Index [Italic page numbers indicate major references]

Abietites, 21. 22, 231, 236 Araun tributaries, 264 south coast, 304, 310 linkii, 231 Amuro-Zejan Basin, 11, 264 west coast basins, 304, 318 Absaroka fault, 95 Anadyr River, 266 Azolla, 31 Absaroka thrust, 88 Anadyrian basin, 266 acrotelm, 3 anastomosing fluvial system, 231, back-barrier island, 220 Adavale basin fill, 304 232, 233, 242 back barrier/outer lagoon zones, 220 Adaville Formation, 69, 98 Anderson coal, 58, 63 backswamps, 343 channels, 88 Anderson mire, 63 Baculites mclearni, 140 coal seams, 82 andesite, 288 Baffin Island, 11 depositional history, 88 angiosperms, 10, 18, 19, 24, 28, 31, Baiera, 23, 26 lithofacies, 75 47, 180, 392 Baikalia, eastern, 288 regional paleogeography, 88 Ango-Paris Basin, 227 Bakony Mountains, 245 rock types, 70 ankerite, 64, 65 Bakonyjako area, 251 sedimentation model, 90 Anomia Balmer North Mine, 134, 138 stratigraphy, 70 gryphorynchus, 70 Balmer peat swamp, 135 Addis Ababa, Shewa province, 373 propatorius, 70 Balmer seam, 118, 135 Adelaide Island, 389 anoxia, 3 Banks Island, 1 I Adelie Land margin, 390 Antarctic Peninsula, 31, 388, 389, Baojiatun Formation, Xuetiandi, 298 Afikpo area, 378 392 Barclay Seam, 338 Africa, 20 Antarctica, 385, 393 Barents Sea Shelf, 209 West, 369, 373, 376 climatic model, 392 barite, 63 agglomerates, 287, 330 coal deposits (Cretaceous), 388 Barremian, 11, 209 aggradation, 215, 216, 223 coal potential (Cretaceous), 385 Barriada Member, 195 Ahaggar Mountains, 375 East, 385, 388, 393 barrier beach, 242 Ajka area, 245,248,249, 261 West, 385, 387, 393 barrier island, 75, 82 Ajka Coal Basin, 11, 245, 250, 251 apatite, 60 basalt, 315, 373 Ajka Coal Formation, 245, 247, 257 Aptian, 11, 209 craton-edge, 369 thickness, 248, 254 Aquilapollenites, 28, 266 development, 228, 355 Alam El Bueib, Egypt, 373 Araliaephyllum, 31 Early Cretaceous, 263 Alamein, Egypt, 373 Araliopsoides, 26 epeiropenic, 369 Alaska, 11, 31, ¡77, 186, 391 Araucaria, 23 fault-bounded, 326 North slope, 11, 12, 28, 31, 177, Araucariodendron, 22 fills, 304 186, 393 Araucarites, 20 foreland, 7, 8, 40, 95, 140, 147, northern, 9 arboreal flora, 2 166, 167, 179, 304 Alberta, Canada, 101, 118, 148 Arctic Canada, 31, 392 interior, 204 Alberta Basin, 12, 114 Arctic coals, 184 intermontane, 340, 390 Alberta Foothills, 11 Arctopteris, 26 intra-arc, 389 Alberta Plains, 11 Argentina, 11,12 intracratonic, 194 Albian, 11, 180, 193, 202,204 Arguniella, 295 Late Cretaceous, 265 Alchanskian basin, 266 Arino-Estercuel Sub-basin, 197, 202, offshore, 204 Aldan Uplands, 263 204 pericratonic, 369 Alexander Island, 388, 391, 392 Arkagalian Basin, 11, 266 sedimentary, 247, 322, 326, 390 Algeria, 11, 369, 372, 373, 376, arkose, 287 strike-slip, 7, 8 381 Arkovskian Formation, 266 subsidence, 355 Aliaga-Utrillas Sub-basin, 197, 199, Arucariaceae, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, 30 west coast, 304 202, 204 ash content, 44, 51, 60, 70, 106, 114, Bass Basin, 11, 12, 305, 321, 322 Alisporites 1 18. 131, 138, 173, 186, 205, offshore, 315 bilateralis, 190 245, 269, 308, 334, 337, 343 bauxite, 247 granáis, 190 Asia, 22 Bayanhua coal mine, 297 Allosasurus, 212 eastern 296 bay/inner lagoon margin, 220 alluvium, 310 See also specific Asian countries bays, 220 Almond Formation, 240 Athrotaxites, 22, 23 beach ridges, 161 Alpine fault, 327 Athrotaxopsis, 26, 180 Bear River Formation, 291 Alsophilites, 22 Auristoma, 297 Bearpaw Formation, 140 alteration, 18 fuxinensis, 294, 300 Bearpaw Sea, 140, 148 Altmark Basin, 228 Australia, 8, 11, 31 Bearpaw shale, 140, 144, 149 Alto Taufe, 237 coal, 58, 303, 318 Bearpaw shoreline, 149 Amba Aradam Sandstone, 374 craton margin, 304 Bearpaw transgression, 376 Amnícola gilloides, 290 east coast, 304, 306 Belemnitella Americana, 60 Amnicolidae, 290, 291, 294 interior basins, 304, 305 Bellamya, 296 Ampullanidae, 290 South, 63 clavilithiformis, 290 397

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clavililhiformis conradiformis, 291, Buckeburg model, 236, 242 Chad Province, 376 298 Byrd Subglacial Basin, 390 Chandler Formation, 179, 180 Belly River Formation, 140, 142, 148 Byron Creek deposit, 167, 168, 173 channels Bengal basin, 30 anastomosed, 146 Benhar-main Member, 337 Cadomin area, 102, 103, 105 braided-stream, 212 Benin, 369, 377 Cadomin Formation, 103 coal-filled. 162 bennettites, 20, 21 Cadomin mapsheet, 101 distributary, 75, 88, 91, 98 Bentley Subglacial Trough, 390 Cadomin Syncline, 105, 106, 114 fluvial, 211, 334 Benue Trough. 8, 12, 369, 370, 373, Cadomin-Luscar area, 106, 111 load, 231 375, 376, 377, 382 coalfield, 101, 103, 109, 115 meandering, 336 Beringian coalfield, 266 Calanda Sub-basin, 199, 202, 204 sandstones, 120, 124 Berriasian, 11 calcite, 173 scouring, 40, 340 Betulaceae, 30, 31 caliche stacking, 360 Bighorn Basin, 11,12 deposits, 140 tidal, 88, 162 Billefjorden fault zone, 211 paleosols, 142, 148 Chaun-Chukotskian Basin, 11, 265 Binggou coal mine, 297 Cameroon, 375 Cheirolepidiaceae, 19, 20, 21, 28 Binggou Formation, 296 Campanian, 10, 12, 139, 147, 180 Chengzihe Formation, 296 biotite, 270, 273 upper, 140 chevron folds, 105 bioturbation. 235, 310 Campbell Plateau, 344 Chicla Formation, 373, 374 Birisia, 26, 180 Campeloma, 296 Chignik, Alaska, 12 Bisti field, 41, 43, 45, 49 tani, 294 China, 11, 20, 29, 296 Bivalvia, 290 Canada, 11, 101, 139, 166 northeast, 269, 287 Black Hills, 11 Arctic, 31, 392 northern, 288, 295 Black Mesa Basin, 11 southern Rocky Mountains, 117 See also specific provinces Blackburn mine, 168 See also specific provinces Chubat, 12 Blackstone River, 144 Canadian Cordillera, 165 Chukotian massif, 263 Blackstone River section, 140, 141, geochemical trends, 168 Cicatricosisporites, 182 144 southern, 118 Cinnamomum, 30 Blackwater Seam, 63 western, 166, 168, 173 Cladophebis, 22, 26 Blauneria, 297 Canterbury clarain, 159 elliptiformis, 291, 294, 300 coal field, 327, 334 Clarence-Moreton Basin, 11, 204, 305 Bock clay pit, 231 coal measures, 327 Classopollis, 19, 20. 