mapping capacity treatment national drug

10 ANCD research paper 10

mapping paper ANCD research national drug treatment capacity

Siggins Miller

A report prepared for the Australian National Council on Drugs, February 2005 Contents

© Australian National Council on Drugs 2005 Foreword ...... vii This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part Executive summary ...... viii may be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the publisher. The project ...... viii The mapping exercise ...... viii Published by the Australian National Council on Drugs Analysis and commentary ...... viii PO Box 1552, Canberra ACT 2601 Telephone: 02 6279 1650 Abstract of the literature on resource allocation ...... viii Fax: 02 6279 1610 Principles of allocation ...... ix Email: [email protected] Website: www.ancd.org.au Deciding which types of intervention are to be supported ...... xi Allocating resources across regions ...... xi Allocating resources to specific services within regions ...... xiv National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data Relevant statistical considerations ...... xv Mapping national drug treatment capacity: a report prepared for the Australian National Council on Drugs Technical issues in allocating resources for ATOD-specific treatments to regions . . . xv Resource allocation to alcohol and drug services ...... xv Bibliography. Developing local systems of effective treatment ...... xviii ISBN 1 877018 11 2. iii Options for developing a resource allocation formula for 1. Substance abuse treatment facilities — Australia. 2. Drug abusers — Services for— ATOD services in Australia ...... xix ­Australia. 3. Drug abuse — Treatment — Australia. I. Australian National Council on Drugs. II. Siggins Miller Consultants. (Series: ANCD Research Paper: no. 10). National workshop on resource allocation in AOD ...... xx 362.290994 Day one: The implications of the literature on resource allocation ...... xx Day two: Efforts to map treatment capacity at the national level ...... xx Editor: Keith Sutton (KS Consulting Services) Conclusions and recommendations ...... xx Design: Starkis Design Printer: New Millennium Print The results of the mapping project ...... xx Defining treatment services...... xxi Other features of capacity ...... xxi Acknowledgement: Pharmacotherapy and methadone maintenance ...... xxii This work has been supported by funding from Future use of the mapping resource ...... xxii the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Indicators of need in alcohol and other drugs ...... xxii Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the ANCD or the Australian Government. 1 The aims of the project ...... 1 Resource allocation to alcohol and drug services ...... 52 The original project plan ...... 2 Indicators of need for ATOD-specific services ...... 52 Measures of socio-economic standing ...... 55 The first task: mapping treatment capacity ...... 2 Participation in education ...... 56 Verification...... 5 Types and levels of substance availability and consumption ...... 57 Services listed by category ...... 6 ATOD-related legal consequences ...... 57 Services State by State ...... 8 ATOD-related mortality ...... 58 The second task: analysis and commentary ...... 12 ATOD-related morbidity ...... 59

2 A review of literature on resource allocation ...... 13 Developing local systems of effective treatment ...... 60 Models of Care ...... 61 General principles in resource allocation decisions ...... 13 The Victorian Framework for Service Delivery ...... 63 Equity ...... 13 Fairness in decision-making and priority setting ...... 15 Options for developing a resource allocation formula for Levels of evidence ...... 15 ATOD services in Australia ...... 64

The perspectives of stakeholders ...... 16 3 The national workshop on resource allocation in AOD ...... 65 iv The influence of attitudes...... 19  Other principles in developing resource allocation policies ...... 19 Day one: The implications of the literature on resource allocation ...... 65 Expert speakers ...... 65 Deciding which types of intervention are to be supported ...... 21 Group discussions ...... 67 Cost-minimisation analysis (CMA) ...... 21 Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) ...... 21 Day two: Efforts to map treatment capacity at the national level ...... 68 Cost-utility analysis (CUA) ...... 22 4 Conclusions and recommendations ...... 69 Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) ...... 22 Considerations when conducting an economic evaluation ...... 23 Comments on the results of the mapping project ...... 69 Measuring benefits/desired outcomes ...... 27 The rapid rate of change in the field ...... 69 Defining treatment services...... 69 Allocating resources across regions ...... 28 Differences of purpose and method in NMDS and COTSA ...... 71 Sources of information for assessing needs ...... 28 Other features of capacity ...... 72 Regional population size ...... 30 Pharmacotherapy and methadone maintenance ...... 73 Variation in the level of need in different regions ...... 30 Future use of the mapping resource ...... 73 Variation in the cost of providing services to different regions ...... 35 Allocating resources to specific services within regions ...... 36 Indicators of need in alcohol and other drugs ...... 74 Methods of funding providers within geographical regions ...... 38 Recommendations ...... 74 Existing formulas for allocating resources to regions ...... 39 Relevant statistical considerations ...... 45 Technical issues in allocating resources for ATOD-specific treatments to regions. . . 51 Foreword vii ------

series of recommendations, opens a doorway doorway a opens recommendations, of series for possible further development of these data in the planning for the future. The ANCD would like to publicly acknowl edge and thank Siggins Miller Consultants for their work on this project. outset Fromthe ANCD therecognised that this was an ambitious project and without Siggins commit and approach professional Miller’s ment to it we would not have the valuable ANCD the Finally, now. do we that resource organisa the of all thank to like also would with assisted have who individuals and tions the data collection process. Hamilton Margaret Professor Co-Deputy Chair National Council on Drugs Australian delivery. It delivery. represents just one way of test and profile current the of suitability the ing and area particular any in services of spread future to pointers possible some provides it decision-making. The intent of this project was to map the current profile of treatment services across a of development included also It Australia. type amount, current the considering of way of services the treatment across and spread future for signposts of provision and country draw a comprises now report The planning. from research and experience of together ing presents and sectors other and places other that experience this from recommendations might be considered for Australia in con sidering the range, spread and quantity of services as well as some information about of form the in distribution treatment current project the from gained experience The maps. contributes information for data collection about treatment provision and, through a - - - How may we better understand the types the understand better we may How of alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment treatment (AOD) drug other and alcohol of needed in Australia? services that are treat AOD of profile current the is What Australia? ment services across and services treatment AOD the are Where what do they offer? (ANCD) recognises that, in addition to any rational, population based formulas that might level be local used at in or making world these real decisions, the in factors other this Sometimes play. to in come do and can profile system service the skews deliberately to attend to particular special group needs and at other times this course, occurs of despite are, the There planners. of efforts best many other in factors involved establishing services. and running good treatment national or state region, any that unlikely is It profile will exactly match a theoretically set of constructed basedservice on profiles characteristics of the population. However, there is real value in about having thesediscussion any bench to backdrop a as marks this commend therefore We needed. is what to report alloca in those resource involved service and advocacy planning, service tion, This This report introduces and offers examples of ways to develop benchmark profiles to questions: the following answer • The report includes a resource and broad planning service overview to ­approaches of allocation. It contains information about how other sectors, such as some healthmental services, approach these questions. It also shows sector, how this in somecare of models other developed have countries the of experience recent most the ­especially United Kingdom. The Australian National Council on Drugs • • Foreword 80 82 76 76 79 80 . . . . 216 130 138 168 180 186 234 287 289 ...... Appendix 5: Acronyms Appendix 5: Acronyms and references Appendix 6: Bibliography Appendix 1: Construction of an ATOD-Specific Needs Index (ASNI) Needs of an ATOD-Specific Appendix 1: Construction participants Appendix 2: Workshop services treatment agencies and their AOD Appendix 3: Australian Appendix 4: Maps Tasmania Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Australian Capital Territory Territory Capital Australian New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Appendices

viii Mapping national drug treatment capacity Executive summary appended list of all the agencies, and a set a and agencies, the all of list appended an jurisdiction, each for tables in detailed cies throughout Australia. Their services are agen 1,118AOD totalled list resulting the moved, and other treatment services added, After duplicates and closed services were re in Chapter1. out set are data these verify and collect to to be the case. The extensive processes used proved than consistent more and available readily be would services treatment about since they assumed that existing information optimistic, too were agenda and timetable this that obvious became soon It profiles. staffing and demand, of indicators other sectors and sources of funding, capacity and specific sub for catering approaches,services or models treatment about information gather also could it that hoped was it first At sources. data existing on building 2003, November It would take place between July 2002 and Australia.in services treatment alcohol and drug of naturelocation the and about tion The mapping exercise would gather informa The mappingexercise and acommentaryontheresults. exercise, mapping a components: two had treatment services around Australia. This task Drugs(AOD) Other and Alcohol of capacity and nature number, actual the of picture providea resourceto a produce to decided lian Government on drug and alcohol issues, Drugs, principal advisory body to the Austra In 2002, the Australian National Council on The project of maps. ‑ populations, specific substances, - - - - Australia. ATODto in applied services be can context wider the in experience if see to task, the aid to developed been have that formulas associated the and setting, health general the in resourceallocation of issues broader We therefore also examined commentary on quantity.and quality in arelimited services Tobacco and Other Drugs (ATOD) treatment location of resources specifically for Alcohol, geographical regions. However, studies of al specified budgets,within within across and services treatment drug other and tobacco alcohol, to resources of allocation the on We reviewed published literature and research resource allocation Abstract oftheliterature on Chapter 2 withdetailedcitations. in full in appears the which of review, literature results the of abstract an is Here mapping reached itsfinalstage. on resource allocation in August 2004 as the ods in health care; and a national workshop on resource allocation principles and meth research and literature published of review the analysis and conclusions: a wide-ranging ing from the data. Two steps contributed to aris issues significant other and services, treatment existing of appropriateness and capacity location, the services, alcohol and drug of mixture appropriate an termining de for methods on comment to and analyse was project the of aspect second The Analysis andcommentary - - - - The literature reflects a variety of • • • • • • • • • • The review deals withthefollowingtopics: • For strategy. ­example: and policy of questions to in Australia. ­allocation formulaforATOD services options fordeveloping aresource treatment developing localsystems ofeffective ­services indicators ofneedforATOD-specific services resource allocationtoalcoholanddrug allocating resources withinregions to regions or aState? funds to specific services within a region what is the most effective way to allocate ATOD for ­services. undeveloped relatively but services, health general for developed well relatively is approaches allocation resource of aspect this on literature The regions (a critical question for Australia)? geographical different across resources what is the best way to allocate available have beendeveloped toaddress them. tools analytic and here, relevant are cost-effectiveness and effectiveness, existing methods for allocating and regions, across resources allocating ­supported deciding whichinterventions willbe principles ofresource allocation ­certain subsidise services? Issues of or safety, efficacy, fund government should

approaches resources allocation. comes research, priority out setting, between and resource needed are links particular, strategies, and possible future directions. In variousof failure or success the underlying policy,current of reasonseffects the about judgments rational make to possible is it them, addressing of means effective most the and problems about information date experts. When decisions are based on up-to- of opinions the and research through ered gath information by guided also is Policy Evidence to resource allocation.) requiresthem for very different approaches differentsystemneeds,health health a and have population Islander Strait Torres and (Forneed. example,Australia, in Aboriginal distr unequal and everyone, for service of ard oppo equal include equity of health Attributes in status. equity and benefit to capacity in equity services, to access in equity sider con approaches common three health, In Equity findings. research and groups pressure siderations, of varying political persuasions, ethical con but also by the arguments and assumptions process is guided not only by finitethe resources,but formula; statistical a produces ally resourceeventuMuch planning allocation resources should be based on need. of fairness and equity; and that allocation of ent, open to debate, and based on principles ­allocation is resource that health decisions general in should consensus be The transpar Principles ofallocation i r bution of services to meet unequal unequal meet to services of bution tunity to access services, a high stand Research evidence is needed not ------

ix Executive summary Executive  Mapping national drug treatment capacity based. Others argue that consumers are well evidence- is decision-making that ensure to system, health the within need unmet and met identify to data epidemiological of use and alone, data on based decisions objective for researchers some by ments in decision-making has led to counter argu involvement stakeholder greater of favour different allocations of resources. A trend in make and policies different adopt to likely is groups three the of each and drugs, of types various by caused illness of burden of level the on perspectives different have Politicians, community members, and The perspectives ofstakeholders expert views. and stakeholder consensus of a reflect and appeal, or revision to open context, the to tionales for priority setting must be relevant ra The available. publicly be should sions processesthe involvedand deci making in Stakeholders should participate in decisions, priority setting Fairness indecision-makingand ments willfollowalogicalprogression. their effects will be understood, and develop interventions are more likely to be effective, change, about bring to issues specific into and the assessment is grounded in research need, of assessment on based is allocation resource When evidence. comprehensive more this reflect then can interventions of efficacy the increase to decisions Funding use. AOD to lead that factors physical and increase to ­resilience by also addressing the but social, economic risk, reduce to only need. However, of several level recent of commentators indices any to contribute that factorsinvolvedidentifying be in to placed

experts - - ­ ­ cost-effective; and so on. of treatments that can be effective, but not issues complex funded; publicly be should services what governmentsdeciding and in communities by decisions value choices; treatment uncertain facing individuals as preferencesand values their address to has They argue that information for consumers consumers. of interests the against tially poten­ are that ways in level, funding the at and individual the at decision-making science runs the risk of wanting to regulate value judgments. Some authors caution that able or uncertain, and final decisions are still prob still is care health in used ‘evidence’ the of much gains, real Despite allocation. resource and medicine based’ ‘evidence to drive the is regard this in issue pressing A social well-being. and psychological physical, for thus and she obtains is adequate for decision-making, who can really assess if the information he one only or the is treatment experiences who viders; and acknowledgment that the person reflecting shifts in the status of health pro consumerism, decisions; rationing difficult the in community the involve to ernments for gov by desire a public, including motives,diverse the and patients for services information establish governments Many values thatwillguidethedecision-making. and principles the setting in only involved be to want they allocation: resource about zens are reluctant to be involved in decisions citi many that found UK the and Zealand New Canada, in prefer.Studies they orities pri service the or care, health in seek and and the reality of what clients actually want autonomy, client on emphasis consumerist ethical- the between gaps large document - - - - - ate system ofperformancemanagement. are ultimately used will rely on an appropri resources How gradual. and systematic be should formulas new of basis the on made changes and time; over develop formulas allocation Resource durable. and stable be and data, up-to-date reliable use changes, any of effect population the to responsive objective, and transparent comprehensive, be incentives, unintended minimise ness, shoulddisplayThey robust teria. technical practicalof cri number a include formulas allocation resource assessing for Principles Issues ofimplementationandmanagement were theprimarysources ofdivergence. class and race of issues where intervention agencies in implementing a substance abuse lead among conflicts demographically;and socio- varied that districts neighbouring in users opiate to GPs of attitude agen the cies); funding and bodies, government agencies, enforcement law groups, munity com staff, consumers, of goals treatment conflicting sometimes (the maintenance services to fund). Studies include methadone resources (which interventions, programs or in turn influence decisions about allocating which outcomes, and treatments to tudes Researchers have investigated differing atti­ treatment outcomes Attitudes totreatments and - - - - - ­different regions. to services providing of cost the in ation differentregions, relative in varineed and levelof the in variation size, population include one or more of the factors, regional typically regions to resources of allocation determining for Formulas populations. of needs relative the to matched be should resources equity, geographical achieve To Allocating resources across regions agencies orproductivity benefits. other health care facilities, benefits to other ind the non- individual, improv health the to benefits direct health as classified be may Benefits well. as community wider and consumers the of viders’ perspectives, or from the perspective pro care health the from purely estimated are costs whether by determined partly be may analysis the of scope The evaluation. of modes common are — cost-benefit and cost — minimisation, analysis cost-effectiveness, economic cost of types Four intervention. of the cost-effectiveness relative consider to need assessments These are notaswelldeveloped. approaches to assessing other interventions but technology, new and pharmaceuticals assessing for processes formal have now those interventions. Most western countries of mixture appropriate the and supported, level) about the interventions to be publicly posed at a national or State rather than local Government programs face questions (often intervention are tobesupported Deciding whichtypesof i vidual and family, reduced use of of use reduced family, and vidual e ments in quality of life for for life of quality in ments - utility, - -

xi Executive summary Executive xii Mapping national drug treatment capacity health service allocations to capture individ capitation,predictiveor modelling risk-adjustedweightedfunding,capitation, Several approaches — population-based needs health care needs. reflect in variations adequately not do age, demographic characteristics such as sex and on simply based approaches or alone, ing it is widely recognised that per capita fund However,region. the in populations group target specific on or region, the in living populations on information is models tion A common starting point for regional alloca sible distribution of human resources’. use of social indicators offered the most ‘sen and a case-control study concluded that the survey data, service use data, social indicators, providedsurveys.timatesbyResearch using provides estimates of need comparable to es regions. Studies show that use of socialthat can detect relevantindica differences between results achieve to enough big sizes sample population of interest. It is difficult to reach cost involved in a survey representative of the interest.ofablesdrawbackmajor The isthe vari the ofmeasuredirect more a typically the oflevel the informationat to address specific issues is that they provide order constructed surveys in of benefit The cost sources ofinformation. low- relatively are — records facility health data, social security data, hospital and other updated. Existing data collections — census completeness of the data, and and recency how the often it, it obtaining is of difficulty assessing regional needs include the cost and Issues in selecting sources of information for with equivalent health care needs. access to health care services for populations reflect the objective of achieving equivalent health care needs. These approaches generally populationorcharacteristics ual affectthat tor variables extracted from exis t ing databases

individual

— adjust—

— ------A to resource use. on disease prevalence, which is clearly related comprehensivedata of unavailability the is tions. A major challenge for thesepopula different approachesin conditions certain for estimate differences in the level of morbidity the use of survey and other data sources to measuring morbidity through (for example) direc populations or individuals of morbidity ure meas to attempt schemes adjustment risk diagnosis-based These groups. risk clinical and groups, clinical adjusted groups, cost service encounters — for example, diagnostic of records in information diagnostic using populations of morbidity assess directly to proaches have been developed that attempt ap Several services. hospital for need the influencing factors of importance relative the estimate to modelling area small use systemsHealth NSW and NHS UK the Both that best account for the variations. characteristicsthetify populations thoseof living in different localities, and try to iden observe variations in health needs for groups ences in need. Another approach has been to importance of these factors in driving differ is factors sparse, need dated or ambiguous appropriate in on its evidence Data are often in short supply and complex. often isfactors need of Selection nous status; and geographic location. people living alone; ethnicity such as Indige elderly single and families parent single as circumstances;household comp ployment, relative income levels, and housing socio-economic factors such as levelsmeasured morbidity;of unemrelative disability status; need include relative mortality rates; source allocation modelsre into to reflectintroduced typically variation factors Other in

major challenge is to assess the relative the assess to is challenge major t ly. Others have advocated directly directly advocated have Others ly.

implications. o sition suchsition

empirical

directly - - - - - ­ - - hypotheses toexplainthesefindings. suggests and ineffective, or inequitable be where historical funding has been shown to studies of number a reports literature The need. actual to unrelated factors the of result be may resources of use higher that possibility the account into take to fails percentage of available resources. The logic greater a allocated be to tend most spend who those — resources of use past the on In some instances, ongoing funding is based Historical funding need andserviceuse. between relationship of degree a is there influences the use of hospitals. Neverth ability of ambulatory or primary care services another program: For example, relative avail be influenced by relative access to servicesmay in program one in services of Use cases. or less aggressive approaches to identifying more involving policies local and munity, com the of members advantaged more in literacy health of levels higher transport, region, local the in services of supply tive need for and use of services, including rela factors may affect the relationship between easy access to a service in oversupply. Many have may needs low relatively with people and locally, it to access gain not may ice Peopleserv need. a underlying needing of indicator an necessarily not is use Service indicators ofneedhasbeenquestioned. as measures these of validity The demand. expressed as to referred sometimes is This ing as direct indicators of the level of need. previousspendand days) bed occupied of ures of service use (for example, the number researchers have sometimes employed meas the needs of communities, meet policy to makers services provideand to attempting In Service use e less, ------of therate ofpoverty inaregion. because services public on demand greater region; the in providers care health other treatment services, given the poor supply of cater for a greater demand for specific ATOD staff to work in isolated regions; the need for to incentives cases; difficult-to-treat and chronic, severe, treating in involved costs ethnic or cultural groups, youth); additional (e.g., sub-groups of needs unique meet to the need to employ specific costly strategies of providing services to regions may include Other factors that may affect the relative cost distance asaproxy measure. road or density population using isolation or remoteness for adjustment an provide that jurisdictions of examples are Ontario Scotland, U.S., British Columbia, Alberta and cruiting staff, and lack of back-up services). travel,proportion of higher in re difficulty small populations served over large relativelyareas, and facilities theof size small the to remote regions (diseconomies of scale owing and rural in services delivering with ciated costs for land and property), and costs asso for higher wages to attract staff, and higher costs associated with urbanisation (the need geographicregions main two for for these cost differences. Costs differ across allocation formulas try to build in allowances regions.geographicalresourceferent Many providingsamevarythe may dif service in In addition to variation in need, the cost of to different regions Variation inthecostofproviding services reasons— - - ­

xiii Executive summary Executive xiv Mapping national drug treatment capacity • • mated service use. They include prospective treatments and/or set budgets for based on costs/reimbursements esti set of bases the providerson fund which adopted been has approaches of rangeresources, a of bution distrimoreequitable a facilitate and costs service This is one of the major criticisms of there are no incentives for them to limit are costs.funded on the basis of services provided, providers if is, that — cost-containment is A primary issue in funding regional providers assessment. care need of level and groups, utilisation resource groups, diagnosis-related include Methods adopted to address these concerns • on thebasis ofoutputinclude: funding considering when addressed be to are expected to achieve. Questions that need region the funded in on the basis of what they providers achieve or is, that — based output- be shouldregions within funds of regions should be based to on relative need, funds allocation of allocation the While services withinregions Allocating resources tospecific performance contracting. and /capitation; care managed use; service or need grantsof block estimates on based reimbursement methods, including casemix; groups ofconsumers thanothers? specificthe meeting significant of needs are some types of services more suited to or groups ofconsumers thanothers? the specific needs of individual consumers to suited more and cost-effective more approaches/interventions different are in cost? vary that interventionsrequire problems o osmr wt dfeet issues/ different with consumers do funding. In an attempt to contain contain to attempt an In funding. fee for - ­ of concluded that this final score represented score final this that concluded was It risk. at be to considered county the divided by the total number of individuals in of individuals identified within a county was For each of the seven variables, the number regular drug users, and unemployed people. losis and syphilis cases, drug-related arrests, tubercu AIDS, dropouts, school obtained: were groups following the in of ­individuals numbers total county, each for need: of indicators seven on based is It cation. allo­ resource for basis a as Services Abuse by the New York State Division of Substance The ­variables are analysed inthereview. of pooling and measures of choice the in from 154 local government areas. Di allocation formula, using regression to factor a measure of need into the resource Health then devised the Generic Need Index by an Area’s age and sex composition’. NSW explained be cannot that care health acute for needs capita per affect that factors ‘all and rates, mortality sex, age, of basis the each AHS. The approach estimated need on based It on an assessment of relative need for UK. the Services Health Area in to resources ­allocates used allocation ­resource of model a developed and adopted ment Generic Need Index services.) general health services than to ATOD-specific more applicable to allocation of resources in behind weighted capitation assum the make this (However, method regions. these for, and the costs of supplying services across need the affect to thoughtfactors other to and then adjusts these allocations according ing to the population size of different regions,Weighted capitation to regions Existing formulasforallocatingresources

inpatient statistics, and analysed data data analysed and statistics, inpatient Social Dysfunction Scale : The NSW Health Depart initially allocates accord was developed f

ficulties analysis p tions tions - ­ - tains an excursus on such relevant of resources compared to need. observed use; and under- tional data; the comparison of expected with multiple indicators of need; the use useof prevalencesub-groups;the ratesfor of correla summing severity; and prevalence fallacy’; issues as aggregate data and the ‘ecological existing allocation formulas, the review con In light of the questions raised by some of the Relevant statistical considerations the SDS. to apply as criticismssame the of some to to smaller areas. However, the scale is subject resourcesof allocation ensurefairer to was able across all counties. The stated purpose total number of observed the cases to for that county vari particular a within variable the number of observed cases for a particular each proportion with a proportion based on weight to is addition Its county. same the the reference group for that variable within to county particular a variablein particular is based on the ratio of observed cases for a it that in SDS the to similar way a in lated Scale Assessment Needs the ­Relative is SDS the to alternative proposed A the allocationofresources. is also an inappropriate tool for determining risk),at it population the of size actual the (and population the of size for weighting a Without rates. prevalence estimating for the SDS, and concludes that it is a poor tool in difficulties statistical the analysesreview this again, Once funding. for basis the as used be should and state, the in function dyssocial levelof total the to contributed county each that contribution relative the and over-spending

statistical calcu , - - - - ­ summary data for those regions are used. used. are regions those for data regions, ­summary comparing studies in Generally, used. information of type the is sideration con further A cultures. or groups other in use substance of correlates as same the be substance use in one population might not of Correlates generalisation. of problems of aware be must we research, on based is indicators appropriate of choice the While need forspecific interventions). and resilience (factors related to the level of also included indicators of ATOD-related risk have measures These problems. associated or consumption with co-vary that factors or mortality), and morbidity pitalisation, hos arrests,example, (for consumption by use or consumption, factors that are influence that factors of measures be may Indicators of need for specific interventions services inparticular. and research on resource allocation to AOD commentary of body smaller relatively the to moves now review the of attention The drug services Resource allocationtoalcoholand the regions ofAustralia. specific treatment services across and within ATOD- for methods allocation resource to described in the preceding section is applied issues technical the of summary regions.A ­relative costthe of and providing regions, services todifferent across level need of relative the population, the of size of resources needs to take into account the Any formula for determining the allocation treatments toregions resources forATOD-specific Technical issues inallocating

different affected - -

xv Executive summary Executive xvi Mapping national drug treatment capacity reviews a series of recent studies illustrating chapter the and abuse, substance and erty There is a well-established link between pov control. of lack and powerlessness uncertainty, by produced stresses the and hazards, tional unsafeoccupa neighbourhoods,nutrition, ill-effects of inadequate housing, inadequate the to exposed be to aremorelikely power facilitate health. People with less purchasing that resources and influences, psychosocial decreased access to the rent research is that poor health results from cur with consistent most explanation the that argue commentators Recent nection. range of explanations is offered for this con rangeworsta measures.the on of health A with a low income or high deprivation suffer spectivecharacteristics,individual of places increasingly are accep inequality and Poverty need fordrugprevention. of level the investigate to indicators 36 of principal component and study, regression one analysesin or, outlets; retail alcohol of number the and mortality, alcohol-related and drug arrests, alcohol-related and drug violence, domestic or expenditure; of level quences, the level of consumption, and the conse the of extent the users, of number of indicators the including needs, ATOD-related ­specific proposed studies Several abuse (socialindicators). social and economic correlates of substance characte across regions ATOD-specific typically include for demographic need of level The summary data used in determining the the link. t ed as determinants of poor health. Irre r istics of communities as well as as well as communities of istics material conditions,

services services - - - - - ­ and syphilis. incidence rates for IDU-AIDS, TB, Hepatitis percentage of the population in prison; and the Indians); American Americans, (Hispanics, African groups minority specified to belongs that population the of percentage the including in variables proposes services U.S. the treatment drug and ­alcohol for indices need composite of set Another family credit. on not families eligible of proportion the and class; employment manual in head a with households in people of years; 10 proportion past the in job paid a without 26–64 aged men of proportion cars; two without households of proportion dation; accommo ­ rented private in and buildings occupied owner in people of proportion the were study UK a in proposedMeasures person 65 years and older. single a withhouseholds room; per person households; households with more than one households reported as vacant; single person aid; unemployed area residents over 16 years;households children; own below poverty; female families household heads with female-headed poverty; in living childrenpoverty;area below living families area residents; residents living below dentsper square mile; per capita income of householdincome; average number ofresi the 1990 U.S. Census comprised area median from extracted data from derivedstanding socio-economic of measures of range A Census data Measures ofsocio-economicstanding

receiving public public receiving

poverty; B - tal ward data. The data included data The data.ward tal rate for area public high schools. graduation average the and score; reading juniorscore;schoolaverage highact public ­average public high school senior composite atten tion; average 6th grade readingeduca grade 8th score;than more noaverage with older schools; elementary public area for rate attendance the include posed measures of participation in education and AOD-related morbidity and mortality.with Promeasures of socio withan ‘environmental deficit’ factor, along highestlevel education)of correlated highly achievement (attendance rates, performance, cipation and performance. Measures of school drug dependence affected educational parti and alcohol that concluded research Early Participation ineducation was anunderprivilegedarea score. predictor powerful less but alternative An illegitimacy. of levels and ratios, mortality standardised users, drug of notification of rates were authorities health district across between observed and expected admissions variation of predictors powerful most the A study of psychiatric admission found that Other measures measure, or derive a composite of the two. other the or one either use should search correlation between these two measures, re high the However,of becausedata.census curateinformationlevelincomethan onof ac and immediate more a gave measures credit.familyTheseandsupport income of social security benefits extracted from hospi ­Ireland investigated theNorthern in useservices of ofuse theinformation of study A on Income level years and older enrolled in school; in enrolled older and years d ance rate for area public high schools;

percentage of population 25 and and 25 population of percentage

percentage of population three population of percentage - economic depr

recipients

average i vation - - - ­ - - admission rates. AOD-related outpatient with relationships moderate found distribution or possession ­influence, liquor law violations, and narcotics the combining under driving with categories ten these study A theft). conduct, and burglary, disorderly offences, sex other criminal sexual assault, assault, homicide, robbery, prost theft, vehicle (motor predictors as categories arrest criminal ten The U.S. Drug Use Forecasting program lists as indicators ofdruguse. for the use of arrest and incarceration rates impl has This police. to unknown were addicts identified the half over that of study particip U.S. A policy. government and associated with police resources and sumption. Detection rates, however, are also associated with other consequences of con and consumption of level by affected are useillegal and substances illegal alcohol of The rates of detection of use and supply of ATOD-related legalconsequences alcohol content. and type by sold alcohol of litres total the of liquor outlets per 10,000 population, and ments to such a measure include the number of outpatient admissions. Suggested refine rate the and outlets alcohol of availability the between relationship weak very a only was there use, service predict to analysis regressionto subjected was thisview when extent of alcohol-related the problems.and consumption However, capita per with hol Early research linked the availability of alco and consumption Types andlevelsofsubstanceavailability a tion in a methadone program found

practice, i i cations cations tution, - - ­

xvii Executive summary Executive xviii Mapping national drug treatment capacity ever, is that the extent to which to extent the that ever,is the needforintervention. use, immediate substance-related harm, and relatively poor indicator of current substance isa presentconsumption,mortality shipto to substance abuse may bear little relation related mortality If previously).years many tion patterns of individuals (sometimes from to inform us more about the past consump tend Accordingly,deaths substance-related death. and substance a of use between lag time a often is there and constant, not is death of causes specific to contributes use as an indicator of need. The problem, how seem reasonable to use AOD-related mortality will increase the likelihood of dying. It would abusesubstance equal, factorsbeing Other highly correlated instruments. but different 10 of results the combining ratio. This would be simpler and clearer than by the under 75 year standardised mortality simply on population size and age, weighted result could be produced by basing similar a a formula sophistication, increasing despite that, argued It resources. health of cation (BMJ) the in editorial An ATOD-related mortality and missing agencydata. crackdowns, biased coding and enforcement, of arrest data include variations shortcomings owing to local potential The offence). drink a example, (for data original connection to drug and alcohol issues in the explicit an be must there drugs: or alcohol to related arrests identifying for criterion Some researchers adopt an ‘explicit mention’ reviewed formulas for determining allo British Medical Journal Journal Medical British substance driving - - - ­ stance misuse treatment andcare. sub of provision and commissioning the achieveto equity, consistencyand parity in treatment in England. This framework aims drug effective of systems local developing for framework national a provides which Substance Misuse published In 2002, the National Treatment Agency for guidance at the local level is by the UK NHS. provide to attempt other only the Alcohol, ­Department of Health’s Centre NSW for Drug the and by commissioned recently some work from Apart system. treatment tive ­elements to spend it on to provide an effec­ The regions. next level of consideration is to know what to funds AOD for distributing account models allocation Resource effective treatment Developing localsystems of of area needsforsubstanceuse treatment. to be more likely to reveal a complete picture than depending on a single type of data, are profiles,measuresand composites in rather multiple that suggest services treatment AOD for need of indicators developing for limitations of different types of data sources Recent studies discussing the potential and marijuana. cocaine, alcohol, opiates, hallucinogens and of use to related conditions for area an in admissions use total of proportion the ­include service ATOD-specific for Measures drug, ­alcohol andsubstanceabuse disorder. of prevalence State-level estimate to used been have (NHSDA) Abuse Drug of results of the U.S. National Household Survey and other drug use is well documented. The The health consequence of alcohol, tobacco, ATOD-related morbidity Models of Care, -

service atsame timeorconsecutively. one than more from and professionals of range a from treatment receive may Users coordinator. care a with review regular to subject is which plan, care an written agreed receive services treatment structured enter who those that ensure and coordination planning care of Systems bilitation. reha residential and treatment, use drug ­programs, community day prescribing, inpatient structured counselling, planned care infor and mation advice services, access open include which tiers these within modalities treatment evidence-based of range full a to access have also should users services, 4 to 1 tiers of range full a to addition In and drug ­alcohol users. for services Residential 4 Tier treatment services drug community-based Structured 3 Tier ment services Tier 2Openaccessdrugandalcoholtreat treatment alcohol and drug with interface requiring Tier 1 Non-substance misuse specific services full range ofservicesinfourtiers: the to access have should areas local all in care and criminal justice services. Drug users and have explicit links to other health, social area their in users drug of needs multiple the integratedan systems approach meeting to local Commissioners should seek to develop behind concept The — not just a series of separate services, needle exchange facilities, exchange needle services, Models of Care of Models

services is that is — - - ­ Service Delivery ­Service treatments across andwithin regions. the allocation of resources for ATOD-specific in the literature about options to consider in The review concludes with suggestions made services inAustralia allocation formulaforATOD Options fordeveloping aresource and Aboriginalservices. support, peer accommodation, supported rehabilitation, residential care, continuing adone services, counselling consultancy and substitute pharmacotherapy: specialistwithdrawal, meth outpatient withdrawal, based withdrawal, rural withdrawal support, home- residential include and — region each from should be available — or able to be accessed Service elements for the general population dation, peer support, and Aboriginal services. accommo supported care, continuing and consul counselling outreach, include people young for elements service Specific adults. and people young — region each in The system focuses on two client groups with who needthemmost. State the in those to services alcohol and standard of service delivery of specialist drug one coherent service system and a consistent The aim of these new initiatives is to ensure munity education and information strategy. to health professionals, and training developing a com providing services, treatment community-based strengthening people, young for services specialist providing on the under Treatmentservices.services of range the of components key and services ment to describe purchase of specialist drug treat a developed has Victoria Service Delivery The VictorianFramework for unn te Tide the Turning of AOD treatment services treatment AOD of initiative will focus focus will initiative Framework for for Framework t ancy ancy - - - - ­

xix Executive summary Executive xx Mapping national drug treatment capacity resource allocation methodsandissues. progress to what do to needs who on and cation methods in the drug and alcohol area; and discussion for developing resource allo literature the of implications the dictions; roles and responsibilities of the various juris TerritoryState, levels,national and the and discussion on issues in resource allocation at These presentations were followed by group ­allocation tomentalhealthservices. health policy economics, analysis, and parallel health issues in in resource experience long their on built areas health specialist and general in allocation resource about spoke — Stewart Gavin Mr Pearse,and Jim — speakers expert ­Professor Helen of Lapsley, Associate Professor panel invited An literature onresource allocation Day one:Theimplications ofthe of Health andWelfare (AIHW). Institute Australian the and dictions, and Ageing, Health officers of State and Territory juris ­ of Department Government representatives of the ANCD, the Australian workshopParticipantsthe tion. included in level and implications for future data collec national the at capacity treatment map to of results the considered two Day drugs.other and alcohol futurein for work commentary on resource allocation in health and studies of implications the considered Sydney in on 25 and held 26 August was 2004. Day one capacity and treatment mapping allocation resource on workshop A resource allocationinAOD National workshop on

