Western Herbs and Immunity 24 Cough 24 Infection 26 Immune Modulation 26

Immunity in Times of Turmoil: An Ayurvedic Approach 2

Version 1.1 This eBook will be updated over time. If you find any misinformation please contact me. Thanks!

Internet addresses given in this book were accurate at the time of publication.

Disclaimer: I am an Ayurvedic chiropractor, not an infectious disease specialist. This information is presented for education in the spirit of good will. This communication does not provide medical advice. This information is for informational purposes only. The purpose of this message is to promote broad understanding and knowledge of various health topics. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment and before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read in this message or in materials or websites referred to herein.

Dedication: This book relied heavily on the expertise of many exceptional health care practitioners and the resources they created including: Dr. John Douillard, Vaidya Mishra, Stephen Buhner, Ian Luepker, Todd Caldecott, Katrina Johnson Svoboda, and others. It could not have been completed without them.

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Table of Contents

Part 1: Understanding the Immune System 5 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System 6 Function of the Lymphatic System 7 Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue 8 Common Contributors to Lymph Congestion 9 The Brain’s Lymphatic System 10 Ayurveda and the Lymphatic System 11 Anatomy of the Immune System 11 What Happens in a Viral Infection? 13 Immunity in Ayurveda 14 Agni: Preventing ama 15 Ojas and Stress 17 Nutrition to Support the Lymphatic System 17 Supplements to Support Immune Health 18 Lifestyle Recommendations to Support Immune Health 18

Part 2: Traditional Approaches to Immune Health 19

Ayurveda and Immunity 20 Air Quality and Diffusing Essential Oils 20 Nasya 21 Oil pulling 21 Plasters and Liniments 21 Traditional Ayurvedic Herbal Formulas 22

Western Herbs and Immunity 24 Cough 24 Infection 26 Immune Modulation 26

Chinese Medicine and Immunity 27

COVID 19 Viral Infections 29 The Three Stages of SARS-Cov-2 29 Mechanism of Infection 30 How Serious Is It? 31 AntiViral and Immune Boosting Herbs 32 Homeopathy and the Treatment of COVID-19 34

Conclusion 35

References 36

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Introduction Thank you so much for investing in your health. This book is meant to be a guide to improved immune function. It was inspired by the worldwide pandemic of 2020. I hope that the information in this book will be valuable to you and your family as you focus on ways you can maintain your health during this time. If you need more information please set up a FREE ten-minute consultation at www.rhythmofhealing.com/schedule.html. When we talk about health and immunity, we are referring to the immune system. The immune system is not a system in a traditional sense. It is like the conductor of an orchestra. It works with every other system in the body in order to protect us against disease. Disease can come in the form of bacteria, viruses, parasites, environmental pollutants, and anything that doesn’t belong inside our bodies. The immune system coordinates the activities of the skin, digestive system, nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and many others in order to support health. In this eBook I will be focusing on three primary systems as they relate to the immune system. These are the digestive, respiratory, and lymphatic systems. You will see that the lymphatic system is where the immune system interfaces with the respiratory and digestive systems. By understanding how to keep our lymphatic system healthy, we can support vitality. When I worked with Nasha Winters, the author of “The Metabolic Approach to Cancer,” she would talk about optimal terrain. The concept is that if you are trying to grow a garden you need the right kind of soil. You can’t grow a garden in concrete no matter how much light and water you have available. The goal of this eBook is to help you understand what makes for optimal terrain and what you can do to support your immune system during this time. One last note. The immune system is like a bike tire. You want to pump it full of air in order to make sure that you can ride your bike, but more is not necessarily better. Use the information here to support your immune system but be careful not to overdo it.

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Part 1: Understanding the Immune System

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Anatomy of the Lymphatic System The immune system is a major player in the lymphatic tissue of our body. Commonly found in places where our body is in contact with the outside world, like our nose and mouth. The immune system uses the following components in order to destroy or neutralize pathogens:

• white blood cells • antibodies • complement system • lymphatic system • spleen • bone marrow • thymus gland

Ayurveda recognizes the pervasive nature of the immune system and does not focus on the individual parts. Instead, Ayurveda focuses on how each of these parts work together in order to produce healthy tissues. If the tissues are not healthy, then they are more prone to attack by pathogens. The resistance to disease in Ayurveda is dependent on Ojas. This will be discussed in detail later. The highest density of immune cells are found in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is composed of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph fluid. This fluid carries many of the cells associated with the immune system. The main function of the lymphatic system is to transport excess fluids back into the bloodstream and “filter” pathogens from the blood. In Ayurveda the health of every tissue of the body is dependent on the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system itself begins with the vessels. Lymph vessels start as open-ended capillaries that become larger lymph vessels traveling to lymph nodes found near the groin, armpits, neck, chest, and abdomen. There are roughly 500-600 of these nodes. Unlike blood, lymph is not actively pumped by the heart. Instead its movement is dependent on the contraction of skeletal muscles and breathing, which pushes it through one-way valves towards the heart and eventually back into the bloodstream at the jugular and subclavian veins in the neck.

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Fluid between the tissue, called interstitial fluid, enters the lymphatic system at lymphatic capillaries, which are interlaced with the small veins and arteries of the circulatory system called arterioles and venules. When the pressure in these vessels is high, more fluid leaks out of them. That is why swelling occurs; more fluid is leaking out than can be received by the lymphatic vessels. These vessels carry the lymph back to the heart. The right side of the head, thorax and upper lymph drain into the right subclavian vein and right lymphatic duct. The remaining portions of the body drain into the left subclavian vein through the large thoracic duct, which begins just below the diaphragm in the cisterna chyli. This receives lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs on both sides. While most people are familiar with the heart and the vessels that attach to it, they are not familiar with the anatomy of the lymphatic system. Next, we will explore the primary functions of the lymphatic system.