25, 266 Bogota area, 12 Canyon Diablo Troilite, 60 clastics, 42, 91, 147, 179, 185,264, Bohemian massif, 228 Cape Carr, 390 265, 266 Bornholm, 227 Cape Farewell-1 well, 329 succession, 269 Botany Bay Group, 389 Cape Otway-King Island High. 314 clasts, 231, 270 Bourem, Mali, 380 carbon, 60, 107, 308 fusinite, 75 Bowen-Gunnedan basin fill, 304 isotopes, 57, 67 clay, 60, 173, 179, 201, 203, 231, Bowenia, 183 carbonates, 247, 248, 259, 374, 378 234. 247, 254, 255, 339, 359, Bowser Basin. 11 Cardinal River Coal, 103 389 Brachidontes sp., 70 Cardinal River Mine, 101 blebs, 366, 367 Brachyphyullum, 19, 20, 23 Cardinal River property, 105 claystone, 146, 201, 233, 305, 307, braidplain, 211, 242 Cardium, 70 310, 312, 315, 316 environment, 209, 213 Carolinefjellet Formation, 212 Cleary Coal Member, 40 Brandenburg Basin, 228 Carpentaria Basin, 204 climate, /, 9, 139, 140, 148, 182, 212, Brazeau Formation, 140, 144 Caryocorbula, sp., 70 228, 242, 261, 266, 296, 318, Brazil, 20 Cascade region, 166 327, 372, 376, 378, 391 breccias, 237, 248, 255, 288, 327 Cassiope, 237 greenhouse, 212 British Columbia, I 1, 115, 1 18 Castellote Sub-basin, 199, 202, 204 Cloverly Formation, 294, 296 Broad Fourteens basin, 228 Casterton Beds, 312 Coahuila area, 12 Broken River Formation. 334 Casterton Formation, 312 coal Brooks Range, 8, 179 Castle Hill fault, 336 accumulation, 7, 162, 203, 266, Brunner Coal Measures, 330, 348 Castle River, 140 283 Brunner coals, 362 cutbank, 142 allochthonous, 179 Btu value, 45, 54, 70 Castle River Section, 142 anthracitic, 231 Bulinus, 297 Catalan Coastal Range, 194, 197 Arctic, 184 (Physopsis) banlashanensis, 291, catolelm, 3 autochthonous, 179 298 Cedripites, 26 basins, 263 (Physopsis) ovaformis, 291, 298 cementation, sideritic, 233 bituminous, 89, 92, 103, 109, 115, Buller coalfield samples, 366 Cenomanian, 10, 11, 180 166, 167, 179, 209, 229, 317, Bullmoose deposit, 168, 172 Central Netherlands basin, 228 328, 330, 332, 347 Bungil Formation, 305 Central Range's synclinorium, 257 brown, 63, 245, 264 Buor-Kemussian Formation, 264 Central Trough, 390 coastal plain, 101 Bureja River, 264 Cephalotaxopsis, 26 depositional controls, 362 Burejan Basin, 11, 23, 263, 264 Cephalotaxus, 22 deposits, 1, 11, 40, 193, 245, 303, Burejan massif, 263, 264 Chaco slope, 38 369 Burrum coal measure, 306, 321 Chad Basin, 369, 370, 374, 375, 376, development, 140, 318 Burrum syncline, 306, 307 377, 380, 382 dikes, 161, 162

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coal (continued) Coniopteris, 22, 23 Czekanowskiales, 22, 26, 31 distribution, /, 9, 139, 318, 327, continental crust, 265, 387 Dadomin-Luscar coalfield, 101 347 controls Dadoxylon, 372 economics, 2, 3 allogenic, 2, 4 aegyptiacum, 372 evolution environments, 777 autogenic, 2, 4 Dakota Formation, 26 formation, 232, 242 climatic, 1, 9 Dalazi Formation, Xhixinxiang, 296, freshwater, 62, 63 coal development, 318 300 geochemistry, 168, 172 coal distribution, 139, 318 Dalinghe Formation, 288 global distribution, 4, 9 depositional, 227, 325, 330, 333, Danish-Polish Basin, 227 lignite, 166, 334, 335 338, 343, 362 Debeya, 30 lithotypes, 78/ environmental, 37 debris flow, 270 measures, 325 paleoenvironmental, 347 submarine, 87 metallurgical, 103 seam distribution, 355 Deep Basin, 103 nature, 327 sedimentologic, 101 deformation, 114, 138, 152, 179, 211 North Africa, 369 tectonic, 4, 101, 114, 347, 359 Deister model, 236, 242 occurrences, 142 Cooper basin fill, 304 Deister-Hils Embayment, 242 offshore, 328 coquinas, 236, 238, 247, 250, 254 deltaic complex, wave-dominated, 70, onshore, 328 corals, 247 75, 82 paleogeographic distribution, 4 Corbula sp., 58 deltas, 75 potential, 380, 385 Corwin Delta, 179 bayhead, 88 properties, 329, 332, 337, 343, 347 Couper interval, 340, 344 braidplain environment, 209 quality, /, 37, 42, 54, 70, 101, 106, Crassostrea sp., 70 flood-tidal, 88 165 Credneria, 28 Deltoidospora, 26, 235 reserves, 98, 178, 245, 347 Cretaceous, 1, 4, 9, 11, 17, 180, 303, Denglouku Formation, 294, 300 resources, 94, 162, 166, 303, 335, 325, 369, 385 Densoisporites sp., 182, 190 . 336, 339 Early, 19,117, 263, 287, 371,373 Denver Basin, 12 seams, 22, 42, 69, 88, 91, 92, 98, Late, 28, 177, 184, 265, 374 deposition, 94, 103, 121, 147, 162, 117, 118, 123, 254, 264, 266, Lower, 227, 269 172,178, 184,2\\,227,276, 269, 279, 306, 334, 337, 344, Middle, 23 279, 287, 325, 330, 333, 338, 389 Upper, 57, 69, 245, 347 343, 362 semi-anthracite, 167, 334 Cretacepupa, 297 deposits sequences, 75 fuxinensis, 294, 300 alluvial-fan, 269, 270 subbituminous, 60, 70, 166, 179, Crevasse Canyon Formation, 40 backshore, 118 193, 204, 231, 318, 330, 334, Crockers Point sandbody, 70, 75, 88, barrier beach, 40 335, 339, 343 91,92,94, 95 beach-ridge, 118, 135 swamp belt (brackish water), 203 Crowsnest coalfield, 118, 120 channel, 274 swamp plain (fresh water), 203 Crowsnest region, 166 channel-lag, 233 thickness, 42, 48, 69, 92, 98, 118, Crowsnest River, 140, 141, 142 coal-bearing, 193, 263 161, 234, 245, 248, 254, 282, valley, 142 debris-flow, 270 306, 336, 337, 343, 344, 374, crustal extension, 228, 322, 326 dune, 118, 135 377, 389 crystals, 207 evaporitic, 370, 376 variations, 40 Csehbanya area, 248, 249 floodplain, 146, 337 vitrinite-rich, 306 Csehbanya Formation, 247, 257, 259, gravity-flow (shallow-water), 275 Coal Valley, 144 261 molassoid, 263 coalification, 54, 114, 172, 231 Csehbanya-Ajka zone, 249 nonmarine, 227 Coalspur Coal Zone, 141, 144 southern, 248, 257, 260 overbank-floodplain, 120 Coalspur Formation, 144 Csingervolgy Marl Member, 248 point-bar, 120 coasts, 75, 85, 87 Cten, 23 sheetflood, 272, 283 cobbles, 270 Ctenis, 266 transitional marine, 40 Coleman Fault, 135 Cupressaceae, 21, 26, 31, 32 depressions, pericratonic, 264 Collingwood coalfield, 327, 328, 329 Cupressinocladus, 20, 31 Desulfovibrio vulgaris, 67 Colorado, northwestern, 57 Curdies Formation, 315 detritus, 139, 147, 339, 344 Colorado-Yampa mine, 58, 60 currents gravel, 340 Columbia, South America, 29 ebb, 75 Devecser zone, 251, 253, 257, 260 Columbia River, upper, 232 longshore, 162 central, 248, 259, 261 Columbian Orogeny, 118 wave, 162 Dewalquea, 25 Colville basin, 179 Cyatheaceae, 23, 26, 28, 182 Diamondville sandbody, 70, 82, 91, Colville Group, 179 Cyathidites minor, 182 92, 94, 95 Colville River, 178, 179 Cycadeoidea, 30, 266 diapirs, 278 Comox deposit, 167, 168, 172, 173 cycadophytes, 20, 22 Dicksoniaceae, 23, 26 compaction, differenial, 91 Cycadopsida, 283 Dictyophyllum, 21, 234 conglomerates, 88, 103, 142, 147, Cyclophoridae, 290 Dictyozamites, 20 238, 247,266, 270, 288,310, cyclothems, 144 dikes 315, 316, 327, 328, 330, 334, Cymbophora, 70 coal, 161, 162 336, 340, 349, 388, 389 Cypridea, 228 sandstone, 161, 162 Coniacian, 11, 180 Cyrena, 254 dinosaur footprints, 212, 236, 238 Coniferales, 22 Cyrenaica Platform region, 374 Dircella sp., 70 Coniferopsida, 283 Czekanowskia, 22, 23, 266 Disko Island, 11

