DIRECTORY Committee of Permanent Representatives to the UN Environment
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CHRISTIAN GERLACH Sustainable Violence: Mass Resettlement, Strategic Villages, and Militias in Anti-Guerrilla Warfare
CHRISTIAN GERLACH Sustainable Violence: Mass Resettlement, Strategic Villages, and Militias in Anti-Guerrilla Warfare in RICHARD BESSEL AND CLAUDIA B. HAAKE (eds.), Removing Peoples. Forced Removal in the Modern World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) pp. 360–393 ISBN: 978 0 199 56195 7 The following PDF is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND licence. Anyone may freely read, download, distribute, and make the work available to the public in printed or electronic form provided that appropriate credit is given. However, no commercial use is allowed and the work may not be altered or transformed, or serve as the basis for a derivative work. The publication rights for this volume have formally reverted from Oxford University Press to the German Historical Institute London. All reasonable effort has been made to contact any further copyright holders in this volume. Any objections to this material being published online under open access should be addressed to the German Historical Institute London. DOI: 15 Sustainable Violence: Mass Resettlement, Strategic Villages, and Militias in Anti-Guerrilla Warfare CHRISTIAN GERLACH Introduction The story told in this essay begins around 1950, about at the end of what some call the 'racial century'. 1 In scholarly discussion anti-partisan warfare has been relatively neglected, although it accounted for a large proportion of the victims of mass violence in the twentieth century.2 Many of these victims resulted from resettlement, removal, and expulsion. Yet the events covered here have hardly played a part in debates about enforced popu- lation movements during the past decade or two, given that mass transfers of populations have increasingly been declared 'ethnic' in the course of what amounts to an ethnization of history due to post-1989 bourgeois triumphalism. -
Classifications and Career Development in the German Foreign Service I. Framework the German Federal Government Has Exclusive Le
SIGMA Support for Improvement in Governance and Management A joint initiative of the OECD and the European Union, principally financed by the EU Classifications and Career Development in the German Foreign Service I. Framework The German Federal Government has exclusive legislative authority in foreign affairs (Art. 73 no. 1 of the German Basic Law). The Foreign Service consists of the Foreign Office (headquarters) and the foreign missions, which together constitute one unitary, federal supreme authority (oberste Bundesbehörde). The tasks and organisation, as well as the legal status of members of the Foreign Service, are set down in the Foreign Service Act (FSA) of 30 August 1990 [Federal Law Gazette I 2002, p.1842], as amended by the First Act Amending the Foreign Service Act of 20 June 2002 [Federal Law Gazette I 2002, p. 2001 (attached)]. The Foreign Office headquarters steers the work of the foreign missions, assesses their reports and analyses, and on this basis draws up foreign policy blueprints for government policy. Headquarters also co-ordinates the foreign policy activities of other ministries and the federal states (Bundesländer) to ensure a uniform approach to German foreign policy and security policy. The Foreign Office consists of 11 departments and four regional political directorates, which in turn comprise divisions focusing on specific policy areas or geographical regions. Their analyses serve to prepare decisions at management level. The directorates-general and political directorates are: - Central Services: personnel -
Advancing Strategic Stability in the Euro-Atlantic Region 2021 and Beyond