Function of the Lymphatic System The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport fluids and immune cells. It also transports dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins that are absorbed in the gut. Lymph nodes are used by the immune system in order to stage an immune response. Bacteria or viruses are transported to a lymph node where immune cells kill the pathogens. The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ where immune cells are used to remove microbes from the blood. There are two main components of the spleen. The red pulp is full of macrophages (a large pathogen eating white blood cells) and all the other cells typical of the blood. The white pulp is full of white blood cells: B cells, T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. I will talk about all these cell types later. The red pulp primarily functions as a filtration system of the blood, using cells of the relatively nonspecific immune response, and white pulp is where adaptive T and B cell responses are mounted.

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Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue

One of the highest concentrations of lymph tissue is in the digestive system. Within the small intestine, lymphatic capillaries called lacteals absorb and transport dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins into the bloodstream. This slurry is called “chyle.” It travels to the liver, and that is where it enters the bloodstream. When this process goes wrong, then undigested proteins such as gluten and casein—along with toxic fats, environmental pollutants, pesticides, and preservatives—congest the lymph.1 The first place that this congestion occurs is in the gut; this is also where 80% of our immunity lies. This is the first hub where lymph becomes congested due to poor digestion or stress affecting the microbiome and inhibiting digestion.2 The next place this congested lymph goes is the Skin-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (SALT) and then on to the MALT (mucous-associated lymphoid tissue, which lines all the mucus membranes of the body), BALT (bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue in the bronchi), NALT (nasal-associated lymphoid tissue), and LALT (larynx-associated lymphoid tissue).3 As you can see, most of our lymphoid tissue is strongly associated with the respiratory digestive systems. In Ayurveda the Kapha Dosha is associated with all these systems. The Kapha Dosha has five subtypes that relate to each of the lymphoid tissue mentioned. Kledaka: Digestion, mucous, the root of all other Kapha’s GALT Avalambaka: Low back and lungs BALT Bodhaka: Taste, Smell LALT Tarpaka: Senses, Cough, Nasal Congestion, Cerebral spinal fluid NALT Shleshaka: Joint pain, congestion SALT

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The Kapha Dosha is also associated with Ojas. Ojas is our vitality and the resistance our tissues have to disease. See the chapter titled “Immunity in Ayurveda” for information on how to support Ojas. The lymphatic system is very resilient and under most circumstances it can “process” all the undigested material it encounters. When it does this, the tissues of the digestive system and respiratory system act as a barrier to pathogens. Over time certain foods and behaviors can weaken the lymphatic system’s ability to detoxify the body, and that can lead to problems.

Common Contributors to Lymph Congestion

As mentioned, the lymph vessels transport a lot of substances; one of these substances is hormones. Certain hormones can congest the lymph. The biggest culprit are stress hormones. Hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, when secreted in excess, can congest the lymphatic system through free radical damage, and they can alter the PH of the blood, making it more acidic.4,5 Hormone imbalances as a result of excess stress are one of the primary ways the lymph can become congested. As mentioned earlier, it is the microcirculation that determines if the drainage system of the body is bogged down. If it isn’t getting adequate circulation, then the tissue becomes more fibrous, and this leads to swelling, cellulite, and cold hands. This is where obesity, hypersensitivity reactions, and digestive complaints begin. Herbs such as marshmallow, slippery elm, and licorice can increase gastric mucin and glycoprotein secretions help to maintain the structural integrity of the stomach lining.6 Because the digestive system is where we are exposed to many of the substances that the lymphatic vessels have to “filter,” it can be another common contributor to congestion. If you eat too much, eat too many hard to digest foods, or eat foods with common food allergies, it can overwhelm the lymph and lead to problems. This is mainly due to the fact that there is so much lymph tissue surrounding the gut.1-5

In addition to the digestive system there is a lot of lymphoid tissue in the respiratory system. Air pollution is another big contributor to lymph congestion. It is estimated that over 4 billion pounds of environmental toxins are dumped into the environment and the lymphatic tissue detoxifies this in the respiratory tract.7 Some common symptoms of lymph congestion are:

• Breast swelling or soreness with each menstrual cycle • Dry skin • Mild rash or acne • Hypersensitivity • Mild headaches • Elevated histamine and irritation due to common environmental allergens • Occasional constipation, diarrhea, and/or mucus in the stool

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The Brain’s Lymphatic System

Until recently it was believed that there were no lymph vessels in the brain. Now, researchers at the University of Virginia School of Medicine discovered that the brain and central nervous system are drained by meningeal lymphatic vessels called glymphatics, indicating that there is a strong link between the immune system, which travels via the lymph, and the brain and central nervous system.8 This research has been used to support a field of study called psycho-neuro-immunology. This field of study looks at the connection between our emotions, mind, and immune system. As with the rest of the body, these lymph vessels act as drains and, when clogged, they can cause memory and cognitive problems. Most of the draining of the brain happens when we sleep. One of these neurotoxins is called beta-amyloid plaque, which is drained through the glymphatics. Beta-amyloid plaque has been indicated in numerous cognitive and memory concerns that are only now starting to be more fully understood.9- 11

The glymphatics are related to the immune system and mood disorders. In studies on mood disorders, it was found that having an autoimmune condition can increase the risk of future mood-related concerns by 45%.12 This is a powerful relationship between the mood, brain, and immune system.13,14 Congestion that starts in the digestive system or lungs will eventually affect the brain and lead to an increase in infection, inflammation, auto-immunity, and psychiatric concerns.15 Supporting the lymphatic system has wide- ranging effects on the body and mind.