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displacement, 88 Ephedra, 30 subcentralis, 294 dolomite, 65, 247, 278 Ephemeropsis trisetalis, 288 yanshanensis, 294 Donghe Group, 294 Equisetites, 20, 21, 23, 26, 31, 47, Ferganoconchaidae, 290 Dreywood Creek section, 142 180, 181, 185, 186 Fernie Synclinorium, 134 drift, longshore, 75 burchardti, 238 Ferrar Supergroup, 385 Drinnan thrust, 105, 106 lyelli, 237 Festningen locality, 212 Dry wood Creek 140, 142 Erg Basin, 11,370, 373, 381 Fiche, 374 Dufek Basin, 390 Eromanga Basin, 11, 304, 305, 319, Ficiphyllum, 372 Dukamaje Formation, 378, 379 322 Filicopsida, 283 Dunollie interval, 349 erosion, 152, 179, 314, 315, 326 Five Panel Mine, 134, 138 Dunollie Member, 330, 355 Escucha Formation, 193 Flemingostrea sp., 70 Duntroom Basin, 311 lower member, 195 flooding, 3, 186, 367 Durroon Formation, 315 middle member, 195 floor rolls, 154, 157, 161 sedimentology, 199 flora, arboreal, 2 Eagle Mountain stratigraphy, 194 floral productivity, 391 coal seams, 118, 136 thickness, 197 Florida deposit, 167, 168 upper member, 195 southern, 61 sedimentology, 118 Estercuel-Arino Sub-basin, 197, 202, southwestern region, 65 units, 118, 123 204 flysch, 264 Eagle Mountain Mine, 118 Ethiopia, 1 1,369, 373,381 Folding Mountain thrust, 106 Eagle Pass area, 12 Eucommiidites, 266 Fontdespala threshold. 199 earthquakes, 162 Eumeralla Formation, 312 Foothills, 101 East Antarctica, 385, 388, 393 Euphepyrgula, 296 Ford Member, 333 East Wellingon sandstone. 161 amphigys, 291 Fossil Bluff Group, 388 East-West Antarctic boundary, 387 rotundis, 291 Frenelopsis, 19, 20 Eastern Basin, 390 subrotunda, 290 hoheneggeri, 372 Eastern View Group, 314, 315, 321 Eurasia, 20 freshwater, 230 Edmonton Formation, 30 Europe, western, 296 Fruitland coalfields, 41, 43, 45, 49, 54 Edna Mine, 58 eustasy, 4, 95 Fruitland Formation, 37, 40, 49 Egypt, 11, 369, 372, 373, 374, 376 Evanston, Wyoming, 291 fusinite clasts, 75 Elatides, 266 evaporation, 183 Fuxin Basin, 11, 269, 283, 295 Elatoclaus, 23, 180 evaporites, 374, 378, 380 depositional character, 287 Elk coalfield, 118, 120 Everglades mine, 2 Fuxin coal age, 291 Elk Valley region, 166 Exogyra, 70, 248 Fuxin coalfield, 287, 294 Elkol sandbody, 70, 75, 88, 91, 92, 95 Extension Colliery, 162 Fuxin fauna, 288, 290, 295, 296 EUef Ringnes Island, 31 Eyre Group, 334 Ellobiidae, 291, 294 Ganges Brahamaputra, 202 Emigrant Trail sandbody, 70, 75, 85, facies Gansu, China, 294 88, 91, 94, 95 coal, 113 Gao Trough, 12, 370, 375, 376, 380, England, 294 interdeltaic bay, 85 382 southeast, 20 salt marsh, 85 Gaode Member 282, 288 southern, 229 tidal channel, 85 gas, 318, 373 Entrance Conglomerate, 141, 147 washover, 85, 87 Gastropoda, 290 Enugu Shale, 377 Fagaceae, 30 Gates Formation, 103, 114, 167 environmental windows, 213, 214, Falher A-G cycles, 103 Gazalat, Egypt, 373 217, 220, 222 Fanba Wadu, Gansu, 294 gelinite, 234 environments fanglomerates, 328, 333 Geltwood Beach Formation, 312 alluvial fan, 387 fans geology, structural, 105 braidplain, 209, 213, 389 alluvial, 227, 242, 266, 269, 278, Georgia basin, 152 clastic, 212 283, 285, 355, 372 Georgia Strait, 152 coal-forming, 17, 32, 48, 177, 203, washover, 88 Geppsland, 11 231 Farewell Formation, 329 Gerbikian River, 264 deltaic, 240 faulting, growth, 162 Germany, 11 depositional, 172, 241 faults northwest, 227, 231 floodplain, 17 basement, 194 Gib Aria, Egypt, 373 fluvial, 40 block, 202 Ginkgo, 23, 26, 30 freshwater-swamp, 261 listric, 202 concinna, 180, 186 lacustrine, 261, 389 normal, 38, 166 Ginkgoales, 22, 23 littoral, 236, 242 thrust, 70, 106, 135, 154, 166 Ginkgoites, 21, 22, 31 marine, 39 wrench, 228 Ginkgophytes, 22, 31 nonmarine, 39 fauna, molluscan, 287 Ginkopsida, 283 paleogeographic, 296 feldspar, 270, 273 Gippsland Basin, II, 12, 63, 322 peat-forming, 2, 93 Ferganoconcha, 295, 296 Gladstone Formation, 103, 106 peat-producing, 40 burejensis, 294 Gleicheniaceae, 19, 23, 25, 26, 28, rudist-reef, 260 curta, 294 182 sedimentary, 210 jorekensis, 294 Gleicheniites, 21 swamp, 17, 32, 259 quadrata, 290, 294 senonicus, 182, 190 Eosestheria, 288 sibirica, 294 Gleichenoides, 20

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glendonite, 10 Hamamelididae, 30 Japan, 11,22, 288, 291,296 Glitrefjellet Member, 212 Hams Fork sandbody, 40, 82, 88, 91, See also specific locations Glyptostrobus, 30 92, 93, 94 Jatunhuasi Coalfield, 11 gneiss, 273 Harlowton, Montana, 291 Jay Member, 333 Godall threshold, 199 Harz Mountains, 242 Jako Marl, 257 Goldlight Member, 330, 349 Hat Creek deposit, 166, 167, 168, 173 Jako Marl Formation, 247 Gombe area, 378 Hausmannia, 322 Jehol fauna, 287, 288, 291, 294 Gombe Sandstone, 378 Hauterivian, 11 Jewel Seam, 101, 103, 105, 111, 114, Gondwana, 386 Hawks Crag Breccia, 328 115 breakup 369, 387, 388 Hebei, 296 coal quality, 106 Gondwanaland, eastern 325 Heilonbjiang, 296 Jianchang coal mine, 297 Goyllarisquizga Coalfield, 11 Helvetiafjellet delta, 217 Jilin, China, 294 graben, 266, 269 Helvetiafjellet Formation, 209, 222 Jiufotang Formation, 287, 290,291 Graftow Formation, 305 Hengshan Formation, 294 Judith River Formation, 149 Grande Cache area, 103, 106 Hengtongshan Formation, 296 Junbain Formation, 294, 296 Grande Cache Member, 103, 106 Henley Breccia, 328, 335, 338 Jura-Gebirges, West Germany, 291 granite, 273 Herenden, Alaska, 12 Jurassic, Late, 117 granodiorite stocks, 152 Herrin #6 coal, 68 gravel, 233, 270 Heterodonta, 296 Kaikoura orogeny, 327 detritus, 340 heterolithic sequences, 75 Kaiparowits Basin, 11 lag, 340 High Divide Ridge Conglomerate, Kaitangata anticline, 336 graywackes, 272, 274, 275, 355 142, 147 Kaitangata breccia, 328 Great Artesian Basin system, 304, Highwood River, 140, 144 Kaitangata