Nanoelectronics
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Imperial College London Department of Physics Graphene Field Effect
Imperial College London Department of Physics Graphene Field Effect Transistors arXiv:2010.10382v2 [cond-mat.mes-hall] 20 Jul 2021 By Mohamed Warda and Khodr Badih 20 July 2021 Abstract The past decade has seen rapid growth in the research area of graphene and its application to novel electronics. With Moore's law beginning to plateau, the need for post-silicon technology in industry is becoming more apparent. Moreover, exist- ing technologies are insufficient for implementing terahertz detectors and receivers, which are required for a number of applications including medical imaging and secu- rity scanning. Graphene is considered to be a key potential candidate for replacing silicon in existing CMOS technology as well as realizing field effect transistors for terahertz detection, due to its remarkable electronic properties, with observed elec- tronic mobilities reaching up to 2 × 105 cm2 V−1 s−1 in suspended graphene sam- ples. This report reviews the physics and electronic properties of graphene in the context of graphene transistor implementations. Common techniques used to syn- thesize graphene, such as mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, and epitaxial growth are reviewed and compared. One of the challenges associated with realizing graphene transistors is that graphene is semimetallic, with a zero bandgap, which is troublesome in the context of digital electronics applications. Thus, the report also reviews different ways of opening a bandgap in graphene by using bi- layer graphene and graphene nanoribbons. The basic operation of a conventional field effect transistor is explained and key figures of merit used in the literature are extracted. Finally, a review of some examples of state-of-the-art graphene field effect transistors is presented, with particular focus on monolayer graphene, bilayer graphene, and graphene nanoribbons. -
Accomplishments in Nanotechnology
U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretaiy Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretaiy of Commerce for Technology National Institute ofStandards and Technolog}' William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment used are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 1052 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1052, 186 pages (August 2006) CODEN: NSPUE2 NIST Special Publication 1052 Accomplishments in Nanoteciinology Compiled and Edited by: Michael T. Postek, Assistant to the Director for Nanotechnology, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Joseph Kopanski, Program Office and David Wollman, Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory U. S. Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 August 2006 National Institute of Standards and Teclinology • Technology Administration • U.S. Department of Commerce Acknowledgments Thanks go to the NIST technical staff for providing the information outlined on this report. Each of the investigators is identified with their contribution. Contact information can be obtained by going to: http ://www. nist.gov Acknowledged as well, -
Nanomaterial Safety
Nanomaterial Safety What are Nanomaterials? Nanomaterials or nanoparticles are human engineered particles with at least one dimension in the range of one to one hundred nanometers. They can be composed of many different base materials (carbon, silicon, and various metals). Research involving nanomaterials ranges from nano-particle synthesis to antineoplastic drug implants to cell culture work. Material Scientists, Chemists, Biologists, Biochemists, Physicists, Microbiologists, Medical-related disciplines and many engineering disciplines (Mechanical, Chemical, Biological and Environmental, etc.) perform research using nanomaterials. Naturally created particles of this size range are normally called ultra-fine particles. Examples are welding fumes, volcanic ash, motor vehicle exhaust, and combustion products. Nanomaterials come in many different shapes and dimensions, such as: • 0-dimensional: quantum dots • 1-dimensional: nanowires, nanotubes, • 2-dimensional: nanoplates, nanoclays • 3-dimensional: Buckyballs, Fullerenes, nanoropes, crystalline structures Nanoparticles exhibit very different properties than their respective bulk materials, including greater strength, conductivity, fluorescence and surface reactivity. Health Effects Results from studies on rodents and in cell cultures exposed to ultrafine and nanoparticles have shown that these particles are more toxic than larger ones on a mass-for-mass basis. Animal studies indicate that nanoparticles cause more pulmonary inflammation, tissue damage, and lung tumors than larger particles Solubility, shape, surface area and surface chemistry are all determinants of nanoparticle toxicity There is uncertainty as to the levels above which these particles become toxic and whether the concentrations found in the workplace are hazardous Respiratory Hazards: • Nanoparticles are deposited in the lungs to a greater extent than larger particles • Based on animal studies, nanoparticles may enter the bloodstream from the lungs and translocate to other organs and they are able to cross the blood brain barrier. -