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Ayurveda and the Lymphatic System Ayurveda has a whole arm of study that is focused on lymph. It is called rasayana. Rasa primarily means lymph, but it’s also associated with taste, emotion, juice, and many other things. According to Ayurveda, it is the lymph that governs the emotional and hunger responses. Rasa is also the foundational tissue for every other tissue in the body. That is why the skin reflects digestive health in Ayurveda. 80% of what your skin looks like on the outside is determined by the function of the skin on the inside. The outer skin protects, nourishes and detoxifies the body, the inner skin does the same for the inside of the body. We can see how well the inner skin is functioning through the outer skin. If the skin is dry, wrinkled, inflamed, or anything else, then the lymph is not functioning properly.3 It is an indication that the digestive system’s elimination channels are clogged, and so the skin becomes a primary detoxification channel.3 Ayurveda has a long history supporting healthy lymph function, and this will be covered in detail in the chapter titled “Immunity in Ayurveda.” Next, we will look at the other components of the immune system.

Anatomy of the Immune System

There are three primary components of the immune system. 1. Barrier defenses — in the form of skin, nose, mouth, and gut (mucous membranes) that stop pathogens from getting inside the body. 2. Innate immune response — which is a rapid response system using specialized cells and factors. 3. Adaptive immune response — slower and more specific responses which is primarily controlled by white blood cells known as lymphocytes.

In this section I will cover the innate and adaptive immune system components. These are primarily comprised of white blood cells or lymphocytes. There are two basic types of lymphocytes: B and T cells. B cells mature in the bone marrow, and T cells mature in the thymus gland. Their names are based on where they mature. The primary function of B cells is to produce antibodies (immunoglobulin) such as IgE, IgA, IgD, and many others. These antibodies are proteins that bind to pathogens in order to destroy them. B cells become plasma cells when they bind to a pathogen’s antigen. Plasma cells produce large numbers of antibodies. Once an antibody to a specific pathogen is produced, then the next time the person is exposed to that

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pathogen, they can respond quicker because that antibody is in circulation. This is part of the adaptive immune response. The B cells adapt to the pathogens they are exposed to so that the body is more resilient to those same bacteria and viruses in the future. The primary job of T cells is to secrete chemical messengers called cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and interferon gamma. There are three primary types of T cells: helpers, killers, and suppressor/regulators. Helpers and Killers primarily secrete cytokines and other signaling chemicals to help fight off invaders. T suppressor/regulator cells modulate the immune response ensuring that your own cells aren’t harmed. If there aren’t enough regulator cells, the process can get out of control, creating a cytokine storm that attacks the body’s tissues. It has been proposed that acute stress and sympathetic activation limits the production of T regulator cells. T cells produce memory cells that remember viruses, which allows the T cells to respond faster and more powerfully to future encounters with that same invader. They are also part of the adaptive immune response.

Lymphocytes Type of lymphocyte Primary function B lymphocyte Generates diverse antibodies T lymphocyte Secretes chemical messengers Plasma cell Secretes antibodies NK cell Destroys virally infected cells

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What Happens in a Viral Infection?

Viruses use cells in order to produce their own proteins. They are usually made of extremely simple structures composed of proteins and a nucleic acid. Viruses fall into two distinct groups of RNA and DNA viruses, depending on which nucleic acid is present. The viral replication cycle begins with the binding of the virus to the host cell through a specific receptor. The virus then infects this cell. When the virus is inside the cell, the virus gets rid of its protective envelope, and the viral genome enters the cell. At this stage the virus uses the cell to produce more of itself. There are a few opportunities for the immune system to attack these viral particles. The main fight happens before the virus enters a cell. Then the fight takes place within an infected cell. The most effective mechanism to fight viruses is the innate response and the use of interferon and NK cells. The adaptive immune response is the use of antibodies to fight viral particles. The capsule around the virus is made of proteins that are antigenic, so many antibodies will be produced in response. Neutralization of the infection happens with IgG, IgM, and IgA to prevent the virus from entering the cell. Meanwhile IgM reduces the number of infectious agents, and an antigen-antibody complex stimulates macrophages. When the virus gets inside human cells, it will express viral antigens on its membranes before the viral assembling takes place. The adaptive immune response can attack these infected cells using antibodies.

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Immunity in Ayurveda

In Ayurveda the word Vyaadhikshamatva, literally means "resistance (ksamatva) against disease (vyaadhi)". This concept is our overall immune strength. The terrain that we create within our body protects us from disease. Physical and mental resistance to disease is of enormous significance for all living beings. It encompasses both prevention against and rapid recovery from diseases. It requires dhaatusaamya, which is balance among the tissue and systems in the body so that they can work together like an orchestra. When it comes to immunity, Ayurveda focuses on Agni (digestive fire) and Ojas (vitality). Because these principles both fight disease and prevent it. Vyaadhiksamatvam vyaadhibalavirodhitvam vyadyutpadapratibandhakatvamiti yavat. (Charaka samhita, Sutrasthana, 28:7) Immunity from disease includes both reducing the strength of those already manifested as well as prevention of those yet unmanifested. All viruses and pathogens require favorable conditions, and so they are looking for individuals who are susceptible. In most cases a person’s immune system can eradicate disease. Unless a seed is sown in fertile soil, it will not propagate. In Ayurveda one’s immunity is related to the health of all your tissues. The vital energy of all the tissues in the body is known as Ojas. Ojas is created by a balanced diet and wholesome routines, which we will cover later in this program. There are three types of immunity (vyaadhiksamatva or bala) in Ayurveda:

• Sahaja Bala is our inherited immunity or genetic strength. • Kalaja Bala is immunity that is seasonal and based on our age. • Yuktikruta Bala represents acquired immunity which can be enhanced using Ayurveda.

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Agni: Preventing ama

I described immunity from a western perspective, and in Ayurveda the underlying pathogenesis for the cold and flu is the result of a body that cannot adequately handle or “digest.” Improper nourishment that has gone on for too long allows the body and mind to be weak. As a result, wastes accumulate, providing a fertile ground for colds and flus.