coalfield, 327, 334 322 cutbank, 140, 144 coal properties, 337 Great Australian Bight, 11 Hilliard Shale, 70, 87, 88 stratigraphy, 335 Great Australian Bight Basin, 304, Hils area, 231, 242 structure, 335 311, 322 Hils model, 231, 242 Kamchatka sequence, 266 Great South Basin, 344 Hinshaw Member, 40, 87 kaolinite, 60, 247 Green Island, 334 Hinshaw-Adaville sequence, 85, 90 Kemmerer sandbody, 70, 75, 88, 91, Green River Basin, 11,12 Hodges Pass sandbody, 70, 75, 82, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95 Greenhills deposit, 167, 168 91, 92 Keuper evaporite sequence, 207 Greenland, 11 Hogback monocline, 30 Keyeburn Formation, 328 West, 30 Hokkaido, Japan, 12 Khankian massif, 263, 264, 265 Gregg River, 102, 106 Holbolsion Formation, 294, 296 Khartoum, Sudan, 372 Gregg River Mine, 101 Hollickia quercifolia, 181 Khartoum Basin, 12, 370, 376 Gregg River Resources, 103 Honshu, Japan, 11 Killik Tongue, 179 Greymouth, 327 Hooray Sandstone, 305 King Island-Mornington High, 314 Greymouth Basin, 333 Hope Bay, 390 Kirtland Shale, 40 Greymouth coalfield, 327, 328, 330, hornblende, 270 Klang-Langat delta, 202 333, 347, 348, 364 Hornsund lineament, 211 Kobuk Basin, 12 coal properties, 332 Huashan Formation, 294 Kogosukruk Tongue, 179, 180, 181, stratigraphy, 330 Huerfanito Bentonite Bed, 49, 62 182, 183 structure, 330 humification, 3 Kolymian massif, 263 Grippsland Basin, 304, 316, 321 huminite, 338 Kome Flora, 22 grit, 334 Hungary, 11, 245 Koonwarra Fossil Bed, 23 groundwater, 63, 107, 172, 212 hydrogen content, 109 Kootenai Formation, 23, 291, 294, tables, 10 296 Guantou Formation, 294 Iberian Peninsula, 227 Kootenay Group, 118, 172 Guanzhuang Formation, 294, 296 Iberian Range, 11, 193, 202 Koriakian Formation, 266 Gulf Coast, 60 Illinois basin, 58, 62, 63 Koyukuk Basin, 12, 28 Gulf of Guinea, 373, 374 illite, 173 Kozmatag Formation, 247 Gulf of Papua, 201 India, 20, 30 Kuwajima Formation, 291 Guyang coal mine, 297 inertinite, 47, 109, 111, 113, 138,316, Guyang Formation, 294, 296 321, 328, 332, 338, 343 La Jagua de Ibirico Subbasin, 12 Gyepukajan area, 254 Inner Foothills, 103 La Orden Member, 195 gypsum, 63, 379 Inner Mongolia, 297 Lafia area, 378 Gyraulus, 295, 297 Inoceramus, 70 lag deposits, 142, 201 dongdawusuensis, 294, 300 intra-Latrobe Group, 323 Lago Pueyrredon, 11 iron minerals, 65 lagoons, 220 Hadey circulation cell, 9 ironstone, 142 Lake Baikal region, southern, 11 Haizhou, China, 282 Iullemmeden Basin, 12, 370, 374, Lamproscapha, 295 open-pit mine, 271, 273 375, 376, 377, 378, 382 Laramie Basin, 12 Haizhou Formation, 269, 283, 291, Larsen Basin, 390, 392 294, 296, 297, 298, 300 Jabalpun Group, 20 Latrobe Group, 316, 321 coal seams, 279 Jacintos de Compostela, 207 lithofacies, 318, 321 depositional associations, 276, 279 James Ross Island area, 390 subunits, 318 Halimba Bauxite Formation, 247, 248, Janusfjellet Formation, 210, 211, Laura Basin, 11, 304, 310, 322 250 212 Laurasian continent, 295

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Laurophyllum, 31, 372 Machunchthys unatokoi, 294 floating, 2 Laurus, 30 Mackunda Formation, 306 freshwater. 64 lavas, 287, 288. 330, 385 Maestrazgo Basin, 204 inland, 8 Lazeart deltaic system, 70, 82, 88, 95 Magaritiferidae, 290 low-lying, 2, 3 depositional model, 75 magmatism, 21 I paralic, 8 sedimentation, 88 Magnolia, 30 peat-forming, 212, 222 Lazeart mine sandbody, 70, 88, 91, 92 barthouxi, 378 raised, 2, 3, 4 Lazeart Sandstone Member, 70 Magnoliaephyllum, 26, 31 temperate, 2 coal beds, 87 Magyarpolány area, 251, 260 tropical, 2 lithofacies, 75 Malaysia, 20 types, 2, 114, 368 sandbodies, 70, 75 Mali, 369, 377 water, 3 stratigraphy, 95 Malvern Hills, 334 Mississippi Delta, 242 thickness, 89 Mammoth seam, 118 Mississippi River, lower delta, 60 Leederville Formation, 318 Mamu Formation, 377 Mist Mountain Formation, 117, 136, Leigh Creek coalfield, 63 Maobo Chengxian, Gansu, 294 167 Lena River basin, 1 1, 263 maps sedimentology, 118 Lennox coal bed. 50. 60, 64 paleogeographic (global), 4 stratigraphy, 118 Lewis Shale, 49, 58 paleovegetation distribution, 18 units, 118, 136 Lewis Thrust Plate, 134 Margaritifera, 295 models Liaoning coal mine, 297 Marie Byrd Land block, 388 braid-belt, 216 Liaoning Coalfield Prospecting Markov-Chain technique, 215 climatic, 392 Company, 294 marl, 195, 201, 247, 248, 249, 250, closed system, 61 Liaoning Province, 269, 296 252, 254, 379, 380 coal formation (high-latitude), 186 Lias evaporitic sequence, 207 marlstone, 287 coal-forming systems, 61 Libya, 11, 372, 373, 374, 376, 381 marsh, freshwater brackish, 259, 260 depositional, 75, 201, 217 lignite, 328, 337, 339, 374, 378 Maryborough Basin, 11, 304, 306, direct-assimilation, 61, 63, 64 limestone, 195, 247, 278, 250, 253, 322 environment, 279 372, 379, 380 Mas de las Matas threshold, 199 geochemical coal, 111 Limnocyrena, 295 massifs, cratonic, 263 marine sedimentation (marginal), Lingula sp., 70 matoniaceae, 19, 26 90 Linton Main/Morley No. 1 1/2 Matonidinum, 21, 234 partially closed system, 61 interval, 340 Mauritania, 11, 369, 377 plate-tectonic, 326 liptinites, 47, 111, 234, 321, 332, 338, McLeod River, 102, 106 secondary sulfur enrichment, 61 343 meandering fluvial system, 233, 242 stratigraphie, 211 Lisangou Formation, 294, 296 Melania, 254 moisture, 45, 54, 106, 308, 362 lithofacies, 318, 330, 336, 372 Menefee Formation, 40 molluscan fauna, 287 lithotypes, coal, 181 Merritt deposit, 166 Momskian trough, 264 Liupanshan Group, 296 Mertz Glacier, 390 Mongolia, 22, 294, 295 Liutiaogou coal mine, 297 Mesa Pit, 168 Monkman deposit, 167 Livingston Island, 389 Mesauriculstra Montana, 23, 296 lobes, mouth bar, 217 accelerata, 291 northern, 12 location, coal deposits, 11 sinensis, 290, 291, 300 Moose Mountain Member, 118 London-Brabant massif, 228 Mesaverde Group, 30, 58 Moose River Basin, 1 I Longjing Formation, Yianju County, Mesocochliopa, 296, 297 Moosebar Formation, 103 294, 300 cretacea, 294, 298 Morgan Member, 333 loops, 216 orbiculata, 298 Morley Coal Measures, 340 Lower Coal Measures, 377 Mesozoic, 287 Morley No. I interval, 340, 344 Lower Geen River deposits, 294 Metasequoia, 26, 31, 181, 183 Morley No. 2 interval, 340, 344 Lower Killik Tongue, 180 Micromalaniidae, 290, 297 Morrison Formation, 291, 294 Lower Saxony basin, 228 Middle Niger Basin, 375, 376 Morrissey Formation, 118, 120, 135 Lower Wellington coal, 159 Middle Purebeck, England, 294, 296 Moshilazi Formation. 