Paper 60-1 the SUBSURFACE GETHING and BLUESKY
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7. Gas (Tight) Sands
Tight-Gas Sands Committee Report EMD Annual Meeting, April 2014 by Fran Hein, P. Geol., Chair Vice Chairs: • TBA, (Vice-Chair, Industry) • Dean Rokosh (Vice-Chair, Government) • Linyun Tan, (Vice-Chair, Academic) Advisory Committee: • Faruk Alpak, Shell International E&P, AAPG Gulf Coast Section • Mohammed S. Ameen, Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia, AAPG Middle East Section • Jamel Assad, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, AAPG Gulf Coast Section • Dean Rokosh, Alberta Geological Survey, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, AAPG Canadian Section • Robert Cluff, The Discovery Group, Denver, Colorado, AAPG Rocky Mountain Section • Anthony Cortis, JinQiu Venture, Chengdu, China, AAPG Asia/Pacific Section • Mohamed El Deghedy, Cairo University, President of AAPG Cairo University Chapter, AAPG Africa Section • Christopher Ezeh, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, AAPG Africa Section • Matthew Grove, ExxonMobil, AAPG Gulf Coast Section • Brent Hale, William M. Cobb & Associates, AAPG Southwest Section • Frances J. Hein, Alberta Energy Regulator, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, AAPG Canadian Section • Xavier Moonan, Petrotin, AAPG Latin America Section • Rebecca Morgan, Baker Hughes, AAPG Gulf Coast Section • Renfang Pan, Yangtze University, China, AAPG Asia Pacific Section • Salma Rafi, Department of Geology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan, AAPG Middle East Section • Christopher Simon, SM-Energy, AAPG Gulf Coast Section • Linyun Tan, Chongqing Institute of Geological and Mineral Resources, China, AAPG Asia Pacific Section • Jia Zheng, China University of Petroleum, AAPG Asia Pacific Section 1 Executive Summary Tight gas is an unconventional type of hydrocarbon resource within reservoirs that are low permeability (millidarcy to microdarcies range) and low porosity, as in ‘tight sand’. “Distal” unconventional tight-gas sands (with high sandy silt/siltstone content, low clay/shale content, but with self sourced organics) have more recently been called “hybrid” shales. -
Paper 1983-1
STRATIGRAPHY AND smInmmmy mms ON THE BULL- I(OUNTAIN-PEACE RIVERCANYON, CARBON CREEK AREA NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA (930/15, 16; 94B/1, 2) INTRODUCTION As the new District Geologist at Charlie lake, 1982 fieldwork was orientedtoward gaining a grasp of theregional and loc,slstratigraphy andsedimentology of thecoal-bearing sequences in the Northeast Coal- field. In thisregard I am indebted to Dave Gibsonand Con Stott of the GeologicalSurvey of Canada, Paul Cowley and NormanDuncan of Utah Mines Ltd.,and Charlie Williams of Gulf Canada ResourcesInc. for informative discussions. Fieldwork was concentrated in the area betweenBullhead Mountain on the east andPardonet Creek on the west (Fig.27). lhis areaincludes coal licences of Utah Mines Ltd.,Gulf Canada Resources Inc.., Shell Canada ResourcesLimited, andCinnabar Peak Mines Ltd.Recently published paperson the area includethose of Gibson(19781, St.ott and(Gibson (1980), andAnderson (1980). There are two coal-bearingformations in the area, theGething Formation of theBullhead Groupand theBickford Formation of thme Minnes ,:roup. The GethingFormation overlies the Bickford Formation and is sepsrated from it by the Cadomin Formation,which is variablypebbly sandstone to conglomerate (see stratigraphic column, Table 1). Regionallythe Cadomin Formation may rest on unitslower in the succession than the Bickford.According toStott (1973) this is due to an unconformitywhich progressivelytruncates underlying strata in a southwest-northeast direction. TABLE 1. SIWLIFIED STRATIGRPPHY OF THEMiNNES ANDBULLHEAD GROUPS (UPPERJWASSIC+CWER CRETACEOUS) IN THE BULLHEADMOUNTAIKPARDONET CREEK AREA BuIGething Formationlhead bal measures &CUD Cadomin Formation Pebblysandstone, quartzitic sandstone,conglomerate Mlnnes BickfordFormation Carbonaceousmeasures Grou p Monach FormtionFeldspathic sandstone, minor mounts of quartzite battle Peaks Formation Interbedded sandstone and shale bnteith Formatlon @per quartzites Lower greysandstones,, teldspathlc sandstones 93 ?he stratigraphy of thearea is notyet satisfactorily resolved (D. -
