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Home , Megavitamin therapy, Orthomolecular medicine

¹ Is There a Conspiracy?

A. Hoffer, M.D., Ph.D.2

I have just read P.J. Lisa's book, Are You A given intravenous C, this is the price he Target For Elimination, (1984). Here the author must pay for being different. presents the argument that there is a conspiracy If there is a conspiracy against led and directed by the American Medical practitioners, is there also one against Or- Association against the holistic healing arts, but thomolecular physicians? The issue here is not as particularly against the practice of chiropractic. clear since here we have one set of medical There is no doubt the medical profession has practitioners waging war against another been consistently and violently opposed to smaller set of medical practitioners. The chiropractic, but they probably would term their establishment may even be more determined to efforts a war against a practice they don't root out these heretics because they and their understand or believe in. I think the AMA would principles have been betrayed by colleagues who not agree it is a conspiracy since conspiracies are had been trained and molded by the same illegal. I use the term "believe in" to highlight the factors. More passion is generated by fact their "belief" is not based upon a body of turncoats than by people who never shared the scientific data, so it is not a scientific conclusion. same set of values and beliefs. I do not know Everyone is entitled to their "beliefs," but should whether the actions of the medical establishment, not give credit to these beliefs by labelling them the psychiatric branch, constitute a conspiracy. scientific. Readers of Lisa's book can weigh his To examine this question I will review Lisa's arguments for themselves. The Federal Trade book, describe the elements of a conspiracy as he Commission (U.S.A.) ruled AMA's activity to sees it, and examine the activity of the eliminate chiropractic in New York illegal, and psychiatric establishment. If there is a close the New York State Attorney General's office parallel between the activity of in brought a $13 million suit for criminal conspiracy suppressing Orthomolecular psychiatry and the against them. activity of the American Medical Association in A conspiracy may be directed by one person, trying to destroy chiropractic, we can conclude or by a group of people, in order to achieve their that there was, and is, such a conspiracy. I will objectives, or it may consist of an amorphous leave it to each reader to come to his/her group of individuals who are united by a common conclusion. objective. This may be to protect a set of establishment principles or beliefs, i.e. there is no ELEMENTS OF A CONSPIRACY wish to personally harm people with different (a) The Committee views, merely to prevent them from following The AMA Board of Trustees created a their anti-establishment ideas. If in the process Committee on during November 1963. they are harmed, that is unfortunate but The committee disbanded a few years ago. unavoidable. If, therefore, a doctor loses his According to Lisa, this committee led and license and his practice and his livelihood promoted the war against chiropractic because he has practitioners. The American Psychiatric Association also created a committee but it was shortlived and 1. Based on: Are You A Target for Elimination? by P.J. Lisa. International Institute of Natural Sciences, Inc. produced one report on Megavitamins and P.O. Box 5550, Huntington Beach, CA 92646. 94 pages. Orthomolecular Therapy in Psychiatry. This $3.95 U.S. report has been analyzed by Hoffer and Osmond 2. 3A-2727 Quadra Street, Victoria, B.C. (1976). It has had an enduring effect in suppressing Orthomolecular therapy and is