291 Lucina Miette mapsheet, 101, 106 Mount Allan deposit, 167, 168. 172 chatfiel, 70 migrations, transgressive-regressive, Mount Somers, 334 ripleyana, 70 39 Mountain Park Member, 103 Luscar Anticline, 105, 106, 109, 114, Milankovitch cycles, 3 mouth bars, 217 115 mineral matter, 173 mud, 91, 123, 162, 201, 214, 216, 359 Luscar Group, 103, 114 minerals, opaque, 270 mudrock, 270, 272, 312 lutites, 195, 201 mines mudshale, 146, 210, 214 Lycopodium, 23 development, 38 mudstone, 40, 48, 118, 124, 135, 142, Lycoptera, 288 open-pit, 102, 269 146, 159, 162, 214, 231, 274, open-cast, 194, 334, 339 278, 285, 288, 297, 328, 333, Maastrichtian, 10, 12, 180 room-and-pillar, 151 336, 340, 348, 350, 358, 360, lower, 140 surface, 38 378, 388, 390 upper, 140 underground, 133, 334, 339 Muling Formation, 296 Macaronichnus, 161 See also specific mines Munieria, 254 macerals, 111 ,113,118, 130, 203, mires, 185, 186, 283, 356, 362, 367, Münder Mergel, 228 328, 362 368 Mystery Lake Fault, 114 analysis, 46, 111, 362 development, 7 Mystery Lake Thrust, 106

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Naizishan Formation, 296 Nulato Field, Alaska, 12 paleochannels, 220 Nakdong Subgroup, 296 Nupe Basin, 375 paleoclimate, 148, 212, 392 Nanaimo coalfield, 151, 152, 159, Nugssuaq peninsula, 11 paleoenvironment, 347 167, 168, 172 Nymphae, 372 paleoflow, 335 Nanaimo group, 152, 183 paleogeography, 128, 202, 287, 355, Nandian Formation, 296 ODP sites, 390 369, 391 Nanushuk Group, 179, 184, 185 Ofimataura Conglomerate, 329 regional, 88 assemblages, 180 Ogallala aquifer, 11 paleo-Hornsund fault, 211 Natash Basin, 372 Ohai basin, 340 paleolatitude, 387 Navajo field, 41, 43, 44, 49 Ohai coalfield, 327, 339 paleosols, 216, 233 Nelumbites, 26 coal properties, 343 caliche, 142, 148 Neomiodon, 236, 237, 296 stratigraphy, 340 Palliser Formation, 106 bronghiati, 291 structure, 340 palynofacies analysis, 181 fasciatus, 291 Ohai conglomerate, 328 palynology, 181 pararotunda, 291, 298 Ohai depression, 340 Pandanus, 31 pseudanderssoni, 291, 298 Ohai Group, 340 Pangean monsoon, 9 qinghemensis, 291, 298 Ohika Formation, 328 Papa zone, northern, 248, 259 sublaevis, 291 oil, 318 Paparoa Coal Measures, 330, 347, volsetiformis, 291, 298 oil shale, 294 348, 365, 368 Neomiodoniidae, 290 Ojo Alamo Sandstone, 41 depositional controls, 333 Nevada, 296 Okefenokee mire, 2 lithofacies, 330 New Brighton Conglomerate, 340 Okefenokee Swamp, 3 Paparoa Range, 330 New Mexico, 37 Okhotian massif, 263 Paparoa Trough, 330 New Zealand, 30, 325, 347 Okhotskian Basin, 11, 12, 265 Paraglauconia, 236 Oldman River, 140 coal measures, 327 Parataxodium, 26, 31, 266 Niakogon Tongue, 179, 180, 181 Oldman River Bridge section, 140, 144 wigginsii, 180 Niger, 369, 375 olistostromes, 264 paratropical belt, 19, 25, 30 Nigeria, 8, 12, 369, 375, 376, 377 Omineca, Crystalline Belt, 139, 147 partings, 285 Nikanassin Formation, 106 Omolonian Basin, 11, 264 rock, 159 Nikanassin Thrust, 105, 106 Omolonian massif, 263, 264 Partisanskian Basin, 11, 263, 264, Nilssonia, 21, 22, 26, 31, 183, 234, Omsukchanian Basin, 11, 264 266 266 Omsukchanian Group, 264 Paskapoo Formation, 141 alaskana, 180 Onitsha province, 377 passive margin, 7, 387, 393 decursiva, 180, 186 Onychiopsis, 19, 22, 180 Patagonia, South America, 11, 12, 20 Nilssoniopteris, 22, 23 Ophiomorpha, 379 Patoot Flora, 30 rhitidorachis, 266 Orinoco Delta plain, 232 Patterson Section, 361 Ningxia, China, 294 Osmundaceae, 19, 23, 25, 28, 182 Peace River region, 166 Niobrara Cyclothem, 70 Osmundacidites wellmanii, 182, 190 peat Nippononaia, 290, 291, 296 Osnabriick model, 240, 242 accumulation, 2, 113, 121, 138, sinensis, 291, 298 Osterwald area, 233, 242 207, 209, 282, 283, 334, 348, subovata, 290, 294 Osterwald model, 242 356, 377 tetoriensis, 291 Osterwald succession, 233 anaerobic, 113 Nippononaiadidae, 290 Ostrea glabra, 142 blanket, 242 Nkporo sea, 377 Otago coalfield, 327, 328 coastal, 61 Nkporo Shale, 377, 378 east, 327 deposits, 91, 113, 114, 178,2/3 North Africa, 369 northeast, 334 development, 92 coal deposits, 369, 373, 376 Otago coast, 334 formation, 179, 214, 322 coal potential, 380 Otavi clay mine, 233 freshwater, 60 western, 1, 296 Otozamites, 20, 23 interdistributary, 242 North American foreland basins, 8 Otway Basin, 11,12 low-ash, 3 North Cape Formation, 329 Otway Group, 10, 311, 322 marine, 60 North Sea rift system, 228 Otway Ranges High, 314 modern, 48 North Slope, Alaska, 11, 12, 28, 31, Outer Baikalia, USSR, 294, 295 swamps, 103, 111, 114, 334, 376 177, 186, 393 Outer Basin, 305, 311 thickness, 92 Northern Anthracite Field, I 1 overbank flow, 3 pebble, 247, 255 Northern Hemisphere, 19, 22, 26, 29 Owerri province, 377 Pecopteris, 21 Northwest German Wealden Basin, Owerri Sandstone, 377 Peedee Formation, 60 11, 227, 228, 241, 242, 243 Pekulnejan coalfield, 266 Sub-basins, 229 Paaratte Formation, 315 Pelagian region, 374 Northwest Territories, 11 Pacific Coast, 263 Penjin Bay, 266 Norwegian Arctic, 209 Pacific-Australia Plate boundary, 327 Penjinskian Basin, 11, 266 Nothofagus, 31, 391 Paeudotorellia, 23 Penman Member, 336 Notikewin, 103 Pagiophyllum, 19 Perth Basin, 305, 318 Nsukka Formation, 377 Pakawau Group, 328, 329 Peru, 11, 20 Nubia Formation, 29, 372, 373, 376 depositional controls, 330 Peterson Limestone, 294 depositional cycles, 372 Pakowki shales, 140 petroleum wells, offshore, 329 lithofacies, 372 Paleocene, 139, 141, 147 Phlebopteris, 21 Nuculana sp., 70 lower, 141 Phoenicopsis, 22, 23, 30, 266