June 2021 STATEMENT BY THE EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY LEADERSHIP GROUP (EASLG) Prepared for Presidents, Prime Ministers, Parliamentarians, and Publics Advancing Strategic Stability in the Euro-Atlantic Region 2021 and Beyond n one of the best accounts of the lead-up to World War I, the historian Christopher Clark details how a group of European leaders—“The Sleepwalkers”—led their nations into a conflict that none of them wanted. Gripped by nationalism and ensnared by competing interests, mutual mistrust, and Ialliances, they made a series of tragic miscalculations that resulted in 40 million casualties. One of the more sobering aspects of this period was the speed with which events transpired in the summer of 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, in Sarajevo on June 28. The subsequent ultimatums, mobilizations, declarations of war, and finally, war itself unfolded in roughly one month. Leaders of that era found themselves with precious little time for considering their decisions—and the world paid a horrific price. In the Euro-Atlantic region today, leaders face risks of deployments that should cause leaders to reflect on the miscalculation, compounded by the potential for the use of adequacy of the decision time available to them to prevent nuclear weapons, where millions could be killed in minutes. or deescalate a crisis. Emerging technologies such as evasive Do we have the tools to prevent an incident from turning hypersonic missiles or robotic nuclear torpedoes could into unimaginable catastrophe? significantly compress decision-time. When combined with artificial intelligence including machine learning, humans While leaders, governments and publics are strained by may be removed from being “in” or “on” the decision- the developing and constantly changing challenge of the making loop, especially when responding to a perceived or COVID-19 pandemic, there is a growing risk of—and a real attack. -
Stockholm Diplomatic List
Stockholm Diplomatic List 2 September 2021 The Heads of Mission are requested to kindly communicate to the Chief of Protocol all changes related to personnel as they occur (arrivals, departures, promotions, new addresses etc.), so that they may be included in the next updated edition of the Diplomatic List. Ministry for Foreign Affairs Protocol Department Abbreviations: (S) = Swedish citizen (SB) = Permanent resident in Sweden (”stadigvarande bosatt”) Afghanistan August 19 - Independence Day Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Chancery: Tel: +46-(0)73-965 95 70 Skepparbacken 2B, Saltsjö-Duvnäs Fax: +46-(0)8-35 84 20 Email: [email protected] Postal Address: Finlandsgatan 64-68 16474 Kista Consular Section Tel: +46-(0)72-016 22 65 Källängstorget 10 Fax: +46-(0)8-35 84 18 181 44 Lidingö Email: [email protected] Office hours: Mon-Fri 09.30-16.00 His Excellency Mr Ghulam Abbas NOYAN, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (28.11.2019) Mrs Sidiqa NOYAN Mr Ahmad Zaher MAQSOODI, Counsellor (Deputy Head of Mission) Mrs Bnafsha MAQSOODI Ms Farima NAWABI, First Secretary Mr Ajmal AHMADZAI, Second Secretary Mrs Marwa AFZALZADA Albania November 28 - Independence and Flag Day Embassy of the Republic of Albania Chancery: Tel: +46-(0)8-731 09 20 Capellavägen 7 Fax: +46-(0)8-767 65 57 Email: [email protected] Postal Address: Capellavägen 7 181 32 Lidingö His Excellency Mr Virgjil KULE, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (24.10.2018) Mr Albert JERASI, Minister-Counsellor Mrs Albana JERASI Ms Marsida KURTI, Second Secretary Colonel Arben DEMOLLARI, Defence Attaché Algeria November 1 - National Day Embassy of the People´s Democratic Republic of Algeria Chancery: Tel: +46-(0)8-679 91 30 Danderydsgatan 3-5 Tel: +46-(0)8-679 91 40 Fax: +46-(0)8-611 49 57 Postal Address: Email: [email protected] P.O. -
Kenya Election History 1963-2013
KENYA ELECTION HISTORY 1963-2013 1963 Kenya Election History 1963 1963: THE PRE-INDEPENDENCE ELECTIONS These were the last elections in pre-independent Kenya and the key players were two political parties, KANU and KADU. KADU drew its support from smaller, less urbanized communities hence advocated majimboism (regionalism) as a means of protecting them. KANU had been forced to accept KADU’s proposal to incorporate a majimbo system of government after being pressured by the British government. Though KANU agreed to majimbo, it vowed to undo it after gaining political power. The majimbo constitution that was introduced in 1962 provided for a two-chamber national legislature consisting of an upper (Senate) and lower (House of Representative). The