The Lower Cretaceous Flora of the Gates Formation from Western Canada
The Lower Cretaceous Flora of the Gates Formation from Western Canada A Shesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geological Sciences Univ. of Saska., Saskatoon?SI(, Canada S7N 3E2 b~ Zhihui Wan @ Copyright Zhihui Mian, 1996. Al1 rights reserved. National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KlA ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libraxy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur foxmat électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. College of Graduate Studies and Research SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirernents for the DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ZHIRUI WAN Depart ment of Geological Sciences University of Saskatchewan Examining Commit tee: Dr. -
General Geology of Lower Cretaceous Heavy Oil
POOR IMAGE DUE TO ORIGINAL DOCUMENT QUALITY -JC.plt, 5 - ot/-oI General Geology of Lower Cretaceous Heavy • Oil Accumulations In Western Canada By L W. VIGRASS* (Heavy Oil Semillur, The Petrolell1n Society of C.l.~I., Calgary. llIay .5, 1.965) ABSTRACT The oil throughout the belt is asphaltic and contain.'3Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/jcpt/article-pdf/4/04/168/2165766/petsoc-65-04-01.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 large amounts of sulphur. nitrogen and oxygen. Gra Lower Cretaceous sand reservoirs contain about 750 billion barrels of "lscous, heavy oil along a broad arcuate vities range from 6° to 18° API and viscosities from belt that extends from northwestern Alberta into west several hundred to several million centipoise at GO°F, central Saskatchewan_ The heavy on is pooled in the Studies of sulphur isotopes, trace metal content and Mannville Group and, in a gross sense. occurs in a marine continental transition facies. The accumulation at Peace high molecular weight compounds show a fundamen River is in a regional onlap feature. The accumulations in tal similarity between Athabasca, Bonn.yville und the Athabasca-Llo}'dminster region occur across the Lloydminster crude oils. crest and on the southwest flank of a regional anticlinal feature associated with the solution of salt from Middle The change in character of the oil with geographic Devonian beds. These re~ional features had already position and depth is not ' ...·ell documented, but oils formed by the end of Early Cretaceous time. from deeper reservoirs at the south end of the bell Chemical and physical I)rOperties of oils from differ are more paraffinic, have higher API gravities and ent accumulations show that they belong to a single oil s:,.,stem and suggest a common mode of origin. -
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Index [Italic page numbers indicate major references] Abietites, 21. 22, 231, 236 Araun tributaries, 264 south coast, 304, 310 linkii, 231 Amuro-Zejan Basin, 11, 264 west coast basins, 304, 318 Absaroka fault, 95 Anadyr River, 266 Azolla, 31 Absaroka thrust, 88 Anadyrian basin, 266 acrotelm, 3 anastomosing fluvial system, 231, back-barrier island, 220 Adavale basin fill, 304 232, 233, 242 back barrier/outer lagoon zones, 220 Adaville Formation, 69, 98 Anderson coal, 58, 63 backswamps, 343 channels, 88 Anderson mire, 63 Baculites mclearni, 140 coal seams, 82 andesite, 288 Baffin Island, 11 depositional history, 88 angiosperms, 10, 18, 19, 24, 28, 31, Baiera, 23, 26 lithofacies, 75 47, 180, 392 Baikalia, eastern, 288 regional paleogeography, 88 Ango-Paris Basin, 227 Bakony Mountains, 245 rock types, 70 ankerite, 64, 65 Bakonyjako area, 251 sedimentation model, 90 Anomia Balmer North Mine, 134, 138 stratigraphy, 70 gryphorynchus, 70 Balmer peat swamp, 135 Addis Ababa, Shewa province, 373 propatorius, 70 Balmer seam, 118, 135 Adelaide Island, 389 anoxia, 3 Banks Island, 1 I Adelie Land margin, 390 Antarctic Peninsula, 31, 388, 389, Baojiatun Formation, Xuetiandi, 298 Afikpo area, 378 392 Barclay Seam, 338 Africa, 20 Antarctica, 385, 393 Barents Sea Shelf, 209 West, 369, 373, 376 climatic model, 392 barite, 63 agglomerates, 287, 330 coal deposits (Cretaceous), 388 Barremian, 11, 209 aggradation, 215, 216, 223 coal potential (Cretaceous), 385 Barriada Member, 195 Ahaggar Mountains, 375 East, 385, 388, 393 barrier beach, 242 Ajka area, 245,248,249, -