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Physa, 295, 297 mesozoia, 291, 300 Reesidella. 290, 296, 297 conispira, 291, 294 Probaicalia, 295, 297 montanensis, 290, 291, 294 Physidae, 297 gerassimovi, 290, 294 sinensis, 298 Phytoclasts, 181 vitimensis, 294 sp„ 290, 294 Piceance Basin, 12 Procerithium, 236 Regachuelo Member, 195 Piceapollenltes, 26 progradation, 92 regressions, 92, 118, 211, 322, 369, Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, 41, 49 Proteaceae, 30, 31 370, 371, 375, 380 Pictured Cliffs-Fruitland deposition, proto-Pacific ocean crust, 386 residues, organic, 318 39 Protodonax, 70 Rewanui coals, 364 Pike River coalfield, 327, 328, 334, Protophyllum, 31, 180 Rewanui Member, 333, 334, 348 347, 365 Prydz Bay, 390 composition, 354 coal properties, 332 Pseudarinia, 294, 296 paleoflow, 355 members, 358, 365, 366 convexa, 294 paleogeography, 355 stratigraphy, 330 elongata, 294, 298 seam, 334 structure, 330 maerospira, 294, 298 texture, 349 Pike River Paparoa samples, 363 planta, 294, 298 thickness, 349 Pinaceae, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30, 31 pupilla, 294 Rhenish massif, 228, 242 Pisidiidae, 290 sinensis, 294, 298 Rheno-Hercynian uplands, 230 Pittsburg-Midway Coal Company, 70 yushugouensis, 294, 298 Rhytophorus, 296, 297 Pityophyllum, 22, 23, 26, 28, 266 Pseudoaspidiophyllum, 180 fuxinensis, 291, 300 Placenticeras, 70 Pseudofrenelopsis, 19, 21 Richardson Mountains, 11 plagioclase, 60 Pseudolarix, 22, 23 Rider Seam, 103 plains Pseudomelania, 70 rifting, 322, 326, 329, 340, 369 alluvial, 321, 373 Pseudoproiophyllum, 28, 180 Rio Grande delta, 75 fluvial, 199, 373 Pseudotorellia, 266 river channels, abandoned, 162 freshwater swamp facies, 204 Pterophyllum, 30 rivers, braided, 329 water swamp, 201, 207 Ptilophyllum, 20 rocks 70 Ptychostylus, 296, 297 Planolites, 291 basement, 270, 328, 335, 340 ophtalmoides, 236 harpaeformis, clastic, 179 Planorbidae, 290, 297 placonus, 291, 298 igneous, 257 Pulmonata, 296, 297 plant growth, 209, 213 magmatic, 265 pulses, transgressive-regressive, 70, Plantanophyllum, 372 metamorphic, 139, 257, 269, 325 Platanaceae, 30 89, 90, 92, 94, 98 plutonic, 325 Platanus, 26, 28 Puponga area, 328, 329 pyroclastic, 389 Plateau and Riff Belt, 11, 370, 373, Puponga Formation, 329, 330 sedimentary, 10, 58, 64, 67, 139, 381 Purbeck, 229 201, 264, 265, 270, 275, 307, Plicatounio (P.) Pychodonta, 248 310,312,315,318, 325,370, ganquanensis, 294 Pyllocladidites, 26 375, 376, 378 gansuensis, 294 Pyrgulifera, 254 source, 139, 172 multiplicatus, 294 pyrite, 60, 64, 65, 201, 310 volcanic, 139, 152, 265, 287, 288 naktongertsis, 294 volcaniclastic, 265, 389 Plicatula, 70 Qinghemen, China, 282, 300 Rocky Mountain Fold and Thrust Belt, plutons, 139, 269 Shahai Formation, 269, 288, 290, 139, 147 Podocarpaceae, 20, 25, 30, 32 291, 294, 296, 298, 300 Rocky Mountains Podocarpus, 22 Qinghemen shaft, 296 ancestral, 11 Podozamites, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 32, Qinshilazi Formation, 296 British Columbia, 11 179, 180, 185, 186 quartz, 60, 270, 273 deposits, 173 Poiarkovskia Formation, 264 quartzite, 247 foothills, 133, 139, 147 Polany Marl Formation, 248 quartzose, 305, 310 Front Ranges, 133, 147 Polypodiaceae, 23, 26, 28 Queen Charlotte Islands, 166 Main Ranges, 147 Pompeckj Rise, 228 Queen Elizabeth Islands, Western, 11 southern, 11,12 Pond Inlet, Baffin Island, 1 1 Queensland, 303 southern Canadian, 117 pools, 215 basins, 303 Rogers Creek Member, 179 Porcupine Hills Formation, 142 coal, 63 roof, 133, 154, 157, 161 Pororari Group, 327, 328 Quereuxia, 30, 31, 181 Ross Embayment, 387, 388 Portalrubio area, 207 quiescence, 9 Ross Sea area, 387, 390 post-Wapiabi strata, 139 Quintette deposit, 167, 168, 172 Ruff Seam, 103 coals, 142 Ruffordia, 21, 231, 241 stratigraphic sequences, 139, 140 R Seam, 103 Ryoseki Group, 296 Potomac Group, 25 Rajmahal Group, 20 Powder River basin, 58 Rangitata orogeny, 326 Sabinas area, 12 Prat de Compte threshold, 199 Rapahoe Sector, 347, 356, 363, 364 sag, intracratonic, 304, 322 precipitation, 183 Rarytkian Formation, 266 Sagenopteris, 21, 23, 234 Pretty Hill Formation, 312 Rasdolninskian Basin, 11, 263, 265 Saharan Platform, 370, 371, 374, 378, Prince Creek Formation, 179, 180 Raton Basin, 12 381,382 Princeton deposit, 166 reconstructions, whole-plant, 17 St. Mary River Formation, 140, 142 Proauricula, 197 red beds, 140, 148 Sakhalin Island, 11 jaccardi, 291 Red Deer River, 141 western, 266

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Sakhalinian basins, 263 semianthracite, 328 sliding, 162 salinity, 228, 255 Senegal, 12, 369, 377 smectite, 247 San Juan Basin, 11, 12, 37 Senegal Basin, 11,12, 369, 370, 380, Smiths Beach, 336 sand, 91, 201, 214, 233, 238, 247, 382 Sokoto basin, 378 250, 390 Senonian, 245, 248 solar radiation, incident, 2 fluvial, 9 formations, 248 Sole Pit basin, 228 transfer, 221 Sensis sp., 70 Solenaia mengyinensis, 290 sandbodies, 214, 216 sequences South Australia, 63 sandflats, 215 Belly River-lowermost St. Mary South Canterbury, 334 tidal, 201 River, lower Brazeau, 140 South Island, 12, 328, 334 sandstone, 40, 48, 58, 103, 114, 118, lower Willow Creek-lower West Coast, 347 124, 135, 139, 142, 146, 157, Coalspur, 140 South Orkney Islands, 290, 389 160, 195, 201, 210, 212, 214, Porcupine Hills-Paskapoo, 141 South Primorye area, 22, 264 231, 233, 236, 238, 243, 247, upper St. Mary River-upper South Saskatchewan River, 216 249, 265, 271, 273, 275, 277, Brazeau, 140 South Shetland Islands, 389 288, 305, 307, 310, 312, 315, upper Willow Creek-upper Southern Hemisphere, 19, 23, 31 318, 328, 334, 336, 340, 349, Coalspur, 141 Soviet Union, 1, 11, 12, 22, 288 355, 359, 372, 377, 380, 388 Sequoia, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 266 Far East, 263 channel, 120, 124 Serpulit Formation, 228 Spain, 11,227 dikes, 161, 162 Seven Mile Creek, 355 northeastern, 193 sequences, 75, 220 Sevier orogenic belt, 8, 58, 70, 88, 98 Sparwood Ridge deposit, 167, 168 sheets, 220 Sh-1 Member, 290 Spence Harbour Conglomerate, 390 sanidine, 60 Shackleton Ice Shelf, 390 Sphaerium, 295, 296 Santa Barbara Sub-basin, 199 Shag Point, 334 jeholense, 294 Santander Sub-basin, 12 coalfield, 344 shatungense, 291 Santonian, 11 Shahai Formation, Qinghemen, 269, yanbianense, 291 Sapindopsis, 25, 26 288, 290, 291, 294, 296, 298, 300 Sphagnaceae, 31 Saskatchewan River, lower, 232 shale, 40, 58, 103, 135, 140, 229, 234, Sphagnum, 28, 30 schist, 273 236, 237, 238, 240, 265, 287, Sphenarion, 180 Schizaeaceae, 19, 23, 25, 26, 28, 182 288, 328, 340, 341, 372, 373, Sphenobaiera, 26, 180 Schizolepis, 26 377, 379, 380, 389, 393 Sphenolepis, 21, 22, 231, 237, 241 Schrader Bluff Formation, 179 Shandong Formation, 294 Sphenopteris, 