158 Is There a Conspiracy? used by establishment-types who do not want to by selected individuals to educate medical become interested and who require a handy schools and hospital staff. The same information source of information (misinformation) with was provided to other physician-run organiza- which to bolster their position without the need to tions and to non physician friendly groups. do any personal study of the issues. The psychiatric establishment used almost Had the APA maintained this group as a identical techniques, cooperating with the Lehigh permanent committee, there is no doubt it would Valley Committee on Fraud and Quackery. I have functioned as did the AMA group, since its have seen special articles on megavitamin orientation and philosophy was the same. There therapy written by "experts" who have never is one major difference. The AMA group sought treated a single patient with any nutritional to suppress chiropractic, a rival health-providing technique. They are hearsay experts who have group. The APA committee sought to root out heard only from the APA task force report and heresy from fellow physicians. The composition from a handful of vocal critics who have spent and mode of operation of the APA task force has many years trying to destroy those who use been described and severely criticized (Hoffer in their practise if it includes in and Osmond, 1976), but so far no one from the above RDA dosages. In one year three brief APA has felt the need to rebut our examination of critiques of vitamin therapy appeared. They were this committee and how it did its work. written as an expose of the harmfulness of vitamins by listing a number of toxicities which (b) Battle Plan have never occurred, such as causing Any war must be planned before it can be kidney stones and destroying Vitamin B-12 properly executed. The AMA committee pro- (hinting that this will cause pernicious anemia). I vided the staffing and continuous planning using also saw the "fact" sheet used by each of the three the most modern techniques of communications authors from different medical centers; they were to destroy the enemy. The APA committee almost identical. Recently a fourth report followed a similar procedure. The main elements appeared written by an associate of the chairman of the plan by the AMA included: of the APA Task Force. Again it contained the same misinformation. The author had apparently 1. Indoctrination of its own members. All MDs been on the mailing list for the fact sheet. were to be educated about the facts of But this is not all. Loma Linda Medical School chiropractic theory and practice. This was ran a session on nutrition at Simon Fraser done by placing special articles in medical University in Vancouver, British Columbia, journals by "experts" and by books especially several years ago. One of their professors of written to destroy quackery. The term "quack" nutrition read a paper which, as titled, offered to was given a very broad, elastic definition to discuss . It did not. It was an include whomever one did not approve of. The enlarged version of the fact sheet containing the dictionary definition of a quack is a non same misinformation. I challenged him to quote physician who professes to be a physician. The me one reference or study which claimed even term can therefore be applied to physicians one case of kidney stones or pernicious anemia only if they lose their license to practice and had been caused by Vitamin C. He remained continue to do so. The AMA's definition of obstinately mute. But there is no centrally quack included physicians who merely coordinated continuing program. It runs on its disagreed with federal RDA estimates. own momentum generated by the report and the Fact sheets were distributed by the committee. general rejection of the validity of Or- This made it simpler to plant the same thomolecular therapy, even though it has never information in a wide variety of journals, examined it seriously and competently. presumably written by different authors but all crafted by the same hand. Lectures were provided

159 Journal of Vol. 2. No. 3, 1987

2. Suppression of information. Positive in- books by Roger Williams. When I saw the list I formation about chiropractic was suppressed felt rejected as my books had not made the list. by refusal of medical journals to carry these Dietary associations have also been a party to this reports. When other reports concluded there type of activity. Over ten years ago, at the annual was some merit in chiropractic, these reports meeting of the Saskatchewan College of were distorted and neutralized. This is still Physicians and Surgeons, the University of happening to information about Saskatchewan Nutrition Department had an ex- Orthomolecular therapy. The Journal of the hibit. It consisted of a table with two lists of American Medical Association has quickly books. The Orthomolecular books were all listed published reports about some hypothesized on the "Do Not Read" side. When I protested dangers of vitamins, presumably for the vigorously, the professor of nutrition, a public good, even when these dangers are biochemist, felt they had done no wrong. manufactured. But it has steadfastly refused Friendly organizations are enlisted as well, or to publish letters or articles which pointed out else they wish to cooperate as they feel the errors in these reports. This is how the threatened. In the United States, several states false idea arose that Vitamin C would destroy were petitioned by their residents to liberalize Vitamin B-12 in vivo. their medical health divisions by introducing Even the New England Journal of Medicine Orthomolecular therapy. The best example was has refused to publish 's critique of Connecticut. The battle against these petitioners the report by Moertel et al. on . Nor will was waged by the medical association, the that editor reply to Linus Pauling's letters. The psychiatric association, the dietary association New England Journal of Medicine is a proud, and by the state department of mental health. good, establishment, peer reviewed publication. They used a common fact sheet full of Peer review certainly did not prevent Moertel's misinformation and lies. The director of mental paper from being published. Perhaps because it health, in my presence, told the governor's was not reviewed by peers. Peers of Or- representative that NIMH had spent $40 million thomolecular studies ought to be, in the real researching megavitamin therapy when in fact sense, peers, that is they should know a good they had funded only one small study in New deal about it. Any Orthomolecular physician Jersey. He did not inform the governor that this could have spotted MoertePs error when he New Jersey study's final report was favorable to claimed he had duplicated (replicated, megavitamin therapy. accurately repeated) Cameron's and Pauling's In Alabama, before megavitamin therapy Vale of Leven studies, when in fact there were could be introduced into Bryce Hospital, the major and serious differences. matter had to be presented by Judge Johnson, a The APA similarly refuses to publish reports federal judge. There were a few briefs against, by Orthomolecular therapists, with one major one by the Alabama Psychological Association. I exception. I was assured by a member of the was totally surprised by another objecting brief American Journal of Psychiatry editorial submitted by the Civil Liberties Union. committee, the former chairman of the APA 3. Clandestine activity. The AMA committee Task Force committee that he would never sponsored clandestine or undercover work in permit the American Journal of Psychiatry to their battle. I have no information that publish anything I wrote. I had been a Fellow of psychiatry did the same; probably because the APA until I resigned in disgust. there was no need. Orthomolecular therapy Other friendly associations try to suppress has been treated with disdain by an association information as well. The Dairy Council of too concerned about other matters. Chicago has published a list of books which 4. Misinformation. The AMA committee used they recommend must not be read. This list has propaganda, manufactured evidence. As I have been circulated to hospital dietary departments. indicated, so has the psychiatric It includes