Weak digestion in the form of Agni is the primary reason for the accumulation of ama. There are three types of poor digestion.

1. Sharp Digestion (TiksnAgni) is like when you get food poisoning. For the body to swiftly eliminate the bacteria that doesn’t belong, alkaline and acidic enzymatic secretions are increased and delivered through increased circulation. This in turn stimulates the immune system to contain and eliminate any impurities. When your digestion is consistently like this over a long period of time, it leads to excess Pitta Dosha and depletes Ojas. The three identifiers of digestion are affected in the following ways when digestion is sharp: a. Appetite- the individual has excessive hunger and cravings, especially for the sweet taste as it is cooling, and the body has generated a lot of heat in the form of inflammation. b. Digestion- you are prone to acid indigestion or you get a sour taste in your mouth after eating that can last up to four hours. Your body feels hot after eating and your heart rate increases. c. Elimination- your elimination is loose and frequent. Stools are unformed or have a small circumference. 2. Slow Digestion (MandAgni) happens when you eat too much food. Think of how your body and mind felt after your last Thanksgiving dinner. Your digestion is like a fire, and slow digestion is when you put too many logs on the fire, and they don’t burn well, leading to lots of smoke and very little heat. The mind is powerful, however, and so even when you have no appetite at all you can

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convince yourself to eat one more piece of pie. Therefore, slow digestion can create a Kapha Dosha imbalance. Here are some examples of slow digestion: a. Appetite- your appetite is low, and you can easily eat only two meals a day, but unlike balanced digestion you tend to crave certain foods and will eat based on your cravings rather than because you are hungry. b. Digestion- because the flame of your digestion is low, you will often get some gas, bloating or a feeling of sleepiness or heaviness after eating. If the flame is not out completely, you will over time be able to digest everything completely; but you may feel like it was a lot of work and you need to refuel. Therefore, this type of digestion tends to lead to excess weight. c. Elimination- you will have at least one bowel movement a day, and it is usually well formed. Sometimes there is a feeling that there is more in there that won’t come out.

3. Irregular Digestion (Visamagni) If you are having trouble deciding whether you have sharp or slow digestion because you tend to fluctuate between the descriptions for each one, chances are that you have irregular digestion. Irregular digestion is common in individuals who are out of touch with their bodies and need to re-connect with their appetite, digestion, and elimination. This pattern of digestion leads to an increase in the Vata Dosha and a decrease in Ojas. a. Appetite- you may have intense periods of hunger alternating with a lack of interest in food. You often eat out of boredom or may overeat on your favorite foods and not leave room for a regular meal. Irregular appetite often leads to grazing or snacking instead of eating true meals. b. Digestion- directly after eating and for up to four hours after eating, you often have intestinal bloating, gas or abdominal discomfort with lots of noises coming from the intestines. c. Elimination- Your elimination fluctuates from less than once a day with dry hard stools to more than three times a day with loose stools.

Digestion, appetite, and elimination must be balanced for the body to produce Ojas and not Ama.

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Ojas and Stress

The brain is the master control center of the body, and as when we have too many apps open on our phone, our operating system slows down and makes mistakes. This is the same when we are stressed and tired; our immune system begins to suffer. If you are using all your energy on commitments in the external world, you don’t have enough internal resources to stay healthy. We need to take active measures to protect our vital energy. According to the ancient Indian physician, Charaka, the most important way to do this is to avoid stress and worry.

In order to improve immunity with Ayurveda make use of

1. Rasayana- dietary and herbal substances that support immunity.

2. Vyayama- Exercise and yoga postures that enhance immunity.

3. Satmya- designing a lifestyle and diet that promotes balance and wellness. All of these are aimed at reducing stress on the body and mind.

Nutrition to Support the Lymphatic System Ayurveda is a personalized and customized system, and so it can be challenging to provide useful generalized recommendations. There are a lot of ways that lymph congestion can manifest in a person’s body. I have done my best to recommend foods that are appropriate for most of the Doshas. This means that this list is smaller than it would be if you had a personalized consult with a qualified healthcare provider.

1. Increase your intake of non-starchy vegetables, especially green leafy ones.16

2. Eat pomegranates, grapefruit, and oranges. 17,18

3. Eat raspberries, cherries, beets, and turmeric.19

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Supplements to Support Immune Health The coordination of an immune response requires that you have the adequate nutrition in order to support the production of B and T cells and to detoxify the body of the cell fragments from the invading pathogens. Here are a few suggestions.

1. VITAMIN C 3000 - 4000 mg daily.20-29

2. VITAMIN D3 start with 5000 IU/day for 2 weeks, then reduce to 2000 IU/day.30-35 3. MAGNESIUM 400 mg/day. Many like Magnesium bis-glycinate because it’s tasty and quickly absorbable, and it is less likely to stimulate loose bowels.26-37 4. ZINC 60 mg/day Recommended ZNC formula.38-41 5. SELENIUM 200 mcg/day. This is a trace mineral, often in short supply.42-46

Lifestyle Recommendations to Support Immune Health Keep your immune system strong by avoiding things that cause “vyadi kchamatwa.” This includes excessive work, late nights, stress, fried foods, heavy foods, and cold weather. All of these simultaneously compromise immunity by causing congestion of the lymphatic system and/or creating poor digestion, usually both. This can lead to an ama. A gentle cleansing program could be initiated in order to support vitality. Take stock of your current routines and assess if they are supportive of the immunity you would like to have. Where is most of your stress coming from? Financial, relationships, other? What methods can you use to reduce the kind of stress that is currently affecting you? If you need help with this, schedule some time with me. How much time are you spending on the computer? What are you doing? Learning? Watching movies? Limit your computer or phone time to 4-6 hours a day during this time. What foods do you eat regularly? Try to avoid tomato, potato, bell pepper, eggplant, soy, large beans, and bananas during this time. Those with a lot of mucus accumulation should try going gluten-free or at least drastically reducing mucus forming foods. These foods can block the channels and compromise your digestion.

