DOCSLIB.ORG

Accomplishments in Nanotechnology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Accomplishments in Nanotechnology U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretaiy Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretaiy of Commerce for Technology National Institute ofStandards and Technolog}' William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment used are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 1052 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1052, 186 pages (August 2006) CODEN: NSPUE2 NIST Special Publication 1052 Accomplishments in Nanoteciinology Compiled and Edited by: Michael T. Postek, Assistant to the Director for Nanotechnology, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Joseph Kopanski, Program Office and David Wollman, Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory U. S. Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 August 2006 National Institute of Standards and Teclinology • Technology Administration • U.S. Department of Commerce Acknowledgments Thanks go to the NIST technical staff for providing the information outlined on this report. Each of the investigators is identified with their contribution. Contact information can be obtained by going to: http ://www. nist.gov Acknowledged as well, is the invaluable assistance and support provided by Mark Bello of the NIST Public and Business Affairs Office, Thelma Allen, Douglas Smith and Anne Chaka of the NIST Program Office. Bessmarie (Beamie) Young is also thanked for her contribution to the design of the cover for this document. Mylene Ouimette and Use Putman of the NIST Information Services Division are thanked for their assistance in getting the document prepared for publishing and Geoff Holdridge of the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office and WTEC is thanked for his invaluable assistance in document formatting and preparation. Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction 1 1 - Fundamental Nanoscale Phenomena and Processes Nanoscale Science, Joseph A. Stroscio and Daniel T. Pierce (PL) 5 Nanotechnology with atom optics, Jabez J. McClelland PL) 7 Nanoscale Characterization of Polymeric Materials Degradation, Tinh Nguyen, Xiaohong Gu, and Jon Martin (BFRL) 9 Nanomechanical Characterization of Nanoparticle-filled Polymeric Coatings and Composites, Stephanie Scierka and Peter Votruba-Drzal (BFRI.) 11 Creating Visual Models of Nanoworlds, Judith Devaney (ITL) 13 Brillouin Light Scattering, Ward Johnson, Sudook Kim, Colm Flarmery, and Pavel Kabos (MSEL) 15 Nanolithography: Next-Generation Polymer Photoresists, Vivek M. Prabhu (MSEL) 16 Modeling for Organic Conduction, Carlos A. Gonzalez (CSTL) 17 Spin Electronics, William H. Rippard and Matthew R. Pufall (EEEL) 19 Nanomagnetodynamics, Robert D. McMichael (MSEL) 21 Nanomagnetism, John Unguris and Mark Stiles (PL) 22 Synthesis, Characterization, and Manipulation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, Guangjun Cheng and Angela R. Hight Walker (PL) 24 Nanomagnetodynamics: Fundamental Properties, Thomas J. Silva, (EEEL) 25 Bioelectronics Michael Gaitan, Darwin Reyes-Hernandez, and Brian Polk, EEEL, Laurie Locascio, and Sam Forry CSTL 27 Single Molecule Nanovials, Michael Gaitan EEEL, and Laurie Locascio and Wyatt Vreeland, CSTL 29 Optical Manipulation of Nanocontainers and Nanotubes, William D. Phillips, Kristian Helmerson (PL) 31 NIST Accomplishments in Nanotechnology iii Table of Contents Fundamental Properties of Quantum Dots, Kevin Silverman (EEEL) 33 Multiscale Modeling of Nanostructures, Vinod Tewary and David Read (MSEL) 35 Designing the Nanoworld: Nanosystems and Nanooptics, Gamett W. Bryant (PL) 36 Precision Metrology for Nanoscale Quantum Technologies, John Lawall and Gamett W. Bryant (PL) 38 Control of Cold Quantum Gases for Atomic Clocks and Quantum Information Processing, Paul S. Julienne and Lite Tiesinga (PL) 40 Quantum Computing with