160 Is There a Conspiracy? establishment. In law there is a principle known reasoned selection procedure to prevent bias. It as the "Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine." If was double blind. Of the smaller, less sick group, a fruit tree's roots are bathed in poison, it is likely 70 percent were improved. This confirmed our so is the fruit. In legal terms, evidence gathered earlier reports. Since chronic patients do not illegally is tainted and must not be used. I can not respond to Vitamin B-3 alone, (O'Reilly, 1955) say that the APA Task Force gathered evidence we were not surprised. Wittenborn's chronic illegally. In fact they did not gather any evidence. group were unresponsive. O'Reilly was my More accurately, what they did gather was colleague and we worked on this study together. anecdotal material from critics of Orthomolecular With such a large proportion of chronic, therapy, none of whom had conducted replicative unresponsive patients in the group, it is not studies. They did not get any data from surprising the therapeutic response of the smaller Orthomolecular practitioners. They did refer to group could not be teased out of the data until the many of the Orthomolecular reports that had been two groups were isolated. In fact Wittenborn published, ignoring about half of them. They did confirmed all our claims, i.e., that Vitamin B-3 encourage a group to quickly submit an abstract benefited acute patients and did not benefit of a study which was never published anywhere chronic patients when used as the only else. They did not miss a single negative study component. The committee made light of out of the handful available. Their evidence was Wittenborn's second report. 7. Bad faith. Lisa not obtained by illegal means, but was certainly discussed what he considers a Bad Faith Policy or tainted by their belief that Orthomolecular Breach of Faith on the part of the AMA. Good therapy was of no value whatever. faith means being faithful to one's duty or 5. Background noise. The fundamental principle obligation. Bad faith means being "recreant to or of the APA report was to use every journalistic an absence of honesty in fact in the conduct or trick to downgrade the treatment while treating transaction concerned." any critical report with the utmost gravity. In I do not think the APA committee acted in bad addition, the background noise was increased, faith as far as I was concerned. I had no faith this I suppose, in order to create confusion and to committee would act in good faith as its chairman tire the reader. This was done by referring to had previously declared his opposition to material totally irrelevant to the debate such as megavitamin therapy several years before he was the validity of the HOD test (Hoffer, Kelm and appointed. When I discovered he was the Osmond 1975). This test is a valuable clinical chairman I wrote to the President of the APA. My test but is no more relevant to Orthomolecular letter and his reply follow. medicine than any other test. One can practice without it even though, in my opinion, June 8, 1971 diagnosis is facilitated if it is used. Dr. R. S. Garber, President American Psychiatric 6. Distortion of evidence. The committee also Association Carrier Clinic Belle Mead, New Jersey selected evidence unfavorable while ignoring 08502 evidence favorable when presented by the Dear Bob: same investigator (Hoffer, 1974). The New Jersey study was reported in two papers Some time ago I wrote a letter to Dr. Morris (Wittenborn 1973, 1974). In the first report Lipton, the Chairman of a special committee to there was no significant difference between investigate the megavitamin claims, and I sent a treated and untreated groups. This report was copy to your office. So far I have not received any treated respectfully. In the second report the reply from Dr. Lipton who seems to be a man chief investigator separated the total group who refuses to answer his mail. into two groups, one consisting of more I now write to you directly to protest his chronic patients. He provided a carefully- appointment as Chairman of a committee to