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Part 2: Traditional Approaches to Immune Health

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Ayurveda and Immunity

Ayurveda is based on an individual’s symptoms, not a diagnosed pathology. The entire person is considered before making a recommendation. One of the powerful ways that Ayurveda works is that it goes to the source. Since many of the current concerns are about infections to the upper respiratory tract, it is important to look at Ayurvedic strategies that support those tissues specifically. All the recommendations here will be focused on making sure the entire respiratory system is working properly.

Air Quality and Diffusing Essential Oils When you think of the respiratory system, you probably think of breathing. There are a couple ways we can use breathing to improve respiratory function. One is by focusing on the air quality in your home. Make sure that your air ducts are clean, especially if you have an HVAC system. If you haven’t cleaned your HVAC system in that last three years, then it is time. Make sure that you are using HEPA filters. Try to keep the air as clean as possible by proper housekeeping and perhaps air filtration where the air quality is poor. I would also recommend diffusing essential oils in a diffuser or nebulizer. Diffusing oils such as juniper, pine, peppermint, cinnamon, and thyme combined with orange, lemon, lime, bergamot, and neroli. I suggest diffusing them for 15 minutes three times a day at approximately six feet away from you so that you can breathe them in. It is also helpful to mist your bedding with a similar blend, specially if you sweat at night. You may want to use a different oil blend because you will be smelling it all night. Another approach is daily steam inhalation. You can inhale steam medicated with essential oils such as lavender, eucalyptus, and spruce and using bedside humidifiers at night.

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Nasya

If there is a cough, nasal congestion, or a sore throat, then it is best to stop the infection before it moves down into the lungs. In Ayurveda the use of inhalant therapies such as Nasya is used to stop infected nasal secretions from causing inflammation and going deeper into the lungs. Depending on what the oil is herbalized with, it can stimulate and decongest the nasal and sinus mucosa. For this I recommend Anu taila or Shadbindhu taila. When using any medicated oil for nasya, the general rule is to use 2-3 drops into each nostril, twice daily before eating, making sure to expectorate any oil or mucus that comes to the mouth.

Oil pulling

Just as with Nasya, oil pulling can be protective to the tissues of the throat and stop infections from moving deeper into the lungs. You can also gargle with the oil for an added effect. It is usually recommended to use sesame oil for oil pulling. According to the classical Ayurvedic text Charak Samhita, oil pulling can be done in two ways: Kaval and Gandusha. In Gandusha, the mouth is filled completely with liquid and held for 5 to 15 minutes. In Kavala Graha, a smaller amount of liquid is held in the mouth and swished through the teeth for 5 to 15 minutes, then gargled and spit out. Arimedadi Oil is one of the most effective products to use in oil pulling, regardless of your prakriti or Doshic imbalances.

Plasters and Liniments Use mustard, cinnamon, camphor, cayenne, or balsam fir and apply them to the chest, throat, and back as a plaster or liniment. Use care because these substances are very strong and may cause a skin reaction. Mustard seed is quite effective. Grind the seeds into a paste and then cover the chest with a piece of wax paper. Then apply the mustard paste to the wax paper and layer another piece of paper on top. Cover this with at towel and let it sit on the chest for 15 minutes or until the chest becomes reddened.

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Traditional Ayurvedic Herbal Formulas Most of the traditional Ayurvedic formulas listed here are used to treat upper respiratory infections. As every person will show different signs and symptoms of infection at different stages, these formulas may not be appropriate for everyone. Consult with a qualified practitioner. Pippalya Asavam- A traditional formula used for cough. Ingredients: Pippali (Piper longum), Maricha (Piper nigrum), Chavya (Piper brachystachyum), Haridra (Curcuma longa), Chitraka (Plumbago indica), Khana (Cyperus rotundus), Vidamga (Embelia ribes), Kramuka (Areca catechu), Lodhra (Symplocos laurina), Pata (Cyclea peltate), Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Elavaluka (Prunus avium), Usheer (Vetiveria zizanioides), Chandan (Santalum album), Kushta (Saussurea lappa), Lavanga (Syzygium aromaticum), Tagar (Valeriana jatamansi), Twak (Cinnamomum verum), Ela (Elettaria cardamomum), Patra (Cinnamomum tamala), Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla), Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea), Dhathaki (Woodfordia fruticose), Draksha (Vitis vinifera), Jaggery (Saccharum officinarum) Dasamulaharitaki Leham A traditional formula used for a cough, bronchitis, breathing troubles, asthma, common cold, rhinitis, persistent hiccup, hoarseness (hoarse voice), chronic fever, etc. Ingredients - Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Doashmoola Kashaya, Cardamom (Elattaria cardamomum), Dalchini (Cinnamomum verum), Patra (Cinnamomum tamala), Trikatu (pepper, long pepper, and ginger), Yavakshara, Honey, and Jaggery Balajirakadi Kwatham A traditional formula used to for cough, asthma, productive cough, asthma, breathing problems, chest congestion, and wheezing. Ingredients - Bala (Sida cordifolia), Jiraka (Cumin seeds), Bilva (Aegle marmelos), Abda (Cyperus rotundus), Vrishamoola (Adhatoda vasica), Vishva (Ginger), Suradruma (Cedrus deodara, Guha (Oryza sativa), Ikshu (Sugarcane), Laja (parched grain)

Chaturdasangha chura A general formula for cough, asthma, pneumonia, and pleurisy. Ingredients - katphala (Myrica nagi), nilotpala (Iris nepalensis), karkatashringi (Pistacia intergerrima), pippali (Piper longum), maricha (Piper nigrum), shunthi (Zingiber officinalis), duralambha (Fragonia cretica), krisnajiraka (Nigella sativa), musta (Cyperus rotundus), talisha (Rhododendron stesum), twak (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), patra (Cinnamomum tamala), sthula ela (Amomum subulatum), and nagakeshara (Mesua ferrea).