PINE VALLEY Mount Wabi to Solitude Mountain Northeastern British Columbia
BRITISHCOLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND PETROLEUMRESOURCES HoN. D.L. BROTHERS,Minister K. B. BLAKEY,Deputy Minister ~~ BULLETIN No. 52 GEOLOGY of the PINE VALLEY Mount Wabi to Solitude Mountain Northeastern British Columbia by J. E. HUGHES GEOLOGY OF THE PINE .VALLEY Mount Wabi to Solitude Mountain Northeastern British Columbia SUMMARY 1. The map-area covers the Pine Valley, in the Rocky Mountain Foothills of northeastern British Columbia, from latitude 55 degrees 30 minutes to latitude 55 degrees 45 minutes north. 2. The exposed rocks are Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous in age. The suc- cession (Ladinian to Cenomanian) is between 10,000 and 20,000 feet thick, and mostly of marine deposition. Most stratigraphic units thicken westward. 3. In the Triassic, the Grey Beds contain limestones, dolomites, siltstones, and sandstones; and the overlying PardonetFormation, argillaceous limestones with fossil shell beds of Halobia and Monotis. 4. The Fernie Group of Jurassic age consists of: thin limestone, interbedded shales and siltstones with cherty banding, the Nordegg Beds; followed by the Middle Shales; and in the upper part, interbedded shales, siltstones, and sandstone:;, the Transition Beds, which mark the change to Beaudette deposition. 5. The Beaudette Group of late Jurassic to early Cretaceous age has three formations: the Monteith, thick sandstones mostly, and with quartzites in the 'upper third part; the BeattiePeaks, interbedded shales, siltstones, andsandstones; and the Monach Formation,sandstones, with or without quartzite beds at the top. Facies changes and incomplete outcrops make it advisable to map Beaudette strata as an undivided unit to the west. 6. Coal measures overlying Beaudette strata are described by the term Crassier Group. -
Cadomin and Jasper Areas Willem Langenberg and John Waldron
Field Guide to Selected Geological Sections of the Cadomin and Jasper Areas Willem Langenberg and John Waldron Edmonton Geological Society Field Trip Guide September 22-23, 2007 Introduction The Rocky Mountains can be divided into Foothills, Front Ranges, and Main Ranges as shown in the cartoon below (Fig. 1). Outcrops in the foothills are dominated by softer weathering Mesozoic rocks of the foreland basin: mainly sandstone and shale but also including conglomerates and coal. Most of the clastic rocks represent material eroded from earlier-formed parts of the orogen to the west, which was subsequently cannibalized as the thrustbelt advanced westward in late Mesozoic to early Cenozoic time. Locally in the foothills, the more resistant late Paleozoic carbonate rocks come to the surface in elongated ridges. Saturday's traverse will begin in the foothills of the Cadomin area and proceed southwest into the Front Ranges. In the Front Ranges carbonates dominate the landscape. These represent the late Paleozoic continental margin of the Laurentian continent, now sliced into multiple imbricated thrust sheets. Mesozoic clastics are confined to narrow valleys. On Sunday morning we will take the Yellowhead Highway further into the Front Ranges and eventually into the Main Ranges of the Rockies. In the Main Ranges, lower parts of the stratigraphy are preserved, including widespread outcrops of older, Early Paleozoic carbonates, clastics, and the underlying Proterozoic succession of the Windermere Supergroup. The structural style is different, too. Although thrust sheets are present, they are generally much larger in scale, and their dips are gentler. In addition, the rocks were more ductile when deformed, so that cleavage and folds are much more widely developed in the mudrocks. -
Exploration Analysis