Campaign KADU allied with the African People’s Party (APP) in the campaign. KANU and APP agreed not to field candidates in seats where the other stood a better chance. The Voting Elections were marked by high voter turnout and were held in three phases. They were widely boycotted in the North Eastern Province. Violence was reported in various parts of the country; four were killed in Isiolo, teargas used in Nyanza and Nakuru, clashes between supporters in Machakos, Mombasa, Nairobi and Kitale. In the House of Representative KANU won 66 seats out of 112 and gained working majority from 4 independents and 3 from NPUA, KADU took 47 seats and APP won 8. In the Senate KANU won 19 out 38 seats while KADU won 16 seats, APP won 2 and NPUA only 1. REFERENCE: NATIONAL ELECTIONS DATA BOOK By Institute for Education in Democracy (published in 1997). -
REVISION O F the AFRICAN Caeclllan GENUS
REVISION OFTHE AFRICAN CAEClLlAN GENUS SCHISTOMETOPUM PARKER (AMPH IBIA: CYMNOPHIONA: CAECILI IDAE) BY RONALD A. NU AND MICHAEL E. PFRENDER MISCELLANEC JS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. 18Fb; ' Ann Arbor, September 2 7, 1 998 ISSN 076-8405 MIS(:ELIANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, LJNTVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 187 The publicatioils of the M~~sclunof Zoology, The [Jniversity of Michigan, consist PI-irnarilyof two series-the Occasion:~lPapers allti the Miscellaneous Publicatio~ls.Both series were founded by Dc Bryant Walker, Mr. Rradshaw H. Swales, anti Dr. W.W. Newcornb. Occasionally the Museuni publishes contributiorls outside of these series; begirlnirlg in 1990 these are titled Special Publicatio~lsa~ld arc numbered. All submitted ~n;inl~scriptsreceive external review. The Misccllarieous Publications, which include ~l~ollographicstltdies, papers on field and ~II- seuln techniques, and other contributions 11ot within the scope of the Occasio~lalPapers, are pl~b- lishcd separately. It is not intended that they be grouped into volumes. Each 11r11nberhas a title page and, when necessary, a table of co1itelits. Tllc Occasional Papel-s, publication of which was begun in 1913, servc as a medium Sol- original studies based prirlcipally upon the collections in the Museurn. They are issurtl separately. MThen a sufficient number of pages has hcen printed to niakc a volume, a title pagc, table of contenb, and an index are supplied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for the series. A cornplete list of publications on Birds, Fishes, Insects, Mammals, Moll~~sks,Rcpdles and Amphib- ians, and other topics is available. Address inquiries to the Directt)r, Muse~unof Zoolohy, The lir~ivcr- sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigarl 48109-1079. -
'The Left's Views on Israel: from the Establishment of the Jewish State To
‘The Left’s Views on Israel: From the establishment of the Jewish state to the intifada’ Thesis submitted by June Edmunds for PhD examination at the London School of Economics and Political Science 1 UMI Number: U615796 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615796 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 F 7377 POLITI 58^S8i ABSTRACT The British left has confronted a dilemma in forming its attitude towards Israel in the postwar period. The establishment of the Jewish state seemed to force people on the left to choose between competing nationalisms - Israeli, Arab and later, Palestinian. Over time, a number of key developments sharpened the dilemma. My central focus is the evolution of thinking about Israel and the Middle East in the British Labour Party. I examine four critical periods: the creation of Israel in 1948; the Suez war in 1956; the Arab-Israeli war of 1967 and the 1980s, covering mainly the Israeli invasion of Lebanon but also the intifada. In each case, entrenched attitudes were called into question and longer-term shifts were triggered in the aftermath. -
The London Diplomatic List