Trapped Ions, David Wineland and Tom O'Brian (PL) 42 Neutral Atom Quantum Computation, William D. Phillips, James Porto (PL) 44 2 - Nanomaterials Polymer Miscibility of Imidazolium Compatibilized Nanotubes, Jeffrey Oilman (BFRL) 45 New Materials to Protect Firefighters from Bum Injuries, Jeffrey Oilman and Kuldeep Prasad (BFRL) 46 Characterization and Photoreactivity of Titanium Dioxide Nanostmctures, Stephanie Scierka and Joarmie Chin (BFRL) 47 Optical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, John Lehman (EEEL) 49 Characterization of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Angela R. Hight Walker (PL) 50 Stability of Nanowires, Geoffrey B. McFadden (ITL) 51 Semiconductor Quantum Dot Structure Metrology, Alexana Roshko (EEEL) 53 Chemistry and Stmcture of Nanomaterials, Daniel A. Fischer (MSEL) 55 Mechanical Metrology for Small-Scale Structures, Edwin R. Fuller, Jr. and George D. Quinn (MSEL) 56 Highly Charged Ion Modified Materials, Joshua M. Pomeroy and John D. Oillaspy (PL) 57 Nanoscale Metrology of Ill-Nitride Semiconductor Films and Nanowires, Norman Sanford and John Schlager (EEEL) 58 Mathematical Modeling of Nanomagnetism, Michael J. Donahue and Donald O. Porter (ITL) 60 Magnetic Materials For Nanoscale Sensors and Ultra-High Density Data Storage, William F. Egelhoff, Jr. (MSEL) 62 NIST Accomplishments in Nanotechnology iv Table of Contents 3 - Nanoscale Devices and Systems Evanescent Microwave Probing and High-resolution Microwave Power Imaging, Michael Janezic, James Baker-Jarvis, and Pavel Kabos (EEEL) 63 Chemical Sensing with Nanowires & Nanotubes, Richard E. Cavicchi (CSTL) 64 III -Nitride Semiconductor Nanowires: Growth and Characterization, Kris Bertness and Norman Sanford (EEEL) 65 Measuring & Understanding Charge Transport in Molecules, Roger van Zee, (CSTL) 66 MOS Device Characterization and Reliability Project, John S. Suehle and Eric M. Vogel (EEEL) 68 Nanoelectronic Device Metrology Project, Curt A. Richter and Eric M. Vogel (EEEL) 70 Nanomagnetodynamics: Devices, Stephen E. Russek, (EEEL) 72 Nanoscale Engineered Magnetic Sensors, David P. Pappas, (EEEL) 74 Single Photon Sources and Detectors, Richard Mirin (EEEL) 76 Terahertz Technology, Erich Grossman and Robert Schwall (EEEL) 78 Nanoscale Fabrication, James Beall (EEEL) 80 Johnson Noise Thermometry, Wes Tew, Sam Benz, Sae Woo Nam (EEEL) 82 Quantum Communications, Sae Woo Nam (EEEL) 84 Quantum Computing Using Superconducting Phase Qubits, Ray Simmonds (EEEL) 86 Quantum Sensors, Kent Irwin (EEEL) 88 Single Electronics for Standards and Metrology, Mark Keller and Neil Zimmerman (EEEL) 90 Quantum Voltage Metrology, Samuel Benz and Yi-hua Tang (EEEL) 92 Architectures for Fault-tolerant Quantum Computing, Emanuel Knill (ITL) 94 Synthesis of Quantum Logic Circuits, Stephen S. Bullock (ITL) 96 Quantitative single-molecular pair fluorescence resonance, Lori S. Goldner (PL) 98 Bacteriophage/Quantum-dot nanocomplex to detect biological target in clinical or environmental isolates, Jeeseong Hwang (PL) 100 NIST Accomplishments in Nanotechnology V Table of Contents 4- Instrumentation Research, Metrology and Standards for Nanotechnology Chemical Sensor Microscopy for Nanotechnology, Tinh Nguyen and Xiaohong Gu (BFRL) 101 Nanomechanical Properties of Polymer Thin Films, Christopher M. Stafford (MSEL) 103 Nanomechanical Metrology, Douglas T. Smith and Lyle E. Levine (MSEL) 104 Improving Image Resolution in Nanotechnology, Alfred Carasso (ITL) 105 Optical Metrology for Nanolithography, John H. Burnett, Simon G. Kaplan, and Eric L. Shirley (PL) 107 True Three-Dimensional Tomography Utilizing Bayesian Statistical Inference, Donald Malec and Juan Soto (ITL) 109 Structure and Dispersion Measurements of Polymeric Building Materials, Li-Piin Sung (BFRL) Ill Synthetic X-ray Spectrum Images for 3D Chemical Imaging at the Nanoscale, John Henry J. Scott and Nicholas Ritchie (CSTL) 113 Carbon Nanotube Metrology, Paul Rice and