EXPLORATION ANALYSIS CARDIUM FORMATION Current Situation The Cardium Formation is not an exploration target in B.C. Where it has been tested, it is as a secondary target, and often with a straddle drillstem test run on the basis of a prospective well log signature. The formation has thus been open to drilling fluids for an extended period of time, and wellbore damage is likely to be severe. This situation is exacerbated by lack of reservoir “sweet spots”, shallow drilling depths and subnormal formation pressures. Velvet Exploration undertook an exploration program in 2000/2001 for fractured Cardium shoreface sandstones in the Copton-Narraway area of Alberta, in the southeastern corner of Map 2. There do not appear to be a substantial number of new Cardium wells on production in this area, and Velvet’s successor, El Paso, is not drilling new wells on the play. Tight Gas Potential The Cardium presents an attractive in-place gas resource, with massive sandstones of substantial thickness distributed continuously over a large area (Map 2) (Table 1). Because of its shallow burial depth, there has been less reservoir degradation by compaction than for deeper tight gas reservoirs. However, low reservoir pressures reduce in-place gas volumes, particularly within the subnormally-pressured Deep Basin. By qualitative comparison with the Cadotte and Spirit River, we speculate an in-place gas resource of 1-3 BCF/section. Cardium tight gas will likely be a secondary, uphole target to be exploited in conjunction with deeper tight gas plays. Locally, Cardium gas production may occur where: • operators stumble upon conglomeratic sweet spots, or • fracture-enhanced reservoir sections are defined in the Foothills, where the Cardium section is thickest. -
Stratigraphic Trends in the Gething Formation
Province of British Columbia ~’ MINERAL RESOURCES DIVISION Ministry of Energy, Mines and Geological Survey Branch Petroleum Resources STRATIGRAPHIC TRENDS IN THE GETHING FORMATION By A. Legun A Contribution to the Canada/British Columbia Mineral Development Agreement, 1985-1990 OPENFILE1990-33 Canadian Cataloging in Publication Data Legu”, Andrew s., 1949- Stratigraphic trends in the Gething Formation (Open file, ISSN 08353530 ; 1990-33) “A contribution to the Canada/British Columbia Mineral Devc,om”ent Am’eement, 19X5-1990.” VICTORIA BRITISH COLUMBIA CANADA 1. &thing Formation (B.C.) 2. Coal - Geology British Columbia - Peace River (Regional district) 3. Geology, March 1991 Stratigraphic. 4. Geology, Economic-British Columbia - l’eace River (Regional district) I. British Columbia. Geological Survey Branch. II. Canada/British Columbia Mineral Devclopmcnt Agreement. III. Title. IV. Series: yg3;f’ (British Columbia. Geological Survey Branch) ; QE187.443 1991 553.2’4’0971187 c91-092142-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTROD.UC’I’ION.. ..........................................1 General .........................................................1 Acknowledgments....................................... 1 GEOLOGY.. ......................................................3 Stratigraphic Trends.................................... 4 Chamberlain Member.. ........................4 Bullmoose Member ..............................7 Gaylard Member.. .................................7 Sourcesof Data.. ...................................8 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.. ...................9 -
Petroleum Geology of Canada
CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND RESOURCES MINES AND GEOLOGY BRANCH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ECONOMIC GEOLOGY SERIES No. 14 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF CANADA BY G. S. Hume Geologist for Oil Controller for Canada OTI'AWA EDMOND CLOUTIER P RINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1944 Price, 25 cents CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND RESOURCES MINES AND GEOLOGY BRANCH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ECONOMIC GEOLOGY SERIES No. 14 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF CANADA BY G. S. Hume Geologist for Oil Con troller for Can ada OTTAWA EDMOND CLOUTIER Pfl !NTER TO THE KTKG 'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1944 Price. 