח ַרוּח wind wind(1:6b;(1:6b; (1:6b; (1:6b; BHSBHS BHS BHS ,(,( ֶשׁ ֶשׁwindֶמwind ֶמ שׁ,(,(שׁ ֶשֶׁ שׁ ֶמֶמTgTgשׁשׁ TgTg areare) specified )specifiedare are specified specified asas beingbeing as as being being aa person.person. a a person. person. InIn thethe In In case casethe the case case of ontological metaphors, the personification is not a solitary unified common procedure. The ((אוקיאנוסאוקיאנוס Tg Tgאוקיאנוס; אוקיאנוס; ׇ ; LXX θάλασσαLXXθάλασσα θάλασσα θάλασσα;; TgTgיּ; ׇיּםם ׇ ; LXX LXX;יׇּיּםםandand).). andsea seaand (1:7a; (1:7a;sea sea (1:7a; (1:7a; BHSBHS BHS BHS .(נחליא.(נחליאנחליאנחליא ofof ontologicalontologicalofof ontologicalontological metaphors,metaphors, metaphors,metaphors, thethe personificationthepersonificationthe personificationpersonification isis notnot isis anotanot solitarysolitary aa solitarysolitary unifiedunified unifiedunified commoncommon commoncommon procedure.procedure. procedure.procedure. TheThe TheThe personifications vary in terms of the aspects of people that are selected. For instance, in verse 5 the personificationspersonificationspersonificationspersonifications varyvary vary invaryin termsterms in in terms terms ofof thethe of of aspectsaspectsthe the aspects aspects ofof peoplepeople of of people people thatthat that arearethat selected.selected.are are selected. selected. ForFor instance,Forinstance, For instance, instance, inin verseverse in in verse verse 55 thethe 5 5 the the description of the sun’s journey is in lively contrast with Ps 19, where it is compared to a warrior etc. descriptiondescriptiondescriptiondescription ofof thethe of of sun’s sun’sthe the sun’s sun’s journeyjourney journey journey isis inin is livelylivelyis in in lively lively contrastcontrast contrast contrast withwith with PswithPs 19,19, Ps Ps where where19, 19, where where itit isis compareditcompared it is is compared compared toto aa warriortowarrior to a a warrior warrior etc.etc. etc. etc. Michael V. Fox even deems that there is no contrast here between the evanescence of generations and MichaelMichaelMichaelMichael V. V. Fox Fox V. V. even Foxeven Fox even deems evendeems deems deems that that thatthere therethat there thereis is no no is contra iscontra no no contra contrastst here herestst here betweenherebetween between between the the evanescence evanescencethe the evanescence evanescence of of generations generations of of generations generations and and and and the permanence of the earth. To this end he interprets earth as meaning humanity [42]. This is a thethe permanencethepermanencethe permanencepermanence ofof thethe ofof earth theearththe earth.. earth ToTo . this.this ToTo thisendendthis endheheend interprets interprets hehe interpretsinterprets earthearth earth earthasas meaningmeaning as as meaning meaning humanityhumanity humanityhumanity [42].[42]. [42]. This[42].This This isThisis aa isis a a possibility. Still, to reconnect with Hemingway’s aforementioned opinion, the earth abides and possibility.possibility.possibility.possibility. Still,Still, Still, Still,toto reconnect reconnect toto reconnectreconnect withwith with withHemingway’sHemingway’s Hemingway’sHemingway’s aforementionedaforementioned aforementionedaforementioned opinion,opinion, opinion,opinion, thethe earththeearththe earth earthabidesabides abidesabides andand andand humanity also has many reasons for which to abide, for apart from Him who can eat or who can have humanityhumanityhumanityhumanity alsoalso also hashasalso manyhas manyhas many many reasonsreasons reasons reasons forfor which whichfor for which which toto abide,abide, to to abide, abide, forfor apart apartfor for apart apartfromfrom from HimfromHim Him whoHimwho whocan canwho eateatcan can or oreat eat whowho or or whocan canwho havecanhave can have have enjoyment (Qoh 2:25 ESV)? This also coincides with Hemingway’s further hints in one of the enjoymentenjoymentenjoymentenjoyment (Qoh(Qoh (Qoh (Qoh 2:252:25 2:25 ESV)?2:25ESV)? ESV)?ESV)? ThisThis This Thisalsoalso also coincidesalsocoincides coincidescoincides withwith with withHemingway’sHemingway’s Hemingway’sHemingway’s furtherfurther furtherfurther hintshints hints hints inin one one inin oneofofone the the ofof thethe conversations in the Fiesta: conversationsconversationsconversationsconversations inin thethe in in Fiesta Fiestathe the Fiesta Fiesta:: : : ReligionsReligionsReligionsReligionsReligionsReligionsReligions 2016 2016 2016 2016 20162016 2016, ,7 ,7 ,,7 , ,7 106 7,7106 ,,,106 , 106 7106106, 106 11111111 1111of of of 11 of of14 of14 14 14of 1414 14 ReligionsReligionsReligionsReligions 20162016 2016 20162016, ,, 2016 201677,, ,, 7 106106106,, 77106,, ,,77 106106,, 106 106 111111 ofof1111 of 11141114 of of14 of 1414 1414 2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.1. The The The The TheThe The Conceptual Conceptual Conceptual Conceptual ConceptualConceptual Conceptual Metaphor Metaphor Metaphor Metaphor MetaphorMetaphor Metaphor for for for for forfor thefor the the the thethe the Enigmatical Enigmatical Enigmatical Enigmatical EnigmaticalEnigmatical Enigmatical 2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.1. The The The TheConceptual Conceptual Conceptual Conceptual Metaphor Metaphor Metaphor Metaphor for for forthe for the the Enigmatical the Enigmatical Enigmatical Enigmatical BellesBellesBellesBellesBellesBellesBelles Lettres Lettres Lettres Lettres LettresLettres Lettres:: : Robert: Robert: Robert: Robert RobertRobert: Robert Bridges, Bridges, Bridges, Bridges, Bridges,Bridges, Bridges, T. T. T. T. T. T. S. S. S.T. S. S.S. Eliot, Eliot, Eliot,S. Eliot, Eliot,Eliot, Eliot, A. A. A. A. A.A. M. M.A. M. M. M.M. KleinM. Klein Klein Klein KleinKlein Klein Poems Poems Poems Poems PoemsPoems Poems BellesBellesBellesBelles Lettres Lettres Lettres Lettres:: RobertRobert: Robert:: Robert::Robert Robert Bridges,Bridges, Bridges, Bridges,Bridges, Bridges, T.T. T. S. S.T.T. S.T. Eliot, Eliot, S. S. Eliot,S. Eliot,Eliot, Eliot, A.A. A. M.A.M.A. A.M. M.M.KleinKlein M.Klein KleinKlein Klein PoemsPoems Poems PoemsPoems Poems ThisThisThisThisThisThisThis conceptual conceptual conceptual conceptual conceptualconceptual conceptual metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphormetaphor metaphor may may may may maymay may be be be be bebe grouped groupedbe grouped grouped groupedgrouped grouped in in in in in in fi fi infi vefi fivefiveve vefive hermeneutical hermeneuticalve hermeneutical hermeneutical hermeneuticalhermeneutical hermeneutical reading-stages. reading-stages. reading-stages. reading-stages. reading-stages.reading-stages. reading-stages. The The The The TheThe The final final final final finalfinal final one one one one oneone one ThisThisThisThis conceptual conceptual conceptual conceptual metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor may may may may be be groupedbe begrouped grouped grouped in in fiin vefiin vefi fifivehermeneuticalve vehermeneutical hermeneutical hermeneutical reading-stages. reading-stages. reading-stages. reading-stages.reading‐stages. The The The Thefinal final final final one one one oneapplies appliesappliesappliesapplies applies applies to to to to to to contemporary contemporary tocontemporary contemporary contemporarycontemporary contemporary art, art, art, art, art,art, art, which which which which whichwhich which is is is is is ischaracterized characterized characterized ischaracterized characterizedcharacterized characterized by by by by byby a bya a a rediscoveryaa rediscovery rediscovery rediscovery arediscoveryrediscovery rediscovery of of of of of of Renaissance Renaissance ofRenaissance Renaissance RenaissanceRenaissance Renaissance readings readings readings readings readingsreadings readings ([40], ([40], ([40], ([40], ([40],([40], ([40], appliesappliesappliesapplies to to contemporaryto contemporaryto contemporary contemporary art, art, art, whichart, which which which is is characterized is characterizedis characterized characterized by by bya by arediscovery arediscovery a rediscovery rediscovery of of Renaissanceof Renaissanceof Renaissance Renaissance readings readings readings readings ([40], ([40], ([40], ([40], p. p.p.p.p. p. 140). 140). p. 140). 140).140).140). 140). Vanitas Vanitas Vanitas VanitasVanitasVanitas Vanitas vanitatum, vanitatum, vanitatum, vanitatum,vanitatum,vanitatum, vanitatum, et et et et et et omniaomnia etomnia omniaomniaomnia omnia vanitas vanitas vanitas vanitasvanitasvanitas vanitas (2:2b) (2:2b) (2:2b) (2:2b)(2:2b)(2:2b) (2:2b) is is is is is is thethe isthe thethethe the opening opening opening openingopeningopening opening and and and andandand and probably probably probably probablyprobablyprobably probably the the the thethethe the most most most mostmostmost most popular popular popular popularpopularpopular popular p.p. 140).p. p.140). 