Tammy Oreskovic (MSEL) 115 Nanotribology and Surface Properties, Stephen Hsu (MSEL) 116 Neutron Reflectometry for Highly Accurate Nanometer Metrology, Joseph A. Dura (MSEL) 117 Gradient Reference Specimens for Advanced Scanned Probe Microscopy, Michael J. Fasolka and Duangrut Julthongpiput (MSEL) 118 Quantitative Nanomechanical Properties, Donna C. Hurley (MSEL) 119 Highly Charged Ions in EUV Lithography, John D. Gillaspy and Joshua M. Pomeroy (PL) 120 Electrical Test Structure Metrology, Michael Cresswell and Richard Allen (EEEL) 122 Molecular Nanomagnets, Brant Cage and Stephen E. Russek, (EEEL) 124 Nanomagnetic Measurements, John Moreland, (EEEL) 126 Nanoparticle Measurements for Biological Applications, John Moreland, (EEEL) 128 Imaging Methods for Nanoparticle and Cell Systems to Investigate Toxicity, Cynthia J. Zeissler and Peter E. Barker (CSTL) 130 NIST Accomplishments in Nanotechnology vi Table of Contents 5 - Nanomanufacturing Development of High-resolution Variable Pressure Reference Scanning Electron Microscope, Andras E. Vladar, Michael T. Postek and John S. Villarrubia (MEL) 133 Scanning Probe Microscopy for Nanoscale Measurements, Ronald Dixson, Joseph Fu, George Orji, and Theodore Vorburger (MEL) 135 Scanning Probe Microscopy for Nanoscale Measurements: Atom-Based Height Standards, Joseph Fu, Ronald Dixson, George Orji, and Theodore Vorburger (MEL) 137 Atom-Based Dimensional Metrology, Rick Silver (MEL) 139 Critical Dimension Metrology using Scanning Electron Microscopy and a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biosensors and Bioelectronics 142 (2019) 111530
    Biosensors and Bioelectronics 142 (2019) 111530 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biosensors and Bioelectronics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bios Highly sensitive bioaffinity electrochemiluminescence sensors: Recent T advances and future directions ∗ Bahareh Babamiria,b, Delnia Baharia,b, Abdollah Salimia,b,c, a Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran b Research Center for Nanotechnology, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran c Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, N6A 5B7, London, Ontario, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (also called electrochemiluminescence and abbreviated ECL) has attracted Electrochemiluminescence much attention in various fields of analysis due to the potential remarkably high sensitivity, extremely wide Bioaffinity sensors dynamic range and excellent controllability. Electrochemiluminescence biosensor, by taking the advantage of Aptasensor the selectivity of the biological recognition elements and the high sensitivity of ECL technique was applied as a Immunoassays powerful analytical device for ultrasensitive detection of biomolecule. In this review, we summarize the latest Genosensor sensing applications of ECL bioanalysis in the field of bio affinity ECL sensors including aptasensors, im- Cytosensor Medical diagnostics munoassays and DNA analysis, cytosensor, molecularly imprinted sensors, ECL resonance energy transfer and Nanomaterials ratiometric biosensors and give future perspectives for new developments in ECL analytical technology. Furthermore, the results herein discussed would demonstrate that the use of nanomaterials with unique chemical and physical properties in the ECL biosensing systems is one of the most interesting research lines for the development of ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensors. In addition, ECL based sensing assays for clinical samples analysis and medical diagnostics and developing of immunosensors, aptasensors and cytosensor for this purpose is also highlighted.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers – Innovative Genera- Tions of Solid Lipid Carriers