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Mrgamadasava This is a spicy formula that is effective for overcoming dampness and congestion and can restore breathing in very difficult cases. Ingredients - Mrtasanjivani sura which contains 45 different ingredients, that is mixed with latakasturi (Hibiscus abelmoschus), maricha (Piper nigrum), lavanga (Syzigium aromaticum), jatiphala (Myristica fragrans), pippali (Piper longum), and twak (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)

Amrita Arishtam This formula is used for chronic fever, typhoid fever, and other infectious diseases. It is natural immunity booster and increases non-specific immunity. It helps the body to fight off bacterial as well as viral infections.

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Western Herbs and Immunity

Because of the personalized nature of herbalism in all traditional forms of medicine, the best that can be done is to talk about one property of these herbs in general terms and categorize them by one of their primary actions. This information should not take the place of an experienced practitioner. I have broken this information into three broad categories: different types of cough, fighting infections, and modulating the immune system. I have done my best to not replicate suggestions found in the Ayurveda and Chinese medicine sections.

Cough

Every cough is unique, and the experienced practitioner can differentiate which herbs are going to the be the most beneficial for each type of cough. The herbal categories that relate to coughs are mucolytic expectorants, stimulant expectorants, astringent expectorants, respiratory antispasmodics, and respiratory demulcents. I will cover each of these briefly here.

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Mucolytic expectorants An expectorant increases bronchial secretions and mucolytics help loosen thick bronchial secretions. Expectorants reduce the thickness or viscosity of bronchial secretions, thus increasing mucus flow that can be removed more easily through coughing. Mucolytics break down the chemical structure of mucus molecules. An OTC example or a Mucolyitc is Mucinex. Herbs that can break up mucus and remove it from the upper respiratory tract are: angelica (Angelica archangelica), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), garlic (Allium sativum), anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinalis), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanica), cayenne (Capsicum annuum), prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum), and horseradish (Armoracia sativa) root. Mucolytic expectorants are not recommended when there is a fever. Stimulant expectorants If the mucus goes deeper in the lungs or in more severe congested conditions, then additional herbs are necessary. These can include coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), gumweed (Grindelia spp.), myrrh (Commiphora myrrha), balm of Gilead (Populus trichocarpa), marijuana (Cannabis indica/sativa), and kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum herb). Do not use these herbs if the lungs are weak or if there are signs of heat and inflammation. Astringent expectorants The previous two examples can not be used if there is fever or inflammation present. This class of herbs can reduce mucus production without creating excess heat in the lungs. Examples of astringent expectorants are: andrographis (Andrographis paniculate), turmeric (Curcuma longa), sage (Salvia officinalis), neem (Azadirachta indica), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), and goldenrod (Solidago canadensis). Best to avoid these when there is a dry cough. Respiratory antispasmodics Respiratory antispasmodics are used to relax the bronchioles of the lungs and to reduce spasmodic coughing. Examples include gumweed (Grindelia spp.), pleurisy root (Asclepius tuberosa), lobelia (Lobelia inflata), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), wild cherry (Prunus virginiana), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), jimsonweed (Datura), and ma huang (Ephedra sinica herb). Only use these herbs when there is spasmodic coughing. Respiratory demulcents Respiratory demulcents are used to lubricate and protect the mucous membrane, especially the buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric mucosa. They are best used with a dry cough or signs of inflammation. These can include: licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), plantain (Plantago spp.), selfheal (Prunella vulgaris), marshmallow (Althaea officinalis), slippery elm (Ulmus fulva), Irish moss (Chondrus crispus), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), and chickweed (Stellaria media). Do not use these when there is a lot of mucus production.

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Infection In addition to relieving the type of cough that is present, it is also important to resolve any underlying infection and to re-establish a healthy microbiome. We can use herbs that are antiviral and antibacterial. Example of antiviral herbs: osha (Ligusticum porter/canbyi root), biscuit root (Lomatium dissectum/nudicaule), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), and Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata herb). Examples of antibacterial herbs are: goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), purple coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia), wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), garlic (Allium sativum), myrrh (Commiphora myrrha), neem (Azadirachta indica leaf), and turmeric (Curcuma longa rhizome). Immune Modulation As the immune system is guiding the overall response and intimately involved in the resolution of breathing difficulties, mucus congestion, and infection it may need some additional support. This could be either a boost, a slight modulation, or a down- regulation. Herbal medicines that can down regulate the immune system are: licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra root), boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis), and elderflower (Sambucus nigra). Herbs that are able to modulate the immune system, depending on what is needed, and replenish resiliency of the system are: reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), maitake (Grifola frondosa), astragulus (Astragalus membranaceus), amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica), and schizandra (Schizandra chinense). This is by no means a comprehensive analysis, but hopefully it provides some direction on what herbs can help you maintain your immune strength and fight off coughs and infections intelligently.