140). 140). Vanitas Vanitas Vanitas Vanitas vanitatum, vanitatum, vanitatum, vanitatum, et et omniaet omniaet omnia omnia vanitas vanitas vanitas vanitas (2:2b)(2:2b) (2:2b) (2:2b) (2:2b) (2:2b)(2:2b) isis is thetheis is theisis the the openingthetheopening opening opening opening opening andand and and and andprobablyprobably probably probably probably probably thethe the the the mostthemostthe most most most most popularpopular popular popular popular popular conceptual conceptualconceptualconceptualconceptual conceptual conceptual metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphormetaphormetaphor metaphor for for for forforfor for ephemerality. ephemerality. ephemerality. ephemerality.ephemerality.ephemerality. ephemerality. Vanitas Vanitas Vanitas VanitasVanitasVanitas Vanitas is is is is is is also also isalso alsoalsoalso also a a a a aa category category category acategorycategorycategory category of of of ofof of symbolic ofsymbolic symbolic symbolicsymbolicsymbolic symbolic works works works worksworksworks works of of of ofof of art. ofart. art. art.art.art. art. In In In InIn In In conceptualconceptualconceptualconceptualconceptual metaphormetaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor forfor for for ephemerality.ephemerality.for ephemerality. ephemerality. ephemerality. Vanitas Vanitas Vanitas Vanitas isis is alsoalsois isisalsois also also also aa a categorycategory a a categorya category categorycategory ofof of of symbolic ofsymbolic ofsymbolic symbolic symbolicsymbolic worksworks works works worksworks ofof of of art. ofart. ofart. art. art. art.InIn In In contemporary In contemporaryIncontemporaryIncontemporarycontemporary contemporary contemporary art,art, art, art, art,art, art, vanitasvanitas vanitas vanitas vanitasvanitas vanitas alsoalso also also alsoalso also preponderatespreponderates preponderates preponderates preponderatespreponderates preponderates inin in in in in SalvadorSalvador Salvadorin Salvador SalvadorSalvador Salvador Dali’sDali’s Dali’s Dali’s Dali’sDali’s Dali’s illustrationillustration illustration illustration illustrationillustration illustration ofof of of of of Qoheleth.Qoheleth. Qoheleth.of Qoheleth. Qoheleth.Qoheleth. Qoheleth. TheThe The The TheThe The portraitportrait portrait portrait portraitportrait portrait contemporarycontemporarycontemporarycontemporarycontemporary art,art, art, art, vanitasart, vanitas vanitas vanitas alsoalso also alsoalso also preponderatespreponderates preponderates preponderatespreponderates preponderates inin in Salvador Salvadorinin Salvadorinin SalvadorSalvador Salvador Dali’sDali’s Dali’s Dali’sDali’s Dali’s illustrationillustration illustration illustrationillustration illustrationillustration ofof of Qoheleth. Qoheleth.ofof Qoheleth.of Qoheleth.Qoheleth. Qoheleth. TheThe The TheThe Theportraitportrait portrait portraitportrait portrait of ofofofof of Qoheleth Qoheleth ofQoheleth QohelethQohelethQoheleth Qoheleth from from from fromfromfrom from the the the thethethe the artist’s artist’s artist’s artist’sartist’sartist’s artist’s 1969 1969 1969 196919691969 1969 illuminated illuminated illuminated illuminatedilluminatedilluminated illuminated Bibl Bibl Bibl BiblBiblBibl Bibleee e ise eis is is eis isfacing facing facing is facingfacingfacing facing the the the thethethe the overture overture overture overtureovertureoverture overture of of of ofof of the the ofthe thethethe the book, book, book, book,book,book, book, as as as asas as found foundas found foundfoundfound found in in in inin in in ofof Qohelethof ofQoheleth Qoheleth Qoheleth from from from from the the the artist’sthe artist’s artist’s artist’s 1969 1969 1969 1969 illuminated illuminated illuminated illuminated Bibl Bibl Bibl eBiblBible eis eis efacingis facingis facing facing the the the overturethe overture overture overture of of theof ofthe the book,the book, book, book, as as foundas asfound found found in in inQoh Qoh QohinQohQoh Qoh Qoh 1:1–3. 1:1–3. 1:1–3. 1:1–3. 1:1–3.1:1–3. 1:1–3. LXXֶ LXXLXX;LXX LXX ματαιότης ματαιότης ματαιότης ματαιότηςματαιότηςματαιότης ματαιότης;; ; Tg; ;Tg ; Tg TgTg;Tg Tg ח; LXX; ;LXXֶבֶ ;חֶח ;ֶחל;ֶֶחבֶבֶֶחב ֶֶחלבלֶבלֶ בל ל ל QohQohQohQoh 1:1–3. 1:1–3. 1:1–3. 1:1–3. ThisThisThisThisThisThisThis conceptual conceptual conceptual conceptualconceptualconceptual conceptual metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphormetaphormetaphor metaphor is is is is is isbased based basedis basedbasedbased based on on on ononon theon the the thethethe the Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew HebrewHebrewHebrew Hebrew word word word wordwordword word hebel hebel hebel hebelhebelhebel hebel (BHS (BHS (BHS (BHS(BHS(BHS (BHS which), which which which ),whichwhich which is is is is is isintentionally intentionally intentionally isintentionally intentionallyintentionally intentionally positioned positioned positioned positioned positionedpositioned positioned in in in in in in this this inthis this thisthis this verse verse verse verse verseverse verse and and and and andand and at at at at at at the the theat the thethe the closure closure closure closure closureclosure closure of of of of of of the the ofthe the thethe the book, book, book, book, book,book, book, in in in in in in 12:8, 12:8, in12:8, 12:8, 12:8,12:8, 12:8, forms forms forms forms formsforms forms an an an an anan an,( ,( ,(,(,(הבלו הבלו הבלוהבלוהבלוהבלוTg הבלו LXXLXX LXX ματαιότης ματαιότης ματαιότης ματαιότης;; Tg;Tg Tg;; ; ;TgTg;; ֶ;ֶ;חLXX ֶֶ ֶֶחבLXX;LXX ֶֶ לב ֶ;ח; לֶֶֶבֶח ֶלֶֶב ל ThisThisThisThis conceptual conceptual conceptual conceptual metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor is is basedis basedis based based on on on the onthe the Hebrewthe Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew word word word word hebel hebel hebel hebel (BHS(BHS (BHS (BHS(BHS (BHS(BHS whichwhich ),),which),), whichwhich which isis is intentionally intentionally is is intentionally isis intentionallyintentionally intentionallyintentionally positionedpositioned positioned positionedpositioned positioned inin in this thisinin thisinin thisthis thisversethisverse verse verseverse verse andand and andand andatat at the theatat theat the the closureclosurethethe closure closureclosure closure ofof of the theofof theof the the book,book,thethe book, book,book, book, inin in 12:8, 12:8,inin 12:8,inin 12:8,12:8, 12:8, formsforms forms formsforms formsforms anan an ananinclusio. inclusio.aninclusio.inclusio.inclusio. inclusio. inclusio. TheThe The The TheThe The translationtranslation translation translation translationtranslation translation ofof of of of of thethe theof the thethe the wordword word word wordword word maymay may may maymay may bebe be be bebe vanity vanity be vanity vanity vanityvanity vanity,, , useless,useless , useless, useless uselessuseless, useless,, , absurd,absurd , absurd, absurd absurdabsurd, absurd,, , transience,transience , transience, transience transiencetransience, transience,, , meaningless,meaningless , meaningless, meaningless meaninglessmeaningless, meaningless,, , or,or , or, or or or, probably probablyor probably probably probablyprobably probably ,( ,(הבלו,(הבלוהבלוהבלוהבלוהבלוהבלו inclusio.inclusio.inclusio.inclusio.inclusio.inclusio.inclusio. TheThe The TheThe Thetranslationtranslation translation translationtranslation translationtranslation ofof of the the ofof theof the the word word thethe word wordword word maymay may maymay may bebe be vanitybebe bevanity vanity vanity,, useless, useless,, useless,, useless,, absurdabsurd, absurd,, absurd,, absurd,, transiencetransience, transience,, transience,transience, transiencetransience,, meaningless, meaningless,, meaningless,, meaningless,, oror, or, , probably probablyor,or, probablyor probablyprobably probably rather ratherratherratherrather rather rather enigmatic enigmatic enigmatic enigmatic enigmaticenigmatic enigmatic ([36], ([36], ([36], ([36], ([36],([36], ([36], p. p. p. p. p. p. 194).194). 194).p. 194). 194).194). 194). The The The The TheThe The complexity complexity complexity complexity complexitycomplexity complexity of of of of of of the the ofthe the thethe the rere re re renderingrenderingndering nderingrenderingnderingndering revolves revolves revolves revolves revolvesrevolves revolves around around around around aroundaround around deciphering deciphering deciphering deciphering decipheringdeciphering deciphering whether whether whether whether whetherwhether whether ratherratherratherratherratherratherrather enigmaticenigmatic enigmatic enigmaticenigmatic enigmaticenigmatic ([36],([36], ([36], ([36],([36], ([36],([36], p.p. p. 194). 