161 Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine Vol. 2. No. 3, 1987

investigate the megavitamin claims since he has c.c. Drs. Garber and Barton already expressed himself publicly over the past On the basis of his reply I assumed the year as being very much against the position of Committee would be instructed to act in good those of us who are using these treatments. I do faith and the APA committee would ensure this not see how any Commission with such a would be so. In my opinion this committee did Chairman at its head can possibly come up with not act in good faith to the APA. This is a a neutral and objective assessment. large prestigious psychiatric association of For this reason, I therefore request you as which I was pleased to be a Fellow at their President of the American Psychiatric invitation. It has a duty to represent its members. Association to take action in connection with my It has an even greater duty to represent request. psychiatric patients and to provide society with You realize, of course, that if you do not do honest and correct information — this it did not so any report that comes out from this do. 8. Covert operations. There were undoubtedly Committee will obviously be very biased and I, covert operations to prevent research into of course, will make it widely known that this is Orthomolecular therapy. I have a few examples. the case. In one case, a prominent director of research applied for a grant to study the of Sincerely, adrenochrome. He was visited by an on-site A. Hoffer, M.D., Ph.D. investigator who advised him they would very much like to give him the grant but could not do so if he wished to study adrenochrome*. The Dear Doctor Hoffer: researcher expressed himself violently to the Several weeks ago I received your letter from investigator and he did receive his grant. A Dr. Garber. In your letter of June 8, you second example arose from the New Jersey study. expressed some concern regarding the APA Task NIMH approached a psychiatrist in the midwest Force on Vitamin Therapy and the Chairman, to determine whether he would direct a who is Dr. Morris Lipton. The Task Force controlled study. He said he would if I could be a members are Dr. Morris A. Lipton, Chairman; consultant. He was thereafter ignored and the and Drs. Thomas Ban, Francis Kane, Jerome study was done in New Jersey. The third example Levine, Loren Mosher, and Richard Wittenborn may not be an example, but does puzzle me. Napa (consultant). The Task Force is responsible to State Hospital in California was selected to the Council on Research and Development. The complete an Orthomolecular study for the Council is presently composed of Dr. Sidney state legislature. There were two questions to be Malitz, Chairman; Drs. Monroe, Blueck, studied: (1) did the use of vitamins increase the Hamburg, Schwab, and Shervington. Any costs of per patient) (2) was the use of reports that the Task Force prepares are first vitamins acceptable to patients? The opponents submitted to the Council for review. If the of this treatment, including the California Council approves, the report is considered by the Psychiatric Association and the California Reference Committee and finally by the Board Medical Association, had declared that of Trustees. I believe it is obvious that a very amongst other things, all negative, it would excellent review mechanism exists and that the increase costs and would not be acceptable. The Task Force, as well as the Council, is composed conclusions from the study were that costs were of highly qualified psychiatrists who are not increased and that treatment was acceptable. thoroughly familiar with the A few years later I was able to obtain a copy and are capable of evaluating published of a comprehensive report which described this literature. study, but it had an addition I hope this information is of value to you. * Adrenochrome was a substance we suggested played Sincerely yours, Ewald B. Busse, M.D. a role in . President