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Chinese Medicine and Immunity

I am not a TCM practitioner, and so I have done my best to present what is currently being done by TCM professionals without plagiarizing the work of others. As with Ayurveda, TCM is personalized and treats the unique constellation of symptoms that the person presents with rather than treating a specific pathology in a general way. I have broken down the treatment strategies into four phases: prevention, initial infection, pneumonia, recovery. Prevention Phase Yu Ping Feng San- Astragali Radix (AR; Huangqi), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR; Baizhu) and Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR; Fangfeng) in a weight ratio of 1 2 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3823765/

Initial∶ ∶ Infection Phase

1. Wind-Cold Invading the Exterior Treatment Strategy: Expel wind, Release the Exterior, Clear Heat, Detoxify Formulas: Ge Gen Tang (kudzu) or Chai Ge Jie Tang (Bupleurum+Kudzu) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6804036/

2. Diagnosis: Toxic Heat Attacking Lung Treatment Strategy: Expel Wind, Release the Exterior, Clear Heat, Detoxify Formulas: Yin Qiao San (honeysuckle + forsythia powder) and Qing Wen Bai Du San https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4630461/

3. Diagnosis: Damp Cold in the Lung Treatment Strategy: Expel Wind, Release the Exterior, Dispel Damp Cold Formulas: Er Chen Tang combined with Qing Fei Yin and Ban Xia Hou Po Tang

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Pneumonia Phase 1. Diagnosis: Shaoyang Syndrome with Damp Treatment Strategy: Harmonize Shaoyang Syndrome, Clear Damp Heat Formulas: Xiao Chai Hug Tang with San Ren Tang or Gan Lu Xiao Du Dan

2. Diagnosis: Damp Heat Afflicting the Lung Treatment Strategy: Transform Dampness, Detoxify, Disperse the Lungs and Expel Pathogens Formulas: Ma Xing Yi Gan Tang, Xiao Xian Xiong Tang and Cao Guo Zhi Mu Tang

3. Diagnosis: Toxic Stagnation Obstructing the Lung Treatment Strategy: Detoxify, Arrest Wheezing, Transform Blood Stasis and Open Collaterals Formulas: Bai Ju Jia Ren Shen Tang with Si Tu Tang

4. Diagnosis: Closed Interior and Abandoned Exterior Syndrome Treatment Strategy: Open the Closed, Consolidate the Abandoned, Detoxify, Rescue Reversal Formulas: Si Ni Jia Ren Shen Tang taken with An Gong Niu Huang Wan and Zi Xue San

Recovery Phase 1. Treatment Strategy: Tonify Qi, Nourish Yin, Tonify Lung and Open Collaterals Formula: Sha Shen Mai Dong Tang

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COVID 19 Viral Infections

The disruption of our planet has many consequences. As more and more animals go extinct, the viruses that once depended on those animals for their survival will look for new hosts, such as humans. The pathogen currently doing this is the virus SARS-Cov-2 which causes the Covid-19 infection. Viruses like this are one of the most adaptable on the planet. The primary conventional treatment for most viruses is vaccines, and as we know from the flu vaccine, they must be updated every year. We are still learning about this particular virus, but we do know that it primarily affects the lungs. Many people who are infected are stealth carriers, and the virus can survive up to three days on hard surfaces. We still don’t have conclusive evidence of whether the virus on these surfaces is viable enough to infect someone, but it seems likely. This resource will quickly become obsolete as we learn more about the virus. I have done my best to provide information that is relevant to when this eBook was created in March 2020.

The Three Stages of SARS-Cov-2

1. The initial infection allows for viral replication, and the immune system responds. The initial infection is very much like the flu and is usually mild.

2. Second stage- if the infection progresses to stage two, then the virus infects the cilia of the lungs. These are tiny hairs that move like waves on the ocean to move mucus and particulate matter out of the lungs. As these cells are destroyed, fluid can build up in the lungs (pneumonia). During this stage the virus gets inside those cells, takes them over, and uses them to reproduce.

3. Third stage- Since the cilia are no longer doing their job, the immune system is called in, and it sends in some cytokines to get rid of the debris. The pathogen can modulate human cytokines to achieve its own ends. Over time an ever- worsening inflammatory cascade called a cytokine storm ensues. This leads to extensive fibrotic damage to the lungs and may lead to septic shock.

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Mechanism of Infection

The best line of defense is to not allow the virus into your body in the first place. Meaning: wash your hands, sanitize surfaces, and don’t touch your face. If the virus does make it into the body, it attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) linkages on the surface of cells. This membrane protein is found on cells in the lungs, GI tract, heart, vascular cells, and kidneys. ACE-2 regulates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This system regulates renal electrolyte balance using the lungs, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidneys. It also regulates constriction and relaxation of vessels in the vascular system. The SARS group of viruses will attach to the ACE-2, especially those on the cilia in the lungs. The ACE-2 linkages are entry points for the viral infection, and when they are damaged, the ACE-2 levels decrease and the RAS system is no longer modulated. This leads to vascular permeability, edema, neutrophil accumulation, and poor lung function. After the infection, a cascade of inflammatory cytokines is initiated; there are too many to name. The cytokine cascade moves immune cells into the lung tissues. This can lead to a lack of oxygen being utilized in the lungs, which will create high levels of free radicals through the rapid increase of Ang-2, a hypoxia re-oxygenation injury cycle. This is where most of the damage to the lungs, lymph and spleen takes place. Autoantibodies can be produced that will attack your own cells and increase destruction. Autopsies have revealed that alveolar damage of the lungs is often severe and so is damage to the lymph nodes and spleen. In addition to replicating in the ciliated epithelial cells, the virus can infect dendritic cells. These cells are part of the adaptive immune response. The virus stops them from maturing and stimulating an effective immune response. The virus can do this by upregulating IL-6 and 8 cytokines.