Best Practices for Handling Nanoparticles in Laboratories
Best Practices for Handling Nanoparticles in Laboratories Introduction The purpose of this document is to provide a readily-accessible summary of information currently available on safe work practices for research laboratories working with engineered nanomaterials at Missouri State University. This interim guidance has been compiled from guidance from governmental agencies and universities currently engaged in nanomaterial research sources such as: The Center for Disease Control (CDC), The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Department of Energy (DOE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Virginia Tech, and University of Florida. A list of sources can be found in the References section at the end of this document. It should be recognized that rapid changes in the understanding of these risks and management techniques may occur in this field, and researchers are strongly encouraged to stay abreast of these developments. It is anticipated that the internal MSU documents will be used in conjunction with the researcher’s Departmental (or University general) Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), and that this guidance is subject to revision as new information or regulatory guidance becomes available. Nanomaterial Definitions Nanoparticles are particles having a diameter of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm) that may or may not have size-related intensive properties. The precise definition of particle diameter depends on particle shape as well as how the diameter is measured. These materials often exhibit unique physical and chemical properties as compared to their parent compounds. They may be suspended in a gas as a nanoaerosol, suspended in a liquid as a colloid or nanohydrosol, or embedded in a matrix as a nanocomposite. -
Fundamentals of Nanoelectronics (Fone)
ESF EUROCORES Programme Fundamentals of NanoElectronics (FoNE) Highlights European Science Foundation (ESF) Physical and Engineering Sciences (PESC) The European Science Foundation (ESF) is an The Physical and Engineering Sciences are key drivers independent, non-governmental organisation, the for research and innovation, providing fundamental members of which are 78 national funding agencies, insights and creating new applications for mankind. research performing agencies, academies and learned The goal of the ESF Standing Committee for Physical societies from 30 countries. and Engineering Sciences (PESC) is to become the The strength of ESF lies in its influential membership pan-European platform for innovative research and and in its ability to bring together the different domains competitive new ideas while addressing societal of European science in order to meet the challenges of issues in a more effective and sustainable manner. the future. The Committee is a unique cross-disciplinary Since its establishment in 1974, ESF, which has its group, with networking activities comprising a good headquarters in Strasbourg with offices in Brussels mix of experimental and theoretical approaches. and Ostend, has assembled a host of organisations It distinguishes itself by focusing on fundamental that span all disciplines of science, to create a research and engineering. PESC covers the following common platform for cross-border cooperation in broad spectrum of fields: chemistry, mathematics, Europe. informatics and the computer sciences, physics, ESF is dedicated to promoting collaboration in fundamental engineering sciences and materials scientific research, funding of research and science sciences. policy across Europe. Through its activities and instruments ESF has made major contributions to science in a global context. -
Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Chemical Engineering Faculty Publications Chemical Engineering 2019 Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA Mohammad Moein Safee University of Rhode Island Mitchell Gravely University of Rhode Island Adeline Lamothe University of Rhode Island Megan McSweeney University of Rhode Island Daniel E. Roxbury University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/che_facpubs Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Citation/Publisher Attribution Safaee, M.M., Gravely, M., Lamothe, A. et al. Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA. Sci Rep 9, 11926 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48449-x Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48449-x This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemical Engineering at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemical Engineering Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA Mohammad Moein Safaee , Mitchell Gravely, Adeline Lamothe, Megan McSweeney & Daniel Roxbury Received: 31 January 2019 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have recently been utilized as fllers that reduce the Accepted: 6 August 2019 fammability and enhance the strength and thermal conductivity of material composites. Enhancing Published: xx xx xxxx the thermal stability of SWCNTs is crucial when these materials are applied to high temperature applications. In many instances, SWCNTs are applied to composites with surface coatings that are toxic to living organisms. -