162 Is There a Conspiracy? conclusion — it concluded the use of vitamins chairman of the meeting and demanded 90 was also efficacious. I was advised by the minutes. He felt he could not properly defend the investigator that no official report would be establishment in less time. His demand was released, nor would there be any publication. I rejected. He thereupon launched a violent attack on can only conjecture that this report was the theory and practice of Orthomolecular suppressed for non scientific reasons. California psychiatry. To establish his expertise in this field was very hostile to Orthomolecular therapy. he reported he had been a graduate student at Iowa Several years before I had given a series of in the same department where Prof. Elvejhem had lectures to a California mental hospital near San demonstrated that had cured black tongue Francisco. The Director of Research was cool, () in dogs and that niacin and Vitamin B-3 precise, impersonal, and showed little interest. I were the same. The speaker had no personal ex- needed a ride back to San Francisco. He offered perience in treating patients and no negative papers to take me along as he was driving in. In the car had yet been published. Later Mr. De Silva sent me he became warmer and eventually told me that an unpublished manuscript prepared by this person he would like to start a vitamin trial but could before he became chairman of his Task Force not for two reasons: (1) he would lose his job, committee. It was a crude version of what finally (2) he would lose forever any chance for appeared as the official report. Obviously he knew academic advancement. what the Task Force should conclude before it was My final example arises from my constituted. I have no idea how often the association with Mr. Joe De Silva, leader of a committee met, but it was obviously a charade large union in Los Angeles. Mr. De Silva had with its conclusions predetermined by one person. become very interested in vitamin treatment A second member of the committee was his junior after seeing a friend recover. This friend had associate in his psychiatric department of his failed to respond to psychotherapy or drugs. She medical school. Neither had any personal had been treated by a psychoanalyst who experience with any phase of Orthomolecular directed a psychiatric clinic. This made therapy. The chairman told me he did not treat treatment available free to members of that schizophrenic patients. union. Costs were born by a negotiated contract between union and employers. Patients paid by 9. Invisible enemies. Another activity associated a small deduction from their pay. This was, as with a conspiracy is to use invisible enemies far as I can tell, the first labor union to negotiate (Lisa, 1984). This too has occurred in our field. such a contract. This made Mr. De Silva very Many years ago when I was organizing the popular with the APA who looked upon this as a Saskatchewan Schizophrenia Foundation, I sent valuable example to American labor. out a form letter to Saskatchewan physicians ad- Mr. De Silva's interest in megavitamins vising them of the formation of S.S.F. and surprised and annoyed the APA and they began asking for a donation. Several doctors did to apply pressure on him to drop this pernicious donate. Shortly after that I received a message new doctrine. Mr. De Silva, with my cooperation from the Saskatchewan College of Physicians and the cooperation of the American and Surgeons telling me a complaint had been Schizophrenia Association's Los Angeles registered against me by a physician from affiliate, planned a large meeting which was to Yorkton, Saskatchewan, that I had been provide a forum for proponents of advertising. In those days, advertising was Orthomolecular therapy. The APA suggested to almost as evil as seducing one's patient. I had to Mr. De Silva that in order to provide a balance appear before a committee but received only a of views they would suggest a speaker for our mild cautionary reprimand. Luckily, one of the program. We agreed to it. This person later members of this committee was an associate of became chairman of the APA Task Force report. mine. He gave patients anesthesia while I gave At this meeting he had been allotted one hour. them ECT. Just before his turn he approached the

163 Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine Vol. 2. No. 3, 1987

A second example occurred later when a against APA by-laws. To their former colleague and fellow professor became surprise, I think, I demanded they allow me to professor at another university. He took appear before their Committee of Ethics and in umbrage at a form letter I sent to thousands of preparation for this demanded to know who persons in North America and elsewhere who charged me and what was the nature of the had requested information about vitamins and complaint. They reluctantly advised me the asking for names of physicians whom they complaint was about my paper published several might consult. This followed a story in The years before, but they would not give me the New York Times, on the front page of the names of the California psychiatrists who had in- second section, on our work. He accused me itiated the action. of practicing medicine by mail. The APA Eventually, Dr. Osmond and I appeared committee received a copy of my personal let- before this committee in Washington, D.C., ter to people who had written to me and in the APA headquarters. Their librarian was falsely stated I had released a "broadside." delighted to see us, was very friendly and Another fellow professor from another interested. The committee was totally devoid of university registered two complaints against any knowledge of our work or of vitamins. They me but he had not expected to be identified. showed no evidence they had prepared He reported to the Department of Health and themselves. After registering our complaint that Welfare, Ottawa, that I was supplying LSD to the Committee on Ethics was not the proper the underground hippy movement. This placed forum to consider a scientific matter, Dr. the investigator in a very embarrassing Osmond and I responded to their questions and situation for I was treating his young daughter outlined our work. By noon the chairman for a . After this announced they would take a ten-minute con- investigation he reported to his supervisors ference among themselves and would report that the information was false and the back to us. Ten minutes later they reported they informant never to be trusted. That same needed another two hours. Two hours later they professor, probably writing under the same reported they would let us know in a few days. I paranoid state, wrote to the Dean of Medicine am still waiting, over twelve years later. At no ordering him to fire me. He received a curt, time was there an apology or expression of regret stiff reply. that we had been inconvenienced, that we had to About the same time, unknown California travel to Washington to enter into a heated but psychiatrists complained to the APA that I was senseless debate with our peers, who were not our promoting a treatment which was unproved peers at all as they knew nothing about the and unacceptable; this of course can be said of subject. They concluded there had been no breach most first therapeutic reports. They were of ethics (for we heard no more), but probably incensed by a report I had published called assumed that an official announcement or even a "Five California Schizophrenics." Here I private letter to us would be equivalent to described five patients who recovered or were endorsing our views. We can assume we would very much improved on vitamin therapy after have heard had there been any basis for the false having previously failed to respond to accusations made by a few unnamed standard treatment, (Hoffer, 1967). This is the California psychiatrists miffed by a clinical report only example I know of, of an attempt at in a journal. Have other Orthomolecular retrospective censorship. I guess they wanted psychiatrists been similarly treated? Probably. to expurgate my paper from the literature. Out of courtesy to me as a Canadian and a Fellow 10. Erasure from medical register. The easiest APA, they gave me a mild written admonition way to destroy a medical heresy is to destroy to cease and desist. Since this reprimand came the heretic, which means he is deprived of the from the council of the APA they had means to make a living as a physician. This bypassed the Committee on Ethics, which was can be done only by licensing