efforts efforts - - ­ current databaseup-to-date andreliable. We list ofagenciesand services up-to-date. the keeping for processreliable a devise to need clear a is There operation. into come have services New manner. different a in operate or exist, longer no then operated 2001/2002 from sources. Some AOD services markedly that differs services of treatment list appended The constantly. change services AOD of location or existence the rapid. The personnel, range of services, and very is field the in change of rate the First, in Australia. capacity AOD about gathering data future about the clarity, consistency, and timing of The results include a number of observations mapping project The results ofthe recommendations Conclusions and clusions andrecommendations thatfollow. thisin discussion arecon addressedthe in the mapping data current. The issues raised commitment to the project, and ways to keep of the mapping exercise, State and future the on followed discussion General ­demonstrated. was data the of map interactive an of ple exam An future. the in implications collection data for the explored workshop the and outlined, were exercise mapping the of processes and timeframes history, The national level treatment capacityatthe Day two: Efforts tomap recommend practical steps to keep the keep to steps practical Territory - - services that legitimately represent AOD AOD treatment capacity in eachsector. represent legitimately that services of profile the on consensus some seek to differentin ways.pices important be will It handle multiple programs within single aus are not listed in NMDS. The two collections cent of the respondents to the COTSA census in the COTSA census, and just under 40 per part take not did NMDS by listed agencies principles of inclusion differ: nearly half the collections are in quite different forms. The ­outputs the from the method, AODTS–NMDS and and COTSA purpose of reasons For services in Australia. of primary care and specialist AOD treatment would give a clearer picture of the availability descriptors based on a framework of this sort of setintensity. A of tiers four in arranged rehabilitation, use residential and drug ­treatment, inpatient prescribing, munity counselling,structured programs,day com ices, needle exchange facilities, care planned access services, open advice and include structure this in modalities treatment evidence-based The offered. are ferentapproachdescribing toservices what The UK NHS of descriptors. set transparent a of choice the in directly ­involved be should services the delivering people the thatsuggested was it ways,and these service categories in markedly interpreted different Agencies (AODTS–NMDS). Set TreatmentDataServicesNationalMinimum agreed Drug Other the and Alcohol used the of ­categories project mapping The Defining treatment services Models of Care

information serv takes a quite dif - - - - and staff profiles and qualifications. times, waiting and capacity treatment ing, on specific substances, the longevity of fund sub specific for catering services of proportion approach, or models measure of the sector’s capacity — treatment about severaldetails topicsspecific give that shouldto behoped part project of theThe Other features ofcapacity treatment system. the in capacity represented they clear was it when included been have interventions accommodation, brief counselling and crisis education, information, only provided that services and centres, sobering-up groups, self-help some and data, adequate had we where included been have services sector AOD treatment of a recognised sort. Private at least one of its primary goals was to offer erred in the have direction we of includingproject, this a service of if purposes the For the field). in practice actual reflecting descriptors of set agreed an and services, treatment AOD specialist and care primary both capture to ways sector, each in capacity treatment AOD represent legitimately that services of the data collection, consensus on the of scope the particular, (in COTSA as such and any future census of treatment services to apply the implications for AODTS–NMDS (IGCD) Drugs on Committee governmental the and acco exercise mapping the of results We recommend m panying observations to the Inter the to observations panying that the ANCD refers the the refers ANCD the that ‑ populations,focus

profile - -

xxi Executive summary Executive xxii Mapping national drug treatment capacity separateproviderlocation each for number a has doctor prescribing the number,since provider by prescribers buprenorphine and methadone of locations the map to sary realistic map. In addition, it would be neces information with treatment agency data in a partial this combine to possible not was It with this information, and in different forms. jurisdictionsfour only scribing, provided us pre methadone on data of availability the While all the jurisdictions were asked about methadone maintenance Pharmacotherapy and times, andstaffprofiles andqualifications. waiting and capacity treatment of funding, longevity and source the substances, specific on focus sub‑populations, specific for catering services of proportion proach, ap or agreed models treatment and about ­questions consistent in build services instruments for gathering data about sector ity, we self-evidently important to assessing capac are features these that fact the of light In information wasavailable. such whenever notes descriptive brief ing includ by issues these address to attempt partial a made therefore have We succeed. to unlikely was exhaustively features these The ANCD agreed that an attempt to record included. have we agencies additional the of many for source corresponding no was There compiled. was database appended the when date of out years three and two between were answers the and consistent, or clear always not were about information this questions COTSA and NMDS The scribers anddispensers. pharmacotherapy current capacity map by to individual prevalue add will it whether We where heorshe practises. recommend recommend that the ANCD considers considers ANCD the that that the design of future - - - - ­ ­ considered. issues and geographic distances, need to be Indigenous as Australia, such all Issues to specific problems. drug other and alcohol preventing and treating for systems based to fund if the objective is to have evidence- elements treatment what about Territories providethen would and States to guidance project national This level. national the at a commission The sector agrees that it would be useful to the sector is appropriate. in allocation resource of nature and to say with any authority whether the extent tralia, no one is in a position at this moment formula for ATOD treatment services in Aus Specific Needs Index or a resource ATOD- agreed an either of absence the In other drugs Indicators ofneedinalcoholand in otherareas ofhealthandwellbeing. parable in value and efficacy with collections afford the AOD field an evidence-base com will that dictionary data a and definitions on agree collection data periodic out carry councils and the research if helpful bodies be who designwill It and time. short very a in date of out be may project this of end and some of the information current at the field, this in rapidly and constantly happen available.Changes services the proach,and ap location, about information additional display to queried be can that map tronic database, together with an interactive elec a as ANCD the availableto made alsobeen The appended list of treatment agencies has mapping resource Future use ofthe Models of Care of Models type project type

allocation - - - - ing guidelines or models of care national level. Models of Care method employed by the NHS in developing We experience intheNHS. for regional use in Australia, building on the develo commissions jurisdictions, the with ration We the literature. also drawing on the experience described in jurisdictions, their within use for allocation ­formulas resource developing consider We out intheliterature review. drawing on the research and experience set the ATOD area for planning and policy uses, offer reliable and validto indicators of need ASNI in an of development the endorses therefore We recommend recommend recommend p ment of evidence-based commission be applied in Australia at the recommend that the States and that a process similar to the that the ANCD, in collabo in ANCD, the that that the ANCD ANCD the that

appropriate

Territories - -

xxiii Executive summary Executive  The aims of the project - - - - - month month ‑ location, location,

etc.)

mix of drug and alcohol services, such as as such services, alcohol and drug of mix application or development possible the demographic consider which formulas of data, alcohol sales figures, drug usage etc. data, health indicators, survey the on commentary and Analysis existing of appropriateness and capacity services treatment and Analysis commentary on any other the data from issues arising significant If the analysis is based on any refer ences to geographical areas or clarification of descriptors, other­comparative for its use. the rationale Whether the service is non-government, the non-government, is Whether service not for profit, source) private example, (for ornature the government and run, and the longevity ofsix recurrent, its three-year funding ­example, (for pilot, episodes of care or treatment opportu nities per year, maximum and average length of etc.) stay, of identified treat ment agencies Waiting times to access places at the time of request, or other indicators of demand for services Staffing profiles (forexample, profes sionally qualified, etc.) trained, work experience Geographic location (that is, address, map for agency each of etc.) postcode, ping purposes. Methods to determine an appropriate Treatment Treatment capacity (that is, how many 5. 2. 3. 4. 7. 8. 9. an analysis and commentary on the findings findings the on commentary and analysis an of the mapping examination — specifically, issues: of the following and discussion 1. carry to Miller Siggins appointed ANCD The out the project. 6. provide would project the of part second The ------including including

populations (for example, ‑ The nature of the service (that is, outpa is, (that service the of nature The tient/community based, private alcohol resi in-patient, services, drug other and clear differentiation between medical (pharmacotherapy) and residential-type approaches) for cater that services treatment of istics specific sub women with children, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI), ­comorbid clients) youth, specific a on focuses service the Whether alcohol only) substance (for example, The treatment model or approach of each each of approach or model treatment The abstinence, etc.) service (for example, proportion and The character number, dential, therapeutic community, therapeutic dential, 4. 2. 3. The Australian National Council on Drugs the to body advisory principal the is (ANCD) alcohol and drug on Government Australian issues. Membership of the ANCD includes and experience of range wide a with people of aspects on expertise drug various policy. In 2002 the ANCD decided to produce a to resource a provide picture of the actual, and nature capacity of AOD treat number, Australia. ment services around This task had two components: a mapping the results. and a commentary on exercise, The would infor mapping provide exercise mation about drug and alcohol sources treatment data existing on building by services, such as the Clients of Treatment ServiceAgencies (COTSA) national survey and the Services Treatment Drug Other and Alcohol (AODTS–NMDS). Set Data Minimum National It was hoped the mapping exercise would treat about information following the yield ment services in Australia: 1. The aims of the project of the aims 1 . The  Mapping national drug treatment capacity • • • • • • • • • • • 2003, withthefollowingcomponents: completed between July 2002 be and could project the hoped was it Initially The originalproject plan existing sources processes to collate and check data from management data and preparedatabase NDARC, andothernominated sources AIHW, jurisdictions, from data collect cation methods about health service informants planning and resource allo relevant interview the AODarea in planning and planning service health in academics and officers key identify ­officers aboutthemappingexercise and Australian Government Territory departmental State, from feedback analyse ment by ANCD present a draft literature review for com for thescopeandtimingofproject fromsourcesavailabilitydata primary of discuss with ANCD any implications of the bility ofthedatanominatedby ANCD ANCD’s requir with line in maps interactive tion, to design and produce physical and informa spatial managing for solutions system information geographic in cialist spe a (GIS), Mipela with sub-contract alcohol inparticular and drug and care, health in formulas allocation resource on commentary and research for literature published search details ineachjurisdiction cooperation with the project and contact Australian Government Ministers seeking negotiate with jurisdictions about availa ANCD to approach State, Territory, and and Territory, State, approach to ANCD ements

November - - - ­ ­ consent oftheANCD. the with revised were therefore project the (COTSA) Census collections. The timelines of Agencies TreatmentServices of Clients and ­National the in found be could wanted ANCD tion informa the said officers contact the all Almost guidebooks. hard-copy some States and three from information ADIS was however, the only data immediately When we contacted the nominated officers, participate in July 2003. jurisdictionto outstandingagreedone The to cooperate, and nominated contact 2002 all jurisdictions had agreed in principle calls and emails. With one exception, by late letter was followed up with repeated phone This data. obtaining in help their seeking Health Ministers introducing this project, and Brian Watters, wrote to all State and Major TerritoryANCD, of Chair the 2002,August In treatment capacity The first task: mapping proved tobethecase. be readily available and more consistent than information about treatment services would too optimistic, since it assumed that existing soon became obvious that this timetable was it below, described reasons the for fact, In • • • • • 2003. ted by October 2003 for comment draft report and mapping products submit lian Government departmental checking prepare data for State, Territory and submit final report by the end of a for ­national resource allocationworkshop material distribute and prepare Mipela prepares agreed products

Minimum Dataset (AODTS–NMDS)

November

available

officers. Austra - ­ - 2 on period 24-hour a overconducted 2001 censusCOTSA the fromresults use to sion and Drug Alc National the of Shand Fiona and MattickRichard discussions with After obtain theNMDSdatafor2001–02. mission and ethical clearance from AIHW to per obtained we October–November2003 in (AIHW), Welfare and Health of Institute Australian the of officers and Government Accordingly, with the help of the Australian ­University of NSW, we obtained their permis WA VIC TAS SA QLD NT NSW ACT

May 2001. In February 2004, we sent a sent we 2004, February In 2001. May o hol Research Centre (NDARC) at the the at (NDARC) Centre Research hol 134 200 26 14 48 84 21 NMDS collections 8 services treatment services treatment services treatment services treatment services treatment services treatment services treatment services treatment 2001–02 205 44 75 14 32 67 18 - ­ 6 COTSA census services treatment services treatment services treatment services treatment services treatment services treatment services treatment services treatment contained: University.Curtin at listsThisthose is what the National Drug Research Institute (NDRI) from agencies AOD Indigenous of list the received had also we now By 2004. early COTSAresultsin the and 2003 late in data NMDS the to access us gave information, own their of availability the about dictions These steps, and repeated contacts with juris There were no objections. COTSA survey asking leave to use their data. the in agencies 553 to NDARC from letter 2001

73 30 32 70 37 31 NDRI Indigenous 1 2 AOD programs AOD programs AOD program AOD programs AOD programs AOD programs AOD programs AOD programs ­agencies

­ The aims of the project the of aims The   Mapping national drug treatment capacity • • • • were thensupplementedby: Duplicates were combined, and these sources 1

Australia WA VIC TAS SA QLD NT NSW ACT We first wrote toallDivisions through theAustralian Divisions ofGeneral Practice (ADGP)about to clients. eight Divisions thatlisted programs —onlythree said they directly offered treatment services supplied answers totherelevant questions intheAnnualSurvey ofDivisions. Wecontacted the AOD programs. Later, thePrimaryHealthCare Research andInformationService(PHCRIS) Inc (NADA)’s membership list forNSW the Network of Alcohol and Drug three States from data prescribers’ pharmacotherapy books oe tt hat dprmn guide department health State some ADIS datafrom somejurisdictions services: 1,118 130 services: 224 services: 35 services: 88 services: 217 services: 56 services: 353 services: 15 services: ATSI 186,Private 57 Government 447,NGO428, ATSI 52, Private 4 Government 18,NGO56, ATSI 28, Private 12 Government 87,NGO97, ATSI 0, Private 1 Government 22,NGO12, ATSI 22, Private 5 Government 46,NGO15, ATSI 19,Private 16 Government 73,NGO109, ATSI 35, Private 6 Government 5,NGO10, ATSI 28,Private 13 Government 194,NGO118, ATSI 2, Private 0 Government 2,NGO11,

Agencies - • the resulting list totalled1,118 agencies: included in the NMDS, COTSA or NDRI data, ices, and added other treatment services not After we removed duplicates and closed serv • • Practice General of Divisions of programs AOD centre agencies, and telephone and email contacts with multi- website searches 1 methadone prescribers No dataonindividual prescribers + 388individualmethadone methadone prescribers No dataonindividual methadone prescribers No dataonindividual methadone prescribers No dataonindividual prescribers, 4clinics + 2individualmethadone prescribers + 717 individualmethadone prescribers + 12individualmethadone - • • • • to checktheaccuracy ofthedata. it to the States and Territories with a request sent ANCD COTSAcollections,the and and NMDS the in appeared they as jurisdiction we step, ­prepared a first catalogue of the entries a for each As follows. as was listed thus services the checking for process The Verification vided its list of 18 Australian information already inhand. funded NGOTGP agencies to confirm the The Department of Health and Ageing pro jurisdictions other the from feedback no was There sent amendments areas these of five and services, health district or area their to entries relevant distributed have to appear States Two be regarded asaccurate andcomplete corrected the whole list, which could now One State’s D and A Unit checked and and checked Unit A and D State’s One

Government- - • • • ­services offered, anddescriptive notes. name, address organisation and contact fields: details, the treatment with by jurisdiction, agencies lists database resulting The • October 2004: and July between steps following the took therefore We uncertain. remained still tion the accuracy of the currency of the informa As a result, with the exception on one State, against the data definitions used in in used the NMDS. definitions data the against of each agency were checked activities calls,the individual the During services could not be reached by phone). were contacted by telephone (only a few listed the all possible, Wherever verified. yet not were entries whose cies Finally, we then telephoned all the agen 450 websiteswere visited). (about websites agency relevant against checked were entries possible, Wherever the present nature oftheiractivities. each case received helpful clarification of in and email, by listings their agencies those sent we databases, source the in entries conflicting sometimes and tiple In the case of several agencies with mul responses andanumberofphonecalls. These addresses. email for supplied NADA agencies which ACT eight and ­agencies NSW 86 to emailsby supplemented was 9 on Update ADCA on posted was entries their check to email A request for agencies to contact us by us contact to agencies for request A

actions generated over 65 email email 65 over generated actions July 2004. This This 2004. July

interactively services

- - - The aims of the project the of aims The   Mapping national drug treatment capacity (the majority of agencies offer a range of these services): The total number of services in each Services listed by category B A

Australia WA VIC TAS SA QLD NT NSW ACT Australia WA VIC TAS SA QLD NT NSW ACT Includes support orcasemanagementprovided in101 residential detox orrehab settings Includes counselling provided in138residential detox orrehab settings Withdrawal management(detox) Residential Residential Counselling 169 140 15 34 24 48 16 33 18 74 11 6 9 2 3 6 6 4 A residential residential Non- 726 160 169 225 Non- 211 63 27 57 19 14 62 12 38 69 6 5 8 3

category offered by the 1,118 listed agencies is as Australia WA VIC TAS SA QLD NT NSW ACT Australia WA VIC TAS SA QLD NT NSW ACT Support andcasemanagement

Residential Rehabilitation Residential 134 197 26 77 16 39 42 79 10 8 2 6 7 3 5 2 3 6 B residential residential 455 159 165 121 Non- Non- 25 43 18 33 26 52 55 10 51 11

5 3 7 1 follows F E D C

Australia WA VIC TAS SA QLD NT NSW ACT Australia WA VIC TAS SA QLD NT NSW ACT Excludes individualprescribers ordispensers Includes otherforms ofserviceprovided in11 residential detox orrehab settings Includes informationandeducationprovided in120residential detox orrehab settings Includes assessment provided in94residential detox orrehab settings

Information andeducation Pharmacotherapy Residential Residential 140 47 18 19 19 82 10 11 2 1 1 4 1 1 3 8 5 2 C residential residential E 156 558 212 119 Non- Non- 43 19 18 49 66 18 61 81 4 6 2 3 6 7

Australia WA VIC TAS SA QLD NT NSW ACT Australia WA VIC TAS SA QLD NT NSW ACT Other treatment services Assessment only Residential Residential 107 15 65 21 5 4 0 0 3 1 7 1 7 4 3 6 6 1 D residential residential 125 509 208 115 Non- Non- 29 17 17 18 25 33 26 63

51

6 9 4 9 4 F The aims of the project the of aims The   Mapping national drug treatment capacity * The same informationonaState-by-State basis is asfollows: Services Stateby State Other Assessment Information Support Counselling Pharmacotherapy Rehabilitation Detoxification Residential servicesare shaded darker ACT (15services) * 4 1 4 1 7 2 5 5 6 2 3 1 1 6 3 4 10 5 5 9 8 4 7 7 * Detoxification Other Assessment Information Support Counselling Pharmacotherapy Rehabilitation Residential servicesare shaded darker NSW (353services) 208 159 225 212 79 69 48 25 65 82 77 74 19 55 61 7 * 273 294 236 299 134 117 32 80 *

Other Assessment Information Support Counselling Pharmacotherapy Rehabilitation Detoxification Residential servicesare shaded darker Northern Territory (56services) 18 18 33 19 10 11 11 1 9 6 5 3 2 1 8 6 * 19 15 23 36 30 14 21 3 *

Other Assessment Information Support Counselling Pharmacotherapy Rehabilitation Detoxification Residential servicesare shaded darker Queensland (217 services) 169 63 18 18 18 42 38 24 10 10 81 9 3 6 7 4 *

187

12 69 25 22 52 62 91 The aims of the project the of aims The  10 Mapping national drug treatment capacity *

Other Assessment Information Support Counselling Pharmacotherapy Rehabilitation Detoxification Residential servicesare shaded darker South Australia (88services) 66 43 57 51 6 0 3 8 6 9 6 1 7 3 5 6 * 54 74 49 66 10 11 6 7 *

Pharmacotherapy Rehabilitation Detoxification Other Assessment Information Support Counselling Residential servicesare shaded darker Tasmania (35services) 19 12 17 26 25 27 0 4 6 3 2 6 1 3 2 3 * 20 15 17 30 27 33 9 5 *

Other Assessment Information Support Counselling Pharmacotherapy Rehabilitation Detoxification Residential servicesare shaded darker Victoria (224services) 160 121 115 119 17 15 19 26 33 43 18 52 39 62 34 4 * 130 138 147 193 96 21 61 91 *

Other Assessment Information Support Counselling Pharmacotherapy Rehabilitation Detoxification Residential servicesare shaded darker Western Australia (130services) 29 33 49 63 16 26 16 14 15 51 11 5 7 8 4 2 * 34 40 60 59 79 42 29 6

11 The aims of the project the of aims The 12 Mapping national drug treatment capacity *

Other Assessment Information Support Counselling Pharmacotherapy Rehabilitation Detoxification Residential servicesare shaded darker Australia asawhole(1,118 services) 125 509 558 140 455 134 726 169 156 165 197 140 107 211 47 21 * 146 698 589 895 203 362 616 351 ­materials. workshop. the at discussion review,and literature the observations, our from arising mendations recom with together exercise; the mapping of course the in methods, collection data of and data, the of made we ations Chapter 4 of this report sets out the observ­ pants madetotheseproceedings. partici Government Australian and State and McDonald, Mr Hayden Stewart, Gavin Pearse,Mr Jim Lapsley,Professor Associate Helen Professor contributions special the for gratefulare We 3. Chapter in found be may workshop the of account summary A to made upda Pearse Jim Professor Associate contribution valued the acknowledge We review. literature the contains 2 Chapter the mappingreached itsfinalstage. allocation, held in Sydney in August 2004 as resource on workshop national a and care; allocation principles and methods in health resource on research and literature lished pub of review a conclusions: and analysis our to contributed have steps other Two analysis andcommentary The secondtask: t ing the review from recently published - - - 2 .Areview ofliterature on resource allocation • • • For strategy. ­example: and policy of questions to The literature reflects a variety of approaches services inAustralia. ATOD to applied be can context wider the oped to aid this task, to see if experience in the associated formulas that have been develgenerally,health and in resource allocation also of issues broader on commentary exa therefore mine We quantity. and quality in limited are services treatment ATOD for ­studies of allocation of resources speci However,regions. geographical within across and budgets, specified within services treatment drug other and tobacco alcohol, to resources of allocation the on research and literature published reviewed have We or aState? funds to specific services within a region relatively undeveloped for ATOD services. developed for general health well services, but relatively is approaches allocation resource of aspect this on literature The regionscritical(a question forAustralia)? geographical different across resources What is the best way to allocate available have beendeveloped toaddress them. tools analytic and here, relevant are cost-effectiveness and effectiveness, What is the most effective way to allocate ­certain services? subsidise Issues of safety, or efficacy, fund government Should f­ cally ­ • • • • health status benefit to capacity in equity considerto are of dimensions, but three common approaches In health, equity can be defined across­circumstances ashould rangebe treated differently). differentin people(that component equity are need of treated in levels a broadly similar way) and similar vertical with stances, circum similar in people (that component horizontalequity a hasconcept equity The Equity • ­including: A 1976). of range Kramer (e.g., policy by guided strategies to choosing and developing and problems, identifying about decisions All relevant atthetime. are that strategy and policy of questions broader the within approaches these sider context, and it is therefore particular a important to to specific con often are proaches the literature. However, techniques and ap allocation questions can be identified within variety of techniques for addressing resource about the best use of available resources. A decisions are decisions allocation Resource resource allocationdecisions General principlesin

(efficiency). achieving the best use of available resou attitudes ofserviceproviders from themediaandcommunitygroups different stakeholders, including pressure the perceptions and desired outcomes of levels ofevidence fair process ethical considerations such as equity and address them and evaluate change are change evaluate and them address

factors in turn influences policy, influences turn in factors (Shaw and Smith equity in access to services,to access in equity and

2001). equity in equity r ces - - -

13 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 14 Mapping national drug treatment capacity but are expected to benefit the most.’ most, the them need only not who those at directed and effectively distributed are policiesare needed toensure that resources ‘if equity is to be promoted in health services, by reference to Eaves (1998), who arguedshould be based on thatneed’, but qualifies this services that ‘is says, she equity,’ on ture c. b. a. of equityare: According to Almond, the defining attributes as equityofaccess: equity conceives UK, the in visiting health of study a in (2002) Almond example, For ‘The most dominant theme within the litera position, race, disability, age or gender. class, of regardless all, for same the be the standard and quality of services should result in unequal distribution that for decisions some. making Yetinvolve may This uptake. their from most benefit to stand who those to accessible are and vided, appropriateprowhetherareservicestor and deliberate efforts to ensure and moni Equity in health visiting involves conscious unequal distribution of services to meet a highstandard ofserviceforeveryone equal opportunitytoaccessservices need betreated equally.’ equal with people that ‘means equity horizontal whereas required’, is equals way, that is, differential treatment of un need ought to be treated in a says, ‘indicates that people with equity. horizontal unequal need. She speaks of vertical and

Vertical equity, she she equity, Vertical dissimilar unequal - ­ - -

of ethics in health care resourcecare health in ethics of • • • • • • Where tonow? Health Ethics Committee Australian workshop, the of summary their in Gifford (1992) and Charlesworth groups. needs tralians are one of the most relevant special Aus Indigenous context, Australian the In • may bedrawn from Almond’s work: measures of number is a achieved, or sought equity which to extent the judging In them … will work in a very different for system health a of development the lation have different Australian health needs and the that that ­Aboriginal and is Torres Strait Islander system popu health the in complication further A to otherfactors (Almond2002). or criteria needs to relate patterns these less time with certain clients, and or whether more determine spend providers some to whether made are observations target thosewhocanbenefitmost and just, and fair is services of bution distri the whether assess to examined providersare and funders of records the sensitively needs their meets adequately service the clients are interviewed to explore whether resources neededtomeettheseneeds prioritisingand needs, skillsthe and and assessing about views clients’ discuss to providers are invited to join focus groups ethnic group, age,etc. uptake and use of services by social the class, determine to examined are records adequacy to identify those in most need their judge to analysed and collated are methods and models assessment needs mote thedefiningattributesofequity policies are analysed to see if they pro they if see to analysed are policies say:

allocation. Australian The place

way. - - ­ - • • • an outsideexpert. of input the require sometimes can which represented, are perspectives multiple that ensuring yet rule’, elite or ‘majority than relevance of notion the in included basisthis on and care, health of areas major two involvedin Martin et al. (2002) surveyed decisions makers • fairness in this regard: of conditions four describe They process. decision-makingthe in importance of level same the accorded be should stakeholders are available for all to scrutinise. Further, all decisionsmaking in involvedprocesses the decisions,holdersshouldparticipatein and priority setting. They argue that all the stake elements of fairness in decision-making and Martin, Giacomini and Singer (2002) reviewed priority setting Fairness indecision-making and are met’. of ensuring that the first three conditions some means, either voluntary or regulatory, Enforcement sions andtheirrationales’ avenue for appealing against these deci Appeals context’ that in setting priority to relevant be to must be considered by fair-minded people Relevance ­accessible’ publicly be must decisions setting ority Publicity Publicity an argument for consensus rather condition: ‘there must be an an be must ‘there condition: condition: ‘rationales for pri for ‘rationales condition: condition: ‘these rationales rationales ‘these condition: condition: ‘there must be be must ‘there condition: - - - links between outcomes research, outcomes between links nants on youth on determinants structural or ences these can bereflected infundingdecisions. that one use, drug decreasing to ­approach thisis becauseimportant as drivesit holistica such Research interventions. of ficacy ef the increase to use drug youth to lead that factors physical and economic social, report The drug use (Spooner, Hall and Lynskey 2001). influ macro-environmental the on report a released recently has ANCD Similarly,the resourceand ident factors determined by looking at resilience and risk is need of extent The resilience. ­increasing on focus also but risk, reduce to aim only not that programs funds say, they Drug Abuse, and Alcohol on Commission Texas model to determine resource allocation. The assessment needs a of use the of example (Eager et Maxwell allocation 1996). resource and setting care. health routine in measurement outcomes at a 1996 conference on presented papers of approach the was This possible future directions. strategies,and various of failure or success of impact the about judgments rational make to possible becomes it them,addressing of means effective most the and problems A up-to-dateinformationabouton based are and the opinions of experts. When decisions also by information gatheredbut principles bythrough only not researchguided is Policy Levels ofevidence

current policy, the reasons underlying the

The speakers focused on establishing on focused speakers The measures, needs asse needs measures,

highlights the need to address address to need the highlights i cation are strongly linked. stronglyare allocation fied through research. Using Using research. through fied al.

(1997) present an an present (1997) Integrating health s sment, policy policy sment,

priority priority - -

15 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 16 Mapping national drug treatment capacity drugs.Sanson-Fisher et differentforratesmortality the with line in differentlydrugs ranked field the in experts communitymembers tended to agree, while andpoliticians that found society.They on the level of burden imposed by different drugsexperts,andmembers theofcommunity on study comparing the opinions of politicians, Sanson-Fisher et al. (1988) conducted a similar each ofthesethree groups. resource allocations that would be made by fied and compared the differing policies and illness of various types of drugs, and identi experts in the field on the level of burden of held by politicians, community members, and viewsdifferent the compared (1987) Sason The perspectives ofstakeholders follow alogicalprogression. will developments and understood, be will impact their effective, be interventionswill that likely moreis it change, desired about cific issues that should be addressed to bring spe identifies researchthat in groundedis need of assessment the and need, of ment When resource allocation is based on assess ­programmes.’ and projects unevaluated of quagmire a in flounder will effort this of much ventions, concludes: ‘Without Horton new research policy. into inter government in coherence resolvesand inequalities’ health increaseto ‘the evidence base for policy be achieved unless the government increases health status betweenin richgaps and the poor’ will‘close not to Government UK the of intention the that argues (2002) Horton groups would make. different thatdecisionsallocationsresource different drugs affect the types of policy and by imposed burden of level of perceptions

al. pointed out that pointedout al.

decisions about - - - ­ policy and service delivery, Campbell said said Campbell delivery, service and policy for implications with level, this at volved and in were consumers indicators If services. ­evaluating outcome identifying in involvement consumers’ health mental of impact the investigated He development. policy in stakeholders key of greater involvement for argued also (2002) Campbell stakeholders. relevant by identified as outcomes desired shouldcation broughtbe more with line in basis, the authors argued that resource allo­ allocation to relevant interventions. On this ings were inconsistent with current resource weight These 550:1. and 100:1 between by burglary of prevention the to attached prevention of to attached value The tions. interven drug of products’ to ‘end different values attach to students asked They outcomes for alcohol and drug inte used students’ responses to identify desired (1997) Sutton and Simpson example, For involvement. stakeholder greater of favour in argued have researchers other However, making was objective and evidence-based. decision- that ensure to system health the data to identify met and unmet need within epidemiologicalof continuinguse ommend allocation of resources. His response is to rec media pressure influence decisions about the (2000) discusses how community groups and decisio in involvement is arguments in favour of greater stakeholder growingtrenda alone,data on basedsions for argue researchers some who represent the body of stakeholders. While viduals and groups from diverse backgrounds Policy is influenced by the perspectives of indi The influenceofstakeholders

premature death outweighed the value value the outweighed death premature n -making. Whiteford -making. objective r ventions. deci ------with cultural shifts coinciding in the status consumerism, of the systems; health health funded publicly facing decisions rationing difficult the in community the involve to governments by desire a include Motives assumptions. and values guiding motives, diverse entails information of aspect This fields’ (http://www.healthinsite.gov.au). health international and national the in leaders reputable reliable from information and current most the with lians HealthInsite‘provideisto designed Austra ­ the Australia, In 1998). (NHS issues’ related health of range wide a on sources accredited from advice date comprehensive, comprehensible and up-to- consistent, accessing in public general the assist to place in put be will Arrangements mation about health, illness and the NHS … advance in improving public access to infor NHS Direct initiative in 1999 as ‘an the public. For example, the UK launched its lished information services for patients and governmentsestab haveMany evaluation. allocation, access, community priorities, and resource planning, service about decisions care and treatment; and a formative role in families’ their or own their decisionsabout in partnershiplevels: distinct two on place takes decisions in participation Consumer service prioritiestheyprefer. actually want and seek in health care, or the patients what autonomy,realityof the and the ethical- consumerist emphasis on patient Vipond 1999) document large gaps between 1997, Deber and Sharpe 1999, Feldberg and contrast, some recent commentators (Lomas contri that also factors the identifying should in involved be they appropriate seemed it b ute to any indices of level of need. By

Commonwealth’s Commonwealth’s

important - - • • • • of thesedomains. preferences expressed the independently in in each consistency logical any necessarily not is there show experience and Research • points outthat: values that will guide the decision-making. Lomas and principles the setting in only involved be to wishing allocation, resource tance to become involved in reluc decisions voiced about have citizens where UK, the and quotes experience in New Zealand and participation. Lomas (1997) reports active on his work their in Canada, for advocates consumer by drive the welcome uniformly not do consumers average that countries other from evidence considerable is There and socialwellbeing. making, and thus for physical, psychological decision- for adequate isobtains she or he one who can really assess if the information person who experiences treatment is the only the that acknowledgment and professions; be provided nearwhere welive. shouldthink we services health rangeof we are local citizens with views about the stay withaprovider we are patients who choose to stay or not ity ofthecare weorourfamiliesreceive we are patients with views about the qual ventions inter wewanttoreceive treatment and diagnostic what about preferences with patients are we health care thestateshould fund we are taxpayers with views about what about views taxpayerswith are we - - ­

17 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 18 Mapping national drug treatment capacity (2000) reviewed the literature on the tion is provided to the public. Marshall et as reflected by socialchoicetheory. gative consumer participation is problematic, discussion before declaring priorities. Aggre ipants, and lack of opportunity for informed consensus, poor representativeness of partic which to base priorities, difficulty in reaching on information poor of problems common the overcomes that input for public obtaining method best no be to appears There cal evidence.’ family and friends more highly than empiri that consumers rate anecdotal evidence fromstudies descriptive from evidence is ‘There the fact that they have little choice anyway. and access, timely with problems data, the est in the kind of information, little trust in understandingin disinterinformation, the difficulty include data performance of use reasons for consumers’ lack of interest of in kind and this of use little very make consumers individual But high-quality access to choose to about performance will encourage consumers health care … in the belief that information will promote an efficient market economy in data such is‘that belief common most The practice. the for rationale articulated ently some years, they say, there is still no consist trend to make performance data public. After informa such where process, transparent a system care health the in spending and funding make to trend growing a is There Transparency performance data. The data. performance providers.’

growing al. ------possible to find a manner of aggr of manner a find to possible ­Despite good intentions and real gains, much and so on. that can be effective, but not cost-effective; publicly funded; complex issuesbe should of services treatmentswhat deciding in ments decisions made by communities and govern facing uncertain treatment choices; valueindividuals theas preferences and values their Infor cases. individual in choice preferred the be may level population the at cost-effective all at not is what Sometimes 1996). (Hope potentially against the interests of ual and at the funding level, in ways that are and regulate decision-making at the individ that science runs the risk of wanting to codify stillvalue judgments. Someauthors probable or uncertain, and final decisions are still is care health in used‘evidence’ the of consumer on policy based an of effect the about debate is based’ medicine and resource allocation. AnotherThere crucial issue is the drive to ‘evidenc Evidence-based medicine promising wayforward (Lomas1997). consensus recommendations, offer the most making before implications its discuss and opportunity to acquire relevant information the with provided and basis continuing a that on convenedpatients, or citizens of suggestion panels some is There manner. fair a in individual each of preference the im is it that is theory choice social with as a vote (Davies, 2002). The major outcome of a social choice procedure, such the by bound be to agree all who people that is a branch of decision theory Social Choice Theory is an economic theory m ation for consumers has to address address to has consumers for ation

information. information.