Carbon Nanomaterials: Building Blocks in Energy Conversion Devices
Mimicking Photosynthesis Carbon nanostructure-based donor- acceptor molecular assemblies can be engineered to mimic natural photo- synthesis. Fullerene C60 is an excellent electron acceptor for the design of donor-bridge-acceptor molecular systems. Photoinduced charge transfer processes in fullerene-based dyads and triads have been extensively investigated by several research groups during the last decade. In these cases the excited C60 accepts an electron from the linked donor group Carbon Nanomaterials: to give the charge-separated state under visible light excitation. Photoinduced charge separation in these dyads has Building Blocks in Energy been achieved using porphyrins, phtha- locyanine, ruthenium complexes, ferro- cene, and anilines as electron donors. Conversion Devices The rate of electron transfer and by Prashant Kamat charge separation efficiency is dependent on the molecular configuration, redox Carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and mesoporous carbon potential of the donor, and the medium. Clustering the fullerene-donor systems structures constitute a new class of carbon nanomaterials with provides a unique way to stabilize properties that differ signifi cantly from other forms of carbon electron transfer products. The stability of C anions in cluster forms opens such as graphite and diamond. The ability to custom synthesize 60 up new ways to store and transport nanotubes with attached functional groups or to assemble photochemically harnessed charge. fullerene (C60 and analogues) clusters into three-dimensional Novel organic solar cells have (3D) arrays has opened up new avenues to design high surface been constructed by quaternary area catalyst supports and materials with high photochemical self-organization of porphyrin and fullerenes with gold nanoparticles. and electrochemical activity. -
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Prospects and Applications in Medicine
nanomaterials Review Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Prospects and Applications in Medicine Daniel Ziental 1 , Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska 2, Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk 3 , Arleta Glowacka-Sobotta 4, Beata Stanisz 5, Tomasz Goslinski 3,* and Lukasz Sobotta 1,* 1 Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department and Clinic of Maxillofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.G.); [email protected] (L.S.) Received: 4 January 2020; Accepted: 19 February 2020; Published: 23 February 2020 Abstract: Metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), including titanium dioxide NPs, among polymeric NPs, liposomes, micelles, quantum dots, dendrimers, or fullerenes, are becoming more and more important due to their potential use in novel medical therapies. Titanium dioxide (titanium(IV) oxide, titania, TiO2) is an inorganic compound that owes its recent rise in scientific interest to photoactivity. After the illumination in aqueous media with UV light, TiO2 produces an array of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The capability to produce ROS and thus induce cell death has found application in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of a wide range of maladies, from psoriasis to cancer. -
Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties
ISBN 0 85403 604 0 © The Royal Society 2004 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to: Science Policy Section The Royal Society 6–9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG email [email protected] Typeset in Frutiger by the Royal Society Proof reading and production management by the Clyvedon Press, Cardiff, UK Printed by Latimer Trend Ltd, Plymouth, UK ii | July 2004 | Nanoscience and nanotechnologies The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties Contents page Summary vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hopes and concerns about nanoscience and nanotechnologies 1 1.2 Terms of reference and conduct of the study 2 1.3 Report overview 2 1.4 Next steps 3 2 What are nanoscience and nanotechnologies? 5 3 Science and applications 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Nanomaterials 7 3.2.1 Introduction to nanomaterials 7 3.2.2 Nanoscience in this area 8 3.2.3 Applications 10 3.3 Nanometrology -
Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Nanoelectronics And
Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Nanoelectronics and Nanomechanics E. H. Yang Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 07030 ABSTRACT We are exploring nanoelectronic engineering areas based on low dimensional materials, including carbon nanotubes and graphene. Our primary research focus is investigating carbon nanotube and graphene architectures for field emission applications, energy harvesting and sensing. In a second effort, we are developing a high-throughput desktop nanolithography process. Lastly, we are studying nanomechanical actuators and associated nanoscale measurement techniques for re-configurable arrayed nanostructures with applications in antennas, remote detectors, and biomedical nanorobots. The devices we fabricate, assemble, manipulate, and characterize potentially have a wide range of applications including those that emerge as sensors, detectors, system-on-a-chip, system-in-a-package, programmable logic controls, energy storage systems, and all-electronic systems. INTRODUCTION A key attribute of modern warfare is the use of advanced electronics and information technologies. The ability to process, analyze, distribute and act upon information from sensors and other data at very high- speeds has given the US military unparalleled technological superiority and agility in the battlefield. While recent advances in materials and processing methods have led to the development of faster processors and high-speed devices, it is anticipated that future technological breakthroughs in these areas will increasingly be driven by advances in nanoelectronics. A vital enabler in generating significant improvements in nanoelectronics is graphene, a recently discovered nanoelectronic material. The outstanding electrical properties of both carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [1] and graphene [2] make them exceptional candidates for the development of novel electronic devices. -
Designing a Nanoelectronic Circuit to Control a Millimeter-Scale Walking Robot
Designing a Nanoelectronic Circuit to Control a Millimeter-scale Walking Robot Alexander J. Gates November 2004 MP 04W0000312 McLean, Virginia Designing a Nanoelectronic Circuit to Control a Millimeter-scale Walking Robot Alexander J. Gates November 2004 MP 04W0000312 MITRE Nanosystems Group e-mail: [email protected] WWW: http://www.mitre.org/tech/nanotech Sponsor MITRE MSR Program Project No. 51MSR89G Dept. W809 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. Copyright © 2004 by The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Gates, Alexander Abstract A novel nanoelectronic digital logic circuit was designed to control a millimeter-scale walking robot using a nanowire circuit architecture. This nanoelectronic circuit has a number of benefits, including extremely small size and relatively low power consumption. These make it ideal for controlling microelectromechnical systems (MEMS), such as a millirobot. Simulations were performed using a SPICE circuit simulator, and unique device models were constructed in this research to assess the function and integrity of the nanoelectronic circuit’s output. It was determined that the output signals predicted for the nanocircuit by these simulations meet the requirements of the design, although there was a minor signal stability issue. A proposal is made to ameliorate this potential problem. Based on this proposal and the results of the simulations, the nanoelectronic circuit designed in this research could be used to begin to address the broader issue of further miniaturizing circuit-micromachine systems. i Gates, Alexander I. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe the novel nanoelectronic digital logic circuit shown in Figure 1, which has been designed by this author to control a millimeter-scale walking robot. -
The Economic Impact of Moore's Law: Evidence from When It Faltered
The Economic Impact of Moore’s Law: Evidence from when it faltered Neil Thompson Sloan School of Management, MIT1 Abstract “Computing performance doubles every couple of years” is the popular re- phrasing of Moore’s Law, which describes the 500,000-fold increase in the number of transistors on modern computer chips. But what impact has this 50- year expansion of the technological frontier of computing had on the productivity of firms? This paper focuses on the surprise change in chip design in the mid-2000s, when Moore’s Law faltered. No longer could it provide ever-faster processors, but instead it provided multicore ones with stagnant speeds. Using the asymmetric impacts from the changeover to multicore, this paper shows that firms that were ill-suited to this change because of their software usage were much less advantaged by later improvements from Moore’s Law. Each standard deviation in this mismatch between firm software and multicore chips cost them 0.5-0.7pp in yearly total factor productivity growth. These losses are permanent, and without adaptation would reflect a lower long-term growth rate for these firms. These findings may help explain larger observed declines in the productivity growth of users of information technology. 1 I would like to thank my PhD advisors David Mowery, Lee Fleming, Brian Wright and Bronwyn Hall for excellent support and advice over the years. Thanks also to Philip Stark for his statistical guidance. This work would not have been possible without the help of computer scientists Horst Simon (Lawrence Berkeley National Lab) and Jim Demmel, Kurt Keutzer, and Dave Patterson in the Berkeley Parallel Computing Lab, I gratefully acknowledge their overall guidance, their help with the Berkeley Software Parallelism Survey and their hospitality in letting me be part of their lab.