26, 180 Sciadopitytes, 22 sheetflood deposits, 272, 283 Spiniferites cingulata, 190 scour-and-fill processes, 274 Shengjiagou Wudu, Gansu, 294 Spirangium, 236 scouring, 162, 215 Sherbrook Group, 311,314 Spirit River Formation, 123 channel, 40, 340 Shikoku, Japan, 296 Spitsbergen, 11, 209, 222 sea-floor spreading, 322, 375 Shiren Formation, 296 southern, 211 sea levels, 392 shoals, 215 Stanwell area, 11,308 changes, 40, 139, 140, 322, 369 shoreface, intermediate energy, 87 Stanwell Basin, 322 rise, 92,211,212, 221,222, 327, shoreline Stanwell Coal Measure, 308 339 migrations, 39 Star interval, 340 seam distribution, controls, 355 shift, 40, 51 Star Lake field, 41, 43, 44, 49 seas shortening, 106, 114 Stereisporites, 31 boreal, 228 Shuiquan Member, Haizhou strandplain, 75, 82 epicontinental, 4, 210, 228 Formation, 283, 288, 291, 294, stratigraphy, 39, 70, 95, 118, 140, retreat, 228 297, 298, 194, 202, 228, 287, 328, 330, seatearths, 209, 212, 216, 217, 219, 300 335, 369 221, 223 Siberia Strongman Mine, 256, 365 sedimentation, 39, 82, 88, 92, 98, 103, basins, 9 structure, 151, 202, 328, 330, 335 140, 147, 194, 203, 212, 235, northeast, 28 Strzelecki Group, 10, 316, 321, 322 241, 248, 259, 264, 311, 326, west, 32 Styx Basin, 11,3/0, 322 330, 340, 344, 371, 374, 380, Sibireconcha Styx Coal Measures, 310, 321 388, 390, 393 golovea, 290 subduction, 387 cycles, 103 sp., 290 subenvironments, 223, 231, 233 deltaic, SS siderite, 58, 64, 65, 212 Sub-Hercynian basin, 228 rates, 173 sills, 385 sublitharenite, 70, 75 sedimentology, 101, 111, 117, 118, silt, 123, 240 subsidence, 58, 82, 92, 93, 94, 103, 133,151, 161,199, 203, 206 siltstone, 124, 135, 144, 159, 161, 121, 138, 197,202,210,211, sediments, 92 201,231,247, 249, 270, 272, 228,239, 242,245,257,261, clastic flux, 3 274, 277, 287, 305, 307, 310, 322, 328, 333, 339, 343, 344, fluvial, 227 312,315,328, 341,359, 372, 348, 361,378 input, 95 374, 377, 380 basin, 355 lacustrine, 227 Siping area, 300 rate, 203 load, 94 Sirte Basin, 381 swamp, 344 marine, 327 Skolithos, 70, 103, 379 tectonic, 7 mouth-bar, 240 Skull Point sandbody 70, 75, 82, 88, Subzamites, 22 transport, 75 91, 92, 94 Sudan, 12, 369, 372, 376, 382 seismicity, 211 slickensides, 233 Sudan Trough, 370

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sulfur Tethys sea, 370, 371, 374, 378, 381 Upper Killik Tongue, 180 content, 44, 51, 60, 70, 107, 117, Teton County, Wyoming, 294 Upper Nile Basin, 370 118, 129, 138, 186, 194, 204, Tetori Group, 291 Upper Rewanue seams, 364 269, 308, 328, 334, 337, 339, Thalassinoides, 70, 379 Upper Tsagantsab Formation, 296 343, 344, 363 thrust load, 95 Upper Wellington coal, 159 isotopes, 57, 67 tidal mixing, 85 Uregalian Formation, 264 Sumatra, 4 tidal range, microtidal, 85 Utrillas area, 193 Sunjiawan Coal-Bearing Member, tilting, 162 Utrillas Formation, 193 290, 291, 294 Titri fault, 335 Utrillas Schisten, 193 Sunjiawan Member, 288, 294, 296 Tokomairiro Beds, 335 Utrillas-Alliaga Sub-basin, 197, 199, Surat Basin, 204, 305 Tongfosi Formation, Xiaoqingdogou, 202, 204 suspension load, 242 Jilin, 291, 294, 298, 300 Siimeg area, 255. 259 Tonghua, Jilin, 297 Val d'Or seam, 141 Svalbard, 8. 11, 209 tonstein, kaolin-coal, 367 Valaginian. 11 Svalbard platform, 211 Torquay Embayment, 314 valleys, alluvial, 321 Sverdrup Basin, 11,12 Torrens Member, 103, 105, 206 Vancouver Island, 12, 151, 166 swamps Torreya, 22, 23 vegetation, 177, 212, 214, 220, 222, back, 92 trans-Saharan seaway, 376, 378, 379, 231,266, 373,390 back-barrier, 40, 54 382 arctic, 180 brackish-water, 247, 261 Transantarctic Mountains, 385, 391 evolution, 177 coal, 245, 373 Transdanubian Central Range, 345, floodplain, 23 coal-forming. 139, 140, 142, 146, 355 growth, 2 148, 266 coal formation, 261 patterns, 17 coastal, 334 evolutionary history, 257 preangiosperm, 19 floodplain, 140, 233, 234, 235, transgressions, 92, 242, 247, 260, 314, types, 19 242 322, 326, 371, 373, 374, 375, Verkhojansk Ranges, 263 fluvial-margin, 186 377, 378, 380 Viburnum, 31 forest, 47, 247 transgressive cycles, 228 Vicary Creek Mine, 135, 138 lacustrine, 140, 247 transpression, 211, 261, 334, 369 Victoria, 303 peat, 103, 111, 114, 334, 376 Trigonia, 201, 265 Victoria Land Basin, 390, 391 peat-forming, 82, 88 Trigonioides, 291 vitrain, 234 shore-marginal, 40 tropical belt, 19, 24, 29 vitrinite, 46, 111, 130, 138, 306, 307, subsidence, 344 troughs 316, 332, 343 swelling, 332 intrageosynclinal, 264 reflectance, 46, 48, 109, 362, 367, swilleys, 154, 158, 161 miogeosynclinal, 265, 266 389 residual, 263 Vivipariidae, 290, 291, 296 Table Nuntak, 390 Trudopollis, 266 Viviparus, 295, 296 Taeniopteris, 23 Tsagantsab Formation, 294 onogoensis, 290, 294 Taiping Member, 288 Tuapeka Group, 335 Vladivostok area, 263 Taloka Formation, 377, 378 tuffs, 266, 287, 288 volatile matter, 107, 308, 362, 368 Talynjan Formation, 264 Tugulu Group, 296 volcanic eruption, 287 Taoudeni Basin, 370, 380, 382 Tuhua orogeny, 325 volcanics, 269, 273, 312, 318 Taranaki Basin, 329 Tulameen deposit, 166, 167, 168, volcanism, 186, 312, 328, 333, 389, coal properties, 329 173 390, 391,393 stratigraphy, 328 Tulotomoides talaztensis, 294 volcanoclastics, 264 structure, 328 Tuluvak Tongue, 179, 180 Taratu Formation, 334, 335, 336 Tunisia, 372, 374 Waare Sandstone, 315 depositional controls, 338 Turga Formation, 294 Wadge coal bed, 58, 60, 63, 64 lithofacies, 336 Turonian, 11 Waiomo interval, 349 lithostratigraphic members, 336 Twentymile Park District, 58 Waiomo Member 333, 349, 355 Tarbagatayskoye, I 1 Twentymile shale tongue, 58 Waiparous Creek section, 140, 141 Tasman Sea breakup, 322 Twinlaw fault, 340 Wairaki Mine area, 344 Tatar Strait, 266 Two Medicine Formation, 30 Wairio Coal Measures, 340 Taxites, 20 Tyrma River, 264 Waje clay pit, 231 Taxodiaceae, 20. 21, 26, 28, 30, 31. Wakamarama fault, 329, 330 32 Ugod area, 251 Wakino subgroup, 296 Taxodium, 30, 31, 183 Ugod Limestone Formation, 247, 248 Wangaloa Formation, 335, 336 tectonics, 1, 4, 8, 101, 162, 173, 202, Ugolnaja coalfield, 266 Wangshi Formation, 291, 294, 296 327, 347, 355, 359, 370, 386 Uinta Basin, 11 Warnbro Group, 318 tectonism. 139, 211, 265 Uinta County, Wyoming, 291 water table. 2, 92, 113, 234, 334 Teichichnus, 70 Ulmaceae, 31 fluctuations, 3 Tellina, 70 Umiat Delta, 179, 185 rise, 239, 242 temperate belt, 22, 31 unconformity, 211, 305, 315, 316, Wealden, Germany, 291, 296 temperatures, 10, 183, 261, 392 322, 330 coals, 227, 231 Tempskvo, 20, 21 Unionidae. 290, 296 facies, 241 terranes, accreted, 326 uplift, 9, 118, 152, 179,211,314,315, Wealden Basin, 231, 236, 242 Teruel province, 193, 194 328, 339, 340, 341, 390 weathering, 106 Tethys coastal plain, 382 Upper Coal Measures, 377 Weddell Embayment. 387