194).p.p. 194).p. 194).194). 194). TheThe The TheThe Thecomplexitycomplexity complexity complexitycomplexity complexity ofof of the theofof theof the the re rethethe rendering rerendering rerenderingnderingndering revolves revolves revolves revolves around around around around deciphering deciphering deciphering deciphering whether whether whether whether one oneoneoneone one one can can can can cancan can ascertainascertain ascertain ascertain ascertainascertain ascertain aa a a kernela akernel kernel kernel kernelakernel kernel to to to to to to its its itsto its itsits employment employmentits employment employment employmentemployment employment in in in in in in Qo Qo Qoin Qo QoQo heleth.heleth.Qoheleth.heleth.heleth.heleth.heleth. The The The The TheThe The term term term term termterm term has has has has hashas has negative negative negative negative negativenegative negative connotations connotations connotations connotations connotationsconnotations connotations but but but but butbut but its its its its itsits its oneoneone onecan can can ascertaincan ascertain ascertain ascertain a akernel akernel akernel kernel to to itsto itsto employmentits employmentits employment employment in in Qoin Qoin Qoheleth. QoQoheleth.heleth.heleth.heleth. The The The Theterm term term term has has has negativehas negative negative negative connotations connotations connotations connotations but but but itsbut its itscentral centralitscentralcentralcentral central central meaning meaning meaning meaning meaningmeaning meaning is is is is is isspecifically specifically specifically isspecifically specificallyspecifically specifically foregrounded foregrounded foregrounded foregrounded foregroundedforegrounded foregrounded by by by by byby the bythe the the thethe the phrase phrase phrase phrase phrasephrase phrase that that that that thatthat that regularly regularly regularly regularly regularlyregularly regularly escorts escorts escorts escorts escortsescorts escorts it, it, it, it, it, it, namely namely it,namely namely namelynamely namely striving striving striving striving strivingstriving striving LXX; ;ְLXX LXXLXXLXX; LXX προαίρεσις προαίρεσις προαίρεσις προαίρεσιςπροαίρεσιςπροαίρεσις προαίρεσις πνεύματος πνεύματος πνεύματος πνεύματοςπνεύματοςπνεύματος πνεύματος).).). ). ).This). This This This).ThisThis This does does does doesdoesdoes does not not not notnotnot notוּר ;LXX ;ְ ְ;וּרְ;וּרְוּר ְוּר ְוּרעוּתוּר עוּתעוּתעוּתעוּת עוּת עוּת ַרוּח ַרוּח ַרוּח ַרוּח ַ רוּח ַרוּח ַרוּח centralcentralcentralcentralcentral meaningmeaning meaning meaning meaning isis is specifically specificallyis specificallyis specifically specifically foregroundedforegrounded foregrounded foregrounded foregrounded byby by bythethe bythe the phrasephrasethe phrase phrase phrase thatthat that that thatregularlyregularly regularly regularly regularly escortsescorts escorts escorts escorts it,it, it, namelynamelyit, namelyit, namely namely strivingstriving striving strivingstriving strivingstriving for forforforfor for the forthe the thethethe windthe wind wind windwindwind wind (1:14; (1:14; (1:14; (1:14;(1:14;(1:14; (1:14; 2:11, 2:11, 2:11, 2:11,2:11,2:11, 2:11, 17, 17, 17, 17,17,17, 17,26; 26; 26; 26;26;26; 26;4:4, 4:4, 4:4, 4:4,4:4,4:4, 4:4, 6; 6; 6; 6; 6;6; 6:9; 6:9; 6:9; 6; 6:9;6:9;6:9; 6:9; BHS BHS BHS BHSBHSBHS BHS ,LXXְ;;ְ ;LXX;LXX LXX προαίρεσις προαίρεσις προαίρεσις προαίρεσις πνεύματος πνεύματος πνεύματος πνεύματος).). ). ThisThis ).).This).). ThisThis This doesdoes does doesdoes does notnot not notnot notmean meanmeanmeanmean mean mean that that that that thatthat that the the the the thethe the wind wind wind wind windwind wind is is is is is isunreal unreal unreal isunreal unrealunreal unreal but but but but butbut but that that that that thatthat that one one one one oneone one cannot cannot cannot cannot cannotcannot cannot clasp clasp clasp clasp claspclasp clasp it it it it it init in in in itin in one’s one’s inone’s one’s one’sone’s one’s hands hands hands hands handshands hands ([36], ([36], ([36], ([36], ([36],([36], ([36], p. p. p. p. p. p. 194). 194). 194).p. 194). 194).194). 194). Nevertheless, Nevertheless, Nevertheless, Nevertheless, Nevertheless,Nevertheless, Neverthelessוּר LXX;LXXְְוּר ;ְ;וּרעוּתְְְוּר עוּת עוּת ַ ַ עוּתרוּח ַ ַ רוּח ַרוּח ַַ ַרוּח forforfor forforthethe forforthe thethe wind windthe thewind windwind wind (1:14;(1:14; (1:14; (1:14;(1:14; (1:14;(1:14; 2:11,2:11, 2:11, 2:11,2:11, 2:11, 17,17, 17, 17, 17, 26;26;17, 26; 26; 26; 4:4,4:4,26; 4:4, 4:4,4:4, 4:4,6;6; 6; 6:9; 6:9;6; 6; 6:9;6; 6:9;6:9; 6:9;BHSBHS BHS BHSBHS BHS meanmeanmeanmean that that that thatthe the the windthe wind wind wind is is unreal is unreal is unreal unreal but but but thatbut that that thatone one one onecannot cannot cannot cannot clasp clasp clasp clasp it itin itin it one’sin one’sin one’s one’s hands hands hands hands ([36], ([36], ([36], ([36], p. p. 194).p. 194).p. 194). 194). Nevertheless, Nevertheless, Nevertheless, Nevertheless, most mostmostmostmost most most artists artists artists artists artistsartists artists interpreted interpreted interpreted interpreted interpretedinterpreted interpreted the the the the thethe the hebel hebel hebel hebel hebelhebel hebel conceptual conceptual conceptual conceptual conceptualconceptual conceptual metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphormetaphor metaphor and and and and andand and its its its its itsits auxili auxiliits auxili auxili auxiliauxili auxiliaryaryaryaryaryary ary themes themes themes themes themesthemes themes as as as as as as witnesses witnessesas witnesses witnesses witnesseswitnesses witnesses to to to to to to only only toonly only onlyonly only mostmostmostmost artists artists artists artists interpreted interpreted interpreted interpreted the the the hebelthe hebel hebel hebel conceptualconceptual conceptual conceptualconceptual conceptual metaphormetaphor metaphor metaphormetaphor metaphor andand and andand anditsits its auxiliitsauxiliits itsitsauxili auxiliauxili auxiliauxiliaryaryaryary themesary themes themes themes as as witnessesas aswitnesses witnesses witnesses to to onlyto onlyto only only the thethethethe the the gloomy gloomy gloomy gloomy gloomygloomy gloomy side side side side sideside side of of of of of of human human ofhuman human humanhuman human existence. existence. existence. existence. existence.existence. existence. thethethethe the gloomygloomythethe gloomy gloomygloomy gloomy sideside side sideside side ofof of human humanofof humanof humanhuman human existence.existence. existence. existence.existence. existence. TheTheTheTheTheTheThe vanitas vanitas vanitas vanitasvanitasvanitas vanitas metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphormetaphormetaphor metaphor can can can cancancan can be be be bebebe seen seenbe seen seenseenseen seen (re)emerging (re)emerging (re)emerging (re)emerging (re)emerging(re)emerging (re)emerging in in in in in in some some insome somesomesome some 20th 20th 20th 20th20th20th 20th century century century centurycenturycentury century poetry. poetry. poetry. poetry.poetry.poetry. poetry. In In In InIn In his his Inhis hishishis hisapplauded applauded applauded applauded applaudedapplauded applauded TheTheThe Thevanitas vanitas vanitas vanitas metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor can can can becan be beseen beseen seen seen (re)emerging (re)emerging (re)emerging (re)emerging in in somein somein some some 20th 20th 20th 20th century century century century poetry. poetry. poetry. poetry. In In hisIn hisIn his applauded his applauded applauded applauded The TheTheTheThe The The Testament Testament Testament Testament TestamentTestament Testament of of of of of ofBeauty Beauty Beauty ofBeauty BeautyBeauty Beauty (1929), (1929), (1929), (1929), (1929),(1929), (1929), RobertRobert Robert Robert RobertRobert Robert Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges BridgesBridges Bridges proffers proffers proffers proffers proffersproffers proffers aa a a Qoheleth-likeaa Qoheleth-like Qoheleth-like Qoheleth-like Qoheleth-likeaQoheleth-like Qoheleth-like stanza stanza stanza stanza stanzastanza stanza that that that that thatthat that is is is is is isas as as isas as as dismal dismalas dismal dismal dismaldismal dismal as as as as as as any anyas any any anyany any TheTheThe TestamentThe Testament Testament Testament of of Beauty of Beauty of Beauty Beauty (1929),(1929), (1929), (1929),(1929), (1929),(1929), RobertRobert Robert RobertRobert Robert BridgesBridges Bridges BridgesBridges Bridges proffersproffers proffers proffersproffers proffers aa aQoheleth-likeQoheleth-like aQoheleth-likea a Qoheleth-likeQoheleth-like Qoheleth-likeQoheleth‐ stanzalikestanza stanza stanzastanza stanza thatthat that thatthat thatthatisis is asas is is as is is dismal dismalasas dismalas dismaldismal dismal asas as any anyasas anyas anyany anyvanitas vanitasvanitasvanitasvanitas vanitas vanitas adaptation adaptation adaptation adaptation adaptationadaptation adaptation ([40], ([40], ([40], ([40], ([40],([40], ([40], p. p. p. p. p. p. 136). 