25 cents CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ... .. ............. .. ........... ... .............. ...... 1 Hudson Bay Lo\Yland ........................... .... .. .. ... .. ...... 5 Gaspe, Quebec ......... .. .. .. ... .......... .. ..... ..................... ... 7 New Brunswick. .. ... ..... .. .. .... ..... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... 10 Prince Edward Island .. ..... .. ................................. .. .. .... .. 15 Nova Scotia. ..... .................. 15 Ontario........ ........ .... ....... ... ........... .. ..... ... ....... 17 The Interior Plains ........................................ ...... .. .... ........ 21 General statement.... .. ....... ............ ........ 21 Southern Alberta . ... ........... ....... .. .. .. .. .. ... ........... 25 East-ccn tral Alberta . ... .... ... .. .. .. .. ..... .... .. .... ..... 27 Northwest Alberta-Peace River area ..... ................ .... .. .... .. ... 30 Athabaska bituminous sands. ...... ..... ... ... 30 Foothills of south -
The Letters F and T Refer to Figures Or Tables Respectively
INDEX The letters f and t refer to figures or tables respectively "A" Marker, 312f, 313f Amherstberg Formation, 664f, 728f, 733,736f, Ashville Formation, 368f, 397, 400f, 412, 416, Abitibi River, 680,683, 706 741f, 765, 796 685 Acadian Orogeny, 686, 725, 727, 727f, 728, Amica-Bear Rock Formation, 544 Asiak Thrust Belt, 60, 82f 767, 771, 807 Amisk lowlands, 604 Askin Group, 259f Active Formation, 128f, 132f, 133, 139, 140f, ammolite see aragonite Assiniboia valley system, 393 145 Amsden Group, 244 Assiniboine Member, 412, 418 Adam Creek, Ont., 693,705f Amundsen Basin, 60, 69, 70f Assiniboine River, 44, 609, 637 Adam Till, 690f, 691, 6911,693 Amundsen Gulf, 476, 477, 478 Athabasca, Alta., 17,18,20f, 387,442,551,552 Adanac Mines, 339 ancestral North America miogeocline, 259f Athabasca Basin, 70f, 494 Adel Mountains, 415 Ancient Innuitian Margin, 51 Athabasca mobile zone see Athabasca Adel Mountains Volcanics, 455 Ancient Wall Complex, 184 polymetamorphic terrane Adirondack Dome, 714, 765 Anderdon Formation, 736f Athabasca oil sands see also oil and gas fields, Adirondack Inlier, 711 Anderdon Member, 664f 19, 21, 22, 386, 392, 507, 553, 606, 607 Adirondack Mountains, 719, 729,743 Anderson Basin, 50f, 52f, 359f, 360, 374, 381, Athabasca Plain, 617f Aftonian Interglacial, 773 382, 398, 399, 400, 401, 417, 477f, 478 Athabasca polymetamorphic terrane, 70f, Aguathuna Formation, 735f, 738f, 743 Anderson Member, 765 71-72,73 Aida Formation, 84,104, 614 Anderson Plain, 38, 106, 116, 122, 146, 325, Athabasca River, 15, 20f, 35, 43, 273f, 287f, Aklak -
Bedrock Geology of Alberta
Alberta Geological Survey Map 600 Legend Bedrock Geology of Alberta Southwestern Plains Southeastern Plains Central Plains Northwestern Plains Northeastern Plains NEOGENE (± PALEOGENE) NEOGENE ND DEL BONITA GRAVELS: pebble gravel with some cobbles; minor thin beds and lenses NH HAND HILLS FORMATION: gravel and sand, locally cemented into conglomerate; gravel of sand; pebbles consist primarily of quartzite and argillite with minor amounts of sandstone, composed of mainly quartzite and sandstone with minor amounts of chert, arkose, and coal; fluvial amygdaloidal basalt, and diabase; age poorly constrained; fluvial PALEOGENE PALEOGENE PALEOGENE (± NEOGENE) PALEOGENE (± NEOGENE) UPLAND GRAVEL: gravel composed of mainly white quartzite cobbles and pebbles with lesser amounts of UPLAND GRAVEL: gravel capping the Clear Hills, Halverson Ridge, and Caribou Mountains; predominantly .C CYPRESS HILLS FORMATION: gravel and sand, locally cemented to conglomerate; mainly quartzite .G .G and sandstone clasts with minor chert and quartz component; fluvial black chert pebbles; sand matrix; minor thin beds and lenses of sand; includes gravel in the Swan Hills area; white quartzite cobbles and pebbles with lesser amounts of black chert pebbles; quartzite boulders occur in the age poorly constrained; fluvial Clear Hills and Halverson Ridge gravels; sand matrix; ages poorly constrained; extents poorly defined; fluvial .PH PORCUPINE HILLS FORMATION: olive-brown mudstone interbedded with fine- to coarse-grained, .R RAVENSCRAG FORMATION: grey to buff mudstone