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Weddell Sea, 387, 390 Western Libya, 1 I Xinqiu, China, 282 wedges, clastic, 8, 103, 118, 242 Western Queen Elizabeth Islands, 11 open-pit mine, 271, 277, 278 Weichselia, 19, 20, 21, 22 Westland, south (coal measures), 327 Xuetiandi, Baojiatun Formation, 298 Wellington coal bed wetlands roof, 154, 161 nonsaline, 2, 4 Yangliutan, 300 sedimentologic patterns, 151 tropical, 4 Yanji, Jilin, 294 structural patterns, 151 Wharariki Formation, 329 Yano-Kolymian fold belt, 266 Wellington Rider coal, 159 Wiechselia reticulata, 372 Yianju County, Longjing Formation. wells Williams Fork Formation, 58 300 offshore, 318 Williams Point, 389 Yixian, 300 See also specific wells Willow Creek Formation, 140, 144, Yixian Formation, 287, 290 West Africa, 369 148 Yixian volcanic eruption cycle, 290 coal, 373, 376 Wilrich A cycle, 103 West Antarctica, 385, 387, 393 Wilrich B cycle, 103 Zamiophyllum, 20, 22 West Coast, South Island, 347 Wind River Basin, 12 Zamites, 20, 21 West Germany, 211, 294 Wind River Mountains, 294 Zaptychius, 296, 297 West Hill, Beijing, 294 Winton Formation, 305, 321 clathratus, 291, 300 West Netherlands basin, 228 Wolf Mountain, 152, 162 delicatus, 291, 300 West Siberia Plain, 28 Wolf Mountain Colliery, 151, 153, quanshengxigouensis, 290, 294, Western Canada foreland basin, 147 154 300 Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, 8 wood, fossil, 392 sp., 291 Western Canadian Cordillera Wulin Formation, 296 Zeja-Burejan Basin, 263, 264 geochemical trends, 168 Wyoming, 58, 294, 296 Zhejiang, South China, 294 Insular, 166, 168, 173 southwestern, 69 Zhidan Group, 294, 296 Intermontane, 166, 168, 173 Zhoujiawan Formation, 294 northeast Rocky Mountain, 166, Xenoxlylin laitporosum, 186 Zhucheng Shandong, 294 167, 168, 173 Xhixinxiang, Dalazi Formation, 300 Zhushan Formation, 296 southeast Rocky Mountain, 166, Xiahuapidianzi Formation, 296 Zija-Barejan Basin, 11 167, 168, 173 Xiaoqingdogou, Jilin, Tongfosi Zyrano-Indigirskian trough, 264 Western Desert Basin, 11, 370, 373, Formation, 291, 294, 298, 300 Zyrianka River, 263 374, 381 Xiazhuang Formation, 294, 296 Zyrianskian Basin, 11, 263 Western Interior seaway, 4, 8 Xibeiyingzi, China, 294 Zyrianskian Group. 264

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Contents 1. Tectonic and Climatic Controls on the Distribution and Quality of Cretaceous Coals 1 Peter J. McCabe and Judith Totman Parrish 2. A Global View of Cretaceous Vegetation Patterns 17 S. A. Saward 3. Environmental Controls Related to Coal Quality Variations in the Fruitland Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico 37 Gretchen K. Hoffman, Edward C. Beaumont, and Diane Bellis 4. Distribution of Carbon and Sulfur Isotopes in Upper Cretaceous Coal of Northwestern Colorado 57 Charles W. Holmes and Michael E. Brownfield 5. Primary Controls on Total Reserves, Thickness, Geometry, and Distribution of Coal Seams: Upper Cretaceous Adaville Formation, Southwestern Wyoming 69 David T. Lawrence 6. Sedimentologic and Tectonic Controls on Coal Quality of a Thick Coastal Plain Coal in the Foothills of Alberta, Canada 101 Willem Langenberg, Don Macdonald, and Wolfgang Kalkreuth 7. Sedimentologic Factors Affecting Mining, Quality, and Geometry of Coal Seams of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Mist Mountain Formation, Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains 117 R. M. Bustin and R. L. Dunlop 8. Controls on the Distribution of Coal in the Campanian to Paleocene Post-Wapiabi Strata of the Rocky Mountain Foothills, Canada 139 Tomasz Jerzykiewicz 9. Structural and Sedimentologic Patterns of the Wellington Coal Bed, Vancouver Island, British Columbia 151 C. Gwyneth Cathyl-Bickford 10. Regional Variations in Coal Quality in the Canadian Cordillera 165 Eileen Van der Flier-Keller and Fariborz Goodarzi 11. Evolution of Vegetation and Coal-Forming Environments in the Late Cretaceous of the North Slope of Alaska 177 Robert A. Spicer, Judith Totman Parrish, and Paul R. Grant 12. Albian Coal-Bearing Deposits of the Iberian Range in Northeastern Spain 193 Xavier Querol, Ramon Salas, Gonzalo Pardo, and Luis Ardevol 13. Depositional Controls on Plant Growth and Peat Accumulation in a Braidplain Delta Environment: Helvetiafjellet Formation (Barremian-Aptian), Svalbard 209 W. Nemec 14. Depositional Controls on the Lower Cretaceous Wealden Coals of Northwest Germany 227 Guido Pelzer, Walter Riegel, and Volker Wilde 15. Upper Cretaceous Coal Deposits in Hungary 245 J. Haas, E. Jocha-Edelenyi, and G. Csaszar 16. Coal-Bearing Deposits of the Soviet Far East 263 V. A. Krassilov 17. Humid-Type Alluvial-Fan Deposits and Associated Coal Seams in the Lower Cretaceous Haizhou Formation, Fuxin Basin of Northeastern China 269 Wu Chonglong, Li Sitian, and Cheng Shoutian 18. Stratigraphic and Paleogeographic Implications of an Early Cretaceous Molluscan Fauna from the Fuxin Coalfield, Northeastern China 287 Zhu Guoxin and Zhang Shicai 19. A Review of Cretaceous Coal-Bearing Sequences in Australia 303 Christopher R. Fielding 20. Depositional Controls on Cretaceous Coals and Coal Measures in New Zealand 325 A. M. Sherwood, J. K. Lindqvist, J. Newman, and R. Sykes 21. Tectonic and Paleoenvironmental Controls on the Distribution and Properties of Upper Cretaceous Coals on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand 347 J. Newman and N. A. Newman 22. Paleogeography and Stratigraphy of Cretaceous Coal Deposits of North Africa 369 Michael E. Brownfield and Jean N. Weaver 23. The Potential for Cretaceous Coal in Antarctica 385 David I. M. Macdonald and Jane E. Francis ISBN 0-8137-2267-5

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