136). 136).p. 136). 136).136). 136). T. T. T. T. T. T. S. S. S.T. S. S.S. Eliot Eliot EliotS. Eliot EliotEliot Eliot also also also also alsoalso also em em em em emem barkedbarkedembarkedbarkedbarkedbarkedbarked upon upon upon upon uponupon upon involving involving involving involving involvinginvolving involving more more more more moremore more comprehensively comprehensively comprehensively comprehensively comprehensivelycomprehensively comprehensively the the the the thethe the vanitasvanitasvanitasvanitas adaptation adaptation adaptation adaptation ([40], ([40], ([40], ([40], p. p. 136).p. 136).p. 136). 136). T. T. S.T. S.T. Eliot S. EliotS. Eliot Eliot also also also alsoem em embarked emembarkedbarkedbarkedbarked upon upon upon upon involving involving involving involving more more more more comprehensively comprehensively comprehensively comprehensively the the the vanitasthe vanitasvanitasvanitasvanitas vanitas vanitas metaphor, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor,metaphor, metaphor, as as as as as as exemplified exemplified asexemplified exemplified exemplifiedexemplified exemplified in in in in in in Dry Dry Dryin Dry DryDry Dry Salvages Salvages Salvages Salvages SalvagesSalvages Salvages,, , II, II, ,II II II (1941)II, (1941) (1941) II(1941) (1941)(1941) (1941) of of of of of of the the ofthe the thethe the Four Four Four Four FourFour Four Quartets Quartets Quartets Quartets QuartetsQuartets Quartets (1943) (1943) (1943) (1943) (1943)(1943) (1943) ([40], ([40], ([40], ([40], ([40],([40], ([40], p. p. p. p. p. p. 137). 137). 137).p. 137). 137).137). 137). In In In In In In In vanitasvanitasvanitasvanitas metaphor, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor, as as exemplifiedas exemplifiedas exemplified exemplified in in Dryin Dryin Dry DrySalvages Salvages Salvages Salvages,, IIII, II ,,(1941)(1941) ,II,II(1941) IIII (1941)(1941) (1941)(1941) ofof of the theofof theof the the Four thethe Four Four Four Quartets Quartets Quartets Quartets (1943)(1943) (1943) (1943)(1943) (1943)(1943) ([40],([40], ([40], ([40],([40], ([40],([40], p.p. p. 137). 137).p.p. 137).p. 137).137). 137). InIn In InhisIn his hisInInhishis his hisKoheleth Koheleth Koheleth Koheleth KohelethKoheleth Koheleth ( (c ( c( .1944),c(.1944),(cc.1944),c .1944),.1944),(.1944),c.1944), Canadian Canadian Canadian Canadian CanadianCanadian Canadian poet poet poet poet poetpoet poet A. A. A. A. A.A. M. M.A. M. M. M.M. Klein,M. Klein, Klein, Klein, Klein,Klein, Klein, representative representative representative representative representativerepresentative representative of of of of of of the the ofthe the thethe the Montreal Montreal Montreal Montreal MontrealMontreal Montreal group group group group groupgroup group of of of of of of poets poets ofpoets poets poetspoets poets in in in in in in the the inthe the thethe the hishis hisKohelethhis Koheleth Koheleth Koheleth ((c c(.1944),.1944),c (.1944),( cc((.1944),.1944),c.1944),.1944), CanadianCanadian Canadian CanadianCanadian Canadian poetpoet poet poetpoet poet A.A. A. M.A.M.A. A.M. M.M.Klein, M. Klein, Klein, Klein, representative representative representative representative of of theof theof the Montrealthe Montreal Montreal Montreal group group group group ofof of poetspoetsofof poetsof poetspoets poets inin in thetheinin theinin the the the1920sthe 1920s1920s1920s1920s 1920s 1920s and and and and andand and 1930s, 1930s, 1930s, 1930s, 1930s,1930s, 1930s, acknowledged acknowledged acknowledged acknowledged acknowledgedacknowledged acknowledged little little little little littlelittle little beyond beyond beyond beyond beyondbeyond beyond Qohe Qohe Qohe Qohe QoheQohe Qoheleth’sleth’sleth’sleth’sleth’sleth’sleth’s most most most most mostmost most gloomy gloomy gloomy gloomy gloomygloomy gloomy metaphors metaphors metaphors metaphors metaphorsmetaphors metaphors and and and and andand and themes themes themes themes themesthemes themes ([40], ([40], ([40], ([40], ([40],([40], ([40], 1920s1920s1920s1920s and and and and1930s, 1930s, 1930s, 1930s, acknowledged acknowledged acknowledged acknowledged little little little little beyond beyond beyond beyond Qohe Qohe Qohe QoheQoheleth’sleth’sleth’sleth’sleth’sleth’sleth’s mostmost most mostmost most gloomygloomy gloomy gloomygloomy gloomy metaphorsmetaphors metaphors metaphorsmetaphors metaphors andand and andand andthemesthemes themes themesthemes themesthemes ([40],([40], ([40], ([40],([40], ([40],([40], p. p.p.p.p.p. 71).71). 71).p. 71). 71).71). 71). Nonetheless, Nonetheless, Nonetheless, Nonetheless, Nonetheless,Nonetheless, Nonetheless, hebel hebel hebel hebel hebelhebel hebel was was was was waswas was not not not not notnot not the the the the thethe the only only only only onlyonly only (re)adapted (re)adapted (re)adapted (re)adapted (re)adapted(re)adapted (re)adapted metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphor metaphormetaphor metaphor from from from from fromfrom from Qoheleth. Qoheleth. Qoheleth. Qoheleth. Qoheleth.Qoheleth. Qoheleth. p.p. 71).p. 71).p. 71). 71).Nonetheless, Nonetheless, Nonetheless, Nonetheless, hebel hebel hebel hebel waswas was waswas was notnot not notnot thethenot the the the only onlythethe only onlyonly only (re)adapted(re)adapted (re)adapted (re)adapted(re)adapted (re)adapted(re)adapted metaphormetaphor metaphor metaphormetaphor metaphor fromfrom from fromfrom fromfrom Qoheleth.Qoheleth. Qoheleth. Qoheleth.Qoheleth. Qoheleth. 2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2. Belles Belles Belles Belles BellesBelles Belles Lettres Lettres Lettres Lettres LettresLettres Lettres:: : Ernest: Ernest: :Ernest Ernest ErnestErnest: Ernest Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’sHemingway’s Hemingway’s Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta FiestaFiesta Fiesta Novel Novel Novel Novel NovelNovel Novel and and and and andand and the the the the thethe the Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological OntologicalOntological Ontological Metaphors Metaphors Metaphors Metaphors MetaphorsMetaphors Metaphors in in in in in in Qoh Qoh Qohin Qoh QohQoh Qoh 1:4–7 1:4–7 1:4–7 1:4–7 1:4–71:4–7 1:4–7 2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2.2.3.2. Belles Belles Belles Belles Lettres Lettres Lettres Lettres:: ErnestErnest: Ernest:: :Ernest:Ernest Ernest Hemingway’sHemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’sHemingway’s Hemingway’s Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta NovelNovel Novel NovelNovel Novel andand and andand andthethe the the the Ontological Ontologicalthethe Ontological OntologicalOntological Ontological MetaphorsMetaphors Metaphors MetaphorsMetaphors Metaphors inin in Qoh Qohinin Qohinin QohQoh Qoh 1:4–71:4–7 1:4–7 1:4–71:4–7 1:4–7 TheTheTheTheTheTheThe majormajor major major majormajor major themesthemes themes themes themesthemes themes ofof of of of of ErnestErnest Ernestof Ernest ErnestErnest Ernest Hemingway’sHemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’sHemingway’s Hemingway’s TheThe The The TheThe The SunSun Sun Sun SunSun Sun AlsoAlso Also Also AlsoAlso Also RisesRises Rises Rises RisesRises Rises (1926),(1926), (1926), (1926), (1926),(1926), (1926), oror or or or or Fiesta Fiestaor Fiesta Fiesta FiestaFiesta Fiesta,, , as,as , as, as as as, itit as it it it wasitwas was was itwaswas was publishedpublished published published publishedpublished published TheTheThe Themajor major major major themes themes themes themes of of Ernest of Ernestof Ernest Ernest Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’s The The The SunThe Sun Sun SunAlso Also Also Also Rises Rises Rises Rises (1926),(1926), (1926), (1926),(1926), (1926),(1926), oror or Fiesta oror Fiestaor Fiesta Fiesta,, asas, as, , it itas,as, itas waswas ititwas itit waswas was publishedpublished published publishedpublished published in inininin in Britain, Britain, in Britain, Britain,Britain,Britain, Britain, appear appear appear appearappearappear appear in in in inin in its its in its itsitsits two itstwo two twotwotwo two