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How Serious Is It? Because of the effect of globalization and social media, we must be vigilant in our understanding of what is happening and to not play into excess fear. One such instance is that the WHO and media outlets are reporting an artificially high fatality rate. In most years, influenza has a fatality rate of about 0.1% in the US, but according to WHO data, the fatality rate for COVID-19 is hovering around 3.4%. Because of limited testing and reporting of the actual number of cases it seems that this is not an accurate reflection of the actual number of cases. Like influenza, this virus seems to be affecting older patients that have pre-existing conditions such as cardiovascular, respiratory, or immunological issues. Unlike the H1N1 influenza virus that was responsible for the pandemic of 1918, or the more recent “swine” flu of 2009, COVID-19 only creates a “cytokine storm” in less than 15% of cases. This is where the immune systems of otherwise healthy individuals become hyper-stimulated and triggers severe illness. In fact, it appears that more than 80% of people infected with COVID-19 experience very mild to no symptoms at all. Early on in the COVID-19 story, epidemiologists such as Dr Michael Mina were suggesting that the true infection rate in China was well over a million, which, if accurate, brings the fatality rate for COVID-19 down to about the same as seasonal influenza. We all fear the unknown, and there are still a lot of unknowns. The closest thing we have to a controlled study is the pattern of COVID-19 infection on the cruise ship the Diamond Princess. Of the 3,711 people on board, 705 became infected (~19%), with 50% showing symptoms. The population most affected were those over the age of 70, and as of March 14, 2020 seven passengers have died – all over the age of 70 – bringing the fatality rate in those infected to about 1%. This is 10 times higher than seasonal influenza, probably due to the likelihood that COVID-19 is more contagious than influenza. It appears that this may be closer to the fatality rate we can expect in the future. So far, the numbers show that 80% of cases are mild and 5% are critical.63 There is also a severe threat to healthcare workers as they are being infected at alarming rates.64 Another point of concern is the long incubation period of SARS-CoV-2. Many people may be contagious and will have no sign of symptoms.65 This makes transmission hard to track. Right now the biggest concern with transmission is respiratory droplets. There is evidence that the virus may be viable on surfaces and could be transmitted that way.66 Time will tell. Thankfully there is research that those who have been infected are producing antibodies to the virus and they are protected a week later.67 Now there is and antibody test that has quick results, so people can find out if they have antibodies to the virus.68

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AntiViral and Immune Boosting Herbs

1) Plants specifically antiviral for the SARS-group of viruses a. Chinese skullcap root47-51 b. Houttuynia spp c. Isatis spp d. Glycyrrhiza spp (licorice)52-54 e. Forsythia suspensa f. Lonicera japonica g. Polygonum cuspidatum 55

2) Plants that may block viral attachment to ACE-2 linkages. a. Glycyrrhiza spp (licorice) b. Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) c. Sambucus spp (elder)56 d. Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) e. Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed root)

3) Plants that may protect ACE-2 and Ang-2. a. Pueria spp (kudzu)57-58 b. Salvia miltiorrhiza (Dan shen)59 c. Ginkgo biloba60 d. Crataegus spp (hawthorn)

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4) Plants that may modulate cytokine responses a. Angelica sinensis (dong quai) b. Astragalus monghilicus c. Cordyceps spp d. Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset)

5) Plants that may protect lung cells from hypoxia a. Rhodiola spp61-62

6) Plants that may protect the cilia a. Cordyceps spp b. olive leaf

7) Reduce the likelihood of autoimmunity and increase healthy immune function a. Rhodiola b. Astragalus spp c. Cordyceps spp For additional recommendations based on the treatments of Dr. John Chen, Lori Hsu and others of the eLotus group. Go here.

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Homeopathy and the Treatment of COVID-19 Homeopathy, like Ayurveda and TCM, is based on the individual symptoms, not on the pathology. It also considers the unique state of the person and all the factors that play into a response to a remedy. Homeopaths are well known for creating recommendations for influenza based on the symptomology that is present. They have done the same thing for COVID-19 and have come up with some suggestions. Like all the suggestions in this ebook, it is recommended to work with a qualified healthcare professional before using any of these herbs or remedies. It was found that the remedy Bryonia (via Phatak) is indicated. It is traditionally used when the following symptoms are present: Cough; DRY, HARD, VERY PAINFUL, at night, must sit up to cough, worse with eating and drinking. Difficulty taking a deep breath. The mucus is rusty, blood streaked, or it is difficult to remove mucus with the cough. Bryonia is used in bronchitis. asthma. and pneumonia. It can cause sharp pain in the chest or in the right scapula. The person often holds their chest when coughing and the cough can be aggravated by a warm room. Homeopaths have subdivided the possible remedies based on the severity of the symptoms. This information is as follows: Group A: Mild – with no respiratory symptoms. [remedies like Gelsemium, Eupatorium and Bryonia seem indicated] Group B: Moderate – with respiratory symptoms like a dry cough, dry throat, little yellow sputum, and fever. Patients have pale or pale-red tongue. [remedies like Bryonia, Antim tart, Ars-alb and Phosphorus seem indicated] Group C: Heavy – with respiratory distress and difficulty breathing or gasping for air. Patients have a red-tongue or yellow-furry tongue. [remedies like Lycopodium, Pyrogenium, Lachesis, Bryonia and Arsenic-alb seem indicated] Group D: Critical – with respiratory failure and cyanosis. Patients are agitated, sweating, with cold hands and feet. Tongue is purple. [remedies like Merc-sol, Lachesis, Arsenic, Hydrocyanic acid, Carbo-veg may be useful at this stage]

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Conclusion

This is a turbulent time for the world. This eBook has focused on herbs and lifestyle practices from ancient traditions. Many of these traditions have become more refined in circumstances such as these as healers and hospitals banded together. I have included western, Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Homeopathic recommendations in this book because now more than ever we are recognizing how we all live on the same planet. There are many ways that personalized and customized medicine can help individuals become healthier and happier so that they can invest in their communities. What these ancient traditions all have in common is the way that they honor the herbs that are used. They all look for ways that we can live in harmony with nature and the rest of the plants and creatures in the world. They recognize the interdependence of all of life and how the choices we make today will impact generations to come. That is why I have chosen to study these traditions and to share them with you in this way. I hope that you have enjoyed this eBook. If you have any questions about the material here please set up a FREE ten-minute consultation with me at www.rhythmofhealing.com/schedule.html. In addition to that all online Ayurvedic consults are done on a sliding scale during this year. Thanks for reading.

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