    324 Current Drug Delivery, 2008, 5, 324-331 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers – Innovative Genera- tions of Solid Lipid Carriers S.S. Shidhaye*, Reshma Vaidya, Sagar Sutar, Arati Patwardhan and V.J. Kadam Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, India Abstract: The first generation of solid lipid carrier systems in nanometer range, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN), was introduced as an alternative to liposomes. SLN are aqueous colloidal dispersions, the matrix of which comprises of solid biodegradable lipids. SLN are manufactured by techniques like high pressure homogenization, solvent diffusion method etc. They exhibit major advantages such as modulated release, improved bioavailability, protection of chemically labile molecules like retinol, peptides from degradation, cost effec- tive excipients, improved drug incorporation and wide application spectrum. However there are certain limitations associated with SLN, like limited drug loading capacity and drug expulsion during storage, which can be minimized by the next generation of solid lipids, Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). NLC are lipid particles with a controlled nanostructure that improves drug loading and firmly incor- porates the drug during storage. Owing to their properties and advantages, SLN and NLC may find extensive application in topical drug delivery, oral and parenteral administration of cosmetic and pharmaceutical actives. Cosmeceuticals is emerging as the biggest applica- tion target of these carriers. Carrier systems like SLN and NLC were developed with a perspective to meet industrial needs like scale up, qualification and validation, simple technology, low cost etc. This paper reviews present status of SLN and NLC as carrier systems with special emphasis on their ap- plication in Cosmeceuticals; it also gives an overview about various manufacturing techniques of SLN and NLC.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanocellulose Fragmentation Mechanisms and Inversion of Chirality From
    Nanocellulose Fragmentation Mechanisms and Inversion of Chirality from the Single Particle to the Cholesteric Phase Gustav Nyström1, Jozef Adamcik1, Ivan Usov2, Mario Arcari1 and Raffaele Mezzenga1,3* 1. ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science & Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland 2. Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland 3. ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland *Correspondence to: [email protected] Keywords: nanocellulose, fibril, kink, hydrolysis, chirality, liquid crystal, handedness Understanding how nanostructure and nanomechanics influence physical material properties on the micro- and macroscale is an essential goal in soft condensed matter research. Mechanisms governing fragmentation and chirality inversion of filamentous colloids are of specific interest because of their critical role in load-bearing and self- organizing functionalities of soft nanomaterials. Here we provide a fundamental insight into the self-organization across several length scales of nanocellulose, an important bio- colloid system with wide-ranging applications as structural, insulating and functional material. Through a combined microscopic and statistical analysis of nanocellulose fibrils at the single particle level, we show how mechanically and chemically induced fragmentation proceed in this system. Moreover, by studying the bottom-up self-assembly of fragmented carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils into cholesteric liquid crystals, we show via direct microscopic observations, that the chirality is inverted from right-handed at the 1 nanofibril level to left-handed at the level of the liquid crystal phase. These results improve our fundamental understanding of nanocellulose and provide an important rationale for their application in colloidal systems, liquid crystals and nanomaterials. The increasing global population and improved living standards demand a more efficient use of available resources and energy1.