epigraphs. epigraphs. epigraphs. epigraphs.epigraphs.epigraphs. epigraphs. The The The TheTheThe The first first first firstfirstfirst first is is is is is isa a isa a areference areference reference referenceareferencereference reference to to to toto to the the to the thethethe the expression expression expression expressionexpressionexpression expression Lost Lost Lost LostLostLost Lost Generation Generation Generation GenerationGenerationGeneration Generation,, , , , , , ininin Britain,inBritain,in ininBritain, Britain,Britain, Britain, appearappear appear appearappear appear inin in itsinitsin initsin itsits two two itsitstwo twotwo twotwoepigraphs.epigraphs. epigraphs. epigraphs.epigraphs. epigraphs. TheThe The TheThe Thefirstfirst first firstfirst first firstisis is aais is aisisreference reference aa referencea referencereference referencereference toto to thetotheto totheto the the expressiontheexpressionthe expression expressionexpression expression Lost Lost Lost LostGeneration Generation Generation Generation,, ,broached broachedbroached,broached,broached broached ,, broached by by by bybyby Gertrude byGertrude Gertrude GertrudeGertrudeGertrude Gertrude Stein Stein Stein SteinSteinStein Stein intimating intimating intimating intimatingintimatingintimating intimating the the the thethethe the post-w post-w post-w post-wpost-wpost-w post-wararararar ar generation; generation; argeneration; generation;generation;generation; generation; the the the thethethe the other other other otherotherother other epigraph epigraph epigraph epigraphepigraphepigraph epigraph is is is is is isa a a is a aquotation aquotation quotation quotationaquotationquotation quotation broachedbroachedbroachedbroached by by byGertrude byGertrude Gertrude Gertrude Stein Stein Stein Stein intimating intimating intimating intimating the the the post-wthe post-w post-w post-wpostarar‐ wargeneration;ar argeneration; generation; generation; the the the otherthe other other other epigraph epigraph epigraph epigraph is is ais aisquotation a quotation a quotation quotation from fromfromfromfrom from from the the the thethethe the King King King KingKingKing King James James James JamesJamesJames James Version Version Version VersionVersionVersion Version of of of ofof of Qoh Qoh of Qoh QohQohQoh Qoh 1:4–7. 1:4–7. 1:4–7. 1:4–7.1:4–7.1:4–7. 1:4–7. Appa Appa Appa AppaAppaAppa Apparently,rently,rently,rently,rently,rently,rently, Hemingway Hemingway Hemingway HemingwayHemingwayHemingway Hemingway explai explai explai explaiexplaiexplai explainednednednednednedned to to to toto to his his to his hishishis hiseditor editor editor editoreditoreditor editor Max Max Max MaxMaxMax Max fromfromfromfromfromfromfrom thethe the the the KingtheKingthe King KingKing King JamesJames James JamesJames JamesJames VersionVersion Version VersionVersion Version ofof of QohofQohof ofQoh QohQoh Qoh 1:4–7.1:4–7. 1:4–7. 1:4–7.1:4–7. 1:4–7. AppaAppa Appa AppaAppa AppaApparently,rently,rently,rently,rently,rently,rently, HemingwayHemingway Hemingway HemingwayHemingway Hemingway explaiexplai explai explaiexplai explaiexplainednednedned nedto to histo histo his editorhis editor editor editor Max Max Max Max Perkins PerkinsPerkinsPerkinsPerkins Perkins Perkins that that that that thatthat that the the the the thethe the book book book book bookbook book was was was was waswas was not not not not notnot not so so so so soso much muchso much much muchmuch much about about about about aboutabout about a a a a generationa ageneration generation generation agenerationgeneration generation being being being being beingbeing being lost lost lost lost lostlost lost but but but but butbut but that that that that thatthat that the the the the thethe earththe earth earth earth earthearth earth abideth abideth abideth abideth abidethabideth abideth forever forever forever forever foreverforever forever...... Religions 2016, 7, 106 12 of 14 PerkinsPerkinsPerkinsPerkins that that that thatthe the the book the book book book was was was wasnot not not sonot so muchso muchso much much about about about about a ageneration ageneration a generation generation being being being being lost lost lost butlost but but thatbut that that thatthethe the thetheearth earth the theearth earthearth earthearth abidethabideth abideth abidethabideth abideth foreverforever forever foreverforever foreverforever.. .Hemingway HemingwayHemingway.Hemingway.Hemingway Hemingway .. Hemingway reckoned reckoned reckoned reckonedreckonedreckoned reckoned that that that thatthatthat that the the the thethethe the characters characters characters characterscharacterscharacters characters in in in inin in Fiesta Fiesta in Fiesta FiestaFiestaFiesta Fiesta may may may maymaymay may have have have havehavehave have been been been beenbeenbeen been battered battered battered batteredbatteredbattered battered but but but butbutbut but were were were werewerewere were not not not notnotnot not lost lost lost lostlostlost lost [41]. [41]. [41]. [41].[41].[41]. [41]. HemingwayHemingwayHemingwayHemingway reckoned reckoned reckoned reckoned that that that thatthe the the charactersthe characters characters characters in in Fiestain Fiestain Fiesta Fiesta maymay may maymay may havehave have havehave have beenbeen been beenbeen been battered battered battered battered butbut but butbut butwerewere were werewere were notnot not notnot notlostlost lost lostlost lostlost[41].[41]. [41]. [41].[41]. [41].[41]. Rightly RightlyRightlyRightlyRightly Rightly Rightly so, so, so, so,so,so, so,Qoh Qoh Qoh QohQohQoh Qoh 1:4 1:4 1:4 1:41:41:4 1:4avows avows avows avowsavowsavows avows the the the thethethe the ephemeral ephemeral ephemeral ephemeralephemeralephemeral ephemeral characte characte characte charactecharactecharacte characterr r rofr rof of ofrof of humanity, humanity, of humanity, humanity,humanity,humanity, humanity, against against against againstagainstagainst against the the the thethethe the background background background backgroundbackgroundbackground background of of of ofof of the the of the thethethe the RightlyRightlyRightlyRightly so, so, so, Qohso, Qoh Qoh Qoh 1:4 1:4 1:4 avows1:4 avows avows avows the the the ephemeralthe ephemeral ephemeral ephemeral characte characte Qohcharacte charactecharacter 1:4rr rofof avowsrrof rhumanity,ofhumanity, of ofhumanity, humanity, humanity, humanity, the ephemeral againstagainst against against against against the characterthe the the the backgroundbackgroundthe background background background background of humanity, ofof of theofthe of ofthe the theagainst theperpetualthe perpetualperpetualperpetualperpetual perpetual perpetual the earth. backgroundearth. earth. earth.earth.earth. earth. The The The TheTheThe The co co co co ofcoconstantnstant nstantconstantnstant thenstantnstant perpetual repetition, repetition, repetition, repetition,repetition,repetition, repetition, earth. the the the thethethe the coming coming coming comingcomingcoming coming and and and andandand and going going going goinggoinggoing going,, , is, is, ,is is is is,brought brought brought is broughtbroughtbrought brought out out out outoutout out in in in inin in the the inthe thethethe the metaphors metaphors metaphors metaphorsmetaphorsmetaphors metaphors of of of ofof of of perpetualperpetualperpetualperpetual earth. earth. earth. earth. The The The Theco co nstantco nstantcoconstantnstantnstant repetition, repetition, repetition, repetition, the the the comingcomingtheThe coming comingcoming coming constant andand and andand andgoing going repetition, going going,, is,is is , , brought brought,,is is broughtisis broughtthebrought broughtcoming outout out outout inoutin andin thetheinin inthein goingthe the metaphorsthemetaphorsthe metaphors metaphorsmetaphors , metaphors is brought ofof of ofversesof verses outversesofversesverses verses verses in the 4–7. 4–7. 4–7.4–7.4–7. 4–7. metaphors4–7. The The TheTheThe TheThe image image imageimageimage image ofimage verses of of ofofof of generationof generation 4–7.generationgenerationgeneration generationgeneration The image stands stands standsstandsstands standsstands for for forforfor for for repetition, repetition, repetition,repetition,repetition, repetition,repetition, ongoing ongoing ongoingongoingongoing ongoingongoing and and andandand andand relentless, relentless, relentless,relentless,relentless, relentless,relentless, always always alwaysalwaysalways alwaysalways versesversesversesverses 4–7.4–7. 4–7. 