concerning

consumers evidence- problem

e caution gating gating e - - - - to fund). Renner (1983), for Source: NSW Health the authors argued that attitudes of providers tive attitudes. On the basis of these findings in working with opiate users had more posi that younger GPs who had more experience found and that socio-demographically, varied districts neighbouring three across treatment their and users opiate towards Carnwath et al. (1998) studied GP attitudes government bodies and funding agencies. community groups, law enforcement agencies, consumers, staff, of goals treatment flicting con sometimes thehighlighted and ments, methadone maintenance and alter treatment interventions, programs or (which resources allocating about decisions outcomes, which in turn has an influence on treatment and treatments regarding tudes atti differinginvestigatedResearchers have The influenceofattitudes Stability anddurability up-to-date data Use ofreliable and Materiality objectivity oftheformula Transparency and Comprehensibility incentives Minimising unintended Technical robustness Criteria Criteria forguidingdevelopment ofresource allocationformula

example, discussed Services clearly explained over time, with changesinimpliedshares forArea Health The formulashould demonstrate reasonable stability latest periodavailable As faraspossible,themodel should reflect datafrom the population shares Revisions tothemodelshould besetagainst theimpacton and themodelshould becapableofobjective assessment Any adjustments madetotheformulashould bemadeclear, without atechnicalbackground The overall modelshould beunderstandable tothose health services incentives whichconflictwiththeappropriate operation of Any factorincludedintheformulashould minimise factor withstand criticalappraisal The methodologyandanalysis undertakenindeveloping the Description n ative treat

services - ­ - - bution Formula Advisory Committee. adopted by the NSW Health Resource Distri recentlyprinciples of set isa following The in assessingcomponentsofaformula. late a set of principles or criteria to be used allocation articu haveto ­formulas sought sometimes resource developing Groups resource allocationpolicies Other principlesindeveloping of conflict. areas identifying to keys primary the were and concluded that issues of race and class among arose lead that agencies and localconflicts the and intervention agencies in implementing a substance abuse lead of role the investigated He attitudes. of effect the studied also (1997) Lindholm be established andresources allocated. needed to be addressed before targets could

organisations, - -

19 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 20 Mapping national drug treatment capacity Hindle (2002a,48)says: (RAF) used by the NSW Health Department, result of the new resource allocation formula Commenting on changes that occurred as a Implementing change thing about this at the local level’ (1997). produced inequalities and, if so, doing some reinforcepatternsspendingcurrentsocially whether on attention their focus should … authorities Health spent. are resources more feverhas distracted attention from the now used. resourcesare how in alsoresources, but of allocation the in only not occurs inequity manet al. 2000; Sheldon, 1997) argue that researchersmanagement.Some Bind (e.g., performance of system appropriate an on rely will usedultimately resourcesare How matelyresourcesused appropriately.bewill ulti thatensuring of capable or ensure to inte always not are theyresources, of may be a necessary step in processes achieving allocation best resources use good While performance management Resource allocationand would be ten years. was envisaged that the transitional period It whole. a as system care health the of arose to do so mented over several years, as oppo RAF would therefore be progre losses in efficiency and effec major without areas,growing in created equivalentinfrastructurethe and size, in ­suddenly be closed or reduced significantly hospitalsing centralin Sydney notcould teach the obvious, Most ­infrastructure. immediately, ­because implemented of the high level of investment in fully be shouldmodel the thatagreed was It

Sheldon’s comment was that ‘formula important issue of how the allocated the how of issueimportant

without loss of performance t s iveness. The sively imple r tunities n

ded not - - - ­ - over- andunder-spending. expected measures, and examining areas of approaches involve comparing observed with relevance and ongoing research. Two useful as well as from new developments in areas of to the lessons learned from changes in each, responsein evolving loop, feedback a form relevantthe system)shouldwithin changes appropriate resource allocation formula and these two elements (the development of an account, into considerations these Taking a. the UKHealthSystem, include: the NSW Health Department, and also from The lessons learned from the experiences of present. fromthe changes) to further 1970s ing the the of the development of the RAF (later called Hindle (2002a, 48–9) also details the history b. that resource allocation formulas develop systematic andgradual. be should formulas allocation source re new of basis the on made changes over time Resource Distribution Formula Distribution Resource follow - - evaluation. of modes common are — cost-benefit and minimisation,cost- — cost-effectiveness, analysis cost economic of types Four alternatives must beconsidered. the of benefits the and costs the both and that they compare two or more alternatives, ing features of full economic evaluations are more or two of (outcomes) benefits and (inputs) valuation, and then comparison of the costs ‘ as defined be may evaluations Economic interventions. of cost-effectiveness relative these the — consider to need processes assessment resources available of use best the achieve to — effectiveness and efficacy In addition to assessing evidence interventions are notaswelldeveloped. other assessing to approaches but nology, tech new and pharmaceuticals assessing ern countries now have formal processes for this role for the United Kingdom. Most west stitute for Clinical Evidence (NICE) performs to coordinate assessments. The National In this process by creating a specific institution formalised have countries Some questions. unresolved address to research missioning com in or evidence, availablesynthesising significant resources, either in gathering requires and often questions these Addressing tional or State level, na rather a than a at local posed level. often are questions These interventions.those of mix appropriate the and supported be to are that interventions of types the concerning questions mental funda face programs government Many be supported of intervention are to Deciding whichtypes (World Health Organisation 2000). Two defin … the identification, measurement, and and measurement, identification, the

alternative PSU treatments or activities’

concerning - utility, ------­ only limiteduse of CEA studies. programsmake treatment of funders other evaluations,governmentsand the of scope this benefit. As a consequence of the narrow capture not would unit health natural the treatment may be that it reduces crime, but Forment. a example, of benefit potential a it fails to capture all the effects of the treat ation of a treatment to one health outcome, of shortcomings. First, by limiting the evalu number a entails method This terms. etary mon in measured are treatment of costs The treatment. each for same the be must of life gained. The single natural health unit unit — for example, deaths avoided or years ­treatment in terms of a single natural health each of benefit the considers analysis The options. treatment two compare to units of the monetary cost of single natural health Cost-effectiveness analysis constructs a ratio Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) has limitedapplication. is out the comes of alternative interventions that are equal assumption the However, consequences. resource between contrast pure a to alternatives treatment different comparisonreducesof the proachit is that ap this of advantage major The cost. the from this subtract and — costs care health or crime of levels future reduced ­example, of for — terms monetary consequences in intervention each the measure analyses cost published of number a Alternatively, equal. are life of quality and ative interventions on health related quantity basic assumption is that the effect The of cost. altern least the at administered is that treatment the selects and treatments more Cost-minimisation analysis compares two or Cost-minimisation analysis (CMA) erroneous.analysisThisof type therefore - minimisation minimisation - - - - - ­

21 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 22 Mapping national drug treatment capacity program costs ($)/QALYs gained). (total measure each for QALY per cost age programis assessed by comparing the aver ­economic evaluations. other to The finalsimilar utility way of a the in constructed are consequences resource and Costs analysis. stitutes a major shortcoming of this type of measures;varyacrossstudiesandthiscon typically assessed domains health the and deduction the of value The studies. across standardised not are measures QALY that of life deduction of 0.275. It should be noted shortnessor breathof may Forexample,life.fromqualityof wheezing from 1.000 for every symptom that detracts who is in perfect health. Deductions(hypothetical) person a areto 1.000 of scoretaken a adjusted life years (QALYs). The QALY A commonly used measure in CUA is effects will last. and also estimate how long these treatment extensionslife,gainsqualityoforin life to value and measure identify, must measure utility healthnecessary. isA them between comparison a and outcomes different of range a treatmentshavewhere patients, or both the quality and quantity of life for the important outcome, or the treatment affects most suitable when quality of life is the most quantitylife.andThisanalysisof oftype is quality both captures that measure single a to in outcomes treatment combining by measure outcome single a having of ings Cost-utility analysis overcomes the shortcom Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

attractqualitya

assigns quality - - - issues separately ortogether. these addressed have researchers Several interventions. different across comparison and the formulation of a single measure for the outcomes achieved by that intervention, intervention, an with associated costs the Cost-benefit analysis relies on evaluation of of different treatments Cost-benefit analyses age, gender and race cohorts. dollar value to QALYs calculated for different a applies method one example,For ations. health utility measures and combine monetary evalu approaches complex More care. health of costs the incurindividuals which and is most useful for health care systems in population according to their income status, the of subgroupsdifferent for weighting a approach.payto Inherent thisin methodis differenthealth statuses using a willingness asks individuals to put a monetary value on certain social groups. An alternative undervalues measure it because now used rarely is life based on forgone earnings. This method of valuemarket the onfocused work Early particular, in monetary terms is problematic. in gains health and outcomes, some uring resource allocation decisions. However, meas larly powerful in influencing the funding and As a result, cost- benefit analyses are particuanalysis.thiscaptured in be mayoutcomes monetary terms. A broad range of treatment different treatment programs of benefits in the and costs the both measures it that is The major advantage of cost-benefit analysis Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) - - -

abuse treatment programs. drug of evaluations economic conducting gives an overview of the various methods for in cost-effectiveness analysis. French (1995) discussions of the use of the QALY measure (1999) and Schwappach (2002) offer detailed tion programs. Shepard, Larson and Hoffman analysis analysis, the cost-benefit of Chatterji et al. (2001) used another method the of costs the to compare to crime of tangible cost the of estimate dollar a used it that in useful was approach This avoided. crime of terms in programs the of benefit the cost of administering the program to the two different cocaine treatments, co (1999)conducted costa of consumer. type In a by similar approach, ratios Flynn et cost-benefit the culate centres on the basis of outcomes, or to cal formula enabled them to compare treatment costs per week), and argued that their devised able length of stay, treatment retention (probrates,costs treatment with questionnaire) psychosocial a (using outcomes treatment compared authors The addiction. drug for centres treatment different of cost-benefit A study by Sheffet et al. (1982) compared the comparisons between interventions. facilitate to (dollars)’metric ‘common a of different interventions, and argue for the use determining the relative costs and benefits of cuss the use of Rundell and Paredes (1979), for example, dis

program. , in a study of school-based preven social profitability analysis - benefit economic cost economic

analysisof m paring

in al. - - - - costs imposedontheproviders. extra the by reduced be might outcomes the of cost-effectiveness the patients, fifty had to expand to meet the needs of an extra in a cost-effective manner, but if the may produce a range of favourable outcomes changes. For example, an existing treatment treatment of level the as vary benefits and costs how consider must also evaluations single unit of evaluation. However, economic evaluation compares costs and benefits via a must be considered. Generally, an economic also benefits and costs Incremental future. relative discounted to benefits gained in be the immediate may future distant the in occur that occur.Thus,benefits they when on depending benefits and costs to ments adjust apply evaluations economic example, many For ways. different of number a in evaluated be may benefits and Costs other agencies, or productivity benefits. use of other health care facilities, benefits to of life for the individual and family, reduced vidual,non-healthimprovements qualityin classified as direct health benefits to the indi ment while treatment occurs. Benefits may be lostproductivityof arising fromunemploy cost the include to related whether is A controversy well. as community wider and consumers the of perspective the from or from the health care providers’ perspectives, partly by whether costs are estimated purely The scope of the analysis may be determined when an economic evaluation is undertaken. of costs and benefits that may be considered The following represents a comprehensive list an economicevaluation Considerations whenconducting service - - ­

23 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 24 Mapping national drug treatment capacity Productivity costs drugs toillicitmarkets with treatment (e.g.,leakageofprescribed Increases inpotentialproblems associated linked tothetreatment Referrals tootherhealthorsocialagencies Costs tootheragenciesorindividuals • • Out ofpocketexpenses families intreatment Costs totheindividuals andtheir • • • • Running costs • • • Capital Costs toserviceproviders Costs costs, etc. and theirdispensing costs, toxicology contribution totreatment costs travelling andotherdirect expenses consumables includingdrugs prescribed administrative andmanagerialcosts volunteers paid staff equipment buildings land result ofthetreatment Benefits inindividualproductivity asa to ‘communityandsocialenvironment’ Benefits netofanyadverse consequences Reduced criminaljustice system costs care andwelfare services Reduced use ofresources from othersocial Productivity benefits interventions Reduced use ofotherhealthcare Benefits tootheragencies • • • life fortheindividualandfamily Non-health improvements inqualityof • • • • • improvements Quality andquantityofhealth Direct healthbenefits totheindividual Benefits other benefitstothefamily improvements insocialfunctioning reduction incondition-related violence less adverse effectsoftreatment more healthylifestyleingeneral ­disease reduced risk ofinjection-transmitted associated withreduction indruguse ­economic analysis type exact measurement dependingon 1. PBMA is made operational in five stages: in the context of decision-making. Typically, appl practical a is approach The level. authority a tool for priority setting at a regional health Patten 2004). PBMA has a relatively and long history as Mitton 2004; 2003b, 2003a, and Weir 1986; Mitton and Donaldson 2001, Russell(Mooney, (PBMA) Analysis Marginal andProgram Budgetingof use thevocated QALY,the somehealtheconomists have ad absencethecommonIna metric of such as interventions basedonsocietalvalues. on a utility index that ranks outcomes from ventions. Calculation of this measure is based inter different of worth relative the assess use of a quality adjusted life year (QALY) to the discuss (2002) Schwappach and (1997) example, Bury-Maynard (1999), For Ament and Baltussen literature. the in identified been have Several used. be must measure common a services, or treatments ferent dif across benefits compare to able be To 3. 2. Clarify the resource limits for the organi with eachofthese proposals. level of resources and benefits associated for increased resources: identify both proposals the candidate main the Identify be important. to likely most are outputs or services wheredecisions allocationson between programs should but be establisheddefined, be to reflect might programs how specify not does approach The PBMA. ‘programthe of component budgeting’ of distribution resour current the Analyse alternative sources ofrevenue. raise to exist will opportunities cases some in but agencies, funding external by set allocations budget of sideration con involve will this Typically total? sation — what resources are available in i cation of the concept of opportunity cost ces across broad programs. This is - - - ­ - 5. contacts, anddaily activities). social information, for (e.g., needs specific meet to services of authors tailoring the for argue The functioning. cognitive and be associated with quality of life, and unmet needs. Unmet needs are found to ices: quality of life, satisfaction with service, serv health mental for measures outcome three at look (2001) Busschbach Van and of illness experienced by consumers. measure, and takes into account the severity outcome an as years’ abstinent ‘additional uses that proposed approach another pose Shepard, Larson and Hoffmann (1999) pro settings (Mitton and Donaldson 2001). ofrange wide a inapplied been has PBMA of benefits other than ‘health maxi ­authority. Benefits are seen health the for to role includea be to aseen is benefits range of valuation the Ultimately quantified. or assessed are benefits how of question the The PBMA approach deliberately leaves open 4. Compare the proposals for increased or proposalsincreased the for Compare b. Proposal 4, where the benefits from from ­Proposal 3willbegreater. benefits the from where 4, resources ­Proposal reallocating entails This limits. resource current the within maximise will that ­proposals those to resources Allocate resources. available against resources decreased a. into twocategories: fall These resources. fewer with vided Identify areas of care that could be pro benefits). resources will produce greater health benefit (but candidates for increased health of levels lower marginally in fewer where be maintainedwithfewerresources where the same level of benefit could

resources might result result might resources diagnosis, m

Wiersma benefits benefits isation’. - - -

25 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 26 Mapping national drug treatment capacity psycho-educational groups. Humphreys says less costly interventions, from such as participation benefit in patients some believes self-helpengageinactivities.to city Haaga ­severity of the symptoms and consumers’ capa on based approaches different using Haaga (2000) and Humphreys (2002) advise often notused (WoodandPead 1995). is treatment cost-effective most the result, ventionsappropriateassessments.a and As remain unfamiliar with the diversity ofprofessionals inter health Many circumstances. her or his and individual particular the to and emphasise the need to match treatment alcohol, and drugs from detoxification for alternatives of range the out set in Victoria research on based guidelines Practice relevant research (evidence-based practice). appropriate interventions typicallyof is Identification basedemployed. be on must needs available options suitable to meet consumer rangeof cost-effectivethe mostof the and must be matched to the needs of consumers, interventions effective, and efficient be To of consumers? needs ofindividualconsumers orgroups effective andbettersuitedtothespecific Are different approaches more cost- the harm reduction and model. model, employment the model, welfarepublic the model, crime the model, moralthe diseasemodel, models:the ment treat of framework the within approaches treatment ATOD different of effectiveness) and efficiency (e.g., merits relative the ing assess of methods of discussion detailed a provide (2000) Podus and Prendergast less severe problems. alternativethoseforclients experiencewho that self-help groups provide a cost-effective - - ­ ­ be effective whenworkingwithanother. when working with one sub-group may not effective are that Interventionsgroups. rity same as correlates of substance use the in be mino not may communities white in use 1998) suggests that correlates of substance ­Research in the 2002). U.S. (e.g., Wiseman Amey andand Albrecht Jan Mooney, 1992; Gifford and Charlesworth 2000; ­NATSIHC (e.g., importance urgent and special of are Austr Indigenous of needs the meet providingIssuesin specific interventions to working closely withthetarget group). already organisation an within position ATOD-specific an of position the funding example, (for sub‑groups selected with working already services to funds ing emplo by Indige nous or migrant communities (for example, local with work effectively more to them enable to services ATOD existing to funds to providing between made be may matched be may ­significant sub providers needs, As well as matching treatments to of consumers? the specificneedsofsignificant groups Are sometypesofservicesmore suitedto levels ofdysfunction. varying with consumers by required be to resources according to the level of care likely allocating of (1994) Newman and Smukler Uehara, by proposed model the parallels s a termed is care to approach general This tepped careapproachtepped y ing liaison officers), or provid or officers), liaison ing ‑ groups of consumers. Choices to intervention,and to

consumer a lians lians - - ­ Further, with the rise of the consumer move 1995).tivenessBell(Brown, McCartney and service providers can demonstrate their effec shift in the type of intervention used, so that a be maythere chosen ismeasure outcome to measure these changes. However, when an changes, and outcome measures are selected Specific treatments aim to bring about specific of treatments of outcomemeasures andselection Reciprocal relationship betweenselection and theattitudesofserviceproviders. stakeholders (including consumers), research, perceptionsthe media, the and differentof groups community from pressure ations, consider ethical by also but research, by fying these outcomes is determined not only must be identified. As we have seen, identi­ outcomes desired intervention’s the goal), vention is effective (that is, has achieved its To determine whether or not a specific inter desired outcomes Measuring benefits/ may notdemonstrate equaleffectiveness. resources of use equal demonstrated that services and interventions case, the being be seen in response to resources spent. This not will benefits maximum occur, service or intervention and need between matches mis Where groups. consumer different of needs interventionsthe of to matching the and Van Busschbach (2001) have argued for Wiersma and (1983) Schmittdiel and Ford researchers,of including number groups.A they may not be cost-effective sub-group, one for for other sub- cost-effective be may services and interventions some Although sub-group toanother Problems withover-generalising from one - ­ ­ - - as a significant intervention. targettopsycho-educationmade be would a result of such a finding, recommendations as that, follow wouldsatisfaction, sumerit With an emphasis on the importance of con the only one related to consumer satisfaction. the variables measures, psycho-education was psychiatricadultan outpatientto clinic.Of consumerstudyofa satisfaction relationin daily activities). Barak et al. and (2001)contacts, social conductedinformation, for (e.g., ­tailored to meet the specific needs identified The functioning. cognitive and diagnosis, life, were found to be associated with quality of with service, and unmet needs. Unmet mental needs satisfaction life, for of quality services: health measures outcome three at Wiersma and Van Busschbach (2001) looked resource to ­allocation. subsequently and need, of assessment to related is measure, outcome other any factor,like this that and out pointed measure, outcome an as well-being Bracke (2001) discussed the use of variables underlying these measures. toward interventions that try to influence the parallelshifta withlife, ofquality and tion satisfacconsumerassessmentsof and ures corresponding shift toward subjective meas outcomes (e.g., Hill 1998). There has been a and treatments appropriate to achieve those outcomes desirable identifying in involved consumersincreasinglybecomingment,are

authors argued that services shouldbe servicesauthorsarguedthat

subjective - - -

27 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 28 Mapping national drug treatment capacity • ­current. Carr-Hill et al. major (2002) criticise its the use of ­problems is one that often the information access, is not to inexpensive and relativelyeasyis censusdata Although Census data facility records. security data, and hospital and other health ing databases, including census data, social indicatorson information is by using exist accessing of means costly least the of One Existing datacollections it is updated. often how and data; the of completeness or coverage recency, the it; obtaining of of sources difficulty and cost the selecting include information in entailed Issues assessing needs Sources ofinformationfor • • following factors: regionstypically includemoreor onethe of geographical to resources of allocation ing cannot be achieved.’ Formulas for determin populations. Without this, geographicalof relativeneeds the to equitymatched be should Judge and Mays (1994a) argue that: ‘resources across regions Allocating resources every five years. Bureau of Statistics (ABS) conducts a census income such as car ownership.’ household of measures proxyThe Australianinclude and censusof data‘which are often outdateof to different regions (relative cost). variation in the cost of providing services regions (relative need) variation in the level of need in different regional populationsize - - more equitableallocation ofresources. and fairer a represented redistribution this of Northern Ireland.’ on The authors argued centered that ­Belfast to board those serving primarily rural parts the from ‘resources moving of effect the had benefits security social via income on information the ing credit), and family reported and that support the (income effect ofvariables includ rity either did or did not include the social secu models The resourceallocation. for models compared then They support. income and credit, family ratio, mortality standardised the to related strongly most was services hospital inpatient of Use services. of use on variables socio-demographic remaining the of effects the investigating conducted ered. A second regression analysis was then consid were variables socio-economic 34 Initially supply. through use affected that variables socio-demographic any of effects the subsequently and use, on services of supply of effect the out partialled initially (2002) al. et Carr-Hill services, of use and Because of the relationship between supply by theworkingfamilies’taxcredit).’ in a low paid job, and has been superseded families in which the head of household was and family credit. (Family credit was paid to support income of ‘recipients data, included and ward hospital from extracted were data security social The available.’ readily more were levels income reflecting directly data if enhanced be would services health for need the and status, health standing, socioeconomic between association the of is widely acknowledged that understanding services in Northern Ireland, arguing that ‘it of use predicting in data security social of use the investigated (2002) al. et Carr-Hill Social securitydata - ­ ­ to this issue. ­Research by cost-effective. Kim et al. (1998a–c) is relevant more method former the is making surveys, data conducting than cheaper existing of extraction However, surveys. by provided estimates to parable com need of providesestimates databases social of from use extracted variables ­indicator that shown have Studies existing datacollections Surveys vssocialindicators extracted from ferences betweenregions. achieve results that can detect relevant dif to enough big are that sizes sample reach to difficult very is it particular, In interest. of population the of representative is that survey a conducting involvedin cost the is the variables of interest. The major drawback of measuredirectmore provides a typically that and individual, the levelof the at tion specific issues is that they provide informa The benefit of surveys constructed to address Specific surveys and drugotheralcoholservices. services health mental of clients to related information detailed more with developed, tions for a range of health services have been ATOD programs. In recent years, data collec to specific issuesexamining in used be can information this and hospital, people to admitted of diagnoses the on information detailed contains data morbidity Hospital regions. within need of estimations to ute obtained from hospital records may contrib information need, of indicators other with cators of need. However, used in conjunction use, and cannot be used in isolation as indi service of measures provide records These Hospital andotherhealthservicerecords

existing existing ------tions, the authors devised a of caseloads’. of assessing need underestimated the resources’,human alleventhough of distribution ‘sensible most the provided indicators social of use the that concluded They study. case-control a and indicators, care using survey data, service use data, social gated issues in estimating need for Other research by Lesage et al. (1996) investi funding levels basedonsocialindicators. based on survey data were highly similar to levels funding is, that — correlated highly cation algorithms, and found that they were produced by each of the four resource allo then compared the suggested funding levels survey.student (1998c) fromthe al. et Kim The first three measures were based on data of social indicators. composite risk factor index score, and the set definition of prevention target populations, a index (COMDRUG), the Institute of Medicine’s based on: county-based composite drug use and developed were algorithms allocation fromroutine datacollections. Fourresource indicators social and survey, drug student statewide a databases:two from data ined Index (PNI). Kim et al. (1998a) further exam level. Using this as a basis for further calcula aggregate COMRISK index score at the countyand used a composite of these to develop an of range ­preventive a and identified risk factors (1998b) from the al. literature et Kim

Prevention Needs

psychiatric

methods ‘ severity - - - ­

29 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 30 Mapping national drug treatment capacity (Rice andSmith2001). provinces,­Canadian Italy and Zealand New various Ireland, Northern and Wales land, English National Health Service (NHS), Scot the Wales, South New in example for ties, used in funding geographic health authori capitation Risk-adjusted Risk-adjusted capitation (Shaw and Smith 2001; Hauck et al. populations with equivalent health care needs equivalentaccess healthto care services for achieving of objective the reflect generally approachesThese needs.care health affect individualpopulationor characteristics that capture to allocationsservice health adjust predictivemodellingdevelopedbeen has to adjusted capitation, weighted capitation, or risk- funding, needs population-based as rangeA approaches,of referred variouslyto different regions Variation inthelevel ofneedin flect variations in health care needs. adequatelynotre doage, and sex assuch based simply on dem that per capita funding alone, or approachesrecognised widely is it However, need.) of populations aged over 70 years as a measure uses care agedresidential for services ning AustralianGovernment’splan toapproach populations in the region. (For example, the living in the region, or on specificcation targetmodels is informationgroup on populations regionalallo for pointstarting common A Regional populationsize o graphic characteristics

approaches are are approaches

2002). - - - - ­ made basedonregional specific indicators. graphicfactors,adjustments arethen other demo these on based variation estimating group.After age particular regionsa all for of use of hospitals should be the same across tion inherent in this approach is that the rate 1994b, for further discussion). The assump (the hospitalof usebed samethe for groupage rate national the by level regional the at group age each in individuals of number the weighting by calculated then is region each in services hospitals’ of use expected The level. national the at groups age ent differ in individuals by services hospitals of use the calculating involves and (NHS), autho health regional to resources of the allocation for formula capitation of weighted stage the initial the forms approach This or nationallevel). numbers (e.g., age group by region within cells) predicted by observed (e.g., numbers expected with statisticnon-parametricusedisof typically bles measured at the national level. The type not alter the relationship between the varia in this approach is that regional variations do composition of the region. The assumption socio-demographic the on based need of levels regional calculate to used often are socio-demographic data at the national level Relationships between indicators of need and Weighted capitation age-cost weights r ities in the UK National Health Service within age groups at the State ) (see Judge and Mays - - - - • • • account forthevariations. characteristics of those populations that best in different localities, and try to identify the living groups for needs health ­variationsin result, another approacha hasAs been data. to observe survey comprehensive or individual level, the at data diagnostic rich to access have not do systems health Many judgment is also sometimes used. factors based on empirical modelling. Expert these influence of systemstheManyassess of these factors in driving differences in need.challenge is to assess the empirical relative major importance A 2001). Smith and (Rice sparse, dated or ambiguous in its implicationsisfactors appropriateneed on evidence cal empi and supplyshort in often are Data complex. often isfactors need of Selection • • • • composition. Factors typically included are: abovedemographicoverand need in ation vari reflecting models, allocation resource into introduced typically are factors Other geographic location. ethnicity suchasindigenous status living alone parent families; andsingle single as elderly personssuch composition household and housing circumstances levels, income relative unemployment, socio-economic factors such as levelsof as such factors socio-economic relative disability status directly measured morbidity relative mortalityrates r i - ­ NSW Health systems use small area significant investment. require but feasible, be would it conclude and extension an such achieving of bility sign without possible technically be not would conditionsallto comorbid(andconditions) methods their of extension an but survey, health English an from data using disease tratemorbiditya based with coronary heart use. For example, Asthana et al. resource to relationship clear a has which effects, comorbidity disease including prevalence, on data comprehensive of bility challenge for these approaches is limitedthe condition-specificunavaila programs. A major have not been implemented except for some and theoretical,largely areproposals these et al. 2002; Asthana et al. 2004). At present, conditions in different populations (Normand difference in the level of estimate morbidityto sources fordata other certain and survey of useexample)the throughmorbidity(for measuring directly advocated have Others or populations directly. attempt to measure morbidity of individuals based risk adjustment schemes represent an (CRGs) Groups (Van Risk Clinical and (ACGs) Adjusted (DCGs), Groups Cost Diagnostic example, for — encounters cluded in claims or records of health service populations using diagnostic information in directlyto attempt assess that developed been have approaches Several of hospital services. hospital services independent of the supply of use in variation drives what explain to is models empirical these of objective The services. hospital for need the influencing to estimate the relative importance of factors Both the UK NHS (Carr-Hill et al. data. i de Ven and Ellis 2000) These diagnosis- ficant enhancement of the underlying the of enhancement ficant

Normand et al.

(2002) discuss the feasi

Clinical Groups Groups Clinical

morbidity (2004) illus

1994a) and

mode l ling of - - ­ ­

31 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 32 Mapping national drug treatment capacity The validityThe thesemeasuresof indicatorsas sometimes referred to as ‘expressed demand’. direct indicators of the level of need. This is occupied bed days) and previous spending as of number theexample, (for use service of searchers have sometimes employed measures needs of communities, policy makers and re In attempting to provide services to meet the Service use unobserved factors. significantly from that estimated because of vary may region particular a in prevalence in prevalence owing to other approach is that it does not capture variation ­specific regions. A potential criticism of this geo graphic defined regions for to estimate data prevalence census within to applied and rurality. These prevalence rates are then ­groupings including age, sex, marital status, socio-demographic of range a across rates prevalence estimate they Wellbeing, and Health Mental of Survey National the from data Using regions. Australian in disorders health mental prevalencewith of people of estimates deriving for estimation synthetic al. et Burgess use treatment programs). substance incorporating (sometimes loped specifically for mental health services resource allocation models have been deve­ (e.g., Meadow 1997), and other jurisdictions, Australiain States some 1996), Martin and Sheldon (Smith, UK the 1992), Tweed and Ciarlo (e.g., U.S. the In conditions. specific on focused has needs of estimation where allocation models for mental resource health services is of one area development The of need has been questioned.

(2003) discuss a method of of method a discuss (2003) factors. Actual - - • • • use ofservices, including: and services for need between relationship the mediate may factors of range A area. local the in over-supply an is there when easily service a access to able be may need of levels low relatively with people hand, other the On region. local a in available be to gain access to that service, as it may not position a in be not may service a needing people example, For need. underlying of Service usage is not necessarily an indicator the use of tobacco. range of interventions a available to accessing control in youth, unemployed and perienced by subgroups, such as migrants Richmond (1993) discussed difficulties ex to increase demand so as to increase profit. servicesoperating free-marketin systems need for care, and the pressure exerted by viduals in their interpretations of their own variationcare’;includingacrossindi for ‘need and service’ for ‘demand between relationshipthe down break that factors identified authors The interval.’ month 6 a duringtreatment seek not did nosis Inte [Diagnostic DIS recent a personswith of most signi The conducted. were interviews telephone and face-to-face large-scale where Program, (ECA) Area Catchment Institute of Mental Health’s Epidemiologic National the of findings the onreported problems did not access services. They also significant alcohol, drug or mental health adultsin the Baltimore region who had a of 45% that found (1984) al. et Regier barriers to seeking treatment. For example, Gillespie andDiaz region (Carr-Hilletal. lines and means of transport (Sherman, transport of means and lines relative supply of services in the local local the in services of supply relative r view Schedule of the DSM III] diag III] DSM the ofSchedule view f­ cant finding was that ‘74 percent ‘74 that was finding cant

1996)

1994b) - - - • level in the UK, and argue the demand for demand the argue and UK, the in level availability of familyvarying health widely services the at to a localrefer they example, an As region. the within services other of as past use of hospital beds is the availability that one problem with using measures such of hospitals. Judge and Mays (1994a) argue services has been shown to care influence theprimary use or ambulatory of availability relative example, For program. another in services to access relative by influenced be may program one in services of use Again, of services. significant distribution inappropriate and is need unmet there where programs for These issues may be particularly • ment and means to access it. These approach to identifying hepatitis B cases authority’s health public local a of data prevalence on effect the discuss (1996) For example, Sherman, Gillespie and Diaz cases. identifying to approachesgressive l geographical regions, regardless ofneed across services of use the in variations affect consumers of behaviour seeking variationout, point (1996) Diaz help- in individuals, and, as of behaviour help-seeking the influence treat to rights help, seeking in comfort of level services, health with familiarity problems,health emerging of symptoms affect consumers’ awareness of signs and with health services and public education services’.Experience health accessing at erty because the middle classes are better tends to services underestimate the of effect of use pov the on based ‘research For example, Sheldon (1997) argues that advantagedmembers community.the of higher levels of health literacy in more more in literacy health of levels higher ocal policies involving more or less ag less or more involving policies ocal

Sherman, Gillespie and

problematic

factors - - ­ . viduals in each sub-group for the region. sub-group are applied to the number of indi each for rates geographical region, specific a of need relative the estimate To groups. observed population (e.g., at the national level) — the variable indicator for different social groups across a an entire measuring on based is need assessing of meansrelativelydirect A service use Comparing expectedwithobserved 2000, Rice and Smith 2001). legitimateneed factor (Van not considered appropriate for inclusion as a (Carr-Hill et for the relative availability/supply of services on the use of services, but attempts to control empirical modelling of need used observationsinferredindirectly.beonly can the of Much empirically,observed‘need’whereasbe can services of use thesituations, onlymany in and receive specialty treatment. Furthermore, plex problems were more likely to use services treatment, those with more serious and com Survey and found that, for clients already in exa et Kessler as use, service and need between relationship of degree a is there findings, these Despite 10,000 patientsineachregion. generalnumberspractitionersof the to per hospital services will vary inversely according m ined data from the National Comorbidity extent of the problem for different

al.

al. (1999) demonstrate. They They demonstrate. (1999) al.