UNCLASSIFIED THE LONDON DIPLOMATIC LIST Alphabetical list of the representatives of Foreign States & Commonwealth Countries in London with the names & designations of the persons returned as composing their Diplomatic Staff. Representatives of Foreign States & Commonwealth Countries & their Diplomatic Staff enjoy privileges & immunities under the Diplomatic Privileges Act, 1964. Except where shown, private addresses are not available. m Married * Married but not accompanied by wife or husband AFGHANISTAN Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 31 Princes Gate SW7 1QQ 020 7589 8891 Fax 020 7584 4801 [email protected] www.afghanistanembassy.org.uk Monday-Friday 09.00-16.00 Consular Section 020 7589 8892 Fax 020 7581 3452 [email protected] Monday-Friday 09.00-13.30 HIS EXCELLENCY DR MOHAMMAD DAUD YAAR m Ambassador Extraordinary & Plenipotentiary (since 07 August 2012) Mrs Sadia Yaar Mr Ahmad Zia Siamak m Counsellor Mr M Hanif Ahmadzai m Counsellor Mr Najibullah Mohajer m 1st Secretary Mr M. Daud Wedah m 1st Secretary Mrs Nazifa Haqpal m 2nd Secretary Miss Freshta Omer 2nd Secretary Mr Hanif Aman 3rd Secretary Mrs Wahida Raoufi m 3rd Secretary Mr Yasir Qanooni 3rd Secretary Mr Ahmad Jawaid m Commercial Attaché Mr Nezamuddin Marzee m Acting Military Attaché ALBANIA Embassy of the Republic of Albania 33 St George’s Drive SW1V 4DG 020 7828 8897 Fax 020 7828 8869 [email protected] www.albanianembassy.co.uk HIS EXELLENCY MR MAL BERISHA m Ambassador Extraordinary & Plenipotentiary (since 18 March 2013) Mrs Donika Berisha UNCLASSIFIED S:\Protocol\DMIOU\UNIVERSAL\Administration\Lists of Diplomatic Representation\LDL\RESTORED LDL Master List - Please update this one!.doc UNCLASSIFIED Dr Teuta Starova m Minister-Counsellor Ms Entela Gjika Counsellor Mrs Gentjana Nino m 1st Secretary Dr Xhoana Papakostandini m 3rd Secretary Col. -
Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881
China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 The East India Company’s steamship Nemesis and other British ships engaging Chinese junks in the Second Battle of Chuenpi, 7 January 1841, during the first opium war. (British Library) ABOUT THE ARCHIVE China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 is digitised from the FO 17 series of British Foreign Office Files—Foreign Office: Political and Other Departments: General Correspondence before 1906, China— held at the National Archives, UK, providing a vast and significant primary source for researching every aspect of Chinese-British relations during the nineteenth century, ranging from diplomacy to trade, economics, politics, warfare, emigration, translation and law. This first part includes all content from FO 17 volumes 1–872. Source Library Number of Images The National Archives, UK Approximately 532,000 CONTENT From Lord Amherst’s mission at the start of the nineteenth century, through the trading monopoly of the Canton System, and the Opium Wars of 1839–1842 and 1856–1860, Britain and other foreign powers gradually gained commercial, legal, and territorial rights in China. Imperial China and the West provides correspondence from the Factories of Canton (modern Guangzhou) and from the missionaries and diplomats who entered China in the early nineteenth century, as well as from the envoys and missions sent to China from Britain and the later legation and consulates. The documents comprising this collection include communications to and from the British legation, first at Hong Kong and later at Peking, and British consuls at Shanghai, Amoy (Xiamen), Swatow (Shantou), Hankow (Hankou), Newchwang (Yingkou), Chefoo (Yantai), Formosa (Taiwan), and more. -
Logistical Information
Evaluation Week 2019 Logistical Information 13-17 May 2019 United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON), Nairobi, Kenya Host agencies: United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) and United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) Contents MEETING INFORMATION 3 Meeting Location 3 Registration and Access to the UNON Compound 4 Entry 5 Online Community of Practice 5 Documentation 5 Hotel and Guesthouse Accommodation 5 GENERAL NAIROBI TRAVEL INFORMATION 5 Visa Information 5 Plastic Bag Ban 6 Yellow Fever Vaccine 6 Time Zone 6 Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) in Nairobi 6 Banking and Currency Exchange Facilities 7 Electricity 7 Official Languages 7 Health 8 UN Security Training 8 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT NAIROBI (UNON) IN GIGIRI 8 Catering 9 Restaurants