4–7. TheThe The The imageimage imageimage ofof of generationofgeneration generationgeneration standsstands standsstandsof generation forforfor for forforfor repetition,repetition,repetition, repetition,repetition,repetition, stands ongoingongoing forongoing ongoingongoingongoing repetition, andandand andand andongoing relentless,relentless,relentless, relentless,relentless,relentless,relentless, and alwaysalwaysrelentless,always alwaysalwaysalwaysalways monotonous, monotonous,monotonous,monotonous,monotonous, monotonous, alwaysmonotonous, monotonous, and and and andandand and this this this thisthisthis this is is is andis is isreinforced reinforced reinforcedis reinforcedreinforcedreinforced thisreinforced is reinforced by by by bybyby the bythe the thethethe the succ succ succ succsuccsucc succeedingeedingeedingeedingeedingeedingeeding examples. examples. examples. examples.examples.examples. examples. The The The TheTheThe The metaphors metaphors metaphors metaphorsmetaphorsmetaphors metaphors in in in inin in Qoh Qoh in Qoh QohQohQoh Qoh 1:4-7 1:4-7 1:4-7 1:4-71:4-71:4-7 1:4-7 are are are areareare are LXX; ;LXX LXXLXXLXX; LXX γενεὰ γενεὰ γενεὰ γενεὰγενεὰγενεὰ γενεὰ;; ; Tg; Tg; ;Tg TgTgTg; TgדּוLXX; ֺ ; ר;דּוֺ;דּוֺדּוֺ דּוֺררדּוֺרדּוֺ ר ר ר monotonous,monotonous,monotonous,monotonous, and and and andthis this this thisis is reinforcedis reinforcedis reinforced reinforced by by by the bythe the succthe succby succ succsucceedingeeding theeedingeedingeeding succeeding examples. examples. examples. examples. examples. The The The Themetaphors metaphors metaphors Themetaphors metaphors in in Qohin Qohin Qoh Qoh in1:4-7 1:4-7 Qoh 1:4-7 1:4-71:4 are 1:4-7are‐ 7are areontological, ontological,ontological,ontological,ontological, ontological, are ontological, ontological, since since since sincesincesince since sincethe the the thethethe the structur structur structur thestructurstructurstructur structur structuralalalalal alal term term alterm termtermterm term term for for for forforfor forkin kin forkin kinkinkin kin relationships relationships relationships relationshipsrelationshipsrelationships relationships generation generation generation generationgenerationgeneration generation (1:4a; (1:4a; (1:4a; (1:4a;(1:4a;(1:4a; (1:4a; BHS BHS BHS BHSBHSBHS BHS ; ; ; ; ; ;;LXX LXXLXXLXX; LXX ἣλιος ἣλιος ἣλιος ἣλιοςἣλιοςἣλιος ἣλιοςֶ; ;שּׁLXX; LXX ;ֶֶ מֶ;שּׁשֶּׁ;שֶֶּׁשֶּׁמֶמשׁשֶֶּׁמשֶּׁמ ֶמשֶׁשׁמשׁ שׁ שׁ שׁ and) )and) and andand)and and the the the thethethe the terms terms terms terms termsterms terms relating relating relating relatingrelatingrelating relating to to to toto to the the tothe thethethe thethe natural natural natural naturalnaturalnatural naturalnatural phenomena, phenomena, phenomena, phenomena,phenomena,phenomena, phenomena, such such such suchsuchsuch such as as as as as as the theas the thethethe the sun sun sun sunsunsun sun (1:5a; (1:5a; (1:5a; (1:5a;(1:5a;(1:5a; (1:5a; BHS BHS BHS BHSBHSBHS BHS ( ((דרא דרא דראדראדראדראTgTg דרא LXX;; ;;LXXLXX LXX γενεὰ γενεὰ γενεὰ γενεὰ;; Tg;Tg Tg;; ; ;TgTgֹדּודּוLXX;LXX ֺדּוֺדּוֺר ; ;רדּוֺ רדּוֺֺדּוֺ רontological,ontological,ontological,ontological, since since since since the the the structurthe structur structur structurstructuralalal termal termal term term for for for kin forkin kin relationshipskin kinrelationships relationships relationships relationships generation generation generation generationgeneration (1:4a;(1:4a; (1:4a; (1:4a;(1:4a; (1:4a;(1:4a;(1:4a; BHSBHS BHS BHSBHS BHS BHS LXXLXX;LXX LXX χείμαρροι χείμαρροι χείμαρροι χείμαρροιχείμαρροιχείμαρροι χείμαρροι;; ; Tg; ;Tg ; Tg TgTg;Tg Tgנְּ LXX ; LXX;ָ ח;LXXנְּנְּ ;נְִּ ;לָנְּח;ָחנְָּחנְִָּלחִלִָחיםלִָחל ִ לִיםליםים ים ים ים streams streams streams ),streamsstreamsstreams streams (1:7a; (1:7a; (1:7a; (1:7a;(1:7a;(1:7a; (1:7a; BHS BHS BHS BHSBHSBHS BHS,(,( ,( ,(,(רוח,( רוחרוחרוח רוח רוח רוח LXX; ;LXX LXX; LXX LXXLXX;LXX LXX πνεῦμα πνεῦμα πνεῦμα πνεῦμαπνεῦμαπνεῦμα πνεῦμα;; ; Tg; ;Tg ; Tg TgTg;Tg Tg ; ַ ;רוּח ; ַרוּח ַרוּח ַרוּח ַרוּח ַרוּח ַרוּח windֶ wind wind ),windwindwind wind (1:6b; (1:6b; (1:6b; (1:6b;(1:6b;(1:6b; (1:6b; BHS BHS BHS BHSBHSBHS BHS,(,(שׁ ,( ,(ֶֶמֶ,(שׁשֶׁ,(שֶֶׁשֶׁמֶמשֶֶׁמשֶׁמ ֶמשֶׁשׁמשׁ שׁ שׁ שׁ LXXֶ;ֶ; ;LXX ;LXX LXX ἣλιος ἣλιος ἣλιος ἣλιος;; ;Tg TgTg;Tg;Tg Tg ; Tg; Tgשּׁ LXXֶֶֶ;ֶשּׁLXXמ ֶֶ;ֶ;משּׁשׁ ֶֶֶֶ מ שּׁשׁ ֶֶ ֶמשׁ שׁ andand and)) ))andand andthethe the the the termstermsthethe terms termsterms termsterms relatingrelating relating relatingrelating relatingrelating toto to thethetoto thetoto the the naturalnaturalthethe natural naturalnatural natural phenomena,phenomena, phenomena, phenomena,phenomena, phenomena,phenomena, suchsuch such suchsuch suchsuchsuch asas as thetheasas asasthe the the thesunsunthethe sun sunsun sun(1:5a;sun(1:5a;sun (1:5a; (1:5a;(1:5a; (1:5a; (1:5a;(1:5a; BHSBHS BHS BHSBHS BHS BHS( דרא((דראדראדרא are) )are) are are areare) are specified specified specified specified specifiedspecified specified as as as as as as being beingas being being beingbeing being a a a a person.a aperson. person. person. aperson.person. person. In In In In In In the the Inthe the thethe the case case case case casecase case ( ((אוקיאנוס אוקיאנוסאוקיאנוסאוקיאנוס אוקיאנוס אוקיאנוס אוקיאנוסLXXLXXׇLXX; LXX θάλασσα θάλασσα θάλασσα θάλασσα θάλασσαθάλασσα θάλασσα;; ; Tg; Tg; ;Tg Tg TgTg; Tg יּ LXXׇ; ;LXX LXX םׇ;יּLXXיׇּ ;יׇּ ;יּםׇ;םיׇּםיּ ם ם ם and). and andand and ).andand and sea sea sea sea seasea (1:7a;sea (1:7a; (1:7a; (1:7a;(1:7a; (1:7a;(1:7a; (1:7a; BHS BHS BHS BHS BHSBHSBHS BHS.( .( .(.(.(נחליא נחליא נחליאנחליאנחליאנחליאTg נחליא LXXLXX LXX χείμαρροι χείμαρροι χείμαρροι χείμαρροι;; ;TgTg Tg;; ; ;TgTg;; ְ נּנְּ;;LXXָנְָּנְּח LXX; ִLXXִָָלח נְּ ִ;ִ;לָנְּחְנְּים ִָלָָ ח ים ִִִ ל ים ים streamsstreams ),),streams),), streamsstreams streamsstreams (1:7a;(1:7a; (1:7a; (1:7a;(1:7a; (1:7a;(1:7a; BHS BHS BHS BHSBHS BHS ,( רוח,( ,( רוח רוחTg רוח LXX;ַLXX LXX;; ;;LXXLXX LXX πνεῦμα πνεῦμα πνεῦμα πνεῦμα;; Tg;Tg Tg;; ; ;TgTgַ רוּח ַ; ַ; רוּח ַרוּח ַַ ַרוּח wind),), wind wind (1:6b;(1:6b; (1:6b; (1:6b;(1:6b; (1:6b;(1:6b; BHSBHS BHS BHSBHS BHS,(ֶ,(ֶ שׁwind ֶֶֶ ,(ֶ שׁמ ֶֶ,(ֶ,(משׁשׁ ֶֶֶֶ שׁמ שׁ ֶֶ ֶמשׁTg שׁTgTg Tg are)are are)) ))are are specifiedspecifiedare specifiedspecified specifiedspecified specified asas asas beingbeingasas being asbeing beingbeing being aa a aperson.person. person. aperson.a a person.person. person. InIn In In thethe InIn theInIn the the case casethethe case casecase case case ofof ofofofof ontological of ontological ofontological ontological ontologicalontologicalontological ontological metaphors, metaphors, metaphors, metaphors, metaphors,metaphors,metaphors, metaphors, the the the personificationthethethethe the personification personification personification personificationpersonificationpersonification personification is is is is is is is not not isnot notnotnot not a a a a a asolitary solitary solitary asolitarysolitarysolitary solitary unified unified unified unifiedunifiedunified unified common common common commoncommoncommon common procedure. procedure. procedure. procedure.procedure.procedure. procedure. The The The TheTheThe The ((אוקיאנוס אוקיאנוס אוקיאנוסTg אוקיאנוס ׇׇ ;LXX;LXX LXX θάλασσα θάλασσα θάλασσα θάλασσα;; TgTg; Tg;;Tg ;Tg;Tg יּיּ;;ׇLXXׇיּיּם ;ׇ LXX LXXם יּ ; ; ׇׇׇיּםיּ ם andand ).).and).). andand andseasea sea seasea(1:7a; (1:7a; sea sea(1:7a; (1:7a;(1:7a; (1:7a;(1:7a; BHSBHS BHS BHSBHS BHS .( .(.(נחליאנחליאנחליאנחליא ofof ofontological ofontological ontological ontological metaphors, metaphors, metaphors, metaphors, the the the personificationthe personification personification personificationnot is is anotis solitarynotis not nota a solitary a solitary a unifiedsolitary solitary unified unified common unified unified common common procedure.common common procedure. procedure. procedure. procedure. The personifications The The The Thepersonifications personificationspersonificationspersonificationspersonifications personifications personifications vary in terms vary vary vary vary varyvary vary in ofin in in in in terms the terms interms terms termsterms terms aspects of of of of of of the the ofthe the thethe of the aspects aspects aspects peopleaspects aspectsaspects aspects of of of of of of people people ofpeople people peoplepeople people that that that that thatthat that are are are are areare are selected. selected. selected. selected. selected.selected. selected. For For For For ForFor For instance, instance, instance, instance, instance,instance, instance, in in in in in in verse verse inverse verse verseverse verse 5 5 5 5 the5 5the the the 5thethe the personificationspersonificationspersonificationspersonifications vary vary vary vary in in termsin termsin terms terms of of theof theof the aspectsthe aspects aspects aspects of thatof peopleof peopleof arepeople people selected. that that that thatare are are Forselected.are