1994b), and other factors were

de

Venand Ellis - -

33 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 34 Mapping national drug treatment capacity mate the expe the mate statisticsnational the tained for Historical funding examination oftheallocationformula. expenditure by the local authority; or (b) re- in shift a (a) approach:thisfrom outcomes two envisaged They effect.’ systematic a [this … where particularly them, justify shouldauthorities health to upon called be ‘local detected, were funds of expenditure Where discrepancies between allocation and areas.’ clinical particular the of resourcing the authority health impl each to ‘explicit et Bindman resources, allocated of spending To reduce the occurrence of over- or under- compared toneed Under/over-spending ofresources under-resourcing. such indicate problems as non-use of existing services, may or use service expected authority. Variations between observed and health district each within rates admission psychiatricobservedexpected between and comparisons of basis the on made be then can Inferencesdistrict. each admissionsfor esti to variables these for rates national the applied and authority, health district each for measures status marital and sex, status.marital age, the obtained then They admissions cross-tabulated by age, sex, and ob They England. in authorities health district different of for admissions psychiatric rates expected the determine to used This was the approach Jarman et al. (1992) logic fails to take into account the possibility This resources. available the of percentage greater a allocated be to tend most spend who those — resources of use past the on In some instances, ongoing funding is based al. (2000) recommended first making making first recommended (2000) al. i cations of the allocation formula for for formula allocation the of cations c ted number of psychiatric psychiatric of number ted psychiatric is] - - socio-economic deprivation.’ of levels high with areas to disadvantage further cause to is inequity this the of effect that and inequitable, is expenditure ‘that commenting London; outside areas in deprivation socio-economic of level the on funds with increases interventions health mental allocated of under-spending that report further (2002) al. et Bindman disordered mentally of number their local population’ or may have a higher ‘attempting to serve a greater proportion of be may more spend that authorities health Again, activity.’ nurse] psychiatric [com munity CPN of levels low having or beds in-patient on resources their of proportion developed community care, spending a high are ‘purchasing services which have less well- they because allocation to relation in more ing that some health authorities may spend hypotheses to explain these findings, includ al. et Bindman London authorities were excluded. inner- four the whenstrength inincreased services’.healthmental on Thisrelatio all their than less spend to ‘tended measured by the York Psychiatric Need Index) most in need of mental health interventionauthorities in (asEngland, and found that areas health 100 across expenditure to funds of Carr-Hilletal. (1994b) compared allocation to thepastdistribution ofprovision.’ lated more closely to population needs than available for community care … should be re relative need’ and argued that ‘the resources use of resources] are not obviously related to ‘observed differences [in the availability and that commented (1994a) Mays and Judge allocating resources in the UK health system, need for actual services. to In reviewing unrelated the process factors of of range a of that higher use of resources may be the result

(2000) suggest a range of of range a suggest (2000)

offenders. offenders. o cation n ship - - - • • • • in rural regions: costs up driving issues of types major the al. et Asthana localities. remote and rural in services delivering of more ­attention has been paid to the higher costs world, the across and Australia, In land for and property. costs higher and costs); labour and prices on haveconditions market local effect the reflect to hospitals to payments adjustsMedicare US region; London the in staff attracting of impact the recognise to the UK NHS includes a ‘market forces’ factor example, (for staff attract pay to wages to higher need the with associated be may urbanisation with associated costs Higher ering services in rural and remote regions. urbanisation, and costs associated with deliv for two main reasons — costs associated with regionsgeographicacross differ may Costs in allowances for these cost Many resource allocation formulas try to build ­different geographical in vary may regions service same (Sheldon the providing 1997). of cost the need, in variation to addition In services todifferent regions Variation inthecostofproviding difficulty in staffing and recruitment, leading tohigherstaffcosts recruitment, and staffing in difficulty proportion oftravel higher the to owing time unproductive transportation costs) higher from supplies of cost distance (including to owing costs travel higher and sporadic demand) occ (lower areas large over served ulations size of facilities and relatively small pop diseconomies of scale owing to the small u pancy rates, low average volume, volume, average low rates, pancy

(2003) summarise (2003)

differences. - - … [and] difficulties in recruiting and recruiting in difficulties [and] ment … • efficiently set budgets and recruitment goals, volumes constrained administrators’ abilityin instability Thishospitals. to all for average per cent more variability in volumes than60 facedthe year per discharges fewer or 500 Slifkin (2003) found that those facilities with and Holmes study,Dalton,U.S.-based a In shed adifferent lightonthis finding. may later) (discussed statistics of use their of examination However,unclear. still was evidence the more found they for hospitals, remote higher be would costs assume to logical was it staff.’ Although retaining recruit staff transport, patient and staff would include ‘input costs for consu communities isolatedmore in costs greater tralia. They expected that factors leading to Aus remote and rural in services hospital the relevant literature at that time on costing Hindle, Frances and Pearse (1998) reviewed Planning Committee1994;Hale1996). and Policy Joint 2003; Slifkin and Holmes Dalton, 1994; (Pink stay of lengths longer of scale, increased transportation costs, and increased operating costs from diseconomies capita than other communities of their size, have relatively more facilities and services per communities Consequently,these demand. despitevolumeservices sporadiclow tial or care services in an area must offer all essen isolated locations, the sole provider of health there is limited access to care in remote and Earlier studies also pointed out that, because • in thecommunity). ­services owing to the lack of alternatives other as and office-based to alternative an operating departments example, emergency (for services of substitution services lack of community services to back up up back to services community of lack m ables, - - -

35 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 36 Mapping national drug treatment capacity related to low patient volume and for longpotentially distanhigher visit costs in rural areas for rural home health agencies to compensate Medicare also provides a 10 per cent add-on adjustment. the for qualify discharges 500 than fewer with hospitals Only case. a for ducesa multiplier to the base payment rate pro model simulated The counties). rural (85 discharges 500 about after flat relatively relationshipthebecomes that and year per discharges 200 than less with facilities for pronounced most were costs unit higher that found Medicare facility. for volume adjustment is based on a multi-year and is most crucial for isolated hospitals. The adjustment is based upon a remoteness proxy ruralsettings.servicesin Volume’ ‘Low The health to access improve to program care facility-based programs and one home health In the U.S., Medicare has implemented three metres per 1,000 population). broad a empirically determined adjustment based on rural dispersed to providingincreasedofthecosts for facilitiescompensatesruralScotland 2003). utive Health Department 1999; Asthana et al. their more urban counterparts to (Scottish comparison in Exec facilities remote in costs SpendingShare approach foundhigher unit as a proxy measure. In Scotland, the Formula tion using population density or road distance provide an adjustment for remoteness orand isolaOntario are examples of jurisdictions that Scotland,the U.S., British Columbia, Alberta relief could be more restricted. of flexible staffing levels and access to casual variableoccupancypreventsasuse optimal ces between patients (MedPAC 2001).

per cent of these organisations are in in are organisations these of cent per

indicator of remoteness (road kilo (roadremoteness of indicator

populations through an an through populations

average services - ­ - - -

• • • • • • include: considering funding on the basis of output when addressed be to need that Questions a given year). specific number of consumers treated within a example, (for achieve to expected are or are funded on the basis of what they achieve output- based — that is, providers within be the region should regions within funds of allocation the need, relative on based be should regions to funds of the allocation while argued, has (2002a) Hindle As services withinregions Allocating resources tospecific • include: may regions to services providing of cost relative the affect may that factors Other groups ofconsumers thanothers? specificthe meeting significant of needs are some types of services more suited to or groups of consumers than others? the specific needs of individual to suited more and cost-effective more approaches/interventions different are in cost? vary that interventionsrequire problems cause of the rate of poverty in a region. likely greater demand on public to workinisolated regions the costs of providing incentives for staff chronic, anddifficult-to-treat cases additional costs involved in treating severe, and employment ofliaison officers training the and training, specialist ing ethnic or cultural groups, youth), includ (e.g., community the in sub-groups of costly strategies to meet the unique needs o osmr wt dfeet issues different with consumers do more and specific employ to need the

services be consumers - - / 2 used intheU.S.: is it as approach casemix/DRG the scribe de (1994) Newman and Smukler Uehara, Diagnosis RelatedGroups of casemixfunding. ­Related Groups (DRG), which forms the basis the outcome setting, of this process is health the Diagnosis general the In treatment. providing in involved cost the and classifying those problems according to the with present consumersproblems of range identifying involves which casemix, is issue this addresses that approach One

For detaileddiscussion ofthis approach seeHindle(2001), HindleandLenz(2001). clude age, presence of surgical that attributes patient reflect ­categories or mix case The care. to sion ated withanepisode ofcare. associ costs total of calculation allows well-defined nature of acute hospital care ­average cost of similar cases. The relative the diagnosis, the latter representing the case payment rate by the per DRG weight a for multiplying by calculated is care patient for Reimbursement or ­problems). disease additional of presence and in these diagnosis, primary to addition (in episode care acute an of cost total the affect strongly to found been have on admis of time at diagnosis of basis the categories diagnostic 470 of 1 to assigned are patients hospital method, this on based systems payment Under 2

appropriate appropriate

procedure, diagnostic - - - - • • with different RUG classifications. Newman1994). Varying costs are than primary diagnosis’ (Uehara, Smukler and rather needstraining behaviour and needs, ments of: ‘level of functioning, rehabilitation assess on based classification is RUGcare. longer-termassociatedwithcostsexpected calculate to usedapproach, (RUGs) Groups Utilisation Resource the is concerns these One method that has been adopted to address Resource UtilisationGroups • services. Theyinclude: would apply to consumers of ATOD-related and problems those in nursing homes. Similar health reasons mental with consumers of treatment the for approach this of use the criticise Newman and Smukler Uehara, services. resources for consumers of mental health at admission is a poor predictor of use of research supports the view that diagnosis costs perepisode ofcare infeasible’ variable, making ‘the calculation of total ers and nursing home residents are highly lengths of stay for mental health consum of resources’ thuscare,levelconsumptionand of and care acute in ­hospitals may ‘vary typical widely in the is intensity than periods consumers who are admitted for longer for admitted are who consumers

associated - -

37 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 38 Mapping national drug treatment capacity • There are several methods of funding pro funding of methods several are There within geographical regions Methods offundingproviders defining casemix than alternative schemes.’ stitutes a more appropriate starting place for long-term resource planning’, but say it ‘con the LONGA method as ‘still too primitive for Uehara, Smukler and Newman (1994) describe of functioning. area each within need of level by defined categories 64 the of each to attached then resources. Expected costs of treatment were there were four levels of associated needs for Thus, for each of three areas of functioning, • such factors as: account into takes method This method. the Level of Need Care Assessment (LONCA) with consumers of mental health used be to approach RUG of form a pose pro (1994) Newman and Smukler Uehara, Level ofNeedCare Assessment major criticisms of the of one is This costs. limit to them for incentives no are there then provided, ices if providers are funded on the basis of serv ­funding is such that of in cost-containment; issues that is, primary the of One viders. low’ or ‘no resource’ needs. then classified as either ‘high’, ‘moderate’, The level of expected use of resources was needs. consumer specific addressing for identifying the involved minimal service standards Matching type. provider and inpatientincluding matching consumer needs to interventions, ‘moderate’ and‘intense’). of need level (from ‘absent’ through their to ‘minimal’, to according rated were Consumers functioning. psychological and social, physical, of assessment on specific areas of consumer need based based need consumer of areas specific fee forservice vs. outpatient statusoutpatient funding. services — - - - - programs inMaine,U.S. in the allocation of funds to substance abuse (1997) ­discussed the Riordan use of and performance McGuire Commons, or population. insurance benefits to disease, service category, models of managed care that include linking Eselius (1999) describe and discuss ‘carve-out’and Grazieroutcomes. delivery, and service distributiontable access,systemtermsofin care system/capitation provided a more managed equi the that concluded and ­systems, financial care the managed and service for compared fee (2000) Hall and Callaway on the basis of state need-based formulas. instance,determinedfundingwasprimarily this programs.In health mental and abuse drug alcohol, to funds of allocation the to Logan, Rochefort and by Cook discussed (1985)is inapproach relation This use. service or need of estimatesproviders on basedto provide to is method Another prospective reimbursement. 1984). patients with particular diseases’ (Regier et and amount of services required for treating type ‘expected of basis the on reimbursed thissystem,UnderprovidersU.S.. the in are prospective reimbursement the is demand on system market free a of effectscounteringthe means of the of One ­budgets basedonestimatedservice use. set or costs treatments, for reimbursements set and of basis the on providers fund range of approaches has been adopted which a more equitable distribution of resources, a In an attempt to contain costs and facilitate Casemix represents another form of form another represents system introduced block grants block

contracting

al. ­

years of age.’ 75 underpopulation the forratio mortality is the square root of the all cause standardisedwith variations in hospital use. Currently, this of standardised mortality which measure is associateda of means by structure age and not already accounted for by population size needs health differencesin of account take to adjusted are shares ‘population 2: Step age-cost weights).’ called so (the groups age differentby beds for national variations in the use of hospital adjusted are populations ‘regional 1: Step 1994, andoutlinethefollowingsteps: to funds allocate to capitation use weighted of that detail (1994a) Mays and Judge of thought to affect the need for, and the costs allocationsthese accordingfactorsotherto adjusts then and regions, different of size populationthe accordingtoallocates tially ini therefore capitation Weighted used.’ two other the populationsize,from Apart allocations. financial on effect tant) impor (though marginal a only have ‘will regions geographic to allocation resource determining for formula thereforeany and size’, care health for need its on influence greatestthepopulationbyfar hasa ofsize ‘the that out point (2002) al. et Carr-Hill Weighted capitation technical aspects. moretheir methods,of critique a including State. This section describes several of these cating resources to various regions within a Several methods have been proposed for allo resources toregions Existing formulasforallocating r ae tutr ad h needs the and structure age are

supplying services across these regions. regional health authorities in the UK in UK the in authorities health regional

factors factors drivers - - ­ a. tation makes the following at improving mental health, as yet there there yet as health, mental improving at resources for specific interventions targeted is currently developing a formula to allocate for further discussion). While the 2002a, Hindle, (see UK the in devised tion and developed the model of resource alloca adopted has Department Health NSW The health services Generic NeedIndexforacute indicators ofneedprobably should vary. other on based variations determining for processes the interventions, ATOD specific of need for both general health services and predictor best single the remains probably size population while Thus, interventions. ATOD specific to than setting health eral gen the to validly more applies logic This ices, because the formula for weighted capi ATOD-specificto serv thanservices health applicable to allocating resources for general Themethodweighted of capitation is more in theThamesregions…’ higher labour costs of providing health care set of adjustments. These mainly reflect the Step 3: ‘Each region is then subject to a final d. c. b. individuals in need of treatment will use others. minal illness will use resources more than ter or threatening life with individuals funds are allocated which to services specific the use will die or unwell become who individuals same across geographical regions the is groups age by sex within usage, service therefore and need, of level the across sexby age-groups available services, and this does not vary

assumptions:

Department - - - - -

39 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 40 Mapping national drug treatment capacity Need Index: Generic the for formula the quotes Hindle government areas (LGAs).’ status. The data were analyzed over 154 local rural-urban differences, and socio-economic and the independent variables were mortality, standardised DRG-weighted separation ratio, the by measured use hospital was variable dependentstatistics. inpatientThe NSW of Index was developed using ‘regressionNeedGeneric NSW saysthe(2002a) Hindle ­between Areas). flows cross-boundary is, (that another to address the issue of migration from one to AHS and funded, centrally are that ventions cost containment. Funds are and held back for inter­ service of uniformity ensure to approach casemix a use and jurisdictions, the allocation of resources within their own for responsible largely then are AHSs The age andsexcomposition.’ Area’san by explained be cannot that care that affect per capita needs for acute health model was developed to include ‘all factors rates.mortality and sex, age, of basis the on need estimating of UK the in used approach the adopted Department the Originally, AHS. each for need relative of assessment an on based (AHSs) Services involves allocating resources to its AreaThe general model used by the Department Health substance abuse inAustralia. ­resources to specific interventions to reduce allocating for formulas comparable no are tion achieved and occupational status’ (ABS) which measures the level of ‘educa oped by the Australian Bureau of Statistics EDOCC is the socio-economic index devel tality ratio forageless than70 SMR<70 is the indirect standardised mor - 0.4(EDOCC)0.9RUR,where Generic Need Index = 97351 + 0.4 (SMR<70) However,this

analysis - - - cator of the variability in cost of cost in variability the of cator out (1998). services, as Hindle, Frances and Pearse point services, etc). Rurality may be a better indi (e.g., need to is probably more strongly and directly linked need; but in theory a range of other factors to related is rurality that argued be may It services stimulates use (Carr-Hill et al. 2002). which is not surprising since the presence of use, service of predictor strongest the was index This community). mixed or farming, non- farming, (e.g., use land and density, nearest referral or base hospital, population the from distancerepresent to constructed services. For example, the rurality index was with variables related to the cost of that may be classified as indicators of need Need Index is that it pools together variables Another potential problem with the Generic not need. use, service predict to is purpose its need, with associated factors other on based is need. Thus, although the Generic Need Index need, making it a poor sole indicator of real and usage service relationshipbetween the factors significant area, an in need to relate may use service while and maximise its capacity to predict rural-urban differences) was constructed to and mortality, (socio-economic, measures independent the of out constructed factor DRG-weighted separation ratio.’ That is, the tal utilisation measured by the standardised analysis used to deriveregression the index the was ‘hospiin measure dependent the First, relativeneed. estimate to Index Need Several issues arise in the use of the Generic Gibberd (1994)specificallyfortheRDF. and Eckstein by calculated index status) rural (health-related rurality the is RUR poverty, availability of other other of availability poverty,

hospital use;

moderate moderate

providing providing - - 3 added, yielding an SDS score for each county county. These derived the proportions within were force then labour the in individuals of number the by divided was county a in county.Finally, unemployedof number the the in living 35 to 15 aged individuals of number the by divided each were county a in users drug regular of number the and arrests, drug-related of number the AIDS, or tuberculosis, syphilis, with individuals of number county,the the and in students of number the by divided was county a in for example, the number of school in the county considered to be at risk. Thus, individuals of number total the by divided of individuals identified within a county was For each of the seven variables, the number number ofunemployed individuals. the and users, drug regular of number the arrests, drug-related of number the cases, the number of AIDS, tuberculosisdropouts, andschool of number the obtained: groupswerefollowing the individuals in of each county within the state, total numbers identified previousneed by of research. For indicators seven on based is SDS The tion. Abuse Services as a basis for resource Substance alloca of Division State York New the Social Dysfunction Scale (SDS) developed by Simeone, Frank and Aryan (1993) discuss the Social DysfunctionScale(SDS)

These calculations couldbeexpressed inthefollowingnotation: i =1,where k =thenumberofvariables SDS The formulafortheSDSeach countywouldbewrittenas: P v m Where m Proportion ofcases=Number ofcasesidentified/numberindividualsinthe reference group, or ij ij =thenumberofcasesidentified forvariableiincountyj,and ij ij =thenumberinreference group forvariableiincounty j. =theproportion ofcasesforvariableiincountyj, =v i =

ij Σ /P k m ij

ij

dropouts

syphilis (Simeone,Frank andAryan1993). - Proportion ofunemployed. cases + Proportion of drug-related arrests + syphilis of Proportion + cases tuberculosis of Proportion + + cases AIDS of dropouts Proportion school of Proportion = SDS could berepresented asfollows: county a for calculations the point, this At State levels. process was also carried out at regional and This 7. to 0 from ranged theoretically that labor force. unemployed individuals/Number in civilian of Number = unemployed of Proportion to 35 15 aged users/Number drug regular of Proportion of regular drug users = Number aged 15to35 = arrests/Number arrests drug-related of Number drug-related of Proportion cases ofsyphilis/Numberaged15to35 Proportionof Number = cases syphilis of to 35 of casestuberculosis/Number aged15 Proportion of tuberculosis cases = Number cases ofAIDS/Numberaged15to35 of Number = cases AIDS of Proportion enrolled in school dropouts/Number school of Number = outs drop school Proportion

3

41 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 42 Mapping national drug treatment capacity of the SDS. ferent areas, resulting in a further distortion the rate of double counting varies across dif that assumed bereasonably can Further,it problem.the ofnature true exaggerate the scoresratios)(obtainedaddingSDSbythat totalcounting,resultingdouble in of bility Thereon.istherefore so and proba high a lar drug user may also have had tuberculosis, with AIDS may also have had syphilis, a regu have had a drug-related arrest; an individual exclusive — that is, a school dropout may also is that the categories used were not mutually One of the major problems with this approach as thebasis forfunding. dysfunction in the State, and should be used region contributed or to the county total level each of socialthat contribution relative the represented proportion score SDS The the SDSscore proportion is: score proportion. The formula for calculating the SDS score for the State to obtain a SDS by divided then for was regions and score counties SDS Each respectively. ‘7’ and ‘0’ of maximum and minimum ­theoretical a with SDS an in respectively,resulting ‘1’ and ‘0’ therefore were proportion each for maximums and minimums theoretical The 4

One waytheextentofthis problem couldhave beenreduced wouldhave beentoaddalltheraw eliminated theproblem ofdoublecounting. interest within eachcounty, region, andfortheStateasawhole. This wouldnot,however, have etc.), andthendivide thetotalnumberofindividuals atrisk by thesize ofthepopulation numbers for eachofthevariables (i.e.,number of schooldrop-outs, numberofregular drugusers, county/SDS score fortheState. a for score SDS = proportion score SDS - - ­ the allocationofresources. determining for tool inappropriate an also is it risk), at population the of size actual therebythe (and population the of size for prevalence rates. Further, without a Overall, the SDS is a poor tool for in actualnumberofindividuals atrisk. solely on their SDS, despite the based resources of share same the receive would areas both (1993), Aryan and Frank Simeone, by detailed decisions allocation resourceof basis the risk.On at individuals of number the twice has it that meaning the double population a have may areas the of one but risk, at population of proportions same the approximately have areas may obtain the same SDS because two they example, for Thus, population. the of case, it bears no relationship to the actualat risksize for a given population. This being the those of proportions on based crudely is it Another major problem with the SDS is that the populationatrisk. of proportion the of estimate an represent to said be cannot proportions the adding of interest. However, as this is not the case, equally to the overall size of the population contributed exclusivethat groupsmutually representedforce) labour the in individuals ­individuals aged 15 to 35, and the number of (e.g., the number of students, the number of problem if the numerators for the obtain SDS scores. to This might not present a proportions different together adding logic is measure this of construction the the behind with problem serious Another 4

discrepancy proportions

estimating

weighting other’s, uniform distribution of ‘suggests resourcesit that is in SDS the with problems the of one that argueFrench and Mammo score across areas. scorebyits bytotal calculated dividing the counties. A particular county’s RNAS is then scores for counties were then totalled across and then divided by county the number of variables. All particular a within variables all across added are derived, thus Numbers this weightis asfollows: counties. The formula for the calculation of all across variable that for cases observed of number total the to county particular a observed cases for a particular variable of withinnumber the on based proportion a with proportion each weight to is point this at same county. Mammo and French’s addition reference group for that variable within the the to county particular a within variable particular a for cases observed of ratio the similar way to the SDS in that it is based on Mammo and French’s scale is calculated in a variation in double counting. only from differences in detection rates and arisenhave couldproblem this population, lated.’ Given that the SDS is not weighted by geographicinaresparsely areasthat popu in those areas while de is, it ‘tends to exaggerate the extent of need weight to areas with larger populations authors— that argued that the SDS allocated greater Relative Needs Assessment Scale (RNAS). The alte an proposed (1996) French and Mammo Relative NeedsAssessmentScale variable itotalledacross allcounties. M variable iincountyj,and P Where θ r ij ij native to the SDS which they termed the =thenumberofobservedcasesfor i =P =thenumberofobservedcasesfor ij

/M i - emphasising the need

situations - population size. comparativemeasureof bysenting a need) have been simply to weight area ratios would argument (reprethis on through follow to procedure statistical linked closely more A areas. these in services providing of costs greater perceived of because areas smaller of favour in allocate to desired they that lated across areas. Further, the authors argue within areas and simply use the ratios calcu have been to eliminate the ratios calculated would need relative to according­resources allocating of argument their for support ­statistical research, argument, or previous face by supported strongly not however,was this, achieving of means allocation of resources to smaller fairer ensure areas. to Their was RNAS the developing in purpose reported French’s and Mammo number of cases across all areas. ratio of observed cases in an area to the total comparativeneed across areas that— is, the reflected that ratios include however, did, scale French’s and Mammo criticism. same to calculate the SDS, the RNAS falls under the Based on similar procedures to those employed of people observed in each.’ larger burden of the relatively problem for a the same number shoulder will counties countiesThis… is desirable because smaller appropriately assigns more weight to smaller … RNASweights,populations risktheas at In particular, by assigning the inverse of the populationscounties.theriskthe andatin people observed for each included indicator of number absolute the both account into ‘takes RNAS the that furtherargueauthors small and large for population different sizeis counties.’ load, problem or The problem, fact that the burden of the substance abuse ‘the account into takes hand, other the on observed people indicator for of number the where ­According to Mammo and French, the RNAS, i is the same in all counties.’ all in same the is

validity. Stronger ­ ­

43 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 44 Mapping national drug treatment capacity All other factors being equal, fair allocation environmental deficit scale. rate scale; DUI arrest rate scale; and tertiary admissioncocainetavernlicensescale;rate scale; secondary environmental deficit scale; school deficit scale; AODD-related morbidity highhigh-risk HIV/AIDSscale;scale; youth high-risk scale; crime AODD-related scale; than 1, and labelled primary data, environmental the deficit ­obtained 11 of factors with eigenvalues greater analysis components a conducted They communities. 76 inabuse substanceindicatorsrelated to social 68 on data reduce analysisto factor used (1996) Diaz and Gillespie Sherman, correlational data Other measures basedon added across different variables. significant problems would arise if ratesRNAS, and were SDS the with as Further, LGAs. all across same the were rates detection if only occur could basis this on resources of numbertotal ofthe drug-related by LGA arrests each for the for State. arrests related LGA might be to divide the number of drug- burden of drug-related arrest carried by each relativethe compare to way a context, lian and French Mammo by developed weighting the use to be would estimates relevant making of means of appropriate more a extent then problems, relative the to according cate ratesacross geographical regions isallo­ to comparing of aim the if above, stated As Comment ontheSDSandRNAS 5

The associatedformulamightthen appearas: M P w Where w ij ij ij =thenumberof drugrelated-arrests (i.e., observed casesforvariablei)in LGAjand i =thenumberof drug-related arrests (i.e.,observed casesforvariablei)totalled across theState. =theproportion ofdrug-related arrests (i.e.,casesforvariablei)the Stateobservedin LGAj =P

ij /M i . For example, within the Austra­

principal principal 5

this type of type this ponent accounted for 9% of the of 9% for accounted ponent unde than predicted admission rates are considered have similar admi similar in terms of the predictors should also served identify to rates admission actual ancy between predicted admission rates and for each community. They used the discrep sion equations, resulting in four factor scores scores were derived from the multiple regres treatment) as the dependent variable. FactorAODD for rates admission outpatient and treatment, AODD for rates admission tient treatment,AODDintensiverates for outpa admission residential long-term treatment, AODD for rates admission residential (short- term turn in variables use service four of each with analyses made regression then multiple Diaz and Gillespie Sherman, link betweenpoverty andillhealth. strong a observations of factor,confirming health variables loaded highly on this initial need. Almost all socio-economic and public well have may been a scale) suitable indicatordeficit of general environmental primary three ­factors. first In all likelihood, the first the factor (the most at or considered, be cated that either only the first factor should indi have probably would methods Other of the variance, and the next extracted com However, the first factor accounted for 50% r served ra. h asmto unde assumption The areas. . The logic is as follows.

analysis is that areas that are that areas that is analysis s sion rates. Areas with lower

variance. under r lying lying - - - - - ­

6 teristic would be a test of the hypothesis. systematic variation according to this charac if so, examining the discrepancies to find any may have lower rates of ATOD problems, and some sub-groups in the general community ­predicted and actual service between use.discrepancies to For relevant example, be may under-servicing than other Explanations rather than individual communities. be made according to groups of communities to decisionspolicy characteristics,allowing similar had that communities of fication need. theresignificantwas unidentified unmet or is, that — underserved being was area the thatif service use was lower than expected, assumed They expected. or predicted than tify areas where service use is higher or iden lower to scrutinised are discrepancies) (the use service actual and predicted between differences the Thirdly, use. service actual analysis with the measures of need predicting use. This is tested through multiple regressionservice use will be the same as actual service predictservice use from need, the predicted you when use, service and need between sumed that, if there is a perfect relationship for specific ATOD services. Secondly, it is as analysis a factor or factors representing need First, it is necessary to identify through factor

Tranmer and Steel(1998)offerdetaileddiscussion ofthis topic. A range ofresearchers includingBrenner etal.(1992),Openshaw (1984),Schwartz(1994), and

Finally, cluster analysis permitted identi - - - ­ vide us with information about the range or means and mediums) is that they(particularly do tendency not central pro of measures ofproblems usethethe inherent ofin One that receives socialsecuritybenefits the include may poverty of indices example, for Thus, selected sub-groups within the remaining measures provide information on general picture of the entire community. The as portions. The first three measures, referred to mediums, modes, sub-totals, rates, and pro means, ways: of number a in summarised be may region a for collected Information ecological fallacy. an as referredisto it incorrect,isinference iour based on these findings. When such an and make inferences about individual behav groups study often researchersindividuals, of behaviour the investigating of Instead ecological fallacy Aggregate dataandtheissueof compared toneed. and under- and over-spending of resources comparisonobservedwith expected of use; the data; correlational of use the need; of indicators multiple of use the sub-groups; for prevalencerates summing severity; and data and the ‘ecological fallacy’; prevalence aggregate as relevantsuch issuesstatistical with deals It measurement. in interest cific a spe a here with readers for excursus include technical we formulas, allocation In light of questions raised by some Relevant statistical considerations measure of central tendency) as well as well as tendency) central of (a measure measures of central tendency,central of measures proportion of the regional population population regional the of proportion vrg income average 6

for the region region the for community. provide a provide existing . - - - -

45 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 46 Mapping national drug treatment capacity have a higher proportion of police officers police of proportion higher a have also may benefits security social receiving haveproportionhigher population a the of such a relationship might be that areas that relatio observed the influencing are factors other area populations) it must be considered that and proportion of alcohol-related arrests for ­populations receiving social security benefits (e.g., data aggregate on based variables two between found is relationship a when that is issue further A risk dividedby thepopulationofinterest). at number as proportionssuch (e.g., lation this sub-group is representative of the popu which to extent the depicts measurethat a ting drug-related offences), and then derive as those living in poverty or those commit risk or experiencing ATOD-related harm such at be consideredto those (e.g., sub-groups selected within individuals of numbers the estimate to is approach appropriate A more sub-groups. these identify to ­adequately fail will tendency central of measures within sub-groups particular If substance abuse is more likely to occur in ecological fallacy. representproblemof wouldthe curateand measures of central tendency, would on be based inacalike, are communities both that areextremelyalsassumptionwhoThe rich. whoare extremely poor as well as individu individuals include may community other the whereas income, moderate relatively a individuals in one community may all enjoy mean income may same have the very have different that regions ranges: two example, of variables the of groupings with studies using individual level data. data. level individual using studies with data level aggregate involving studies ing link by is occurring fallacy ecological an of likelihood the reducing of method One and therefore detection rates may be higher. n ship. One possibly hypothesis for for hypothesis possibly One ship. proportion of area area of proportion communities,

interest. For interest. - - - - ­ exclusive populations of interest. For ferent age groups). As discussedgroups).above,As ferentagethe dif within ratesprevalence the at looking is,(that groups age withapproach thisuse malesand females). It is also appropriate to (e.g., population total the by figure this of females and males at risk and then obtaindividing an overall rate by adding the number regionaltopopulation, awithin orneed of indicators as these use to and separately, males and females for abuse substance of it would be appropriate to calculate the rate adding prevalence rates is the use of One of the issues involved in the procedure of sub-groups Adding prevalence rates forselected tive need(lesssevere andchronic illness).’ need (acute life-threatening illness) and rela ‘absolute between distinction the ­example, for severity, of measures of inclusion the for argue to settings.’on go authors These similar of cond prevalence the of ­assessment an by followed population general the in disorders of prevalence ‘true the estimate to is need unmet assessing of method sic Regier et al. (1984) point out that the clas drug abuse and mental illness. and alcohol treating services for need the assessing for (1992) Goosser and Shern by differenttarget groups, methodadiscussed of this approach is to use prevalence rates for (e.g., use of a particular drug). A development prevalence rates for the indicator of interest One means of estimating need is to examine Prevalence andseverity social securitybenefits. of individuals who receive or do not receive rates arrest alcohol-related the ­comparing the to above approach this of application The i tions under treatment in health example would be to review studies review to be would example

mutually example,

service

all - - - tually exclusive populations, for populations, exclusive tually defined regions. across problems substance-related of relative rate the of indicators poor only ered was to produce figures procedures that couldthese be of consid effect combined The enrolled students). (e.g. groupreference the of size actual theaccount into taking without without taking the overlap into identified cases and their reference groups analyses occurred with adding rates based on ered to be at risk). A further problem in these in numerators (number of individuals consid population interest),of the quiteandlikelyalso in individuals of number (the inators also have greater double counting in denom sub-groups of overlap greater with regions in thatresultdifferent regions,thefor with The other problem is that the extent of over outs may also have been unemployed). the identification of cases (e.g., school drop- population. This problem also occurred with regional theexceeding number a in results and 15 between aged also were force labour the in individuals many doubt no (e.g. groups referenceexclusive mutually study not did previously,pointedoutAs researchersthese discussed above. both Scale, Assessment Needs Relative the developedwho French (1996) and Mammo who (1993) devel Aryan and Frank Simeone, who add rates that are not drawn from mu There are, however, a number of at risk within regions. individualsestimatednumbersobtainof to therelevant sub-populations within regions group prevalence rates and multiply these by andNSWUKhealth systems use sexby age lap of sub-groups of interest may be o ped the Social Dysfunction Scale, and 35). Adding these groups together groups these Adding 35).

the number of number the

account, and researchers

example, example,

different

— - ­ ­ - - terest. Various indicators of need for abuse across communities. observed to vary with the level of substance are thatfactors simply or abuse,substance of consequences social specific non-ATOD ­factors that are seen as underlying causes, or ­interest. Social indicators may relate more to face to relate directly to the phenomenon of social indicators may not appear on the sur many abuse), substance indicating arrests (e.g., harm or use specific of indicators Unlike individuals. to linked are that variablesother or etc.) mood, faction, (e.g., measures personal exclude and collections, data existing from extracted typically are etc.), rates numbers,portions, (e.g., groups of characteristics the on of risk. Social indicators provide information socialuseindicatorstheofon indicatorsas focused has research recent More region). (e.g., of area the of characteristics the behaviour of individuals, but instead describe indicators of risk do not relate directly to the Complicating the picture is the fact that sents one such attempt. proceduretotallingdifferentratesrepreof above of Simeone, Frank and Aryan’s (1993) use multiple indicators. The example extent of problems within a region typically in measurement, attempts at measuring the go undetected. Because of this accepted error Further,thereATOD-relatedare thatcrimes by several influences other than actual need. risk/need. For example, service use is affected services. No indicator is a perfect measure of morbidity,admissionsand specificto ATOD drug law arrests, ATOD-related mortality and used, including driving under the influence, been have interventions abuse substance in measure of reflect the consideredtobe Arguably,anindicator is variablea that can The useofmultipleindicators ofneed

the number of liquor outlets in the the in outlets liquor of number the

ATOD-related

provided

interest interest specific

satis some pro - - - - -

47 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 48 Mapping national drug treatment capacity • • • • the analysis were: area (LGA) in Victoria. Variables included in of data collected for each local government analysis factor internal an conducted They relative need for alcohol services in Victoria. of study a conducted al. et Dietze 2000, In assessment andresource allocation. we shall refer to specific studies ofanalysis, risk/needs of methods these of use the with occur commonly that pitfalls the of some illustrate To analysis). factor external as to referred (also analysis regression multiple and analysis) factor internal as to referred (also analysis factor are data on correlational based analyses used commonly most relative need across geographical areas. The particularly research that tries to investigate large in part on the relies use of correlationalresources data of allocation the fects af that assessmentrisk/needs on Research correlational data Issues concerningtheuseof to allindicators is common factor underlying the identifying The most appropriate statistical method for (the common variance) is level of risk/need. indicators the of all with associated is that the observed level of the variable), the factor influences other than substance abuse other affect — variance error contains it is, (that cator may be an inexact measure of risk/need indicators of risk/need is that while each indi The underlying assumption in using multiple (LGA ofaccident) rate ofhigh-alcohol-hours accidents (LGA ofvictim) rate ofhigh-alcohol-hours accidents population) alcohol outletdensity (per10,000 adjusted percapita factor analysis

consumption . — - - • • • • • (e.g., disadvantagesocio-economic of measure a of harm (e.g., related measures of consumption: a measure cor highly twoincludeinappropriate tobe studythebyin Dietze al. et (as need of measure a obtain to isanalysis factor a of aim the if example,For related. moderatelyonly be indicatorsthe that sary and reliable measure of the factor, it is neces of the group of indicators. To obtain a valid sharedmeasurefactoristhethe of variance theirrelationship to the factor —that is, the indicatorsmeasured.theseshareWhat be is arerelated thefactorto (the (the directly measure to difficult be may that variable a The logic of factor analysis is that, to measure socio-economic status. and harm, alcohol-related consumption, alcohol between relationship no was there threefactors.thisbasis,concluded On they the for emerged patterns different LGAs, across plotted were factors extracted three found that, al. when factor scores et based on the Dietze admissions. hospital and accidents alcohol-related of indicators consumption, ­indicators of socio-economic standing, and alcohol of indicators i.e., variables of clusters the to corresponding factors three revealed orthogonal and analysis, to factor subjected were data The • population density. per centunqualifiedmales per centmalesinunskilled occupations per centincomebelow$25,000p.a. admissions rate ofotheralcohol-related hospital hospital admissions rate ofexternal-cause alcohol-related

number of unemployed).setthis of Withnumber

factor alcohol related accidents), and ), several variables that that variables several ),