164 Is There a Conspiracy?

boards which are either state controlled or IS THERE A CONSPIRACY? under control of the medical societies as is the There is no conspiracy led and directed by a case in . But there is a close tie since single person or by a single organization. There even on state licensing boards the members are is no Mafia in psychiatry. However, there is a doctors, themselves members of medical conspiracy led and directed by a large number of associations. professionals and their associations who have a Usually these bodies initiate enquiries after common aim to protect their hard-earned they receive a complaint. There is no dearth of orthodoxy, no matter what the cost to their complainers, usually invisible and unnamed. opponent colleagues or to their patients. They They include other physicians who resent have forgotten or never did know that medicine having lost their patients to the newer today is based upon the slow, painful accretion treatment, or who feel keenly they must of knowledge which once was the vilest of protect the orthodoxy from these heretical and heresies, but is now the most rigid of or- even dangerous views. These attacks have, thodoxies. to my personal knowledge, taken place in This conspiracy will collapse when enough Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, physicians find the wit to examine seriously why Alberta and British Columbia, and many the orthodoxy must be supported in the face of Orthomolecular practitioners have lost their growing evidence there is something more licenses. Often the medical college will appropriate, more scientific and, most important vigorously deny they are attacking of all, more effective. If they do not, society, vitamins, but they adopt a set of standards which does not tolerate this restriction on which would probably fail a substantial number research and development forever and is getting of their membership. One of the ways was for fed-up with the huge costs of medical care (10% the college to send a team of investigative of G.N.P. in the U.S.), will introduce measures physicians to the doctors' office to demand free which will collapse the power of the medical access to all their files. Doctors' offices contain institutions and their collaborators to intimidate, many thousands of files. A random search of coerce and destroy their doctors who are seeking files from any physician's office will better and less harmful treatments. undoubtedly reveal a number which are defective — notes which may not have been made, the writing may be illegible, lab slips Bibliography may be missing, medication may fail to be Hoffer J. The controversy over Orthomolecular recorded. I doubt any but the most perfect doc- therapy. J Ortho Psychiat 1974;3:167-185. tor would have every file perfect. If, Hoffer A, Osmond H. Megavitamin therapy. In reply therefore, the committee wishes to find to the American Psychiatric Association Task Force evidence of sloppy work, they will do so. In Report on megavitamin and Orthomolecular therapy one case they pulled out thirteen files, but as in psychiatry. Canadian Schizophrenia Foundation, soon as a competent lawyer was retained they 1976. dropped five. This is no longer possible in Hoffer A, Kelm H, Osmond H. The Hoffer-Osmond Canada since our new Constitution and Bill of Diagnostic Test. RA Krieger Publishing Co. 1975. Rights was adopted. Fishing expeditions are Huntington, NY. illegal if one wishes to fish in the files of O'Reilley PO. Nicotinic acid therapy and the chronic doctors' offices in Canada. Perhaps this will schizophrenic. Dis Nerv System 1955;16:67-72. liberate doctors from the constraints of a Wittenborn JR. A Search for responders to niacin conservative orthodoxy interested only in supplementation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:547- theory and practice but never in the outcome 552. of that practice. Orthomolecular therapists Wittenborn JR, Weber ESP, Brown M. Niacin in the know full well the meaning of Harry Truman's long term treatment of schizophrenia. Arch Gen admonition, "If you can't stand the heat, get out Psychiat 1973;28: 308-315. of the kitchen.'' 165