selected. selected. instance,selected. For For For ininstance,For instance, verseinstance, instance, 5 in the in versein verse descriptionin verse verse 5 5the 5the 5the descriptionthe descriptiondescription ofdescriptiondescription description description the sun’s ofof of journeyof of of thethe theof the thethe the sun’ssun’s sun’s sun’s sun’ssun’s issun’s injourneyjourney journey journey journeyjourney lively journey is contrastis is is is isinin in isin in in livelylively livelyin lively livelylively lively with contrastcontrast contrast contrast contrastcontrast contrast withwith with with withwith with PsPs Ps Ps PsPs 19,19, Ps 19, 19, 19,19, where19,where where where wherewhere where itit it it it isitis is is itis iscomparedcompared compared iscompared comparedcompared compared toto to to to to aa ato a warriorawarrior a warrior warrior warriorawarrior warrior etc.etc. etc. etc. etc.etc. etc. descriptiondescriptiondescriptiondescription of of theof theof the sun’s the sun’s sun’s sun’s journey journey journey journey is is in is in is livelyin livelyin lively lively contrast contrast contrastPs contrast 19, with wherewith with with Ps Ps 19, itPs Ps19, is 19,where 19, comparedwhere where where it itis itis comparedit tois compared is compared a compared warrior to to etc. ato awarriorto awarrior Michaela warrior warrior etc. etc. V.etc. etc.Michael MichaelFoxMichaelMichaelMichael Michael Michael even V.V. V. V. deemsV.V. Fox FoxV. Fox Fox FoxFox Fox eveneven even even thateveneven even deemsdeems deemsthere deems deemsdeems deems is thatthat that that nothatthat that therethere contrast there there therethere there isis is is is noisno no hereisno nono contracontrano contra contra contracontra contrastststst stst herehere here sthere herehere here betweenbetween between between betweenbetween between thethe the the thethe the evanescenceevanescence evanescence evanescence evanescenceevanescence evanescence ofof of of of of generationsgenerations generationsof generations generationsgenerations generations andand and and andand and MichaelMichaelMichaelMichael V. V. FoxV. FoxV. Fox Foxeven even even even deems deems deems deems that that that thatthere there there there is is no is no is nocontra nocontra contra between contracontrastststst hereherest stherest herehere thehere betweenbetween between evanescence betweenbetween between thethe the the the evanescence evanescencethe evanescence of evanescenceevanescence evanescence generations ofof of generations generations ofof generationsof and generationsgenerations generations the permanence andand and andand andthe thethethethe the the permanence permanence ofpermanence permanencepermanencepermanence thepermanenceearth. Toof of of ofof of this the the of the thethethe the endearth earth earth earthearthearth earth he.. . .To .To interprets. To ToTo.To thisTo this this thisthisthis this end end end endendendearth end he he he hehehe interprets heinterprets interprets interpretsinterpretsinterprets interprets earth earth earth earthearthearth earth as as as asas as meaning meaningas meaning meaningmeaningmeaning meaning humanity humanity humanity humanityhumanityhumanity humanity [42]. [42]. [42]. [42].[42].[42]. [42]. This This This ThisThisThis This is is is is is isa a ais a a a a thethethethe the permanencethepermanencethe permanence permanencepermanence permanence ofof of theoftheof ofthe the the earththeearththe earth earthearth earthearth.. .ToTo To.. . .ToTo thisthis Tothis thisthis thisthisendend end endend endhehe he hehe interpretsas interprets heinterprets meaninginterpretsinterprets interpretsinterprets earthearth humanityearth earthearth earthearth asas as meaningasasmeaning asmeaning [meaningmeaning 42meaning]. This humanityhumanity humanity humanity ishumanity humanity a possibility. [42].[42]. [42]. [42].[42]. [42].[42]. ThisThis This Still,ThisThis This isis is to aais is aisis reconnectpossibility. possibility.apossibility.a possibility.possibility. apossibility. possibility. with Still, Still, Still,Still,Still,Still, Hemingway’sStill, to to tototo to reconnect toreconnect reconnectreconnectreconnectreconnect reconnect aforementioned with with withwithwithwith with Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’sHemingway’sHemingway’sHemingway’s Hemingway’s aforementioned aforementioned aforementionedaforementionedaforementionedaforementioned aforementioned opinion, opinion, opinion,opinion,opinion,opinion, opinion, the the thethethethe the earth earth earthearthearthearth earth abides abides abidesabidesabidesabides abides and and andandandand and possibility.possibility.possibility.possibility. Still, Still, Still, Still, to to toreconnect toreconnect reconnect reconnect with with with with Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’sopinion, aforementioned aforementioned the aforementioned aforementionedearth abides opinion, andopinion, opinion, opinion, humanity the the the earththeearth earth also earth earthearthearth abidesabides hasabides abides abidesabides many andand and and and and reasonshumanity humanityhumanityhumanityhumanity humanity humanity for also also whichalso alsoalsoalso also has has has hashashas to has many many many abide, manymanymany many reasons reasons reasons reasonsforreasonsreasons reasonsapart for for for forforfor from forwhich which which whichwhichwhich Himwhich to to to toto to abide, abide, toabide, abide,abide,abide, abide, for for for forforfor forapart apart apart apartapartapart apart from from from fromfromfrom from Him Him Him HimHimHim Him who who who whowhowho who can can can cancancan can eat eat eat eateateat oreat or or oror or who who orwho whowhowho who can can can cancancan can have have have havehavehave have humanityhumanityhumanityhumanity also also also alsohas has has hasmany many many many reasons reasons reasons reasons for for for which forwhich which which to towho abide,to abide,to abide, can abide, for eat for for apart orapartfor apart whoapart apart fromfrom canfrom from from Him haveHim Him Him Him enjoymentwhowho who who whocancan can can eateatcan eat(Qoh eator or eator whowhoor who 2:25or who whocancan can ESV)? can havehavecan have have haveThis enjoyment enjoymentenjoymentenjoymentenjoyment enjoyment enjoyment also coincides (Qoh (Qoh (Qoh(Qoh(Qoh(Qoh (Qoh 2:25 2:25 2:25 with2:252:252:25 2:25 ESV)? ESV)? ESV)?ESV)? Hemingway’sESV)?ESV)? ESV)? This This ThisThisThisThis This also also alsoalsoalsoalso also further coincides coincides coincidescoincidescoincidescoincides coincides with with withwithwithwith with Hemingway’s Hemingway’s Hemingway’sHemingway’sHemingway’sHemingway’s Hemingway’s further further furtherfurtherfurtherfurther further hints hints hintshintshintshints hints in in ininin in one inone oneoneoneone one of of ofofof of the ofthe thethethethe the enjoymentenjoymentenjoymentenjoymentenjoymentenjoymentenjoyment (Qoh(Qoh (Qoh (Qoh (Qoh(Qoh(Qoh 2:252:25 2:25 2:25 2:25 2:25 ESV)?ESV)? ESV)? ESV)? ESV)?ESV)? ThisThis This This ThisThis alsoalso also also also also coincidescoincides coincides coincides coincidescoincideshints withwith with in with with onewith Hemingway’sHemingway’s Hemingway’s of Hemingway’s Hemingway’sHemingway’s the conversations furtherfurther further further furtherfurtherfurther inhintshints hints the hints hintshints Fiestainin in in oneinone ininone : one one oneofof of of theofthe ofthe the the theconversationsthe conversationsconversationsconversationsconversations conversations conversations in in in in in in the the inthe the thethe the Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta FiestaFiesta Fiesta:: : : : : : conversationsconversationsconversationsconversationsconversations inin in thethein thein the Fiesta the Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta:: : :: :: “‘Gentlemen,’ he said, and unwrapped a drumstick from a piece of newspaper. ‘I reverse the order. For Bryan’s sake. As a tribute to the Great Commoner. First the chicken; then the egg.’ ‘Wonder what day God created the chicken?’ ‘Oh,’ said Bill, sucking the drumstick, ‘how should we know? We should not question. Our stay on earth is not for long. Let us rejoice and believe and give thanks.’ ‘Eat an egg.’ Bill gestured with the drumstick in one hand and the bottle of wine in the other. ‘Let us rejoice in our blessings. Let us utilize the fowls of the air. Let us utilize the product of the vine. Will you utilize a little, brother?’ ‘After you, brother.’ Bill took a long drink. ‘Utilize a little, brother,’ he handed me the bottle. ‘Let us not doubt, brother. Let us not pry into the holy mysteries of the hencoop with simian fingers. Let us accept on faith...” ([43]).