2000),wouldit indicators

(2000) (2000) ) can) - - true indicator of relationships. a than artefact) statistical (a used method stati the of result a likely than more in unrelated patterns. Dietze’s findings were ting of such factors across areas must result plot that follows it factors, extracted the maintain the absence of relationship between aim of an orthogonal rotation of factors is to theory suggested that they were. Because the that the factors could be related, even thoughnallywhich did not allow for the possibility orthogorotatedwere factors (2000) al. et be related. In the study conducted by Dietze be such that it allows the extracted factors to each other, then the rotation of factorsby the set shouldof indicators are in fact related to theory suggests that the factors represented if However, relationship). of absence their ortho ings of indicators. Typically factors are such a rotatedway that they align best with group Once factors are extracted, they are rotated in group together. aim is not to explain how different indicators related to the factors already extracted. The not — unique is indicators the in variance remaining the factor, a of extraction each Thisother). processeach ensures with that, to related/correlated not are they is, (that a way that they are orthogonal to each other (using principal components analysis) in such factor is extracted, the factors are extracted A second issue is that where more than one factor of the to related theoretically all but related,moderately only are that indicators differentof range a analysisincludeshould (the two measures of consumption). Such an correlatedhighlymeasures two towardsthe extract one factor, the factorto is would aim bewhose analysisbiased an in variables of

interest. g onally (in such a way as to maintainto as way a such (inonally s tical tical - - - variable ‘number of beds’ was highly skewed. hospitals had less than 40 beds. That is, the the of cent per 85 while beds, more or 60 hospitalsnumbers.two had smallbed Only to predict actual costs of 105 hospitals with staff, FTE of number and beds, of number factor, composite isolation an isolation, of measures three funding, casemix including They conducted several regression analyses, a study by Hindle, Frances and Pearse (1998). and the consequences of doing so is found in An example of limiting the spread of variables reduced as been have may variable related the range in height, the range of the closely limiting by because, caution with tionship rela of measure any treat to cause good andanother measure, again there would be between a measure closely related to height relationshiptheinvestigate to aimed study relationshipvariables.a twoIf thebetween be to produce an inaccurate measure of the individualsforinclusion theinstudy would short only selecting of result the variable, another and height between relationship examinetheto wasstudy a of aim theple, variablesanalyses.includedin exam forIf, Arelated issue pertains to the spread of the between the two variables. provideatrue indication of the relationship not will variableanother and this between to be other extreme of a variable, the data are said cases tend to be clustered toward one or the extremestwotheeachof variable. theof If the same rate the further you measure toward and the number of cases drops off at about around the mid-range/mean of the variable, normally distributed — that is, most cases fall correlation is that the variables concerned are of the underlying assumptions in measuring correlationsthe betweenvariables, one and on based are analysis regression and multiple analysis factor that is issue Another

well. skewed , and any correlation measured - -

49 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 50 Mapping national drug treatment capacity of need. issue of employing service use as an to the area of need assessment relates to the Finally,particularlyisissuerelevantthat an communities. of costs of providing services to more isolated definitivemakea remains in doubt. Thus, the findings cannot variablesother distributionofanalyses, the one highly skewed variable in the regression was not reported, but given the inclusion of corr in factors other and variable this between gain an accurate measure of the highly skewed, thereby making it on data impossibleSecondly,the to from other hospitals). distance by measured (as remoteness and or eliminating any relationship between costs variability in remoteness, thereby dampening hospital size, Hindle et al. also decreased the sizeand remoteness, then in controlling for hospital between relationship a is there If pital size by selecting only smaller hospitals. et al. controlled for the possible effect of extenthos that of isolationhypothesis the was test related to order to in costs, First, Hindle their findings. affected have may issues statistical several direction.’other the in However,associated are which DRGs within costs consequent and severity in ‘variations as such factors confounding possible of terms in tionship rela negative this discussed al. et Hindle small have to found the casemix data, regression in entered When of the data. The distribution of other e lational analyses without

indicators of distance were contributionissuestheto

negative coefficients. coefficients. negative number of beds of number equations with equations

transformation

relationship

indicator variables was - - variable. If a valid and reliable measure of of measure reliable and valid a If ­variable. may all be considered indicators of need. (the constructed factor the predictors, as rurality of measure a and status, socio-economic of theformula hasgood face the prediction of hospital use, and on basedformula a need, measureof its as Despite this, the NSW Health Department uses, good measure of need. structed in such an analysis would provide a strongfactorconargumenta isnota that there then use,service employedisvariable criterion the if However, need. of ­measure analysis would provide us with an appropriate a factor constructed through external factor that argue toappropriate be would variable, it then criterion the as used were need the with relationship possible it is to construct a factor that has the possible. indicatorsas the between relationshipcommon the of much as for account to not is factor a structing con for basis primary the instance,this In constructed from several indicators. relationshipbetweenvariablea factor aand tween two variables, the analysis looks at the that instead of looking at the relationship be sovariables), criterion (thevariable another correlateswith that them fromfactor a ing identifying a set of indicators and construct actual need). External factor analysis involves variable (the variable to be predicted in lieu of using a measure of service use as the criterionanalyses factor regression/external multiple researchersneed, dictorsofconducted have However, in seeking a set of indicators or pre for why service use is a poor indicator ofAs discussed need. above, there are several reasons A more apprmoreA to involving moderately related variables that that variables related moderately ­involving be uses a standardised mortality ratio, a

predictserviceuse,need.notand derived using an internal factor analysisfactor internal an usingderived Generic Need Index Need Generic o priate measure of need would need measureofpriate

validityinthat it ) is designed is )

although criterion criterion /

variance measure

Instead, highest - - - - - Given that individuals in particular interest. agepopulation of the define to not or groups whether is formulas allocation resource in A further issue in the use of population size these sub-groups. in individuals of numbers the by weighted to useratesmutuallyexclusivefor sub-groups essential is it rates, population actual Toproduce figures that can claim to reflect groups.agedifferent in females and males services — for example, differences between tors that produce variations in need or use of size try to take account of some of the fac Approaches that focus initially on population of need. approaches focus initially on the asse Otherprovidingservices. of cost the to ing typically according to need, and then accord to population size and then make Some approaches allocate resources of providing services to different regions. across different regions, and the relative cost relativepopulation,needthethe levelofof resources needs to take into account the size Any formula for determining the allocation of need can become more complicated. to according allocation resource then risk, ent sub-groups experience different levels of region. If, however, it is accepted that differ the proportion of the population within each is a simple process of allocation according to allocation of resources to geographical regionsequally to each intervention considered, then rience the same level of risk and will respond If it can be assumed that all consumers expe the regions ofAustralia. ATOD-specific treatments across and within consideredbe resourcesto allocating in for need issues technical several summary, In treatments toregions resources forATOD-specific Technical issues inallocating

adjustments,

according s sment - - - - of the needs index scores (the transformation ent ways. For example, taking the square root transforming by reduced the or needs index increased scores be in can differ Variance a region’s allocated proportion of resources. be its impact on the final figure representing scores on the index of need, the greater will the index of need — the larger the variationrelative in importance that should be placed on numbers of individuals. A further issue is the to directlyrelate not do scoresfactor rived rather than rates is that the units of the de One of the problems with using factor scores services todifferent regions. possible differences in the cost of providing The final step in the equation is to consider proportional tothelevel ofrisk. but sizes population same the have that regions to resources of allocation the resources,while of level same the have should risk of same level the and sizes population same the have that regions that assumes approach regional populations according to this weight measure. This and need, of measure a need together, it is necessary to derive such of indicators all considering while account into size population take to Accordingly, indicators into account. would take possible relationships between all together (e.g., one involving factor analysis) approach that considers all indicators of need related to these other indicators of need. An be also may age and sex as such variables of need does not allow for the possibility that group and then weighting by other indicators lation size weighted according to sex and age The approach of focusing initially on popu the age ranges 0–5 and 75+. in individuals exclude to reasonable seems addressedby specific ATOD interventions, it unlikely to experience the sorts of problems (e.g.,

the very young and the elderly) are are elderly) the and young very the

different levels of risk should be be should risk of levels different - - ­

51 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 52 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ing. The residualsThe ing. from this analysissecond resourclevelsof expected fromdeviations tions in the cost of providing varia serviceswhich to explainextent the determine to is predict the residuals. The aim of the analysis ation in the cost of providing services used to The next analysis involves a measure of vari lower than expected resourcing. residuals represent areas that have higher or calculated and used in a further analysis. The resourcinglevelof regions, for residuals are actual and predicted between found is fit in order to obtain a better fit. When the best sible transformations of the need index scores be examined to provide information on pos resourcing and actual resourcing would then resourcing. Discrepancies between of predicted level current predict to used be would resulting variable (e.g., The index.needs the by sizepopulation of be determined initially by a direct weighting would allocation resource predicted Thus, indicated by the new approach to funding. move gradually from existing levels to levels changes in the allocation of resources should into account Hindle’s (2002a) argument that Bindman et al. (2000). The method also takesby suggested as allocation,resource actual parisonspredictedresourceof allocationto com involving process iterative an is this achieveto wayrisk) Onefound.at must be those of rates estimated to referencefrom of justifying the allocation of resources (apart riskthoseatfactor analysis,in othermeans Because of the shift from estimating rates of its influence on resource allocation. allocation formula) reduces variance resourceandUK thethus in ratesmortality on used in fundingtoover-resourced areas. under-resourced areas and relative decreases then involve relative increases in funding to argued to be either over- or under be can that areas identify to used then are hfs rm urn lvl o resour of levels current from Shifts

predicted level of risk - resourced. c ing ing - - - - - ) the level of need for ATOD-specific services used. The summary data used in determining regions, summary data for those regions are mation used. Generally, in studies comparing A further consideration is the type of infor use inminoritygroups. substance of correlates as same the be not might communities white in use substance of correlates that suggested findings their differences in drug use, and concluded that variables as a way to explain demographic racial and and socio-economic ethnic studied (1998) Albrecht and Amey example, single a As generalisation. of problems of aware be must we field this in but research, on The choice of appropriate indicators is based factors (Kimetal.1998b). resilience risk and into classified further be may use influence that Factors problems. that co-vary with consumption or associated isation, morbidity and mortality), or factors by consumption (for affected example, arrests, are hospital that factors of measures consumption, of measures use, influence that factors of measures be may ventions ATOD-specific inter for need of Indicators ATOD-specific services Indicators ofneedfor in this arena. determinedresourcesbe for may needs the tion in ATOD services in particular, and how and research that addresses resource alloca commentary of body smaller relatively the instances.tosome turnservices innow We drug and alcohol including — populations and services specific to allocation regional general health care environment, and about the in allocation resource about said have So far we have examined what commentators alcohol anddrugservices Resource allocationto - - - ­ 7 • • • specific ATOD-related needs: of indicatorsproposedhave Several studies for anduse ofhealthandsocialcare.’ cumstances of individuals affects their needs cir socioeconomic and morbidity the ‘how reco They authority.’ local each for indicators weighted demographic, morbidity, and social people with a disability] and use a mixture of groups [services to children, the elderly, and number of clients in each of potential the the three of service calculations on based are assessments spending ‘standard that out point They clients. of numbers past with relationshipstatistical their of basis the on system,health where variables were chosen UK the in indicators social of use the cuss dis (1994a) Mays and Judge example, For abuse (socialindicators). social and economic as correlates of substance well as communities of characteristics across regions typically include demographic

For example, seeNakashian 2002;O’Toole etal.2003;Draine etal. 2002;Kodjo andKlein2002; Finlayson etal. 2002;Poulton etal.2002. across regions. resources prevention drug for need of regre and component principal in indicators the number of alcohol retail outlets. and mortality, alcohol-related and drug violence, drug and alcohol-related arrests, domestic includingdrugs, other and hol social indicators relevant to the use of Mammoalco and French (1998) used a range of expenditure. the level of consumption, and the level of users,of consequences,theextentofthe number theresources includedof cation variablesthatdetermininguseful alloin Anglin, Caulkins and Hser (1993) suggested Gorman and Labouvie (2000) used 36 36 used (2000) Labouvie and Gorman m mend a cohort study to investigate investigate to study cohort a mend s sion analyses to investigate the level - - ­ - and concluded: of chronic illness using multilevel modelling, geography the investigated and (1995) Duncan Jones by study earlier An span.’ life reduced with associated are circumstances socio-economic ‘poor that argument the support that studies Straker-Cook of range a cite (2002) and Taylor Beale, health.’ poor in determinants as accepted become that have inequalities and ‘increasingly, says poverty (2002) Almond care, health of In discussing the issue of equity in Socio-economic standing,poverty among this population[theunemployed].’ that ‘the highest demonstrating rates of drug use studies are found cite (1993) and Aryan Frank Simeone, abuse. substance in 10% and 50% of welfare recipients between of estimates provide that studies Montoya and Atkinson (2002) report several difference in illicit drug use increased. food stamps) with non-welfare recipients, the living in extreme poverty (that is, in receipt of recipients. When the authors compared those welfareamongrecipientsnon-among than hood), illicit drug use was 50% moreneighbour the commonacross shared disadvantage social presence, police availability, drug as communitycation,andcharacteristics (such controlling for the effects of past sex,year). Their age,findings indicatedrace, that, even the edu in tranquilisers or analgesics sedatives, juana, heroin, stimulants, cocaine, inhalants, is, in receipt of welfare benefits) and repor studied the relationship between poverty (that erty and substance abuse. There is a well-established link between pov Poverty andsubstanceabuse illicit drug use (use of halluc of (use use drug illicit 7 Delva et al. i nogens, marinogens,

engaging provision

(2000) t ed ­ - - -

53 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 54 Mapping national drug treatment capacity that the last of these explanations is most is explanations these of last the that Reutter, Harrison and Neufeld (2002) argued 8 consistent with current research.

et al.(2002); Mooney, JanandWiseman (2002). For furtherdiscussion seeMcDermott(1995); FieldandWakerman(2002); Humphreys choices that support health. behavioural of kinds the making people also income of Lack control. of lack and powerlessness, uncertainty, by produced stresses the and hazards, occupational neighbourhoods, nutrition, unsafe inadequate housing, quate with less purcha psych and material both emphasizes explanation latter this sources that facilitate health. Increasingly, accessto the material conditions and re decreased from results health poor that The ­inadequate nutritional practices. and abuse, substance smoking, as such behaviours, health-inhibiting in engage they becauseunhealthy are people poor According to the behavioural explanation, position orbecomepoor. reduced employment, drift down in social disability, resultant to due and and, first suggests that people suffer from ill health The health. results from biases in measuring SES and soci the that maintains explanation, myth the as to The health onarange ofmeasures. worst the suffer deprivation high a or characteristics, places with a low income irrespectiveindividual and general,of In to be exposedbeto the illeffectsto inadeof o social artifact structural economic status (SES) and health health and (SES) status economic

observed relationship between between relationship observed

selection explanation, often referred often explanation, explanation emphasized emphasized explanation s ing power are more likely o or drift explanation drift or social factors.Thosesocial

precludes precludes - ­ with theuse ofspecific substances. associated problems addressing in entailed providers.Additional regional arecosts also the poor supply of other available health givenareas, care these in likely is services ment treat ATOD specific for demand greater A drug and ­services in alcohol the more of remote delivery areas the of Australia. affects remoteruralregions,and thiscertainly and arise in delivering generic health services in costs in variation marked seen, have we As Geography serious mentalillness. poverty,and homelessness, of rates higher abuse, substance problemsincluding social inner city communities dealt with a range of consumer population. They noted that large the to services cost-effective more provide to framework a establish to service health mental city inner an by adopted were that measuresdiscussed (1997) Gehrs and Read resources. fair a in resultedmethod this with chronic problems. Glover concluded that the second related to the number and affluence, of of residents level was first The sions. Glover identified two discriminating dimen regions, different across allocated resource of level in differences examining In 2000. 1990– for of England in method allocation resource the discussed (1999) Glover

allocation of allocation 8

- - • • • • • • • • • • • • • Census, in their study of indicators of need: U.S. 1990 the from data from drawn ing, range of measures of socio-economic stand Sherman, Gillespie and Diaz (1996) included a Census data standing Measures ofsocio-economic as vacant per centofarea households reported ­unemployed per centofmaleresidents >16 ­unemployed per centoffemaleresidents >16 in poverty per centofarea children (<=17)living ­unemployed per centofarea residents >16years heads withownchildren per centofarea households female living belowpoverty per centofarea female-headedfamilies ­below poverty per centofarea familiesliving ­below poverty per centofarea residents living public aid per centofarea households receiving per capitaincomeofarea residents square mile average numberofresidents per area medianhousehold income - • • • • • • • • • ­including: indices, need their of component one as mortality ATOD-related used 2004) Dunn, McAuliffe et al. (2002, 2003; McAuliffe and services, treatment abuse substance bined alcohol treatment, drug treatment and com for indexes need composite developing In • • et al. (2002)included: Carr-Hill by used measures UK Additional • ­Hepatitis B andsyphilis. incidence rates forIDU-AIDS,TB, percentage ofpopulationinprison African Americans, AmericanIndians) (Hispanics, groups minority specified to family credit. a head in manual employment class proportion of persons in households with a paidjobinpast10 years proportion ofmenaged26–64without two cars proportion ofhouseholds without ­accommodation proportion inprivate rented occupied buildings 65 years andolder. per centofhouseholds/single person/ single persons per centofhouseholds occupiedby one person perroom percentage of the population that belongs proportion ofeligiblefamiliesnoton proportion of persons in permanent owner per centofhouseholds withmore than -

55 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 56 Mapping national drug treatment capacity One foreseeable problem with using the cor life women and in those who die before median in highest is CTVB, marked by influence, as bands C and above, and that socio-economic counterpartsresidingtheirin than dying of risk greater significantly at are residents B Beale, Taylor and Straker-Cook (2002) from AtoH. bands valuation to corresponds highest, to A–H.’ Socio-economic standing, from lowest bands” “valuation eight of one into placed and character layout, size, on based 1991) April 1 at (as value market” ation of homes. Homes are ‘allotted an “open calculated on the basis of an is CTVB The UK. the in authority health a within (CTVB) Band Valuation Tax Council ined the relationship between mortality and Beale, Taylor and Straker-Cook (2002) exam Council taxvaluationband a composite of the use either one or the other measure, or derive between these two measures, research should however, that because of the high correlation than census data. Lloyd (2002) pointed out, and accurate information on level of income credit. These measures gave more immediate reci included data security social The Ireland. data, in predicting use of services in security benefits extracted from hospital ward investigated the use of information on social (2002) al. above,mentionedetCarr-Hill As Income level remote regions.and rural against bias in result therefore would formula a such on based allocation Resource regions. remote and rural in ing cities is typically more expensive than hous Australia stems from the fact that housing in responding index across statistical regions in that ‘the results consis

p expectancy.’ ients of income support and family family and support income of ients

two. t ently show that the A,

external evalu locality, and locality,

Northern

reported ­ - - - • • • • • • • • including: 1991–1992 Chicago Public Schools year data, the fromobtainedwere Sherman’sstudy in used participationeducational of Measures AODD-relatedand morbidity, mortality.and with measures of socio-economic deprivation along factor, deficit’ ‘environmental an on highly loaded achieved) education of level achievement (e.g., school of measures Several performance.’andparticipation educational both affects Dependence] Drug Other and Faust1975) ‘concluded thatAODD [Alcohol previousresearchthat(e.g., out pointed(1996) Diaz GillespieandSherman, Participation ineducation was anunderprivilegedarea score. predictor,powerful less but alternative, An illegitimacy. of levels and ratios, mortality standardised users, drug of notification of rates were authorities health district across admission psychiatric expected and served powerful predictors of most variation the that between found ob (1992) al. et Jarman Other measures high schools. average graduation rate forarea public ­reading score average public highschooljunior Program (ACT) score composite AmericanCollege Testing average public highschoolsenior high schools average attendancerate forarea public average 6thgrade reading score with nomore than8thgrade education percentage ofpopulation25andolder elementary schools average attendancerate forarea public and olderenrolled inschool percentage ofpopulationthree years

attendance rates, performance, highest

Kandel andKandel - Diaz 1996). Detection rates are also asso also are rates Detection 1996). Diaz and Gillespie Sherman, (e.g., see sumption ­Information on the 13 variables was obtained and narcotics possession violations, and/or law distribution.liquor (DUI), influence the addedthree othercategories: drivingunder U.S. Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program and10 criminal arrest categories identified by the Sherman, Gillespie and Diaz (1996) of drug use. indicators as rates) incarceration and (e.g., measures of types different of These findings have implications for the use police. to unknown were addicts identified the of overhalf that city, found U.S. and a in program) methadone a in (participation law enforcement recognition compared with who service (1976) use Edie and Wessman and government policy. practice, and resources police with ciated associated with other consequences of con and consumption of level by affected are useillegal and substances illegal of The rates of detection of use and supply of ATOD-related legal consequences sold weightedby alcoholcontent). total litres of alcohol sold (type of beverage and population, 10,000 per outlets liquor Dietze et al. (2000) included the number of tavern licenses. Additional variables used by and licenses goods packaged of rate lation popu area estimated included availability of measures Their admissions. outpatient of rate and Scale Rate TavernLicense their between -0.17) relationship= weak (ß very a only found they use, service predict to analyses regression conducted they when extent of alcohol-related problems. However,capita per with alcohol of availability linked that researchprevious cited (1996) Diaz and Gillespie Sherman, availability andconsumption Types andlevels ofsubstance

consumption and and consumption identified alcohol arrest ­ - - ships (ß = 0.38 and ß and 0.38 = (ß ships • • • • • • • • • • • • • • quences ofsubstanceabuse included: conse legal of al.’smeasures et Sherman Measures oflegalconsequences admission rates. AODD-relatedoutpatientand rates mission with intensive outpatient AODD-related ad which they found to have moderate relation data,theirfrom AODD-RelatedScale Crime man, Gillespie and Diaz (1996) PoliceChicagoDepartment.thefrom ­driving underthe influencearrests. estimated area populationrate of law violationarrests estimated area population rate ofliquor theft arrests estimated area population rate of ­burglary arrests estimated area populationrate of ­disorderly conductarrests estimated area populationrate of sex offences estimated area populationrate ofother ­prostitution arrests estimated area populationrate of ­robbery arrests estimated area populationrate of AODD indexarrests estimated area populationrate oftotal ­assault arrests estimated area populationrate of ­criminal sexualassault arrests estimated area populationrate of ­homicide arrests estimated area populationrate of law arrests estimated area populationrate ofdrug vehicle theftarrests estimated area populationrate ofmotor

=

0.28, respectively) 0.28, extracted an Sher - - - -

57 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 58 Mapping national drug treatment capacity mented: but highly correlated instruments.’ He com different 10 of results the combining than This would be simpler and more transparent ratio. mortality standardizedyear 75 under the by weighted age, and size population on simply formula a basing by produced be could result similar ‘a formulas, these in sophistication increasing despite that, the allocation of health resources. determining He argued for formulas of development Journal cal Sheldon, in an editorial for the Mortality rates ATOD-related mortality and Dunn 2004). rather than for a one-year period (McAuliffe calc the impact of these limitations; for example, data’ but undertook several steps to minimise coding and enforcement and missing agency biased crackdowns, local to due ‘variations tential shortcomings of arrest data including driving offence. They acknowledged the po issues in the original data, for alcoholexample and drug ato connectiondrinkexplicit an alc to mention’ criteria for identifying arrests relatedan researchersadopted The 2004). drug related arrest rates (McAuliffe and Dunn alcohol treatment, drug treatment and com developmentcompositeofindexesneed for 2003; McAuliffe and Dunn 2004) discuss the articles,al.(2002,ofseriesMcAuliffe et a In bined set of ind of set care need and a powerful predictorhealth general of sensitiveindicator a isof com experience of people living in an area and marisescumulativethe health socialand standardizedThe mortalitysumratio … u lating rates over a three-year period period three-year a over rates lating

o substance abuse treatment services. One hol or drugs; that is, there had to bedrugs; is,thattoorthere hadhol i cators was based on based was cators (1997), gave(1997), overviewan the of British Medi

alcohol and alcohol ‘ explicit ------­overlooked or because the death was, in fact, abuse related harm, and of the need for for intervention. need the of and harm, related abuse immediate of use, substance current of indicator poor relatively a is ity an individual who abuses tion may not be associated with the death of to present consumption, and that consump substance abuse may bear little relationship to related mortality the that fact the Given discussion seeDeWitandRush, 1996). unrelated to the substance abuse (for further contrib the because either substance, that death may not be attributed to the abuse of her or his abuse, substance in engage may individual an while that, problem the also consump ceased tion, or relocated from other areas. There is or reduced have may individuals these death, and consumption many years previously). In the time between tion patterns of individuals (sometimes from to inform us more about the past consump tend Accordingly,deaths substance-related liver, and between smoking andthe lungof cirrhosis cancer).from death and alcohol of stance and death (e.g. between consumption a significant time lag between use of a sub isdeath of constant,not thereand is often substance use contributes to specific causes measure, this however, with is problem that The the extentneed. to of which indicator an as mortality drug-related other and hol Thus it would seem reasonable to use alco­ dying. of likelihood the substance increase will abuse equal, being factors other All Mortality rates andsubstanceabuse regular basis and is not manipulable. census is that it is available routinely on a other variables which are munity health care use. Its advantage over u tion of the substance abuse was was abuse substance the of tion

substances, mortal

derived from the

substance- possible ­ - - - - • • • • • • • • et al. McAuliffe see 2004; Dunn and (McAuliffe — for example ‘death due to opiate overdose’ ­alcohol or drugs in the coded mortality data deaths only where there was an explicit included mention of researchers The indices. need their of component one as used was mortality ATOD-related used 2004) Dunn McAuliffe et al. (2002, 2003; McAuliffe and services, treatment abuse substance bined alcohol treatment, drug treatment and com for indexes need composite developing In • • mortality: ATOD-related of measures following the Sherman, Gillespie and Diaz (1996) included Measures ofATOD-related mortality drug main-cause. per centofarea deaths duetoother main-cause per centofarea deaths duetoalcohol ­tobacco use per centofarea deaths attributedto per centofarea deaths duetohomicide per centofarea deaths duetoaccidents liver disease per centofarea deaths duetochronic mortality rate area general populationage-adjusted mortality rate area malepopulationage-adjusted mortality rate area femalepopulationage-adjusted area infantmortalityrate

2003: 207forICDcodes). - • • • • • • • • • • related morbidity: ATOD- of measures following the adding Sherman, Gillespie and Diaz (1996) propose a needandthepercenttreated. as the difference between the per cent with defined gaps these treatment also ­disorders,and of prevalence estimate to used be could questions survey of A range derived. 71,764 to enable State-level estimates to be had to be increased from around 25,500 to abuse disorder. The sample size of substance this and surveyalcohol drug, of prevalence Drug Abuse (NHSDA), to estimate state level of Survey Household National U.S. the of Dunn and McAuliffe documented. well is use drug other and The health consequence of alcohol, tobacco, ATOD-related morbidity AIDS cases. area malepopulation rate ofreported AIDS cases area femalepopulation rate ofreported 1991–1992 area populationrate ofAIDScasesfor through June1993 area populationrate ofAIDScases mention ofdruguse area populationrate ofAIDScases/ hepatitis B cases area populationrate ofreported ­infectious syphilis cases area populationrate ofreported ­tuberculosis TBcases area populationrate ofreported area teenbirthrate area lowbirthweightrate

(2004) used the result the used (2004)

59 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 60 Mapping national drug treatment capacity • • • • They commented: need for alcohol and drug treatment services. of data sources for developing indicators of types different of limitations and potential Dunn and McAuliffe • service use: ATOD-specific of measures following the Sherman, Gillespie and Diaz (1996) included ATOD-specific serviceuse ­Westermeyer 1990; arealso indications thatsurveys anddif Thereuse. opiate than usemarijuana to moresensitivebeappears NHSDAto the contrast, By completely. almost abuse cocaine abusers, but they miss marijuana of otherwise hidden hard-core opiate and ity statistics are sensitive to the existence to which they are sens drugsregarding thediffer measuresalso surveys(e.g., treated homeless and prisoners un missed and by clients treatment by reported dependence alcohol severe the to sitive sen more are mortality alcohol as such indicators while drinkers problem and surveys effectively identify that alcohol held have epidemiologists Alcohol marijuana use. for admissions area total of proportion hallucinogen use for admissions area total of proportion opiate use for admissions area total of proportion alcohol use for admissions area total of proportion cocaine use proportion of total area admissions for for admissions area total of proportion 1992;

Weisner 1993). Indicator and survey

Dunham1983; Furst 1983;

Carroll and (2004) discussed the the discussed (2004) i tive. Drug mortal

Rounsaville

abusers - - - - misuse treatment and care. substance of provision and commissioning achieve equity, parity and consistency in the treatment in England. This framework aims to for developing local systems of effective drug of Care, for Substance Misuse (NTA) published NHS. In 2002, the National Treatment Agency provide guidance at the local level is byDrug and Alcohol, thethe only otherUK attempt to Health’sDepartmentCentreoffor NSW the by commissioned recently work some from provide an effective treatment system. Apart to knowing knowing considerationmovesoffrom level next The count for distributing AOD funds to regions. Resource allocation formulas and models ac effective treatment Developing localsystems of treatment needs.’ (2004). abuse substance state of picture complete a reveal to likely more be to appears data of type single a on depending than rather multiple measures in composites and ‘using profiles that conclude Dunn and McAuliffe Kroutil 1996). ( arrestedbe oraredie wholikelymostto users substance hard-core the miss to by mortality rates. Surveys are most likely tected by surveys and arrest statistics than alcohol problems are more likely to be de 2002). For example, adolescent drug and 2003; Kip, Peters and Morrison-Rodriguez and racial groups age problemsof abusesubstance the to sensitivity their in vary indicators ferent Cottler et Cottler which provides a national framework howmuch what elements

al.

1987; Bray, 1987; to spend in each region ( Johnson and Bowman to spend it on to

Wheeless and and Wheeless Models - - care services(NTA, 2002). social and modernisehealth to (2000) Plan NHS the with consistent also is and 1999) clinical management document UK Drug misuse and dependence: guidelines on the of recommendations the with line in is project the by provided treatment outcomes ing from regional learn early its by assisted also was project The modalities. treatment international research evidence into effective and national and guidelines and standards documents, national key process, sultation final document was developed from the con consultation was conducted by the NTA. The was then prepared and a three-month formal document final A events. regional through large number of stakeholders in writing and principles of the key framework the then consultedoutlining a document round first a specialists undertook work. The team drafted alcohol and drug of team a and Health, of tially commissioned from the UK Department The development of Development ofModelsCare criminal justice services. links to other generic health, social care and needs of drug users and aims to have explicit a systems approach to meeting the multiple separateservices. frameworkThe advocates systemareatheir in justnot and of series a seek to develop an integrated drug treatment Care behind concept overriding The Models ofCare is that local NHS Commissioners should Models of Care/enhancing pilot sites. All Models of Care (Department of Health Models of Care of Models Models of of Models

guidance was ini - - -

in thecontextofacare plan. and information and advice exchanges, needle include Services harm. drug-related reduce in Tier 2 is to engage users in treatment and including self-referral. The aim of treatment sources of variety a from referred users of range wide a for services specialist alcohol and drug accessible provide services 2 Tier ment services Tier 2: Open access drug and alcohol treat services in Tiers 2 and 3. treatmentalcoholand drug localreferral to own services plus screening, assessment and Tier 1 services includes the provision of their of role The officers. probationary and cists social workers, teachers, community pharma services, care primary such professionals of This tier consists of services offered bypurpose. sole theira notusers, isalcoholthis range Although Tier 1 services work with drug and treatment ices requiring interface with drug and alcohol Non-substance1:Tier misuse specific serv of tiers 1to4services: in all local areas have access to the full range Commissioners tiers. should broad ensure four that druginto users grouped been have Under the framework services for drug users Commissioning afour-tiered framework ad hoc ad support services not delivered not services support - - ­

61 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 62 Mapping national drug treatment capacity multi-area, regional ornationallevel. providedarelikely services most 4 a Tier at offenders. ill mentally for services forensicand units liver specialist include services 4b Tier of Examples users. from mitment com of level higher requirea usually such as and units rehabilitation residential and detoxification inpatient include services 4a services’. Tier specific misuse substance services’ and Tier 4b: ‘Highly specialist non- ‘Residential drug and alcohol misuse 4a: Tier into subdivided further is tier This hol users Tier 4: Residential services for drug and alco ring area or a regionally located facility. but occasionally are provided by a neighbou ­usuallyprovided within the user’s local area and service provider. These Tierclient 3the services between are plan care upon agreed to receive a drug assessment and to have an maintenance. methadone Tier 3 services to require the adjunct user an as or program abstinence an as either provided care day maintenance, community detoxification and therapy,structuredcounselling,methadone behaviour cognitive as such interventions include and carestructuredprograms of in users to solely provided are services These treatment services drug community-based Structured 3: Tier

specific - ­ ­ one service at same time or a range of professionals and from more than framework, users may receive treatment from the Withincoordinator2002). (NTA,care a agrees to and is subject to regular review ­receivewith writtena care plan, which theclient who enter into structured treatment services care planning and coordination is that those of overarchingprincipleThe areas. local in ­planning and coordination are implemented should care of systems improved that ensure also commissioners treatment Drug and servicelevel agreements. providers and built intoservice service local specifications with and between agreed be should Services 2002). (NTA, treatment of ment for a client and a predetermined plan treat of course anticipated and nature the An integrated care pathway (IMP) describes Care planningelement • • • • • • • • within these tiers: range of evidence-based treatment modalitiesfull a to access havealso should users that Tiers 1 to 4 services, the framework stipulates In addition to having access to a full range of Drug treatment modalities residential rehabilitation inpatient druguse treatment community prescribing structured dayprograms care plannedcounselling needle exchange facilities advice andinformationservices open accessservices

consecutively. - drugs,volatile substances or consideration of the misuse of misuse the of consideration within prisons. Models of Care hood (Health Advisory Service, 2001). Finally, those in transition from adolescence to adult families,interfaceservicesfordren andand with specific links to generic services for chil youths follows a similar four-tiered approach, young people. Commissioning of services for provisionalcoholtreatmentanddrug forof covers extensively Service Advisory Health 2001 review needs young of adolescents aged 17 and under. sioning drug treatment for adults and not for The framework specifically focuses on commis nicotine dependence. consider explicitlyframework the does nor Models of Care for alcohol treatment (NTA 2002). ferent conceptual commissioning framework and drugs, it is not feasible to develop a dif alcohol both coverstandards quality many services are drug and alcohol combined, and ment services. Taking into account that many of the framework elements to alcohol treat applicability the recognise to important is alcoholtreatment generally. Nevertheless, it commissioning on guidance specific vide developing alcohol services, it does not pro to relevant is it while and treatment, drug The primary focus of Limitations oftheframework does not incorporate a does not cover drug treatment Models of Care

steroidmisuse, by the UK’s UK’s the by The

prescribed prescribed

substance

is adult detailed - - - ­ - - • • two levels: continuityofcare, and with coordination at ensuredeliveryservicewouldIntegration of most. them need who State the in those to delivery of specialist drug and alcohol services serviceconsistent standardof a andsystem ensuretowas aimcoherent Theone service • • • • this initiative would focus on: Tide the Turning title the underservices drug and alcohol of development the in initiatives of number a In 1996, the Victorian Government announced components oftherange ofservices. ment services will be purchased, and the key services to describe how specialist drug treat Delivery ice Victoria has developed a Service Delivery The VictorianFramework for their proper treatment and support. for ensuring (but not necessarily providing) them, and with one clinician accountable need they when need they services the accesspersoncan each that agement,so client perspective — the need for case man alcohol budget priate deployment of a region’s drug and information strategy. service system perspective — the appro the — perspective system service developing acommunityeducationand ­professionals providing training tohealth ­treatment services strengthening community-based young people providing specialist servicesfor of alcohol and drug treatment drug and alcohol of . Treatment services under under services Treatment . Framework for Serv - - - -