    [Show full text]
  • Federico Capasso “Physics by Design: Engineering Our Way out of the Thz Gap” Peter H
    6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TERAHERTZ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 3, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 Terahertz Pioneer: Federico Capasso “Physics by Design: Engineering Our Way Out of the THz Gap” Peter H. Siegel, Fellow, IEEE EDERICO CAPASSO1credits his father, an economist F and business man, for nourishing his early interest in science, and his mother for making sure he stuck it out, despite some tough moments. However, he confesses his real attraction to science came from a well read children’s book—Our Friend the Atom [1], which he received at the age of 7, and recalls fondly to this day. I read it myself, but it did not do me nearly as much good as it seems to have done for Federico! Capasso grew up in Rome, Italy, and appropriately studied Latin and Greek in his pre-university days. He recalls that his father wisely insisted that he and his sister become fluent in English at an early age, noting that this would be a more im- portant opportunity builder in later years. In the 1950s and early 1960s, Capasso remembers that for his family of friends at least, physics was the king of sciences in Italy. There was a strong push into nuclear energy, and Italy had a revered first son in En- rico Fermi. When Capasso enrolled at University of Rome in FREDERICO CAPASSO 1969, it was with the intent of becoming a nuclear physicist. The first two years were extremely difficult. University of exams, lack of grade inflation and rigorous course load, had Rome had very high standards—there were at least three faculty Capasso rethinking his career choice after two years.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanomaterial Safety
    Nanomaterial Safety What are Nanomaterials? Nanomaterials or nanoparticles are human engineered particles with at least one dimension in the range of one to one hundred nanometers. They can be composed of many different base materials (carbon, silicon, and various metals). Research involving nanomaterials ranges from nano-particle synthesis to antineoplastic drug implants to cell culture work. Material Scientists, Chemists, Biologists, Biochemists, Physicists, Microbiologists, Medical-related disciplines and many engineering disciplines (Mechanical, Chemical, Biological and Environmental, etc.) perform research using nanomaterials. Naturally created particles of this size range are normally called ultra-fine particles. Examples are welding fumes, volcanic ash, motor vehicle exhaust, and combustion products. Nanomaterials come in many different shapes and dimensions, such as: • 0-dimensional: quantum dots • 1-dimensional: nanowires, nanotubes, • 2-dimensional: nanoplates, nanoclays • 3-dimensional: Buckyballs, Fullerenes, nanoropes, crystalline structures Nanoparticles exhibit very different properties than their respective bulk materials, including greater strength, conductivity, fluorescence and surface reactivity. Health Effects Results from studies on rodents and in cell cultures exposed to ultrafine and nanoparticles have shown that these particles are more toxic than larger ones on a mass-for-mass basis. Animal studies indicate that nanoparticles cause more pulmonary inflammation, tissue damage, and lung tumors than larger particles Solubility, shape, surface area and surface chemistry are all determinants of nanoparticle toxicity There is uncertainty as to the levels above which these particles become toxic and whether the concentrations found in the workplace are hazardous Respiratory Hazards: • Nanoparticles are deposited in the lungs to a greater extent than larger particles • Based on animal studies, nanoparticles may enter the bloodstream from the lungs and translocate to other organs and they are able to cross the blood brain barrier.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Practices for Handling Nanoparticles in Laboratories
    Best Practices for Handling Nanoparticles in Laboratories Introduction The purpose of this document is to provide a readily-accessible summary of information currently available on safe work practices for research laboratories working with engineered nanomaterials at Missouri State University. This interim guidance has been compiled from guidance from governmental agencies and universities currently engaged in nanomaterial research sources such as: The Center for Disease Control (CDC), The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Department of Energy (DOE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Virginia Tech, and University of Florida. A list of sources can be found in the References section at the end of this document. It should be recognized that rapid changes in the understanding of these risks and management techniques may occur in this field, and researchers are strongly encouraged to stay abreast of these developments. It is anticipated that the internal MSU documents will be used in conjunction with the researcher’s Departmental (or University general) Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), and that this guidance is subject to revision as new information or regulatory guidance becomes available. Nanomaterial Definitions Nanoparticles are particles having a diameter of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm) that may or may not have size-related intensive properties. The precise definition of particle diameter depends on particle shape as well as how the diameter is measured. These materials often exhibit unique physical and chemical properties as compared to their parent compounds. They may be suspended in a gas as a nanoaerosol, suspended in a liquid as a colloid or nanohydrosol, or embedded in a matrix as a nanocomposite.