3. Conclusions It is suggested that the scrutiny of wisdom literature metaphors should not lapse into either sophiamania or metaphormania but should be linked with other topics, such as linguistic, semantic, pragmatic, and theological aspects, etc. It is intimated that Proverbs depicts a more nuanced picture concerning the wisdom that it presents. Proverbs is not a scanty do ut des wisdom-book. Similarly to Job and Qoheleth, it also precipitates some of the misfortunes and struggles of life. Here, a somewhat more balanced nexus is advocated between the wisdom categories in Proverbs, Job, and Qoheleth. New metaphor connections are also signalled and expanded. This is the first instance that the relevant visual metaphor from Proverbs is connected to The Simpsons. Two new ontological metaphors are discovered in Prov 25:26–28 – 26:1–12 and examined for the first time in relation to Friedrich Dürrenmatt’s Die Physiker. The hand becoming heavy metaphor in Job 23:2 is examined with reference to Francis Gruber’s Job painting. It is highlighted that the metaphor in the LXX version of the text is applied to God, as opposed to Job. Thus, in this version of the metaphor, God’s hands become heavy upon Job. The metaphor for wholesome food, honey, and curd, in Job 20:17 is scrutinized in convergence with a similar metaphor in András Visky’s Juliet. In Qoh 1:4–7 ontological metaphors are signalled and related to their usage in Ernest Hemingway’s Fiesta. In these ontological metaphors the relevant personifications are also accentuated. Religions 2016, 7, 106 13 of 14

As shown, there is an intrinsic relationship between the metaphors and other aspects of the wisdom literature and contemporary art. This relationship underscores the artistic ingenuity, too, with which metaphors are adopted, adapted, further developed and even altered. At times the metaphors are quoted and used out of context. Still, with the help of the tool of biblical literacy it is possible to gauge the continuous germination of usage within contemporary art of various metaphors found in the wisdom literature. This might also mean that the wider society is in contact with the wisdom corpus of the Hebrew Bible and that the metaphors and other aspects found in it are still masterly enough to inspire and influence 21st century audiences. Finally, biblical scholarship in its exegetical, hermeneutical, and theological enterprises, might also benefit from paying close attention to the usage of wisdom metaphors in contemporary art contexts.

Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Ezek Ezekiel LXX Septuagint Prov Proverbs Qoh Qoheleth Sir Sirach

References and Notes

1. Franz-Josef Steiert. Die Weisheit Israels—ein Fremdkörper im Alten Testament? Eine Untersuchung zum Buch der Sprüche auf dem Hintergrund der ägyptischen Weisheitslehren. Freiburg: Herder, 1990. 2. Gerhard Von Rad. Weisheit in Israel. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1970. 3. James Muilenburg. “Form Criticism and Beyond.” In Beyond Form Criticism: Essays in Old Testament Literary Criticism. Edited by Paul R. House. SBTS 2. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1992, pp. 49–69. 4. Roland Meynet. Rhetorical Analysis: An Introduction to Biblical Rhetoric. JSOTSup 256. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998. 5. Pierre van Hecke, and Joode de Joode. “Metaphormania and Metaphorology: Identifying Metaphor in Biblical Literature.” Paper presented at Society of Biblical Literature—Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, USA, 23–26 November 2013. 6. James L. Crenshaw. “Method in Determining Wisdom Influence upon ‘Historical’ Literature.” JBL 88 (1969): 129–42. [CrossRef] 7. Tremper Longman, III. Proverbs. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006, p. 62. 8. Robert Alter. The Book of Psalms: A Translation with Commentary. New York: Norton, 2007, p. xxiv. 9. Brent A. Strawn. “Imagery.” In Dictionary of the Old Testament Wisdom, Poetry & Writings. Edited by Tremper Longman, III and Peter Enns. CCBS. Nottingham: Inter-Varsity Press, 2008, p. 306. 10. Adele Berlin. “On Reading Biblical Poetry: The Role of Metaphor.” In Congress Volume: Cambridge 1995. Edited by J. A. Emerton. Leiden: Brill, 1997, pp. 27–28. 11. Szikszainé Nagy Irma. Magyar Stilisztika. Osiris Tankönyvek. Budapest: Osiris Kiadó, 2007, pp. 442–43. 12. Bálint Károly Zabán. “Metaphor Theories and the Function of Metaphors in the Book of Proverbs.” Paper presented at European Association of Biblical Studies—Annual Meeting, Cordoba, Spain, 12–15 July 2015. 13. Hans-Georg Geyer. “Kunst III. Kunst und christlicher Glaube.” In Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Edited by Kurt Galling. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1986, pp. 161–65. 14. Jelle Wytzes. “Kunst.” In Christelijke Encyclopedie. Edited by Frederik Willem Grosheide and Gerrit Pieter van Itterzon. Kampen: J. H. Kok N.V., 1959, pp. 341–44. 15. Francis A. Schaeffer. The God Who Is There. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1968. 16. Francis A. Schaeffer. Art and the Bible. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1973. 17. Wikipedia. “Contemporary art.” Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art (accessed on 29 March 2016). Religions 2016, 7, 106 14 of 14

18. Bálint Károly Zabán. The Pillar Function of the Speeches of Wisdom: Proverbs 1:20–33; 8:1–36 and 9:1–6 in the Structural Framework of Proverbs 1–9. BZAW 429. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2012, pp. 236–43. 19. The latter painting also features on the cover of one of the books written on metaphor by my compatriot Zoltán Kövecses. Where Metaphors Come From: Reconsidering Context in Metaphor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. 20. mek.oszk.hu. “Magányos cédrus.” Available online: http://mek.oszk.hu/01300/01314/html/elemzes.htm#1 (accessed on 20 March 2016). 21. Brevard Childs. “Tree of Knowledge, Tree of Life.” In The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible R-Z. Edited by George Arthur Buttrick. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962, pp. 695–97. 22. Karolien Vermeulen. “The Tree of Metaphors. In the Book of Proverbs.” In Conceptual Metaphors in Poetic Texts. Proceedings of the Metaphor Research Group of the European Association of Biblical Studies in Lincoln 2009. Edited by Antje Labahn. PHSC 18. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2013, p. 112. 23. CSONTVÁRY KOSZTKA Tivadar. “Magányos cédrus.” Available online: http://www.hung-art.hu/vezetes/ tajkepek/cedrus.html (accessed on 20 March 2016). 24. CSONTVÁRY KOSZTKA Tivadar. “Zarándoklás a cédrusokhoz Libanonban.” Available online: http://www. hung-art.hu/frames.html?/magyar/c/csontvar/muvek/5/csont510.html (accessed on 20 March 2016). 25. Ferenc Romváry. Csontváry Kosztka Tivadar 1853–1919. Pécs: Alexandra Kiadó, 1999, p. 132. 26. Roland E. Murphy. Proverbs. Nashville: Nelson, 1998, p. 174. 27. Robert J. Myles. “Biblical Literacy and The Simpsons.” In Rethinking Biblical Literacy. Edited by Katie Edwards. London: Bloomsbury, 2015, p. 158. 28. Paul Ricoeur. The Rule of Metaphor. Multi-Disciplinary Studies of Creation of Meaning in Language. London: Routledge, 1997, p. 94. 29. Gail R. O’Day, quoted in Walter Brueggemann. Solomon: Israel’s Ironic Icon of Human Achievement. SPOT. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press, 2005, p. xiii. 30. Johan de Joode, and Hanneke van Loon. “Selecting and Analyzing Metaphors in the Hebrew Bible. Cognitive Linguistics and the Literary.” In Approaches to Literary Readings of Ancient Jewish Writings. Edited by Klaas Smelik and Karolien Vermeulen. Leiden: Brill, 2014, p. 44. 31. George Lakoff, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. London: The University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp. 25–27. 32. Francis Gruber. “Even Now, My Complaint Is a Rebellion, and Yet My Hand Compresses My Sighs.” Available online: http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gruber-job-t00180 (accessed on 1 April 2016). 33. biblia.hu. “A Biblia a Magyar Képz˝om˝uvészetben.”Available online: http://biblia.hu/a_biblia_a_magyar_ kepzomuveszetben/job_szenvedesenek_ertelme (accessed on 4 April 2016). 34. David J. A. Clines. Job 1-20, Electronic ed. Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 1998, p. S. 490. 35. Gilbert Keith Chesterton. The Man Who Was Thursday: A Nightmare. New York: Modern Library, 2001, p. 7. 36. Craig G. Bartholomew, and Ryan P. O’Dowd. Old Testament Wisdom Literature. A Theological Introduction. Nottingham: Apollos, 2011. 37. Karl Barth. Hiob. Herausgegeben und Eingeleitet von Helmut Gollwitzer. Biblische Studien. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1966. 38. Karl Barth. Kirchliche Dogmatiek. IV/3.1. Zürich: Evangelischer Verlag, 1959, pp. 425–551. 39. András Visky. Júlia—Párbeszéd a szerelemr˝ol. Budapest: Fekete Sas Kiadó, 2003, pp. 22–23, 38. 40. Eric S. Christianson. Ecclesiastes through the Centuries. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. 41. Wikipedia. “The Sun Also Rises.” Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises (accessed on 4 April 2016). 42. Roland E. Murphy. Ecclesiates. Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 1998, p. S. 7. 43. Ernest Hemingway. “The Sun Also Rises.” Available online: http://www.24grammata.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/06/Hemingway-TheSunAlsoRises-24grammata.pdf (accessed on 4 April 2016).

© 2016 by the author; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).