outside the UNON Compound 9 Medical Services 10 Wi-Fi 10 Security 11 Postal Services 11 ANNEX 1: ACCOMMODATION LIST 12 Hotels 12 Guesthouses 23 2 MEETING INFORMATION Meeting Location The UNEG Evaluation Week 2019 will take place at United Nations at Nairobi (UNON), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya. The different sessions of the Professional Development Seminar (PDS), the Evaluation Practice Exchange (EPE) and the Annual General Meeting (AGM) will take place in the meeting rooms indicated below: Conference Room 3, Central Area, Lower Concourse Conference Room 9, Central Area, Rooftop Conference Room 10, Central Area, Rooftop Map of the UNON Compound 3 Map of UNON and immediate Gigiri Area Registration and Access to the UNON Compound Participants attending the Eval Week 2019 must register on-line at https://unhabitat.org/unegevalweek2019 before 31 March 2019 in order to obtain an access pass to the UNON Compound. -
Health and Ageing in Nairobi's Informal Settlements-Evidence From
Wilunda et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1231 DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2556-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Health and ageing in Nairobi’s informal settlements-evidence from the International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health (INDEPTH): a cross sectional study Boniface Wilunda1*, Nawi Ng2,3 and Jennifer Stewart Williams2 Abstract Background: Much of the focus on population ageing has been in high-income counties. Relatively less attention is given to the world’s poorest region, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where children and adolescents still comprise a high proportion of the population. Yet the number of adults aged 60-plus in SSA is already twice that in northern Europe. In addition, SSA is experiencing massive rural to urban migration with consequent expansion of informal urban settlements, or slums, whose health problems are usually unrecognised and not addressed. This study aims to improve understanding of functional health and well-being in older adult slum-dwellers in Nairobi (Kenya). Methods: The study sample comprised men and women, aged 50 years and over, living in Korogocho and Viwandani, Nairobi, Kenya (n = 1,878). Data from the International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health (INDEPTH) and the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE Wave 1) were analysed. The prevalence of poor self-reported quality of life (QoL) and difficulties in domain-specific function is estimated by age and sex. Logistic regression investigates associations between difficulties in the domains of function and poor QoL, adjusting for age, sex and socio-demographic factors. -
INDO 50 0 1106971426 29 60.Pdf (1.608Mb)
A m e r ic a n " L o w P o s t u r e " P o l ic y t o w a r d In d o n e s ia in t h e M o n t h s L e a d in g u p t o t h e 1965 "C o u p " 1 Frederick Bunnell Introduction This article seeks to contribute to the reconstruction, explanation, and evaluation of the Johnson Administration's response to President Sukarno's radicalization of Indonesia's do mestic politics and foreign policy in the first nine months of 1965 leading up to the abortive "coup" on October 1,1965. The focus throughout is on both the thinking and the politics of what can be termed "the 1965 Indonesia policy group."2 That unofficial group was the informal constellation of US officials both in Indonesia (in the Embassy-based country team)3 and in Washington (in the *This article has enjoyed a long, troubled odyssey. Growing out of intermittent research on American-Indonesian relations dating back to my doctoral dissertation field research in Jakarta in 1963-1965, the substance of the article, including its primary conclusions, was presented in papers at the August 1979 Indonesian Studies Con ference in Berkeley and the March 1980 International Studies Association Conference in Los Angeles. I am in debted to the American Philosophical Society, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation, and the Vassar College Faculty Research Committee for grants in 1976-1979 which facilitated the brunt of the archival and interview re search undergirding the article.