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Chemical Engineering Faculty Publications Chemical Engineering 2019 Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA Mohammad Moein Safee University of Rhode Island Mitchell Gravely University of Rhode Island Adeline Lamothe University of Rhode Island Megan McSweeney University of Rhode Island Daniel E. Roxbury University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/che_facpubs Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Citation/Publisher Attribution Safaee, M.M., Gravely, M., Lamothe, A. et al. Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA. Sci Rep 9, 11926 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48449-x Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48449-x This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemical Engineering at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemical Engineering Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA Mohammad Moein Safaee , Mitchell Gravely, Adeline Lamothe, Megan McSweeney & Daniel Roxbury Received: 31 January 2019 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have recently been utilized as fllers that reduce the Accepted: 6 August 2019 fammability and enhance the strength and thermal conductivity of material composites. Enhancing Published: xx xx xxxx the thermal stability of SWCNTs is crucial when these materials are applied to high temperature applications. In many instances, SWCNTs are applied to composites with surface coatings that are toxic to living organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanometrology: Diffraction Rules
    news & views and therefore matches poorly with the solar spectrum, Heeger explained that this can be solved by synthesizing new macromolecules with electronic structures that yield absorption spectra better matched to the solar spectrum. Additionally, through further improvements such as adding an optical spacer layer, optimizing the electrochemistry of the semiconducting polymers or using a tandem-cell configuration, the power conversion efficiency of plastic solar cells could reach an efficiency approaching that of existing inorganic solar cells. “Plastic solar cells could become a very important contribution towards a renewable energy JAMES BAXTER JAMES economy,” Heeger concluded. A report that summarizes the event, Experts sharing their thoughts on the future prospects of organic photovoltaics during the panel including opinions from the conference, a discussion session. round-up from the exhibition and several interviews with leading experts in the field of photovoltaics, will be published online potentially lightweight, flexible, rugged, nanomaterials, the power conversion and in print as a supplement in early 2011. ❐ insensitive to solar incidence angle and can efficiency of polymer solar cells has now be produced by roll-to-roll manufacturing reached ~8%, and this can be pushed Rachel Won is at Nature Photonics, Chiyoda techniques in large quantities. further according to Heeger. Although Building, 2-37 Ichigayatamachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo Based on ultrafast photo-induced currently the absorption band doesn’t 162-0843, Japan. electron transfer in bulk-heterojunction cover wavelengths longer than 650 nm e-mail: [email protected] NANOmEtROLOGY Diffraction rules Fast, precise and stable nanopositioning displacements with high precision over a and metrology are critical for the large working range and with long-term development of nanoscale structures, stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Nanomaterials: Building Blocks in Energy Conversion Devices
    Mimicking Photosynthesis Carbon nanostructure-based donor- acceptor molecular assemblies can be engineered to mimic natural photo- synthesis. Fullerene C60 is an excellent electron acceptor for the design of donor-bridge-acceptor molecular systems. Photoinduced charge transfer processes in fullerene-based dyads and triads have been extensively investigated by several research groups during the last decade. In these cases the excited C60 accepts an electron from the linked donor group Carbon Nanomaterials: to give the charge-separated state under visible light excitation. Photoinduced charge separation in these dyads has Building Blocks in Energy been achieved using porphyrins, phtha- locyanine, ruthenium complexes, ferro- cene, and anilines as electron donors. Conversion Devices The rate of electron transfer and by Prashant Kamat charge separation efficiency is dependent on the molecular configuration, redox Carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and mesoporous carbon potential of the donor, and the medium. Clustering the fullerene-donor systems structures constitute a new class of carbon nanomaterials with provides a unique way to stabilize properties that differ signifi cantly from other forms of carbon electron transfer products. The stability of C anions in cluster forms opens such as graphite and diamond. The ability to custom synthesize 60 up new ways to store and transport nanotubes with attached functional groups or to assemble photochemically harnessed charge. fullerene (C60 and analogues) clusters into three-dimensional Novel organic solar cells have (3D) arrays has opened up new avenues to design high surface been constructed by quaternary area catalyst supports and materials with high photochemical self-organization of porphyrin and fullerenes with gold nanoparticles. and electrochemical activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties
    ISBN 0 85403 604 0 © The Royal Society 2004 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to: Science Policy Section The Royal Society 6–9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG email [email protected] Typeset in Frutiger by the Royal Society Proof reading and production management by the Clyvedon Press, Cardiff, UK Printed by Latimer Trend Ltd, Plymouth, UK ii | July 2004 | Nanoscience and nanotechnologies The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties Contents page Summary vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hopes and concerns about nanoscience and nanotechnologies 1 1.2 Terms of reference and conduct of the study 2 1.3 Report overview 2 1.4 Next steps 3 2 What are nanoscience and nanotechnologies? 5 3 Science and applications 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Nanomaterials 7 3.2.1 Introduction to nanomaterials 7 3.2.2 Nanoscience in this area 8 3.2.3 Applications 10 3.3 Nanometrology
    [Show full text]
  • X-Ray Interferometry for Dimensional Metrology World Interferometry Day Andrew Yacoot 14 April 2021 [email protected] Layout of Talk
    X-ray interferometry for dimensional metrology World Interferometry Day Andrew Yacoot 14 April 2021 [email protected] Layout of talk ▪ Introduce NPL ▪ Traceability for length and nanometrology ▪ How the SI has adapted to changing requirements for length metrology at the nanoscale? ▪ Introduction to x-ray interferometry ▪ Applications ▪ Conclusion Punch line: an x-ray interferometer is a ruler where the graduations are the atoms in a crystal UK’s national metrology institute provides measurement expertise underpinning economic growth and quality of life in the UK. From new antibiotics and more effective cancer treatments, to unhackable quantum communications and superfast 5G, technological advances must be built on a foundation of reliable measurement to succeed. As a national laboratory, our advice is always impartial and independent, meaning consumers, investors, policymakers and entrepreneurs can always rely on the work we do. UK’s national metrology institute ▪ Responsible for realisation of the SI in the UK providing traceability to the 7 base units from which others are derived Kilogram Candela Metre Mole Second Kelvin Ampere Measurement traceability “property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertainties” Traceability chain One calibration by NPL against a national measurement standards for an accredited calibration laboratory Commercial services from
    [Show full text]
  • Bioelectronics Contents
    chapter 10 Bioelectronics Contents Introduction . 253 Biosensors. 253 Biochips. 254 Priorities for Future Research . 256 Chapter IO References . 256 Figure Figure No. Page 29.The Use of Proteins in Constructing Circuit . ..., . 255 — Chapter 10 Bioelectronics .—— .— Introduction --—----- ——— The potential for the use of proteins in elec- used for several years, but design problems have tronic dmices has received attention recently with limited their acceptance. Biotechnology is ex- the advent of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technol- pected to increase the variety, stability, and sen- ogy}’ and the potential for computer-aided design sitivity of these devices. Biochips (biologically of proteins (I ,2,3 5 ,6,7, 11, 13,14,15,19,2 1 ). Work based microchips) capable of logic and memory is focused in two areas: biosensors and biochips. are still only speculative, and their development Biosensors (biological}’ based sensors) have been is many years away. Biosensors -——-- –—- —— .——. A potential application of biotechnology is in the not only could obviate the need for enzymes but development of improved sensing devices. Be- also could substantially broaden the applications cause of their high specificity. for given sub- of biosensors. A longer term solution to the lack of stances, enzymes and monocIonal antibodies particular enzymes might be to have computers (hlAbs) are particularly suited for use as sensors. design enzymes with particular catalytic func- Sensors using these biological molecules have the tions. Finally, features of proteins that determine potential to be smaller and more sensitive than temperature stability could be incorporated into traditional sensors. the genes that code for important sensing en- zymes. Biosensors using enzymes have been used to detect the presence of various organic compounds A new approach to fabrication is yielding bio- for many years (12).
    [Show full text]