63 A review of literature on resource allocation resource on literature of review A 64 Mapping national drug treatment capacity • • • • • • • • • • from eachregion, andinclude: accessible or available be should use drug other and alcohol problemswith have who Service elements for the general population • • • • • include: people young for elements service Specific people (up to 21 years), and adults in general.on two client groups in each region — young On the delivery of services, the system focuses among localservices. responsiveness and integration encourage that purchaseservices to greater capacity a meet the needs of the region. Regions have location and mixture of services required to which will determine the best number, type, on the region’s internal planning processes, based isregion each providersin service to the Under Aboriginal services. peer support supported accommodation residential rehabilitation ­continuing care counselling, consultancy and specialist methadone services substitute pharmacotherapy: outpatient withdrawal home-based withdrawal rural withdrawal support residential withdrawal Aboriginal services. peer support supported accommodation ­continuing care counselling, consultancy and outreach Framework , allocation of funds funds of allocation , Australia. of regions the across services providing of of population sizes, and the differential costs relatedquestions,indicatorsand weighting factor analysis alone, and suggests possible or analysisregression multiple by followed analysis factor of options the out sets It Appendix 1. in found be may review, this in described taking into account the previous experience Australia, for (ASNI) Index Needs ATOD- Specific possible a devising for process A services inAustralia formula forATOD a resource allocation Options fordeveloping to provide responsive service options. support, social and housinghealth, mental collaborate with other services, such as GPs, drug and services. These alcohol specialised services must also appropriate to access that all people living within the region have servicesystemsensuredesigned tomust be RegionalState.the inpeople all cessibleto These alcohol and drug services must be ac - 3 resource allocation in AOD mental healthservices. resourceto parallelissuesin allocation and analysis,policy economics,health health in experience long their on areas,built health resource allocation in general and specialist on thoughts their presented then speakers Care 2), Chapter in ­including a description of the UK materials the on (based review literature allocation resource the of elements central outlined consultants The resource allocation of theliterature on Day one:Theimplications dictions, andtheAIHW(seeAppendix2). Ageing, officers of State and Territory juris Gover Australian the ANCD, the of resentatives rep included workshop the in Participants future datacollection. for implications and level, national the at results of efforts to map treatment capacity the considered two Day drugs. other and alcohol in work future for health in cation of studies and commentary on resource allo twofold. Day one considered the implications on 25 and 26 August 2004. The purpose was ping treatment capacity was held in Sydney A workshop on resource allocation and map . framework. expert of panel invited An The national workshop on n ment Department of Health and and Health of Department ment Models of - - - ­ amount ofharmorburden ofdisease). byordering example, established(for be to needs priorities order we how and once, at everything do to possible not is it — tant resources. Relative priority organisational order and isfinancial both also examine impor to important is it policy, implementing of In considering models of care and the things can be changed almost muchsmallera population, withtheresults gies, but they also have one government and New ­considerthedifferent levels government.of must one Australia in relatively whereas effortlessly, policy introduces UK Government unitary the example, For considered. be also must policy of acceptancePolitical ideal orperfectmodel. the for waiting of instead effective be to shouldinstrumentsuseproventhe likely or quickly.employedWe be can they because be pragmatic about what is already available, In terms of policy instruments, we ought to getting adequate services. distribution could result in even equitable fewermore peoplea populations, total the to services adequate deliver to insufficient is ity leads to inefficiencies. If current funding to be equitable, but in most cases full equal policy objectives. Economists want sector is the many overlapping and conflicwith resource allocation policies in the ATOD From an economic perspective, the problem Medicine, University ofNSW the School of Public Health and Community Professor HelenLapsley, VisitingFellowat Expert speakers

Zealand has some superb drug stratedrugsuperb some hasZealand

immediately.

resources

process t ing - - ­

65 The national workshop on resource allocation in AOD in allocation resource on workshop national The 66 Mapping national drug treatment capacity • reduced, butstillexists tosomeextent. disparity in the State has been substantially long time. In the years since the late 1980s, fairly a for approach allocation resource a taken has Australianthat isone State NSW • • sidered atnumberoflevels: Resource allocation approaches may be con of Wollongong Health ServiceDevelopment,University Health Policy Analysis,Centre for Associate Professor JimPearse, Director, health sector. the of rest the in accepted be not would that something is outcomes intended of from treatment are enough. This vagueness achieve to want we outcomes the consider In making economic evaluations, we do not involved. processes the on work efficiency are lengthy, interim evaluations can include programs Where allow. data available the evaluation should not the be more but complex evaluation, than ongoing rigorous, for and focus can be improved. There is a need still the opportunity to do better if efficiency is there good doing are people when Even we want to achieve and how to measure it. ated. It is important to be clear about what often changed before they have are been fully evalu elements evaluation, policy In based funding. output- using as such services, specific to allocated resources about decisions resources across geographical areas decisions about how to distribute decisions aboutpolicyparameters

available - - • • • • the modelis asfollows: of overview An evaluation. and planning 1.11) (version Model (MH-CCP) Mental Health — Clinical Care and the introduced has NSW in Health Mental are wrong. there is often health, opportunity to in fix models that planning slow relatively the to a model in first can make errors a lot of savings: Discovering owing important. ularly Using models in resource allocation is partic NSW Health Program, Centre forMentalHealth, Mr GavinStewart,Manager, Evaluation apply theseprinciples. in resource allocation, and we should aim to important very is models in simplicity and Transparency prevention. and treatment between and AOD, as such level defined a at and levelmacro a at issues with dealing between differences qualitative are There • include: allocation resource in arise can that Issues and illnessseverity age by care of type and level each need treatment. access to boundaries cross but area ular the effects of patients who live in partic­ choose forallocationpurposes to boundaries regional which deciding especially inbringingthemtogether challenge, big a be can funding State and Government Australian of use the general practitioners estimate the percentage of clients who who clients of percentage the estimate influence on the situation — for services outside your funding may have an for use in in use for

Prevention

example, ­ • trum. The model shows that high thatshows model The trum. • • • • • methods andissues. allocation resourceprogress to what do to the drug and alcohol area; and on in who methods needs allocation resource developing literature; the of implications the included discussions The jurisdictions. various the of responsibilities and roles the and levels, Australianand Territory State, discussions on issues in resource allocation at These presentations were followed by group Group discussions users consume a lot of the resources. the population, and also has a severity spec smaller models of different age groups within The MH-CCP Model is built up from a series of • convert these to numbers for a specific a for numbers to these convert treated. activity, costs, care plans and percentage all of the population, staff, beds, funding, or some example, for — data future and current against analysis gap a perform costs toresources and/oroutputs local or benchmarks, standards, apply (separations, beddays, etc.) calculate resources (beds, etc) and outputs clinical needgroup thatcanbetreated each of percentage a as priorities model number ofstaffedbeds hours to full-time equivalent, bed days to quantify care plans as hours of clinical con population (forexample, NSW1996) tact, plus or minus days of inpatient quantify resources — for example, contact Government

intensity

care - - • • the individual States were already doing. Australian Government, to add value to what thoseresources directlycamethat from the in developing a resource allocation model for Territory level. But there might and State bethe at scopesome or comparabledata worth nationalthelevel, there asenoughnot was in developing a resource allocation model at In general, it would not be of value to invest areas within theState. smaller to decisions allocation left it was done at a statewide level, while others allocation. For example, in some the jurisdictions had different approaches to cation at the national level was that each of The fundamental problem with resource allo should be at the national level. resource allocation is more about how things gives a current description of services, whereassource allocation model. The mapping exercisere constructinga andproject mapping the Participants made a sharp distinction between • group discussion were: Prompting questions for the first session of Session 1 allocation? of thevarious jurisdictions inresource what are theroles andresponsibilities done? order to improve on what is already being in care of models or allocation resource should the AOD sector invest in or based model? based modeloranindividualcare are wetakingapopulationhealth

jurisdictions,

consider ­ -

67 The national workshop on resource allocation in AOD in allocation resource on workshop national The 68 Mapping national drug treatment capacity • local interpretation. useful as a reference point but still allow be for should model Any issues. AOD specific on working are who those on focusshould the particular role of specialist services, and acknowledge still should it yet broad, be should model potential any of scope The from thejurisdictions. value in simply collating these lists of suites some be could There them. for definitions ventions and each used different terms and seemed to have theirTerritory ownand suite State of Each AOD interproject. useful a be would model service treatment drug a define could that knowledge and evidence collecting and distilling the current body of simply of task The all. at model no having than better was model or some point reference having since Australia, for care of It could be of some use to develop a model • • of group discussion were: Prompting questions for the second session Session 2 how andwhatitis used for? guide should principles what ahead, go shouldthismodel developmentof the if and treatment? model? Treatment onlyorprevention of Care develop anAustralian version of what should bethescopeofthat is itofvaluable oruseful totryand (UK)? Models - recommendations thatfollow. and conclusions the in addressed are sion data current. The issues raised in this discus mapping the keep waysto project,and the exercise, State and Territory commitment to eral discussion on the future of the mapping These presentations were followed by a gen the capacity of the mapping software. the data collected for one State, and describedonstrated dem an GIS) example of (Mipela an interactive McDonald Hayden map ofMr tion in the future. ­suggested some implications for data collec processesand mappingtheofexercise, and timeframes history, the described Siggins workshop,theof two Day ProfessorOn Ian national level treatment capacityatthe Day two: Efforts tomap - - - ­ 4 .Conclusions and ­recommendations up todate. for keeping the list of agencies and services process reliable a devise to need a is There services have comeintooperation. or changes in policy and direction; and new new networks and alliances among agencies, changes in staff capacity, or local demand, or altered the services they offered, because of had many available; were funds if services certain add to planned they said or expire, to about was or expired had grant their us to verify the data, a substantial number told a different manner; during calls to agencies ating then no longer exist, or operate now in 2001/2002 sources: services that were oper project differs markedly from the lists in the this by produced services treatment of list tion of AOD services change constantly. The loca existenceor eventhe services,and of range personnel, the that process fication First, it is clear from the collection and veri the field The rapid rate ofchangein capacity inAustralia. timing of future data gathering about AOD and consistency, clarity, the for plications im obvious with observations practical of list of treatment services, we made a number In the course of compiling and verifying the the mappingproject Comments ontheresults of - - - - supplied this setofcodedescriptions: in definitions these supplied NMDS definitions referred to, and on request often, we had to explain what activities the agencies what services they now verification, we used these categories to ask used by the AODTS-NMDS. In the course of mapping project were the the agreed categories for chosen services of categories The Defining treatment services — refers to any form of withdrawal manage for withdrawal. solely used is pharmacotherapy a where manag ‘withdrawal code The metha treatment). done specialist and buprenorphine as used (e.g., therapies maintenance those include that therapies Pharmacotherapy in residential or non duration. Rehabilitation activities longer-termcan to medium occura towards tends and day) a hours 24 to up (i.e., ­support tion treatment can provide a high level of prevention.Rehabilitarelapse and work skills,communitylivingandsocial group activities, recreational approaches, ment may include counselling, behavioural treat servicestherapeuticandof activitiesthat treatment program that integrates a range Rehabilitation in code 3. part of a rehabilitation program as defined codeexcludes counselling activity that is and/or other drug use or dependency. This towardsidentified problems with alcohol directedcounselling group or individual Counselling icated, in any delivery setting. ment, including medicated and non-med Withdrawal management e ment (detoxification)’ is used used is (detoxification)’ ment — refers to any method of method any to refers — — refers to an intensive intensive an to refers — — refers to pharmaco­ ‑ residential ( detoxification) writing. AIHW writing. naltrexone,

offered. Very

settings. ­ - - - -

69 Conclusions and recommendations and Conclusions 70 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ‘withdrawal management (detox)’, of definitions the ‘pharmacounderstanding difficulty little had respondents example, For ways. markedly in categories service the sameagency,the within people interpreted We found that agencies, and even staff.’ contactoneagencybetweenclientandthe main treatment type may apply to as few as drug of concern.’ For brief interventions, ‘the alcohol and/or drug problem for the by the treatment provider to treat the client’s ‘the main activity determined at assessment record to coded definitionsbe These to are about ‘residential rehabilitation’, but were but rehabilitation’, ‘residential about ‘counselling’.and therapy’,clear were They Other asse ­general, service contacts would include an client other than assessment. the It to provided treatment no is Assessmentonly nent ofinformationandeducation. service contacts would include a compo general, in that, noted is It education. to the client other than information and provided treatment no is there when to Information and education only any othercategory. in included not is activity treatment the and data client individual as recordedis support and case management treatment where applies only choice This services). through youth alcohol and drug outreach offered to clients (e.g., management case and support to refers only management case and Support s sment component.

— refers to when therewhen refersto — treatment provided

is noted that, in — refers

different different principal — - ­ hoc and information, and advice exchange, and reduce drug-related harm treatmentthrough in users needleengage to services AOD specialist accessible provide services 2 Tier AOD treatment. specialised to referral and assessment ing, and probationary officers, and offer screen pharmacists community teachers, workers, usersthrough careprimary providers, social alcohol and drug with work services 1 Tier residential rehabilitation. prescribing, inpatient drug use treatment, and selling, structured day programs, community needle services, information and advice ­services, access open include structure this in able avail modalities treatment ­evidence-based The offered. are services what describing Care of NHS the above, seen have we As and referral services’ in Western Australia. Service’ in Victoria, or ‘Counselling, treatment ‘Rural[CCCC]’orWithdrawalDrug Rehab & care continuing and consultation, selling, ‘coun example, for — services of suite ard Some States use local expressions for a stand choice ofatransparent setofdescriptors. the in involved directly be should services the delivering people the that suggested and definitions, NMDS the from differed that ways in terms these used ground the providerOne cliniciansthat commented on education only’, ‘assessment only’,and‘other’. and ‘information only’, ment manage case and ‘support of content the tion’. They were uncertain or confused about uncertain about ‘non-residential rehabilita support services.

exchange facilities, care planned coun takes a quite different approach to approachdifferent quite a takes Models Models ad ad ------or dose for opioid pharmacotherapyprescribe to maintenis activity sole whose agencies Other services not included in the NMDS are provide outpatient they if only included arehospitals in units drug and Alcohol funding. public ­receive cover not does non-residential.It andresidential istalcohol or other drug treatment services, specialmore or provideone that agencies non and government funded publicly all is,jurisdictions; that their from receivefunding that servicestreatment the monitor to Territories and States ernment, Gov Australian the by collected routinely subset of a AOD is treatment AODTS-NMDS services The cover. information to out sets wider range of resourcesa map than to AODTS-NMDS was intention ANCD’s the First, source data. COTSAand NMDS the featuresof some on briefly comment to useful this be may in it field, collection data of future the For method inNMDSandCOTSA Differences ofpurposeand AOD treatment services. the availability of primary care and specialist of picture clearer a give would sort this of framework a on based descriptors of set A services formentallyilloffenders. forensic and units liver specialist include services and 4b Tier detox rehabilitation. ­residential inpatient including services specific AOD residential comprises 4a Tier assessment andanagreed care plan. drug a receives user pharmacotherapy.The to adjunct an as programor abstinence an as either care day and detox, community tured counselling, methadone maintenance, CBT,as interventionssuch struc including care of programs structured offers 3 Tier

private treatment agencies that do not

services. - government government - - - ­ ne ramn; gnis whose agencies treatment; ance that provided only information, education, information, only provided that services and centres, sobering-up groups, self-help and included, were goal primary a as problems AOD of treatment with cies agen Only programs. cessation smoking maintenance plus an additional service, and cation, therapeutic communities, methadone programs,detoxifi­ rehabilitation inpatient services, treatment outpatient of variety a tion was very wide, including among others The range of services covered by this defini problems. drug other and/or alcohol with people to services treatmentspecialist face an agency had to provide service, one or more face-to- treatment as identified be To categories over time. 1992 and 1995 to identify changes in these with the results of previous compared were censuses data in The 1990,users. substance non-metropolitan and people, Indigenous drug users, prisoners, NESB substance users, as younger substance users, women, injecting alsoto identify changes within groups such drugsinjected,treatmentand received, and including demographics, main problems,drug AOD problem, for treatment in clients of chief purpose was to identify characteristics Its aims. different had census COTSA The mapping project. been included in the database for the ANCD have categories excluded these in services Wherever reliable information was available, treatment. were not formally assessed and accepted for people who sought advice or information and institutions; but correctional in based ices syringeexchange programs; treatment serv and needle as such promotion health with concerned services provide to or shelters’, ‘sobering-up and houses’ ‘halfway as such function is accommodation or overnight stays

primary primary - - -

71 Conclusions and recommendations and Conclusions 72 Mapping national drug treatment capacity sent AOD treatment capacity in each accommodation, brief counselling and crisis education, information, only provided that services and centres, sobering-up groups, self-help some and data, adequate had we where included been have services sector AOD treatment of a recognised sort. Private at least one of its primary goals was to offer erred in the have direction we of includingproject, this a service of if purposes the For the profile of services that legitimately repre It will be important to seek some consensus on similar questions, two sets of source data overlapped and asked single auspices in different ways. Where the two collections handle multiple the programs within complexity, further a As NMDS. in listed not arecensus COTSA the to ents census, and just under 40% of the respondCOTSA ­ the in part take not did NMDS by not coincide: nearly half the agencies listed inclusion also differed, the lists of agenciesquite different do forms. Since the principles of the outputs from these two collections are in For obvious reasons of purpose and method, of theseterms. or other services, with no further definition programs,work self-help, accommodation, counselling, referral, rehabilitation, education, information, assessment, maintenance, the agency offered detoxification, methadone were obtained by a simple question whether treatments agency’s an about Information treatment agencies. interventions were not classified as specialist accommodation, brief counselling and crisis treatment system. the in capacity represented they clear was it when included been have interventions were notalways consistent.

answers from the agencies

sector. - consistent andagreed manner. a in sort this of questions in build services instruments for gathering data about future sector of design the that propose we ity, self-evidently important to assessing capac are features these that fact the of light In available. was information such whenever notes descriptive brief contains that field a including by issues these addressing begin We have therefore made a partial attempt to un was exhaustively features these record to attempt an that agreed we ANCD, the with discussion early In included. have we agencies additional 500 over the of many dat present the when date of out years three case,informationthe betweenwas and two any consistent.In or clear always not were results the and ways, in different somewhat information this of parts seek COTSA and NMDS both in questions the of Some profiles andqualifications. staff times,and waiting and capacity ment ­substances, the longevity of funding, treat specific on focus sub‑populations, specific or ­approach, models proportion of services treatment catering for — capacity sector’s the of measure the of part be should that topics of number a about details give specific could project the hoped ANCD The Other features ofcapacity nocorrespon likely to a base was compiled. Moreover, there was

succeed. d ingsource ofthese details for - - - patient pharmacotherapy, and the resulting aspect ofcapacityas aseparate project. this of investigation further any consider to agreed has ANCD reasons,the these For tion where he or she practises. has a separate provider number for each loca provider number, since the prescribingby locations map doctorto necessary be would it purpose, this For happens. prescribing the licensed prescribers, but not the places where ing, in that it gives the registered address of is that postcode data is potentially mislead of methadone and buprenorphine prescribers An additional issue in mapping the locations in a realistic physical map. information with the treatment agency data partialthis combine to possible not plainly was It postcode. 410 and town and dispensariesby prescribers private 388 of list a dispensaries;teners, providedand one and locations of four clinics, two private prescrib name, town and postcode; one provided the Twoprovided lists medicalof prescribers by with this information, and in different forms. jurisdictionsfourscribing, only provided us premethadone on data availabilityof the jurisdictionstheWhileall wereasked about support this intention. not did us to available data the However, maintenance. methadone of sources of other and services these of location the ing our initial intention to compile maps show was It information. that contains database were asked if they offered inpatient or out As we have seen, all the agencies we methadone maintenance Pharmacotherapy and

contacted ------collections in other areas of health and and health well being. of areas other in collections comparable with valueefficacy base in and an field AOD the afford will that agreeing on definitions and a data dictionary in field this in collection data periodic out and research bodies which design and carry councils the to useful be will resource this compiling in made have we observations Perhaps more importantly, we hope that the own ­regular their update promptedat occur,or changes when or entry amend to access agencylistedeachgive appropriatewith internet, the and fields on step for an agreed auspice simply relativelyto a post be a database would It time. short thisveryofproject adate inof out be may theinformation that was current atthe end stantly and rapidly in this field, and some of As we have pointed out, changes happen con tion, approach, and the services available. to display additional information about loca activequeriedelectronicbe can whichmap ANCD the as a database, to together with an available inter made been has agencies treatment of list the 4, Appendix in tained In addition to this report and the maps con mapping resource Future use ofthe

intervals.

password - evidence- protected - - - -

73 Conclusions and recommendations and Conclusions 74 Mapping national drug treatment capacity graphic distances, need to be all Australia, such as IndigenousAustralian jurisdictions, issues the issues specific to and geosome by and NHS the by undertaken work While there are lessons to be learnt from the alcohol andotherdrugproblems. preventing and treating for systems based to fund if the objective is to have evidence- elements treatment what about Territories providethen would and States to guidance project national This level. national the at a commission The sector agrees that it would be useful to planning and policy use. valid indicators of need in the ATOD area for and reliabledevelop to work further mend recom we Nevertheless, model. allocation current system to develop a national resource the valuetoadd probably not itwould felt of the participants in the national workshop and regional structure at the State level,In manylight of major differences in organisational the sector is appropriate. in allocation resource of nature and to say with any authority whether the extent tralia, no one is in a position at this moment formula for ATOD treatment services in Aus Specific Needs Index or a resource ATOD- agreed an either of absence the In and otherdrugs Indicators ofneedinalcohol Models of Care of Models

considered. type project type

allocation - - ­ 4. 1. Recommendations 6. 5. 3. 2. ration with the jurisdictions, commi We We therefore at prompted regular intervals). their own entries when changes occur or for opportunities web-based and funded, from States and Territories information about new by services supplemented surveystelephone annual example, (for reliable and up-to-date database rent We Australia atthenationallevel. developing to themethodemployed by theNHSin We building ontheexperiencein NHS. appropriate for regional use in Australia, missioning guidelines or models of care com evidence-based of development ATOD area for planning and policy use. reliable and valid indicators of need in the We ence describedintheliterature. jurisdictions, also drawing on the experi their usewithin for formulas allocation Territories consider developing resource We experience setoutinChapter2. policy uses, drawing on the research and need in the ATOD area for planning and of indicators valid and reliable offer to ASNI an of development the endorses

agencies securely to amend or update recommend recommend recommend recommend recommend Models of Care recommend that the ANCD, in collabo further work to developto furtherwork steps to keep the cur the keep to steps that a process similar similar process a that that the States and and States the that that the ANCD be applied in s sions - - - ­ 7. 9. 8. We ing actual practice in the field). and an agreed set of descriptors reflect services, treatment AOD specialist and sector, ways to capture both primary care represent AOD treatment capacity in each on the profile of services that legitimately collection,consensusdata the of scope services such as COTSA (in particular, the NMDS and anyAODTS- futurefor censusimplications the of apply treatment to accompanying observations to the IGCD mappingresultsexercisethe of the and We qualifications. and waiting times, and staff profiles and longevity of funding, treatment capacity and source the substances, specific on focus sub‑populations, specific for ing or approach, proportion of services cater agreed questions about treatment modelsand consistent in builds services sector about data gathering for instruments We prescribers anddispensers. pharmacotherapy capacity by individual whether it will add value to map current recommend recommend recommend that the design of future that the ANCD refers the that the ANCD considers - ­

75 Conclusions and recommendations and Conclusions 76 Mapping national drug treatment capacity Appendices c. b. a. basis of: (e.g., indicators of selection The factor. the ing indicatorspredictrangeof Analysisa with next step is to conduct a Multiple Regression Following the construction of the factor, the light oftheissues raised inthis paper. ing these indicators should be conducted in use of that database. Factor Analysis involv the most recent Census, to make maximum data sets, and possibly limited to the year of relevantall from obtained data study,with one-off a represent would project the of of data from the existing data set. This part review of the relevant literature and detailed a on based be would indicators of a factor based on these indicators. Selection ATOD-related need and the construction of of indicators at specifically look to study a commissioning involves approach This multiple regression analysis Option A:Factor analysis followed by experience in other areas of health care. availableliterature,theand on built(ASNI) for developing an ATOD-Specific Needs Index ATODarea.Thisappendixsuggestsoptions the appropriate for and to specific method to develop an Australian resource allocation sider the best way to work with jurisdictions wishmayANCDfuture consomethe time might not add value to the current system, at tional resource allocation model at this point na a believedworkshopSydney the While Index (ASNI) of anATOD-Specific Needs Appendix 1:Construction how frequently the relevant databases databases relevant the frequently how how expensive theyare toaccess how readily accessible theyare are updated. social indicators, etc.) would be on the

collation - - - - of need. ATOD-specific indicators on researchevant arguablycouldrelcloselylesslinkedto be that ASNI an produce would it approach, While Option B represents the less expensive c. b. a. that meetthecriteriaofbeing: (e.g., data including Analysis Factor single a from derived ASNI these indicators, but instead, to construct an cators of need and derive a factor based on specific study to investigate more directa commission indi not to is option second The Option B:Factor analysis b. a. it wouldbe: manner of its construction would mean that on predictors would represent the ASNI. The formula derived to construct the factor based study.the of stage thisIn specific the case, previous the from derived factor the case, relationshipvariable,criterion the to thisin the predictor that has the on strongest possible based factor a construct to is analysis an such of aim the mentioned, As criteria. three these of basis the on equation sion Predictors would be entered into the regres ­frequently updated. obtained from databasesthatare relatively inexpensive toaccess readily accessible relatively easyandinexpensive to based onrelevant research the formula. access therequired datatofeedinto social indicators etc.) etc.) indicators social - - ­ of) substances? types (specific abuse to likely more arrests related drug more arethere where areas in Drug related arrests: and consume in another? locationone in buypeople substances?Do outlets more likely to abuse (specific types of) living in areas with a higher number outlets:of liquor liquor of Number types of) substances? of consumption substan greater is there where Consumption: (specific types of) substances? abusesocio-economic lower to likelystatusmore of areas from individuals are rity): status Socio-economic to present theissue toapanelofexperts. ­selection of appropriate indicators might be the facilitating of means One included. are indicatorsaggregatethe at level (e.g., LGA) issue,questionssuch relevantuse of the to this highlight To fallacy. possibility ecological the of the and data, aggregate and data level individual between differences the mind in keep to important is It below. Examples of possible indicators are provided related questions Possible indicators and c es more likely to abuse (specific (specific abuse to likely more es are individuals from areas areas from individuals are are individuals who live (from Social Secu Social (from are individuals are ­ to abuse (specific typesof)substances? likely more predominate, fishing) mining, (e.g., occupations of types certain where Occupation: types of)substances? (specific abuse to likely more unemployed of proportion higher a isthere where areas Unemployment: of) substances? types (specific abuse to likely more males of proportion higher a isthere where areas ratio:Male/female of) substances? types (specific abuse to likely more groups where there is a greater number of minority mix: Racial abuse (specific types of) substances? residents from minority groups more likely to living in areas that have a high proportion of Minority group membership: types of)substances? (specific abuse to likely more areas remote Remoteness: of) substances? problems more likely to abuse (specific types use-related substance with to services health present population the of proportion Are individuals living in areas where a higher services with substancehealth use to related presenting individuals of codes abuse-relatedSubstance morbidity: are individuals living in areas areas in living individuals are are individuals living in areas in living individuals are are individuals living in more in living individualsare are individuals living in in living individuals are arein individuals living are individuals

problems. post -

77 Appendices 78 Mapping national drug treatment capacity statistical transformation of the ASNI before allocation.This would involve changing the influence of the ASNI in determining resource viders) may indicate the need to increase the theneed for services (including service pro on communities from feedback time, Over tory outcomeis achieved. Repeating Steps 1 to 4 above until a satisfac line withcurrent resource allocation. the ASNI-based resource allocation more into to increase or decrease its influence to bring lating the square root, etc.) in such a way as Step 4: the ASNIformula(referred toas by suggested those and allocationscurrent Step3: cated to regions based on the above result. Step 2: by the ASNI. Step 1: best made through in iterative process of: regardingthe impactof the ASNIis probably decision final The gradual. be to allocation resource of levelscurrent from shift the for should have must take into account the need The issue of how strong an influence the ASNI number of individuals considered to be at risk. theprovide estimatenotofwill an size tion a simple multiplication of the ASNI by popula One of the primary issues here is the fact that allocated on the basis of population size otherwisebeavailable wouldresourcesalone. than areasthatrequire greatera lesseror share of identifypurposeASNIistoThethe thoseof size by the ASNI Weighting population treatment services. sents individuals who may use ATOD-related those falling within an age range that repre of limiting the population of interest to only A consideration at this stage is the possibility multiplying it by population sizes. Calculating the share of resources allo Multiplying regional population sizes Examining the differencesExaminingbetween the Transforming the ASNI (e.g., calcu residuals ). ------resource allocation on the basis of whether basis­resourceof the on allocation tory outcomeis achieved. Repeating Steps 1 to 4 above until a satisfac increase or decrease its influence. ing the square root, etc.) in such a way as to then transform the cost index (e.g., too extreme a deviation from represents currentor fairness funding,of standards reached Step 4: of ­resources. distribution fair a represents it not or 3: Step above result. the on based regions to allocated 2: Step allocation by thecostindex. Step 1: iterative process detailedbelow: the in used be also could index cost The by thecostofproviding services. extent to which current funding is affected the appraisalof enable analysiswould This ASNI. the and size population usingabove current funding from the formulas detailed of prediction the after remaining residuals the predict to used be could it First, ways. The cost index could be use in a number of above. selected variables the of analysis factor a Step 2: regions. different to services providing of cost the Step 1: would involve: resourceprocessthe allocation of Thispart providing services Factoring inthecostof Multiplying ASNI weighted resources If the resulting redistribution has not Identifying variables that may affect Constructing a cost index based on Calculating the share of resources of share the Calculating Evaluating the resulting shift in in shift resulting the Evaluating

calculat - - Apologies were received from WAHealth. Workshop participants Appendix 2: Louise York Karen Wolanski Brian Watters Gino Vumbaca Ian Thompson Neill Taylor Gavin Stewart Ian Siggins Helen Sherrell Beverley Sander Carol Riedell Chrysanthe Psychogios Kim Petersen Jim Pearse Chris Moon Mel Miller David McGrath Hayden McDonald Paul McDonald Helen Lapsley Devon Indig Jenny Hefford Margaret Hamilton Nick Goddard David Crosbie Richard Cooke Tracey Cook David Clarke Robert Ali Australian Institute ofHealthandWelfare Queensland Health Australian National CouncilonDrugs ANCD Secretariat ACT Health ANCD Secretariat Centre forMentalHealthNSWHealth,guestspeaker Siggins Miller Siggins Miller Queensland Health Victorian DepartmentofHumanServices Australian Institute ofHealth and Welfare South Australian DepartmentofHealth University ofWollongong,guestspeaker NT DepartmentofHealthandCommunityServices Siggins Miller NSW Health Mipela (GIS) Victorian DepartmentofHumanServices UNSW, guestspeaker NSW Health Australian Government DepartmentofHealthandAgeing Australian NationalCouncilonDrugs Tasmanian DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices Australian NationalCouncilonDrugs South Australian DepartmentofHealth Australian Government DepartmentofHealthandAgeing NT DepartmentofHealthandCommunityServices Australian NationalCouncilonDrugs

79 Appendices 80 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 (WIREDD), Griffin Centre, CivicSquare 2600 Women’s Information Resources &EducationonDrugs & Dependency 91A WakefieldGardens, Ainslie 2602 Winnunga NimmityjahAMS Substance Misuse Service, Toora Women Inc,Toora House Wimmins Shelter, Watson2602 Ted Noffs Foundation, 350Antill St,Watson2602 Salvation Army, Recovery ServicesCentre, 5–15Mildura St,Fyshwick 2609 Salvation ArmyMancare, 5–15Mildura St,Fyshwick 2609 Gugan GulwanYouth AboriginalCorporation, 46Quiros St, RedHill2603 Canberra City2601 Directions ACT, Assisting DrugDependents, 35EastRow, Directions ACT, Arcadia House, MaryPotter Drive, Bruce2617 Centacare, TheLodge,QuickSt,Campbell2601 19 BundaSt, Canberra 2600 Canberra AllianceforHarmMinimisation andAdvocacy (CAHMA), Community, 155Keverstone Ct,Isabella Plains 2904 Alcohol &DrugFoundation ACT(ADFACT)Karralika Therapeutic ACT Division ofGeneral Practice, 4/19Trenerry St,WestonCreek 2611 ACT CommunityHealthAODProgram, WruwallinClinic,CivicSquare 2600 Garran 2606 ACT CommunityHealthAODProgram, Canberra Hospital, Yamba Drive, Australian CapitalTerritory their treatment services Appendix 3:Australian AOD agenciesand Govt NGO ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt

• • • • Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • • Support R

• • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • Assessment N

• Other R

• • • • Other N

81 Appendices 82 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Bankstown D&AService, RaymondSt,Bankstown 2200 Bankstown CHC,Raymond St,Bankstown 2200 Ballina CHC,CherrySt,2478 Hamilton 2305 Awabakal AMSSubstanceAbuse Counselling Program, Denison St, Australian DefenceForce EasternRegion,ADPAWyldeSt,Potts Point 2011 Auburn MedicalReferral Centre, 20Mary St,Auburn2144 Auburn CHC,9NorthumberlandRd,2144 Ashfield CHC,46CharlotteSt,Ashfield 2131 Armidale CHC,CnrRusdan &ButlerSts, Armidale2350 Alcohol andDrugFoundation, 144AStJohns Rd,Glebe2037 Darlinghurst 2010 Alcohol &DrugInformationService(ADIS),366VictoriaSt, Albury CHC,596SmollettSt,2640 Albury BaseHospital, Borella Rd,Albury2640 Adele House, 39ACorneliaRd,Toongabbie 2146 Abstinence MaintenanceService,1–11 Hainsworth St,Parramatta 2150 New SouthWales Govt Govt Govt Govt ATSI Govt Private Govt Govt Govt NGO Govt Govt Govt NGO

• Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • Support R

• • • • • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

83 Appendices 84 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Bourke AboriginalHealthService D&AProgram, 61 OxleySt,Bourke2840 Woodlands MethadoneClinic, WoodlandsRd,Katoomba 2780 Blue Mountains District AnzacMemorialHospital, Katoomba 2780 Blue Mountains District AnzacMemorial Hospital, WoodlandsRd, Blacktown MethadoneUnit,1Marcel Cres, Blacktown2148 Blacktown CHC,1Marcel Cres, Blacktown2148 Blacktown A&ODFamily Services, 119 Flushcombe Rd,Blacktown2148 Old Pacific Highway, Purfleetvia Taree 2430 Birpi AboriginalMedicalCentre Counselling HarmReductionProgram, Kinchela Creek viaKempsey 2440 Bennelong’s Haven Family RehabilitationCentre, 2054SouthWestSt, Bellingen Valley CHC,Church St,Bellingen2454 Bega CHC,McKee Drive, Bega2550 Baulkham Hills CHC,183–187Excelsior Ave, CastleHill2154 Bathurst Correctional Centre, Browning St,Bathurst 2795 Bathurst CHC,158WilliamSt,Bathurst 2795 Barrier Division ofGeneral Practice, 248OxideSt,Broken Hill2880 Barnados Australia, MountPleasant 2747 New SouthWales NGO ATSI Govt Govt Govt Govt Private ATSI ATSI Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO

• • Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • Support R

• • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • Information N

• • • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

• Other R

• • Other N

85 Appendices 86 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Belmore 2192 Canterbury Multicultural Youth Health Service(CMYHS),RedmanParade, Canterbury 2193 Canterbury DrugHealthService, CnrCanterbury&Thorncraft Rd, Campbelltown CHC,Cordeaux St,Campbelltown 2560 Camden Haven CHC,LaurieSt,Laurieton2440 57 AnthonySt,Fairfield 2165 Cabramatta DrugHealthServices&HarmReduction Program, & Railway Pde, Cabramatta 2166 Cabramatta Community Centre Parent/Youth D&A project, Cnr McBurney Rd Byron BayCHC,ShirleySt,Byron Bay2481 Bungora Unit,2Uronga Pde,Wollongong2500 Building Trades Group D&ACommittee,POBox 1145, Rozelle2039 Broken HillCHC,ThomasSt,Broken Hill2880 Brewarrina 2839 Brewarrina D&ACommittee(BulganPlace),95Bathurst St, Brewarrina 2839 Brewarrina AboriginalMedicalServiceMen’s SupportGroup, 5SandonSt, Bowral CHC,64BendooleySt,Bowral 2576 Bourke Street Houses, Bourke&Liverpool Sts, Darlinghurst 2010 Bourke CHC,MentalHealthTeam, 26Tarcoon St,Bourke2840 New SouthWales Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt ATSI Govt Govt NGO Govt ATSI ATSI Govt Govt

Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• • Support R

• • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

87 Appendices 88 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Carrington 2300 City Care Newcastle D&ARehabilitationCentre, 85BourkeSt, City Care —D.A.R.E. Central Hillsong Emerge, 149 PittSt,Redfern2016 Child &Family HealthGosford AODService, 237MannSt,Gosford 2250 Bathurst 2795 Chifley CottageMethadoneUnit,Bathurst Health Service,HowickSt, 591 SouthDowling St,SurryHills 2010 Chemical Use InPregnancy Service(CUPS), LangtonCentre, Chatswood CommunityD&AServices, 13Albert St, Chatswood2067 Cessnock D&APharmacotherapy Unit,View St,Cessnock2325 Cessnock Correctional Centre, Lindsay St,Cessnock2325 Cessnock CHC,ViewSt,2325 Centre forAddiction Medicine,5FleetSt,NorthParramatta 2151 & Glover St,Leichhardt 2040 Central Sydney AHSDrugHealthServices, RozelleHospital, CnrChurch Central Coast Health AOD Service, Gosford Hospital, Holden St, Gosford Cellblock Youth HealthService,142CarillonAve, Camperdown 2050 Casino CHC,HothamSt,2470 Cardinal Freeman Hostel,StVincentdePaul, 34EastSt,Granville 2142 New SouthWales

2250 NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

• • Detoxification R

• • • • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • Support R

• • • • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • Other N

89 Appendices 90 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Dareton CHC,44Tapio Ave, Dareton 2717 Cyrenian House, ADFNSW, 112 Cavendish St,Stanmore 2048 Culcairn CHCD&ALiaison Service,BalfourSt,Culcairn 2660 Cowra CHC,Liverpool St,Cowra 2794 Corowa CHC,D&ALiaison Service,115 SangerSt,Corowa 2646 & Prairievale Sts, Prairiewood 2176 Corella DrugTreatment Services, Fairfield Hospital, CnrRestwell Cootamundra CHCD&ALiaison Service, 37HurleySt,Cootamundra 2590 Coopers Cottage,CampbelltownHospital, TherryRd,Campbelltown2560 Coonabarabran CHC,101 Edward St,Coonabarabran 2357 Cooma CHC,VictoriaSt,2630 Condobolin CHC,MadlineSt,2877 Concord 2139 Concord RepatriationGeneral Hospital DrugHealthServices, Hospital Rd, Paddington 2011 Come InYouth Resource Centre, StFrancis Welfare, 457–9Oxford St, Co-As-It, 67NortonSt,Leichhardt 2040 City Care NewcastleWomen’s Plus, 315–317 WharfRd,Newcastle2300 New SouthWales NGO Govt NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO NGO

• • • • Detoxification R

• • • • • • • Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

• Other R

• • • Other N

91 Appendices 92 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Fleet StMethadoneClinic,4A FleetSt,NorthParramatta 2150 Finley CHCD&ALiaison Service,DaweSt,Finley2713 Family DrugSupport,20Page Ave, Ashfield 2131 Fact Tree Youth Service,703ElizabethSt,Waterloo 2017 Erina CHCAODService,169TheEntrance Rd,Erina 2250 Emmanuel RenewalCentre ‘TheOaks’, Cooreena Rd,Dubbo2830 Eden CHC,ImlaySt,2551 Kempsey 2440 Durri AboriginalHealthServicesSubstanceMisuse Program, 1York Lane, Drug ArmFairfield, 1–14CourtRd, Fairfield 2165 Strawberry Hills 2012 Drug &AlcoholMulticultural EducationCentre (DAMEC),295Cleveland St, Atchison St,Wollongong2500 Drug &AlcoholCourtAssessment Program (DACAP)Youth Services, Doonside CHC,30Birdwood Ave, Doonside 2767 Mt Druitt 2770 Dharruk AboriginalMedicalServicesD&AServices, 27MtDruittRd, Detour House, 130GlebePoint Rd,Glebe2037 Deniliquin CHCD&ALiaison Service,2MacauleySt,Deniliquin2710 New SouthWales Govt Govt Govt NGO NGO Govt NGO Govt ATSI NGO NGO Govt Govt ATSI NGO

Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • Support R

• • • • • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • Other N

93 Appendices 94 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Griffith CHC,D&ALiaison Service,39 Yambil St,Griffith2680 Grafton Correctional Centre, HoofSt,Grafton 2460 Grafton CHC,ArthurSt,Grafton 2460 Ashcroft 2168 Grace Manor&Turn Around, Wesley HealthServices, 28PinnacleSt, Goulburn Correctional Centre, MaudSt, Goulburn2580 Goulburn CHC,CnrGoldsmith &Faithful Sts, Goulburn2580 Gloucester CHC,Church St,Gloucester2422 Glen InnesCorrectional Centre, Gwydir Hwy, GlenInnes2370 Glen InnesCHC,CnrTaylor andFerguson Sts, GlenInnes2370 Glebe House Ltd,5-7MountVernon St,Glebe2037 Garden CourtClinic,72Enmore Rd,Enmore 2042 Armidale 2350 Freeman House A&DRecovery Unit,StVincentdePaul, 1Crescent St, Forster/Tuncurry CHC,Breese Pde,Forster 2428 Forbes CHC,ElginSt,Forbes 2871 Foley House Incorporated, 6–8BellevueSt,SurryHills 2010 New SouthWales NGO Govt Govt Govt NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO Private NGO Govt Govt

• • Detoxification R

• • • • • • Detoxification N

• • • • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • • Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • • • Support R

• • • • • • • Support N

• • • • • • Information R

• • • • • • • • Information N

• • • • • • Assessment R

• • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

95 Appendices 96 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Inverell CHC, Swanbrook Rd,Inverell 2360 Binna Burra 2479 INTRA Outreach Drug Treatment Service,CnrFridayHut& Lismore Rds, Ingleburn CHC,59aCumberlandRd,2565 Illawarra AMSSubstanceMisuse Service,329Keira St,Wollongong2500 Hunter HealthPharmacotherapy Outreach Project, WattSt,Newcastle2300 Hunter HealthCommunityDetox Service,Croudace BayRd,Belmont2280 Palmerston Rd,Hornsby 2077 Hornsby Ku-ring-gaiHospital Drug,Alcohol&GamblingService, Holyoake (Centacare) Newcastle, Cnr Union & Kenrick Sts, The Holyoake (Centacare) Neutral Bay, 16Lindsay St,Neutral Bay2090 High Street Youth HealthService,65HighSt,Harris Park 2150 Haymarket Foundation Clinic,165BPalmer St,EastSydney 2010 Hawkesbury District Health Service, Cnr Macquarie & Day Sts, Windsor Guthrie House, 10–14 SebastopolSt,Enmore 2042 Grow Community, 24thAvenue, Austral 2171 New SouthWales Hunter Health Newcastle Pharmacotherapy Service, Watt St, Newcastle

Junction

2756 2300 2291 NGO Govt NGO Govt ATSI Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

• • Detoxification R

• • • • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• • • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • Support R

• • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

97 Appendices 98 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Kyogle CHC, Kyogle Rd,Kyogle 2474 Kullaroo Clinic,69–71 Holden St,Gosford 2250 Kirketon RoadCentre, 100 Darlinghurst Rd,King‘sCross 2011 Kincumber CHCAODService,ShoppingVillage, 2251 Kempsey CHC,119 River St,Kempsey 2440 Kedesh House RehabilitationService, 303Flagstaff Rd,Berkeley2506 Katungul AboriginalCorpD&AServices, 26PrincesHwy, Narooma 2546 Katoomba CHC,93Waratah St,Katoomba 2780 Kathleen York House, ADFNSW, 144AStJohns Rd,Glebe2037 Kamira Farm, 539Pacific Hwy, NorthWyong 2259 Kalindi House, StVincentdePaul, c/-218 SouthTerrace, Bankstown 2200 Junction Youth HealthService,123HenrySt,Penrith 2751 James FletcherHospital, KirkwoodHouse, WattSt,Newcastle2300 James FletcherHospital, HuonUnit,WattSt,Newcastle2300 Jacaranda House, Liverpool Hospital, ElizabethSt,Liverpool 2170 New SouthWales Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO ATSI Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt

Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • Support R

• • • • • • Support N

• • • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

99 Appendices 100 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Macksville CHC,Boundary St,Macksville 2447 Lyndon Withdrawal UnitBloomfieldCampus, Forest Rd,Orange 2800 Lyndon Therapeutic Community, Blatchford St,Canowindra 2804 Lower HunterCHC,Stronach Ave, Maitland 2320 Long JettyHealthcare Centre AODService, Wyong Rd,KillarneyVale 2261 Liverpool 2170 Liverpool DrugHealthCounselling, Cnr Campbell&GoulburnSts, Lithgow CHC,2Coldrew Drive, Lithgow2790 Life EducationNSW, 10 HewittSt,Colyton2750 Leichhardt Women’s CHC,ThornleySt,Leichhardt 2040 Leeton CHCD&ALiaison Service,Palm Ave, Leeton2705 Nowra 2541 Lawrence Ave MethadoneProgram (LAMPShoalhaven), 5–7Lawrence Ave, Laurieton CHC,LaurieSt,2443 Langton Centre, 591 SouthDowlingSt,SurryHills 2010 Lakeview Unit,BelmontHospital, Croudace BayRd,Belmont2280 New SouthWales Lyndon Illicit Treatment Outreach Service, 6 Hereford Pl, Bletchington

2800 Govt Govt NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

• • Detoxification R

• • • • Detoxification N

Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • • Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

101 Appendices 102 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 MERIT Program, Illawarra, 5Rawson St,Wollongong 2500 MERIT Program, HunterAHS,72WattSt,Newcastle2300 Wagga 2650 MERIT Program, Greater Murray AHS,36aFitzmauriceSt, MERIT Program, Central Coast AHS,HoldenSt,Gosford 2250 Mercy CommunityServices—TheLodge,Balickera 2324 Tighes Hill2287 Mercy CommunityServices—McAuleyOutreach, 32UnionSt, Mercy CommunityServices—Brighton,Newcastle 2300 Waratah 2298 Mater Misericordiae Hospital D&AUnit(LornaHouse), EdithSt, Maryfields DayRecovery Centre, Narellan Rd,Campbelltown2560 Emerton 2770 Marrin WeejaliAboriginalCorpAODReferral Service,3HindemithAve, Marist Youth Care —Youth Outreach, 28HopeSt,Seven Hills 2147 Manly Drug,Education&Counselling, 91 PittwaterRd,Manly2095 Mangrove Mountain 2250 Mangrove MountainCHCAODService,RMB1640Nurses Rd, Macquarie AHSD&A,CnrPalmer &Cobra Sts, Dubbo2830 Maclean CHC,21 UnionSt,Maclean2463 New SouthWales Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO NGO NGO Govt NGO ATSI NGO NGO Govt Govt

Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

• Other R

Other N

103 Appendices 104 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Mission Australia, Fairlight Centre, 9Fairlight St,Manly2095 Mission Australia, D&AProgram, 317 QueenSt,Campbelltown 2560 Mission Australia, CampbellHouse, 19DenhamSt,SurryHills 2010 Mission Australia, AWoman’s Place,94VictoriaSt,Potts Point 2011 Mission Australia MARS,119 MacquarieSt,Parramatta 2150 Mid NorthCoastD&AServices, WrightsRd,Port Macquarie2444 Mid NorthCoastCorrectional Centre, 370 AldavillaRd,2440 Sydney 2000 Metro Reception&RemandCentre, Corrective Services, HolkerSt, Merrylands CHC,14MemorialAve, Merrylands2160 MERIT Program, SouthernAHS,103 Crawford St,Queanbeyan 2620 MERIT Program, SouthWestSydney AHS,ElizabethSt,Liverpool 2165 MERIT Program, NorthernRivers AHS,29MolesworthSt,Lismore 2480 MERIT Program, MidWesternAHS,SummerSt,Orange 2800 MERIT Program, MidNorthCoastAHS,WrightsRd,Port Macquarie2444 MERIT Program, MacquarieAHS,HawthornSt,Dubbo2830 New SouthWales Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

• Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • • Support R

• • • • • • • Support N

• • • • • • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • Information N

• • • • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

105 Appendices 106 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Namitjira Haven, BundjalungTribal Society, WhitesLane,Alstonville 2477 Mullumbimby CHC, AzaleaAve, Mullumbimby 2482 Mullawa Correctional Centre, HolkerSt, Sydney 2000 Mudgee CHC,157Church St,Mudgee2850 Mount DruittIntegrated Youth Service,44CopelandAve, Emerton2770 Mount DruittCHC,CnrBuran Place&Kelly Close,MtDruitt2770 Moruya CHCSouthCoastDrugTreatment, Team River St,Moruya 2537 Moree CHC,AliceSt,Moree 2400 Moree AMS,180Greenbah Rd,Moree 2400 Mission Australia, Women’s Services, 182VictoriaSt,Potts Point 2011 Mission Australia, Triple Care Farm, 188KnightsHillRd,Robertson 2577 Mission Australia, Rawson Centre, CnrReiby &Rawson Sts, Newtown2042 Kings Cross 2011 Mission Australia, OppositionYouth Crisis Centre, 31 Roslyn St, Newcastle 2300 Mission Australia, NewcastleAdult Accommodation SupportService, Mission Australia, Liverpool Centre, 55LachlanSt,Liverpool 2170 New SouthWales NGO ATSI Govt Govt Govt NGO Govt Govt Govt ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • • • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • • • Support R

• • • • Support N

• • • • • • • Information R

• • • • • Information N

• • • • • • • Assessment R

• • • • • Assessment N

• • • Other R

• Other N

107 Appendices 108 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Beat Project, 14–24 CollegeSt,Sydney 2000 NSW Police Department,DrugProgram Coordination UnitAboriginalStreet 24 Campbell St,Sydney 2000 NSW DepartmentofCorrective Services, AboriginalD&AServices, Northside ClinicWest,23–27Lytton St, Wentworthville2145 Northside Clinic,2Greenwich St,Greenwich 2065 Warrawong 2505 Northern Drug&AlcoholCourtAssessment Program (DACAP),CowperSt, Coronation St,MonaVale 2103 Northern BeachesD&ACommunityProgram, MonaVale Hospital, 50 Church Rd,ChittawayPoint 2259 Ngaimpe AboriginalCorp,TheGlenAODRehabilitationCentre, Newcastle Youth Service,149BeaumontSt,Hamilton2303 Newcastle CHC,HunterSt,2300 Nepean Hospital D&AService,Great WesternHwy, Kingswood 2747 Nelson BayCHC,Kerrigan St,Nelson Bay2315 Narrabri CHC,95BarwonSt,Narrabri 2390 Narellan CHC,14QueenSt,Narellan 2567 Nar-Anon Family Groups Sydney, 164LonguevilleRd,LaneCove 2066 Namoi House, WeeWaaSt,Walgett2832 New SouthWales Govt Govt Govt Private Private Govt Govt ATSI Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO

• • • • Detoxification R

• • • • • • Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

• • Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • • Support R

• • • • • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • Information N

• • • • Assessment R

• • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • • • Other N

109 Appendices 110 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Parramatta CHC,158Marsden St,Parramatta 2150 Parkes CHC,ColemanAve, Parkes 2870 Cronulla 2230 Parents ReachingYouth through DrugEducation(PRYDE),37Cronulla St, Ozanam Shelter, StVincentdePaul, 101 Hardinge St,Deniliquin2710 Orange CHC,96KiteSt,Orange 2800 1 Byrock Rd, Brewarrina 2839 Orana Haven AboriginalCorpGongolgon RehabilitationCentre, Oolong House, 11 JunctionSt,Nowra 2541 Eagle Vale 2558 Odyssey House TC MainTreatment Facility, 13aMoonstone Place, Ingleburn 2560 Odyssey House TC Detoxification Unit,Minto,169CampbelltownRd, Odyssey House Counselling Service,518 Kent St,Sydney 2000 Ingleburn 2560 Odyssey House Assessment &Referral Centre, 169CampbelltownRd, Odyssey House AfterCare Program, 9Patrick St,Campbelltown2565 Odyssey House Admissions Centre, 431 ElizabethSt,SurryHills 2010 O’Connor House, Hardy Ave, Wagga2650 NSW Users &AIDSAssociation,345Crown St,SurryHills 2010 New SouthWales NGO Govt Govt NGO NGO Govt ATSI ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

• • Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • Counselling N

• • • • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

• • Support R

• • • • Support N

• • • • Information R

• • • • • • Information N

• • • • Assessment R

• • • • • • Assessment N

• Other R

Other N

111 Appendices 112 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Queenscliff 2069 Queenscliff CHCD&A Service,CnrLakesideCres &Palm Ave, Queens CourtClinic, 11 QueenSt,StMarys 2760 Queanbeyan 2620 Queanbeyan A&DServicesandKillard Centre, 103 Crawford St, Quamby House, Rich’s Lane,Albury 2640 Treatment Services, 67McArthurSt,Ultimo2007 Psych ‘n’SoulAddiction Treatment, Addiction &Psychological Treatment Services, 1BayRd,Broadway 2007 Psych ‘n’SoulAddiction Treatment, Addiction &Psychological Prince ofWalesHospital D&A,BarkerSt,Randwick 2031 Coffs Harbour2450 Praxis Centre, Coffs HarbourBaseHospital, Pacific Highway, Port MacquarieCHCA&ODS,31 MortonSt,Port Macquarie2444 Port Kembla Hospital, CowperSt,Warrawong 2502 Phoenix Unit,ManlyHospital, 150DarleyRd,Manly2095 Phoebe House, 220Forrest Rd,Arncliffe2205 Penrith CHC,113 SoperPlace,Penrith 2750 Peakhurst CHC,64StanleySt,Peakhurst 2210 Pathways, Prairievale Rd,Prairievale 2176 New SouthWales Govt Govt Private Govt ATSI Private Private Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO Govt Govt

• • • • Detoxification R

• • • • • Detoxification N

Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

• • • • Rehabilitation N

• • Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • Other N

113 Appendices 114 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Salvation Army, Endeavour Community, 1–8Russell Rd,Morisset 2264 Berkeley Vale 2261 Salvation Army, Central Coast Recovery Service, Selah Farm, 60 Berkeley Rd, Salvation Army, CatherineBoothHouse, 348Elizabeth St,SurryHills 2010 Ryde Hospital D&A,37Fourth Ave, Eastwood2122 Missenden Rd,Camperdown 2050 Royal PrinceAlfred Hospital D&AServices, Page BuildingLevel 5, St Leonards 2065 Royal NorthShore Hospital, HerbertStA&DClinic,St, Roy ThorneSubstanceMisuse RehabCentre, 180Greenbah St,Moree 2400 Riverlands Centre, CnrHunter&Uralba St,Lismore 2480 & Counselling Service,14Trail St,Wagga2650 Riverina AboriginalMedical&DentalCorpSubstanceAbuse Program Richmond Fellowship ofNSW, Penrith, 41 Brumby Cres, EmuHeights2750 Regenesis, 175Argyle St,MossVale 2577 Redfern AboriginalMedicalService,132St,2016 Raymond Terrace CHC,59Port Stephens St,RaymondTerrace 2324 RAAF 3CombatSupportHospital, RuthBase,Richmond2755 Hurstville 2220 R.E.A.D.Y. (Resources &EducationonADforYou), 18Treacy St, New SouthWales NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt NGO Govt ATSI NGO NGO ATSI Govt Govt

• • • • Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

• • • Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • Support R

• • • • • • Support N

• • • • • Information R

• • • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

115 Appendices 116 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Cabramatta 2166 South WestAlternative Programme (SWAP),81 Cabramatta Rd, South Sydney Youth Services, CnrElizabeth&AllenSts, Waterloo2017 South Pacific Private Hospital, 18BeachSt,Curl2069 53 Berry St,Nowra 2541 South CoastAMSD&ACommunityEducationandCounselling Service, Singleton CHC,BoonalSt,2316 Shoalhaven DACAPandOutpatientServices, 47BerrySt,Nowra 2541 Shoalhaven CommunityDevelopment Patrol, 164 JunctionSt,Nowra 2541 Sherwood Cliffs Christian Community, Glenreagh 2450 Salvation Army, WilliamBoothHouse, 56AlbionSt,SurryHills 2010 St Peters 2044 Salvation Army, StPeters Recovery ServicesCentre, 5BellevueSt, Salvation Army, Recovery Services, 85CampbellSt,SurryHills 2010 Surry Hills 2010 Salvation Army, Oasis Youth SupportNetwork,365Crown St, Wickham 2293 Salvation Army, NewcastleRecovery ServicesCentre, 102 HannellSt, Salvation Army, Miracle Haven, 1–8Russell Rd,Morisset 2264 214 Sackville St,CanleyVale 2166 Salvation Army, Fairfield Youth Recovery Support Team (FYRST), New SouthWales NGO NGO NGO Private ATSI Govt Govt ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

• • • Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• • • • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • • • Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

• • Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • • • Support R

• • • • • • • • • Support N

• • • • • • Information R

• • • • • Information N

• • • • Assessment R

• • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

117 Appendices 118 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Cowper St, Warrawong 2500 Substance Use InPregnancy &Parenting Service(SUPPSIllawarra), Street Level Christian Community, 59–63PittSt,Parramatta 2160 Darlinghurst 2010 St Vincent’s Hospital, RankinCourtTreatment Centre, VictoriaSt, Darlinghurst 2010 St Vincent’s Hospital, GormanHouse Detoxification Unit,VictoriaSt, St Vincent’s Hospital A&DService,Victoria St,Darlinghurst 2010 St Marys CommunityD&AServices, 42 Gidley St,StMarys 2760 St Laurence House, 43SturtSt,Kingsford 2032 North Richmond2753 St JohnofGodHospital, Richmond,177Grose Vale Rd, Burwood 2134 St JohnofGodHospital andHealthServices, 13Grantham St, St George Hospital D&A,2SouthSt,Kogarah 2217 Springwood CHC,288–292MacquarieSt,2777 South WestSydney AHSYouth DrugProgram, ElizabethSt,Liverpool 2170 South WestSydney AHSDrugCourtProgram, ElizabethSt,Liverpool 2170 South WestSydney AHSD&ADirectorate, ElizabethSt,Liverpool 2170 South WestSlopesCHC,D&ALiaison Service,SimpsonSt,Tumut 2720 New SouthWales Govt Govt NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO NGO Private Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

• • • Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

• • Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • • Support R

• • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • Information N

• • • Assessment R

• • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

119 Appendices 120 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Airds 2560 Tharawal Aboriginal CorpD&ACounselling Service,187Riverside Drive, Teen Challenge,40 Hector St,ChesterHill2162 Ted Noffs Foundation, PALM West,1–11 Hainsworth St,Westmead2145 Ted Noffs Foundation, PALM NorthCoast,AlbanySt,Coffs Harbour2450 Ted Noffs Foundation, PALM East, 150Avoca St,Randwick2031 Wollongong 2500 Ted Noffs Foundation, Out-Client ServicesWollongong,17StaffSt, Randwick 2031 Ted Noffs Foundation, Out-Client ServicesRandwick,150Avoca St, Hazelbrook 2779 Ted Noffs Foundation, Nepean Adolescent Family Counselling, 1 Caratel Ave, Taree CHC,64PulteneySt,Taree 2430 Tamworth Correctional Centre, DeanSt,Tamworth 2340 Tamworth CHC,Johnson St,Tamworth 2340 Sylvania CHCA&ODTeam, 29Sylvania Rd,Sylvania 2224 Sydney RoadCentre, 109 Sydney Rd,Manly2095 Sydney Clinic,22–24Murray St,Bronte 2024 Sutherland Hospital, 430TheKingsway, Caringbah2229 New SouthWales Govt ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Private

• • • Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• • • • • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • • • • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • • • Support R

• • • • • • • • • Support N

• • • • • • • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• • • • • • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

121 Appendices 122 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Walgett NightPatrol, NSWPolice, 57WeeWaaSt,Walgett 2832 Walgett AMSD&ASupportProject, 53Fox St,Walgett2832 Wagga 2650 Wagga CommunityHealthD&AServices, DockerSt, Upper HunterD&AServiceScone,Stafford St,Scone 2333 Upper Hunter D&A Service Muswellbrook, Brentwood St, Muswellbrook Tweed Valley D&AandMERITProgram, 145WharfSt,Tweed Heads2485 Traxside Youth Health,WollondillyCHC,5–9HarperClose, Tahmoor 2573 Toukley CHC,AODService,Hargraves St,Toukley 2263 Toronto Polyclinic, HunterHealth,JamesSt,Toronto 2283 via Boggabilla 2409 Toomelah Cooperative SecurityProgram, Toomelah Aboriginal Reserve, 2 Carrington Square, Campsie2194 The Woman’s Centre (SouthernSydney Women’s Therapy Centre), The StationLtd,82Erskine St,Sydney 2001 Wagga 2650 The Peppers Therapeutic Community, 257LakeAlbertRd, The GlenA&DRehabilitationCentre, 50Church Rd,ChittawayPoint 2261 The ButteryIncTherapeutic Community, Lismore Rd,BinnaBurra 2479 New SouthWales

2333 NGO Govt ATSI Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO

• Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• • Support R

• • • • • Support N

• • • Information R

• • • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • Other N

123 Appendices 124 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 We HelpOurselves (WHOs),NewBeginnings, Strawberry Hills 2012 We HelpOurselves (WHOs),MTAR SouthSydney, Strawberry Hills 2012 We HelpOurselves (WHOs),Hunter, AllandaleRd, Cessnock2325 We HelpOurselves (WHOs),Central Sydney, Strawberry Hills 2012 Wayside Chapel,29HughesSt,Potts Point 2011 Wayback CommitteeLtd,65MarionSt,Harris Park 2150 Waverly Action forYouth Services(WAYS), 697AnzacPde,Maroubra 2035 Waverly Action forYouth Services(WAYS), 63AWairoa Ave, Bondi2026 Bondi Junction2022 Waverly Action forYouth Services(WAYS), 422Oxford St, Waverley D&ACentre, 31–33 SpringSt,BondiJunction2022 Wauchope CHC,HighSt,2446 Wandene Private Hospital, Wesley Mission, 7BlakeSt,Kogarah 2217 Waminda SouthCoastWomen’s Health,1MossSt,Nowra 2541 Wallsend CHC,Nash St,Wallsend 2287 Walgett SAAPServices, 99–101 WeeWaaSt,Walgett2832 New SouthWales NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Private ATSI Govt

• Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• • • Support R

• • • • • • • • • Support N

• • • • • • • Information R

• • • • • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

125 Appendices 126 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Woy Woy CHC AOD,ServiceOceanBeachRd,Woy Woy 2256 Little Bay 2036 Women’s A&DAction Committee—Jarrah House, 1414 Anzac Parade, Wollongong Crisis Centre, Berkeley 2506 Windsor CHC,MacquarieSt,2756 Windale CHC,CnrSouth&CherrySt,2306 Penrith 2747 Western Sydney D&AResource Centre (WESDARC),513–519 Reserve St, Westmead 2150 Western Sydney AHSDrugCourtsProgram, 1–11 Hainsworth St, Leura 2780 West MountDrug&AlcoholTreatment Centre, 6EastViewAve, Wesley Private Hospital, Wesley Mission, 91 MiltonSt,Ashfield 2131 Wentworth Centre InpatientDetox Unit,90HenrySt,Penrith 2750 Wentworth Centre forD&AMedicine,90HenrySt,Penrith 2750 Wentworth Centre AmbulatoryDetox, Unit90HenrySt,Penrith 2750 Kingswood 2747 Wentworth AHSMethadoneUnit,GatewayClinic,Great WesternHwy, 68 Maughan St,Wellington2820 Wellington AboriginalCorpHealthServiceSubstanceAbuse Service, Woodstock 2793 Weigelli Centre AboriginalCorporation, 1474PineMountRd, New SouthWales ATSI Govt NGO NGO Govt Govt NGO Govt NGO Private Govt Govt Govt Govt ATSI

• • • • • • • Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • • Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

• • Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • • • Support R

• • • • • • • • • • Support N

• • • • • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• • • • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • Other N

127 Appendices 128 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list wasfinalised betweenJulyandOctober2004 Youth Solutions, 112 MacarthurSq,Gilchrist Drive, Ambervale 2560 Rozelle 2039 Youth OfftheStreets, Foundation House, MilitaryDrive, RozelleHospital, Merrylands 2160 Youth Off the Streets, Dunlea Adolescent AOD Program, 74–98 Kenyons Rd, Cannabis Intervention, 89HoldenSt,Gosford 2250 Young People Prevention andEarlyIntervention (YPPI)—A/A&‘BongOff’ Young CHC,Hospital, DemondrilleSt,Young 2594 Wyong Hospital, Central CoastHealthPacific Hwy, Hamlyn Terrace 2259 Wyong CHCAODService,Pacific Hwy, Hamlyn Terrace 2259 Woy Woy Hospital AODService,OceanBeachRd,Woy Woy 2256 New SouthWales Govt NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt

• Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • Support N

• • • Information R

• • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

129 Appendices 130 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Borroloola 0854 Borroloola Mabunji Aboriginal Resource Centre NightPatrol, John St, Tennant Creek 0860 Barkly RegionA&DAbuse Advisory Group, 29Staunton St, Banyan House, 16BeatonRd,Berrimah 0828 via AliceSprings 0872 Areyonga Community, Areyonga CommunityPatrol, Areyonga Community, Community, viaAliceSprings 0872 Apatula Community(FinkeRiver), ApatulaNight Patrol, Apatula Tennant Creek 0860 Anyinginyi Congress AboriginalCorporation, 261 SchmidtSt, Angurugu CommunityGovernment Council, Angurugu,viaDarwin0822 Amity CommunityServices155StuartHwy, Parap 0801 via Mt Isa 4825 Alpurrurulam Community, NightPatrol Alpurrurulam,CommunityNT, Community, viaAliceSprings 0872 Ali-Curung CouncilAssociationNightPatrol &SafeHouse, Ali-Curung Alice Springs 0870 Alice Springs Youth Accommodation ServiceBush MobProject, Todd Mall, Darwin 0800 Alcohol Awareness &Family Recovery —Darwin,18Geranium St, Tiwi 0810 Alcohol andOtherDrugs Service,Building9North,Royal DarwinHospital, via Katherine 0852 Alawa AboriginalCorpWarden’s Project, Hodgson Downs Community, Palmerston 0830 A NewStartTowards Independence(ANSTI),Lot175BeesCreek Rd, Northern Territory NGO ATSI NGO NGO ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI NGO ATSI ATSI NGO Govt NGO ATSI

• • • Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • Assessment N

Other R

• • • • • • • • Other N

131 Appendices 132 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Galiwinku CommunityCouncil NightPatrol, ElchoIsland, viaDarwin0800 (FORWAARD), 33CharlesSt, Stuart Park 0820 Foundation ofRehabilitation withAboriginalAlcohol-RelatedDifficulties Employee Assistance Service— Tennant Creek, Tennant Creek 0860 Employee Assistance Service— Nhulunbuy, Nhulunbuy0880 Employee Assistance Service — Katherine, Randazzo Building, Katherine Employee Assistance Service— Jabiru,Jabiru0866 Employee Assistance Service— Darwin,Darwin0800 Employee Assistance Service—AliceSprings, AliceSprings 0870 Alice Springs 0870 Drug andAlcoholServicesAssociation,4SchwarzCrescent, Darwin Withdrawal Services, CoconutGrove 0810 Darwin Correctional Centre, Tivendale Rd,Berrimah0828 Darwin 0801 Danila DilbaMedicalService,GivingUptheSmokes, 32–34KnuckeySt, Council forAboriginalAlcoholProgram Services(CAAPS),Berrimah0828 Alice Springs 0871 Central Australian Aboriginal Congress Inc (CAAC) Youth Outreach Program, Alice Springs 0872 Central Australian AboriginalAlcoholPrograms Unit,290Ragonesi Rd, Northern Territory

0850 NGO ATSI ATSI Private Private Private Private Private Private Govt Govt Govt ATSI NGO ATSI

• • • Detoxification R

• • • • • Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • Information N

• • • • Assessment R

• • • Assessment N

Other R

• • • • Other N

133 Appendices 134 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Prison Substance Abuse Education Program, 66 The Esplanade, Darwin via AliceSprings 0872 Papunya CommunityNightPatrol, Papunya Community, Alice Springs 0870 Ngkarte MikwekenheCommunityD&APrograms, 40SouthTerrace, Katherine Region0852 Ngaliwurru-Wuli AboriginalResource Centre NightPatrol, Nauiyu CommunityNightPatrol, DalyRiver, Winnellie0821 Diversionary Program, Yuendumu, viaAlice Springs 0872 Mount Theo-Yuendumu SubstanceMisuse AboriginalCorp Youth Arnhem Rd,Nhulunbuy0880 Mitwatj HealthAboriginalCorporation Outreach andReferral Service, Rockhole, nearKatherine 0852 Kalano CommunityAssociationIncPatrol, Kalano Farm, Kalano AboriginalAlcoholRehabilitationProgram, Katherine 0850 Tennant Creek 0860 Julalikari CouncilAboriginalCorporation NightPatrol, 13MaloneySt, Education Program, Intjartnama,viaHermannsburg 0872 Intjartnama AboriginalCorpSubstanceAbuse Rehabilitationand via AliceSprings 0872 Imanpa Community, ImanpaNightPatrol, ImanpaCommunity, via AliceSprings NT0872 Ilpurla AboriginalCorporation SubstanceAbuse Program, IlpurlaSprings, Holyoake AliceSprings Inc,21 NewlandSt,AliceSprings 0870 Elliott NorthCamp, 0862 Gurungu CouncilAboriginalCorporation, NightPatrol Lot21, Northern Territory

0800 ATSI Govt ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI NGO

Detoxification R

Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • Assessment N

• Other R

• • • • • • Other N

135 Appendices 136 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list wasfinalised betweenJulyandOctober2004 Yuendumu, viaAliceSprings 0872 Yuendumu Women’s Centre AboriginalCorpWomen’s NightPatrol, Yirrkala SoberWomen’s Group NightPatrol, Yirrkala 0880 Yirrkala DhanbulAssociationSportandRecreation Program, Yirrkala0880 via Katherine 0852 Wugularr CommunityNightPatrol, WugularrCommunity, via Alice Springs 0872 Willowra CommunityNightPatrol, Willowra Community, Yuendumu, Watiyawanu Community, viaPapunya 0872 Watiyawanu (MountLiebig)CommunityNightPatrol, & Police Program, Kintore, viaAliceSprings 0872 Walungurru Community(Kintore) CouncilNightPatrol, Dry-OutShelter Alice Springs 0870 Waltja TjukankuPalyapayi ReconnectProgram, 3GhanRd, via Alice Springs 0872 Titjikala (Tapatjatjaka) CommunityNightPatrol, TitjikalaCommunity, Tangentyere Council,NightPatrol, 4ElderSt,AliceSprings 0870 Stuart Park 0820 Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram, Sunrise Centre, Lot5043SalonikaSt, Northern Territory NGO ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI

Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • • • • • • Support N

Information R

• • Information N

Assessment R

• Assessment N

Other R

Other N

137 Appendices 138 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 ATODS Bundaberg, BourbongSt,Bundaberg 4670 ATODS Biloela (GladstoneATODS), GladstoneRd, Biloela4715 Indooroopilly 4068 ATODS Biala,Indooroopilly Community Team, 2FinneyRd, ATODS BialaIndigenous Team, 270RomaSt,Brisbane 4000 ATODS BialaCommunityTeam Brisbane, 270RomaSt,Brisbane 4000 Chermside 4032 ATODS BialaBrighton-Chermside CommunityTeam, HamiltonRd, Bamaga 4876 ATODS Bamaga(Cairns ATODS), PrimaryHealthCare Centre, SagaukazSt, Arthur GorrieCorrectional Centre, 3068IpswichRd,Richlands4077 Woolloongabba 4102 Alcohol and Drug Assessment Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Rd, 75–87 KirkRd,Chambers Flat4114 Alcohol &DrugFoundation Queensland: LoganHouse DrugRehabCentre, Spring Hill 4004 Alcohol &DrugFoundation Queensland, Level 3,133Leichhardt St, Adolescent D&AWithdrawal Service,38Clarence St,SouthBrisbane 4101 Addiction HelpAgency, 211 Lyons St,Westcourt4870 Aboriginal &Islanders AlcoholReliefService,NorthStradbroke Island Abaleen Detox ServicesGroup Inc,SandgateRd,Clayfield4011 Queensland NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Private Govt NGO NGO Govt NGO ATSI

• • Detoxification R

• • • • • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• Support N

• Information R

• • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • Assessment N

• Other R

• Other N

139 Appendices 140 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 ATODS Hopevale (Cairns ATODS), ThupieSt,Hopevale 4871 ATODS Gympie CHC,20Alfred St,Gympie4570 ATODS Goodna(WestMoreton ATODS), 81 QueenSt,Goodna4300 ATODS GoldCoast,108 Nerang St,Southport4215 ATODS Gladstone,Park St,Gladstone4680 ATODS Gayndah(Kingaroy ATODS), 69WartonSt,Gayndah4625 ATODS Fraser Coast,167Neptune St,Maryborough 4650 ATODS Emerald CHS(MackayATODS), Hospital Rd,Emerald 4720 ATODS Edmonton(Cairns ATODS), 10 RobertRd,Edmonton4869 ATODS CunnamullaHospital, 56Wicks St,Cunnamulla4490 ATODS Cooktown(Cairns ATODS), HopeSt,Cooktown4871 ATODS Clermont(MackayATODS), 12–14Nelson St,Clermont4721 ATODS Charleville,18Sills St,Charleville4470 ATODS Cairns BaseHospital OpioidProgram, ShieldSt,Cairns 4870 ATODS Caboolture CHC,McKean St,Caboolture 4510 Queensland Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

Detoxification R

• • • • • • Detoxification N

Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

Support N

Information R

• Information N

Assessment R

Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

141 Appendices 142 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 ATODS Nanango (Kingaroy ATODS), 135Brisbane St,Nanango4615 ATODS Murgon (Kingaroy ATODS), Stephens St,Murgon 4605 ATODS MtIsa, 28Camooweal St,MtIsa 4825 ATODS Mossman (Cairns ATODS), Hospital St,Mossman 4873 ATODS Moranbah (MackayATODS), ElliotStcnrMills Ave, Moranbah 4744 ATODS Mackay, 12–14Nelson St,Mackay 4740 ATODS Longreach (Rockhampton ATODS), DuckSt,Longreach 4730 ATODS Logan/Beaudesert,EwingRd,Loganholme4129 ATODS LockhartRiver (Cairns ATODS), 4Piramu St, LockhartRiver 4871 ATODS Kuranda (Cairns ATODS), 12ThongonSt,Kuranda 4872 ATODS Kowanyama (Cairns ATODS), Primary Health Clinic, Kowanyama ATODS Kingaroy, 166Youngman St,Kingaroy 4610 ATODS Ipswich(WestMoreton ATODS), BellSt,Ipswich4305 ATODS Innisfail (Cairns ATODS), AliceSt,Innisfail 4860 ATODS InalaCHC(BialaATODS), 64Wirraway Pde,Inala4077 Queensland

4871 Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

Detoxification R

• • • • • Detoxification N

Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

Support N

Information R

• • Information N

Assessment R

Assessment N

Other R

Other N

143 Appendices 144 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Belmont Private Hospital, 1220Creek Rd,Carina4152 Bayside A&DService, WhitesRd,Lota4179 17 Panorama Drive Maryborough 4650 Australian Parents forDrugFree Youth —DrugStopMaryborough, ATODS Whitsunday, 12AltmannAve, Cannonvale 4802 ATODS Weipa(Cairns ATODS), CnrCentral &NorthernAve, Weipa4874 ATODS Tully (Cairns ATODS), CookSt,Tully 4854 ATODS Townsville, 242 WalkerSt,Townsville 4810 ATODS Toowoomba, Pechy St,Toowoomba 4350 Thursday Island 4875 ATODS Thursday Island (Cairns ATODS), PHC Centre, DouglasSt, ATODS Sunshine Coast,Hospital Rd,Nambour4560 ATODS Smithfield(Cairns ATODS), 16DanbulanSt,Smithfield4878 ATODS Sarina(MackayATODS), 1Hospital St,Sarina4734 ATODS Roma,69ArthurSt,Roma4455 ATODS Rockhampton,2EastSt,Rockhampton4700 ATODS Northside Clinic(GoldCoast),108 Nerang St,Southport4215 Queensland Govt Private Govt NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

• Detoxification R

• • • • • • • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

145 Appendices 146 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Drug & Alcohol Counselling Service Southside, 43 Floral St, Mt Drug ArmToowoomba SOS,299Ruthven St,Toowoomba 4350 Drug ArmIpswich&WestMoreton SOS,245Brisbane St, Ipswich 4305 Drug ArmBundaberg SOS,4ScottonSt,Kepnock 4670 Drug ArmBrisbane, 24HamiltonPl,Bowen Hills 4006 Cairns 4870 Douglas House, Aboriginal & Islander Alcohol Relief Service, 198 Grafton St, Toowoomba 4350 Darling Downs Correctional Centre, CnrPittsworth&Althaus Rds, Crossroads Recovery AssociationInc,8HighSt,Southport4215 Crana House Committee,85Alexandra Rd,Ascot4007 Cherbourg CommunityHealth,Barambah Ave, Cherbourg 4605 Calvary Careline, 569Bayswater Rd,MtLouisa 4814 Burdekin CommunityAssociation,130QueenSt,Ayr4807 Brisbane Youth Service,14Church St,Fortitude Valley 4006 Brisbane Brisbane Private Hospital — Damascus Unit, 259 Wickham Tce, Borallon Correctional Centre, Ivan Lane,Borallon 4306 Queensland

4000

Gravatt

4122 Private NGO NGO NGO NGO Private ATSI Govt NGO Private Govt NGO NGO NGO Private

• Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

147 Appendices 148 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 133 Leichhardt St,Spring Hill4004 Holyoake —Queensland Institute onAlcohol&Addictions (ADFQ), Gumbi —HaloHouse, 25George St,Rockhampton4700 Goori Recovery House, 69Haggup St,Cleveland 4163 Goldbridge RehabilitationServices, 16WhiteSt, Southport 4215 West Burleigh4219 Gold CoastDrugCouncil,Mirikai,191 WestBurleighRd, Gold CoastDrugCouncilInc,191 WestBurleighRd, 4219 Gold CoastAIDSAssociation,18aWestSt,BurleighHeads Highgate Hill4101 Gay andLesbian AlcoholandDrugSupportGroup, 38GladstoneRd, Fresh HopeAssociation,342Ruthven St,Toowoomba 4350 Ferdie’s Haven —Palm Island, Palm Island 4816 Family andKidsFoundation Inc,254Jacaranda Ave, Kingston 4114 Esk Hospital, HighlandSt,Esk 4312 Engaging MindsPtyLtd,503GympieRd,Strathpine 4500 Engaging MindsPtyLtd,737LoganRd,Greenslopes 4120 Miami 4220 Dunes (DrugUsers NetworkEducation&Support),2019 GoldCoastHwy, Queensland NGO NGO ATSI ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Private ATSI NGO Govt Private Private

• • • • Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • • • • Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • Assessment N

• • Other R

• • Other N

149 Appendices 150 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Kalkadoon Aboriginal SobrietyHouse (KASH),BarklyHwy, MtIsa 4825 Jesse Budby Healing Centre, 27LlewellynSt,NewFarm 4005 Interlock (ADFQ),2ndFloor, 167DenhamSt,Townsville 4810 Interlock (ADFQ),1stFloor, 92VictoriaSt,Mackay4740 Interlock (ADFQ),Crangold Business Centre, 23–129aLakeSt,Cairns 4810 Morayfield 4506 Interlock (ADFQ),Suite7,Grenadier House, 260Morayfield Rd, Interlock (ADFQ,)50Sumners Rd,SumnerPark 4074 Interlock (ADFQ),Unit4a,199GympieRd,Strathpine 4500 Interlock (ADFQ)Moreton Centre, 5VioletSt,Redcliffe4020 Interlock (ADFQ),1stFloor, 519 Kessels Rd,Macgregor 4019 Interlock (ADFQ),14SouthStationRd,Booval 4304 Interlock (ADFQ),13WallaceSt,Chermside 4032 Interlock (ADFQ),Level 3,133Leichhardt St,SpringHill4004 Innisfail Hospital D&AServices, 87RankinSt,Innisfail 4860 Herston 4029 Hospital A&DServices(HADS),Royal Brisbane Hospital, Butterfield St, Queensland Govt ATSI ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt

• • Detoxification R

Detoxification N

Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

Support N

• Information R

• Information N

• Assessment R

Assessment N

Other R

Other N

151 Appendices 152 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Cairns 4870 Ozcare Cairns Integrated DrugTreatment Service(IDTS), 197Draper St, Newlife Care, Bundall Rd,Bundall4217 Surfers Paradise 4217 New LifeMinistry atStreet Level Inc,CnrEsther Pl&BundallRd, Nambour Hospital SpecialHealthServices, Hospital Rd,Nambour4560 Mothers Against Drugs Association Inc,98MilneSt,Beenleigh4207 Mission Australia Townsville, 258RossRiver Rd,Aitkenvale 4814 MICAH Projects Inc,20Merivale St,South Brisbane 4101 Melaluca Clinic,PrinceCharlesHospital, 627RodeRd,Chermside 4032 Mater Mothers Hospital ChampClinic,RaymondTce, SouthBrisbane 4101 South Brisbane 4101 Mater Mothers Hospital AntenatalClinic,RaymondTce, Maroochydore 4558 Maroochydore CHCA&DService,CnrHinklerPde&Kippara La, Rockhampton 4700 Management ofPublicIntoxication Program Rockhampton,6EastSt, Mackay Hospital SpecialServicesProgram, 475BridgeSt,Mackay4740 Lotus GlenCorrectional Centre, ChettleRd,Mareeba 4880 87 GriffithSt, Coolangatta4225 Krurungal A&TSICorporation forWelfare, Resource &Housing, Queensland ATSI NGO NGO NGO Govt NGO NGO NGO Govt NGO NGO Govt NGO Govt Govt

• • • Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

Support N

Information R

• Information N

Assessment R

Assessment N

Other R

Other N

153 Appendices 154 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 QIDDI Outreach Service, Morven Clinic,Warrego Highway, Morven 4468 Mitchell 4465 QIDDI Outreach Service, MitchellHealthService,Hospital, Anne St, Inglewood 4387 QIDDI Outreach Service, Inglewood Shire Council, Cnr Elizabeth & Albert Sts, 26–28 JohnSt,Cunnamulla4490 QIDDI Outreach Service,CunnamullaAboriginal Corporation For Health, Augathella 4477 QIDDI Outreach Service,AugathellaDistrict Hospital, Cavanagh St, Bundaberg 4670 Psychology &SocialWorkPrivate Practice, 45Woongarra St, Prince CharlesHospital District A&DService, HamiltonRd,Chermside 4032 Peel Street Clinic,66Peel St,SouthBrisbane 4101 Palm Beach—CurrumbinClinic,37BilingaSt,4223 Townsville 4810 Ozcare Townsville ResidentialD&ATreatment Service,47–49Palmer St, Mackay 4740 Ozcare MackayResidentialD&ATreatment Service,1Endeavour St, Ozcare LucindaHouse, 60LucindaSt,Taringa 4068 Ozcare IllicitDrugServiceSouthBrisbane, 48Peel St,SouthBrisbane 4101 Ozcare D&ATheHaven Coorparoo, 75Shakespeare St,Coorparoo 4151 Ozcare D&ARehabilitationCentre Raceview, 1WarnerSt,Raceview4305 Queensland NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Private Govt Govt Private NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

• • • • Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

155 Appendices 156 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Cnr Alfred &Eyre Sts, Charleville4470 QIDDI Outreach Service, Charleville&District CommunitySupportAssoc, Chinchilla 4413 QIDDI Outreach Service, ChinchillaDistrict HealthService,Slessar St, QIDDI Outreach Service,Police Station,MorningtonIsland Greenvale 4816 QIDDI Outreach Service,JointEmergency ServicesBuilding,RedbankDrive, Georgetown 4871 QIDDI Outreach Service,Latara ResortMotel, GulfDevelopment Rd, QIDDI Outreach Service,Croydon Hospital, Sircon St,Croydon 4871 QIDDI Outreach Service,NormantonHospital, Brown St,Normanton4890 QIDDI Outreach Service,Police Station,Gregory St,Burketown4830 QIDDI Outreach Service,GidgeeInn,MatildaHighway, Cloncurry4824 QIDDI Outreach Service,Police Station,6MatthewSt,JuliaCreek 4823 51 GoldringSt, Richmond4822 QIDDI Outreach Service,Registrars Room,Government Agency, Hughenden 4821 QIDDI Outreach Service,Frontier ServicesCentre, 40Stansfield St, Tambo 4478 QIDDI Outreach Service,Tambo PrimaryHealthCentre, 4–8Garden St, St George 4487 QIDDI Outreach Service,Care Balonne,21–23 Beardmore Place, 47 Brolga St, Quilpie4480 QIDDI Outreach Service,QuilpieNeighbourhoodCare Association, Queensland NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

Detoxification R

Detoxification N

Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

Support N

Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

157 Appendices 158 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Yandina 4561 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, 115 Nichols Rd, Nambour 4560 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, 5Kerada St, 303 Kent St,Maryborough 4650 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Pialba 4655 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Suite6,19aMailSt, 123 GympieSt, 4570 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, 51 CunninghamSt,Dalby 4405 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Riverside Enterprise Centre, 9a–11 QuaySt,Bundaberg 4670 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Unit4, Multilink CommunityServices, 38BlackwoodRd,Woodridge4114 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Booval CommunityService,14SouthStationRd,Booval 4304 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Inala CommunityHealth Service,64Wirraway Parade, Inala4077 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Neighbourhood Centre, 57Taylor St,Hervey Bay QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Hervey Bay Capalaba CommunityCentre, 29Loraine St,Capalaba4157 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Grenadier House, 260Morayfield Rd,Morayfield 4207 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Suite7, Community Development Association,Mansfield Walk,Beenleigh4207 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Community ServicesInformationCtr, 52Marshall St,Goondiwindi4390 QIDDI Outreach ServiceCare, Goondiwindi, Queensland NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

Detoxification R

Detoxification N

Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

Support N

Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

159 Appendices 160 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Rockhampton 4700 Rockhampton Correctional Centre BruceHwy, EtnaCreek, Redland HealthServiceCentre A&DService,WeippinSt,Cleveland 4163 Redcliffe HealthCampus A&DService,181 AnzacAve, Redcliffe4020 185–191 Brunswick St, Fortitude Valley 4006 QuIVAA (Queensland Intravenous AIDSAssociationInc) Queensland ATSI AlcoholicServices, 27LlewellynSt,NewFarm 4005 Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland AssociationofSchoolAwareness Inc,867MainSt, Mt Isa NeighbourhoodCentre, 14aHilarySt,MtIsa 4825 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Hunchbrook CommunityCentre, 71 Townsville Rd,Ingham4850 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, 183 Mossman St,Charters Towers 4820 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, NeighbourhoodCentre, Bowen NeighbourhoodCentre, 20WilliamSt,Bowen4805 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, 39 Eyre St, Townsville 4810 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Unit6,1stFloor, Warwick 4370 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, 148Palmerin St, Toowoomba 4350 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, 13Isabel St, James NeilMedicalCentre, CnrJames&NeilSt,Toowoomba 4350 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Roma BungilRecreation Centre, George St,Roma4455 QIDDI Queensland IllicitDrugDiversion Strategy, Queensland NGO Govt Govt Govt NGO ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

Support N

Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

161 Appendices 162 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Greenslopes 4120 St Luke’s Nursing Service—AmendProgram, 138 JulietSt, St Andrew’s Hospital, 457WickhamTce, Brisbane 4000 Southside Clinic,GoldCoast,2019 GoldCoastHwy, Miami4220 Smith, Fay, Addiction therapy, 286Bourbong St,Bundaberg 4670 SCIVAA, 59SixthAve, CottonTree 4558 Salvation ArmyYouth Outreach Service,75KingSt,Caboolture 4510 Salvation ArmyYouth Outreach Service,LawntonPocket Rd,Lawnton4501 Salvation ArmyYouth Outreach Service,75KingSt,Fortitude Valley 4006 Townsville 4810 Salvation ArmyRecovery ServiceTownsville, 312–340 WalkerSt, Salvation ArmyRecovery ServiceBrisbane, 58Glenrosa Rd,RedHill4059 Red Hill4059 Salvation ArmyMoonyah RehabilitationCentre, 58Glenrosa Rd, Salvation ArmyMancare RSCTownsville, 314 WalkerSt,Townsville 4810 Southport 4215 Salvation ArmyFairhaven Recovery Centre, Lot497,Parklands Drive Shanty Creek Rd,Emerald Creek Rose CollessHaven, Aboriginal&Islanders AlcoholReliefService, Roma Street Clinic,Biala,270RomaSt,Brisbane 4000 Queensland Govt NGO Private Govt Private NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO ATSI

• • Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• Support N

• Information R

• • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

163 Appendices 164 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 WuChopperen Health Service,13Moignard St,Manoora 4870 WuChopperen Mareeba, Lloyd St,Mareeba 4880 WuChopperen Atherton,42–44Mains St, Atherton4883 Woodford Corrective Services, NeurumRd,Woodford 4514 Whitsunday CommunityHealthCentre, 12Altmann Ave, Cannonvale 4802 Townsville Correctional Centre, 4Dwyer St,Stuart4811 Garbutt 4814 Townsville Aboriginal&Islanders HealthServices, 57–59Gorden St, Toowong Private Hospital, 496MiltonRd,Auchenflower4066 The LodgeYouth Support,106 Peary St,Northgate4013 Teen ChallengeNewLifeCentre, Bedford St,Willowburn4350 Tarampa Aftercare Centre, Lowood-MindenRd,Minden4311 Tablelands A&DService(TADS) Ravenshoe, Ravenshoe 4872 Tablelands A&DService(TADS) Atherton,42–44Mains St,Atherton4883 Sunshine CoastPrivate Hospital, Sydlingard Drive, Buderim 4556 West End 4810 Stagpole Street Centre, Palm Island A&DRehabCorp,9StagpoleSt, Queensland ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI Govt Govt Govt ATSI Private NGO NGO Private NGO NGO Private

• • • • • Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • • • • • Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • Support N

• • Information R

• Information N

• • Assessment R

• • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

165 Appendices 166 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list wasfinalised between JulyandOctober2004 Cairns 4870 Youth Empowered Towards Independence(YETI)Cairns, 258Drapers St, Youth CommunityTeam A&DService,776Zillmere Rd,Aspley 4034 Youth and Family Services Logan/Beaudesert, 2 Rowan St, Slacks Creek 4133 Yarrabah SubstanceAbuse Service,BackBeachRd,Yarrabah 4871 Yaamba ATSI Corporation for Men, 141 Palm Springs Drive, Bundaberg 4670 Barambah Ave, Cherbourg 4605 Wunjuada AboriginalCorporation For Alcohol&DrugDependence, Wulngah Wulngah,MamuMedicalService,10 ErnestSt,Innisfail 4860 Queensland ATSI NGO Govt NGO ATSI ATSI ATSI

• Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• Support N

Information R

• • Information N

Assessment R

• Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

167 Appendices 168 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Ceduna 5690 Ceduna Hospital Inc CedunaSobering-upService,Eyre Highway, 61–67 Byron Place,Adelaide 5000 Byron PlaceCommunity Centre, UnitingCare Wesley Adelaide, Adelaide 5000 Baptist CommunityServices(SA)D&AService,216 Wright St, Adelaide 5000 Baptist CommunityServices(SA)Adventure Services, 216 WrightSt, Port Adelaide 5015 Archway RehabilitationProgram, Anglicare SA,74DaleSt, Adelaide DayCentre forHomelessPersons, 32Moore St,Adelaide 5000 ADAC MentorProject, 124Adelaide Rd, Murray Bridge5253 ADAC MakinTracks, 53KingWilliamSt,Kent Town 5067 ADAC DrugDiversions, 53KingWilliamSt,Kent Town 5067 Service, 182–190WakefieldSt, Adelaide 5000 Aboriginal SobrietyGroup ofSA—Assessment, Referral &Counselling 182–190 WakefieldSt, Adelaide 5000 Aboriginal SobrietyGroup ofSA—MobileAssistance Patrol, Frahns Farm Rd, Monarto Aboriginal Sobriety Group of SA — Laklinjeri Tumbetin Waal Healing Centre, 307 SouthTerrace, Adelaide 5000 Aboriginal SobrietyGroup ofSA—CyrilLindsay House —Men, 7 Palmyra Ave, Torrensville 5031 Aboriginal SobrietyGroup ofSA—AnnieKoomatrie House —Women, Kent Town 5067 Aboriginal Drug&AlcoholCouncil(SA)Inc(ADAC),53KingWilliamSt, South Australia ATSI Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI

• Detoxification R

Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • Counslingel N

• • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• • • Support R

• • • • • • Support N

• • • • Information R

• • • • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • Other N

169 Appendices 170 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Wellington Rd,MtBarker5251 DASC CountryCommunityServices, Adelaide Hills CHC,Mount Barker, DASC CommunityServices, Central North—Elizabeth,Elizabeth5112 North Adelaide 5006 DASC CommunityServices, Central North —Bura, 74HillSt, Cnr Church &DaleSts, Port Adelaide 5015 DASC CommunityServices, SouthWest—Port Adelaide, Angle Park 5010 DASC CommunityServices, SouthWest—Western, 2–46CowanSt, Angle Park 5010 DASC CommunityServices, SouthWest—TheParks, Trafford St, Christies Beach 5165 DASC CommunityServices, SouthWest—Southern, 82BeachRd, Noarlunga Centre 5168 DASC CommunityServices, SouthWest—Noarlunga,Alexander Kelly Drive, St Marys 5042 DASC CommunityServices, SouthWest—Marion,1Crystal Ave, & Oldham Rds, ElizabethVale 5113 DASC CommunityServices, Central North—Northern,CnrHaydown Elizabeth 5112 DASC CommunityServices, Central North—Northern,22Langford Drive, DASC AlcoholUnit,OutpatientServices, 90–92Fourth Ave, Joslin 5070 Joslin 5070 DASC Alcohol&DrugInformationService(ADIS),90–92Fourth Ave, 60 Poynton St,Ceduna5690 Ceduna/Koonibba AboriginalHealthServicesMobileAssistance Program, Ceduna/Koonibba AboriginalHealthServices, 60Poynton St,Ceduna5690 South Australia ATSI Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt ATSI

Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Counslingel N

Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • Support N

Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

171 Appendices 172 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Adelaide 5000 DASC D&AResources Unit,Royal Adelaide Hospital, NorthTerrace, DASC CountryCommunityServices, Whyalla CHC,Whyalla 5600 Lawrie Tce, Waikerie 5330 DASC CountryCommunityServices, WaikerieHospital &HealthServices, Victor Harbor5211 DASC CountryCommunityServices, SouthernFleurieu CHS, DASC CountryCommunityServices, Riverland CHS,CornwallSt,Berri5343 Port Pirie5540 DASC CountryCommunityServices, Port PirieRHS,Alexander St, Oxford Tce, Port Lincoln5606 DASC CountryCommunityServices, Port LincolnHealth&Hospital Service, Port Augusta 5700 DASC CountryCommunityServices, Port Augusta CHC,Flinders Tce, Ernest Tce, Wallaroo 5556 DASC CountryCommunityServices, NorthernYorke Peninsula HS, Naracoorte 5271 DASC CountryCommunityServices, Naracoorte CHC,CedarAve, Murray Bridge5253 DASC CountryCommunityServices, Murray BridgeCHC,SwanportRd, Mt Gambier5290 DASC CountryCommunityServices, MtGambierCHC,WehlSt, Clare 5453 DASC CountryCommunityServices, Clare D&AService,WebbSt, Angaston 5353 DASC CountryCommunityServices, Barossa –Angaston,29NorthSt, Gawler 5118 DASC CountryCommunityServices, Barossa –Gawler, 21 Hutchinson Rd, South Australia Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

• Detoxification R

Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Counslingel N

Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

173 Appendices 174 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Ikatunka Terrace, Oodnadatta 5734 Dunjiba CommunityCouncil Youth SubstanceAbuse Program, 118 Sampson Rd,ElizabethGrove 5112 DrugBeat ofSA,Australian DrugTreatment &Rehabilitation Program, Ridgehaven 5097 Drug ArmTee Tree GullyStOutreach Service(SOS),182HancockRd, Drug ArmSouthernStOutreach Service(SOS),7 Partridge St,Glenelg 5158 Elizabeth 5112 Drug ArmNorthernStOutreach Service(SOS),523 MainNorthRd, Sefton Park 5083 DASC CommunityServices, Central North —Enfield,221–3 MainNorthRd, Norwood 5067 DASC Withdrawal ServicesWarinillaClinic,92Osmond Terrace, DASC Withdrawal ServicesAlcoholUnit,90–92Fourth Ave, Joslin 5070 DASC TheWoolshed, Strathalbyn Rd,Ashbourne 5157 2–46 CowanSt,AnglePark 5010 DASC Pharmacotherapies WesternService—TheParks CHSD&AProgram, DASC Pharmacotherapies SouthernService,Christies Beach5165 DASC Pharmacotherapies Research Unit,WarinillaClinic,Norwood5067 92 Osmond Terrace, Norwood5067 DASC Pharmacotherapies Research Unit,Obstetric DASC HarmReductionUnit,161 Greenhill Rd,Parkside 5063 DASC Driver Assessment Clinic,74HillSt,NorthAdelaide 5006 South Australia Govt ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

• • • Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • Counslingel N

Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

175 Appendices 176 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Oakden 5068 SA Forensic HealthService—JamesNash House, 140HillTop Drive, Port Lincoln5606 Port LincolnAHSSubstanceMisuse Awareness Program, 19a Oxford Tce, Port Augusta SubstanceMisuse Services, 20Jervois St,Port Augusta 5700 Port Augusta 5700 Pika Wiya HealthServicesYouth Program, 40Dartmouth St, Service, 231 MorphettSt,Adelaide 5000 Offenders Aid&RehabilitationServicesSA—Drug andAlcoholCounselling 182–190 WakefieldSt, Adelaide 5000 Nunkuwarrin Yunti ofSAU-HITAboriginalNeedleExchange Program, Amata Community, viaAliceSprings 0872 Nganampa HealthCouncilSolvent Abuse Prevention Service, Peoples Project, Stuart Hwy, Indulkana 0872 Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjara Yankunytjatjara Women’s Council — Young Marion Youth Centre, 249DiagonalRd,Warradale 5046 Hope Forest viaWillunga5172 Kuitpo Community, UnitingCare Wesley, RSD1515 Blackfellows Creek Rd, Murray Bridge5253 Kalparrin IncMobileAssistance Program, RockyGaleyRd, Karoonda Rd,Murray Bridge5253 Kalparrin IncBarrieWiegoldSubstanceAbuse RehabilitationCentre, Berri 5343 Kainggi Yuntuwarren Riverland AboriginalAlcoholProgram, 3Wilson St, Kahlyn Private Hospital, 40BriantRd,Magill5072 Kahlin DayCentre, Adelaide Clinic,40BriantRd,Magill5072 South Australia Private Govt ATSI Govt ATSI NGO ATSI ATSI ATSI Govt NGO ATSI ATSI ATSI Private

• Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • Counslingel N

• Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• • Support R

• • • • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • • • Other N

177 Appendices 178 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list wasfinalised betweenJulyandOctober2004 Yalata/Maralinga HealthService,Yalata Community, viaCeduna5690 Women’s HealthStatewide,64Pennington Tce, NorthAdelaide 5006 Uniting Care Wesley —Port Pirie,60Florence St, Port Pirie5540 Uniting Care Wesley —Port Adelaide, 70DaleSt, Port Adelaide 5015 Uniting Care Wesley —Bowden,77Gibson St,Bowden5007 Uniting Care Wesley —Adelaide, 10 PittSt,Adelaide 5000 Umoona CommunityCouncilSubstanceAbuse Program, CooberPedy 5723 Mt Gambier 5290 South EastD&ACounselling ServiceMtGambier, WehlStNorth, Millicent 5280 South EastD&ACounselling ServiceMillicent,MtGambierRd, Bordertown 5268 South EastD&ACounselling ServiceBordertown, 8DeCourcey St, Second StorySouth,50ABeachRd,Christies Beach5165 Second StoryNorth,6GillinghamRd,Elizabeth5112 Second StoryCity, 57Hyde St,Adelaide 5000 South Australia Govt ATSI Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO ATSI Private Private Private Govt Govt

Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Counslingel N

Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • • • Support N

Information R

• • • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

179 Appendices 180 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 ADS SouthKingston, 29JohnSt,Kingston 7050 ADS SouthHuonValley, 5Sale St,Huonville7109 ADS SouthHobart,StJohns Ave, New Town 7008 ADS SouthBridgewater/Brighton,27Green Point Rd,Brighton7030 ADS SouthClarence, BayfieldSt,Bellerive 7018 ADS NorthLaunceston,13Mulgrave St, Launceston7250 ADS NorthWestZeehan,MainSt,Zeehan7469 ADS NorthWestWynyard, 39HoggSt,Wynyard 7325 ADS NorthWestUlverstone, 11 Grove St,Ulverstone 7315 ADS NorthWestSmithton,Brittons Rd,Smithton7330 ADS NorthWestRosebery, Hospital Rd,Rosebery7470 ADS NorthWestQueenstown, McNamara St,Queenstown 7467 ADS NorthWestKingIsland, Currie,KingIsland 7256 ADS NorthWestDevonport, 81a GunnSt,Devonport 7310 ADS NorthWestBurnie,11 JonesSt,Burnie7320 Tasmania Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

• Detoxification R

• • • • • • • • • • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Support N

Information R

Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • • • • • • • • Other N

181 Appendices 182 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Evandale 7212 Launceston CityMission, Missiondale Recovery Centre, 75LeylandsRd, Intervention Unit(Detox), 56Collins St,Hobart7000 Holyoake, 127Davey St,Hobart7000 Hobart Clinic,31 Chipmans Rd,Rokeby 7019 Drug EducationNetwork,Wynyard, 33 Goldie St,Wynyard 7325 Drug EducationNetworkLaunceston,34Paterson St,Launceston 7250 Drug EducationNetworkHobart,2MidwoodSt,NewTown 7008 Burnie Youth A&DService,2SpringSt,Burnie7320 Burnie SoberingUpUnit,CityMission, 354BassHwy, SulphurCreek 7316 Anglicare A&DServices, 2Terry St,Glenorchy 7010 ADS SouthTriabunna, TheEsplanade, Triabunna 7190 ADS SouthTasman Peninsula, MainRd,Nubeena7184 ADS SouthSorell, 5ColeSt,Sorell 7172 ADS SouthNewTown, StJohns Ave, NewTown 7008 ADS SouthNewNorfolk,RichmondSt,Norfolk7140 Tasmania Govt NGO Govt NGO Private NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt

• Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • • • • • Other N

183 Appendices 184 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list wasfinalised between JulyandOctober2004 Youth andFamily Focus, Devonport, 81 OldakerSt,Devonport 7310 New Town 7008 Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram HobartRehabilitationUnit,Creek Rd, Risdon Prison, EastDerwentHwy, Risdon 7016 Pulse Youth HealthCentre, CrBrisbane &WellingtonSts, Hobart7000 Link Youth HealthService,57Liverpool St,Hobart7000 Tasmania NGO NGO NGO Govt NGO

• Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • Support N

• Information R

• • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • Other N

185 Appendices 186 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 ARC House, 316–322 Kingston Rd,Heatherton3202 Ferntree Gully 3156 Angliss MaternityD&A Service,TheAngliss Hospital, Albert St, Preston 3072 Anglicare, Intensive Youth SupportServicePreston, 239Murray Rd, Glenroy 3046 Anglicare, Intensive Youth SupportServiceGlenroy, 32aWidford St, Anglicare Family ServicesWerribee,2Market Rd,Werribee3030 Anglicare AGEnDAS,Knox, 1stFloor, 666Mountain Hwy, Knox 3152 Anglicare AGEnDAS,Bayswater, 1666Mountain Hwy, Bayswater 3153 Dandenong 3175 Alliance Family Counselling, UnitingCare Connections, 56Robinson St, 246 Clayton Rd,3168 Alcohol Drugs &Pregnancy Team (ADAPT),Monash MedicalCentre, Albert RdClinicAddiction DayProgram, 31 AlbertRd,Melbourne3000 31 Grey St,StKilda3182 ACCESS Health—PrimaryCare forStreet-Based DrugUsers, ACCESS D&AService,WellingtonHouse 31–3 WellingtonRd,Box Hill3128 131 Thanes St,Box Hill3128 ACCESS D&AService,MobileOverdose Response Service,UptonHouse, 131 ThanesSt,Box Hill3128 ACCESS D&AService,Communityhome-basedwithdrawal, UptonHouse, Box Hill3128 ACCESS Clinic,Birralee MaternityService,UptonHouse, 131 ThanesSt, Victoria Govt NGO Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Private NGO Govt Govt Govt

• • Detoxification R

• • • • • • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

• • Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • • • • Support N

Information R

• • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

187 Appendices 188 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Ballarat and District Aboriginal Co-operative Ltd, 5 Market St, Ballarat Bendigo CHS—counselling, 13–25HelmSt,Kangaroo Flat 3556 Bendigo and District Aboriginal Cooperative, 13–15 Forrest St, Bendigo Beleura Clinic,CnrStumpy Gully&Bungower Rds, Moorooduc 3933 Baysa Youth Services, 12–14Halstead Place, GeelongWest3218 Bass CoastCHC,108–110 WattSt,Wonthaggi3995 Barwon SouthWestYouth Alliance,POBox 752,Geelong3220 Barwon HealthDrugTreatment Services, 228Pakington St,Geelong3218 Barkly StMedicalCentre, 60BarklySt,StKilda3182 Ballarat UnitingCare Outreach Centre, 105 DanaSt,Ballarat 3350 Ballarat CHC,710 SturtSt,Ballarat 3354 Bacchus Marsh 3340 Bacchus Marsh Hospital, DjerriwarrhHealthService,Grand St, Richmond 3121 Australian VietnameseWomen’s Welfare Association,30–32Lennox St, West Melbourne 3003 Australian CommunitySupportOrganisation, 4/355SpencerSt, Austin &RepatriationMedicalCentre, StudleyRd,Heidelberg 3084 Victoria

3350 3550 Govt Govt ATSI Private NGO Govt NGO Govt Private NGO Govt ATSI Govt NGO NGO

• • • • • Detoxification R

• • • • • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

• • • • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • • • • • • Support N

Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

189 Appendices 190 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 637 Flinders St,Melbourne 3005 Custodial Healthand A&DNurses Project (CHAD),Victoria Police, CrossRds Lodge, Kardinia Christian Fellowship, 2 Colville Crt, Herne Hill 3218 Connexions, JesuitSocialServices, 1LangridgeSt,Collingwood3066 Colac CHC,2ConnorSt,3250 Cobaw CHS,HighSt,Kyneton 3444 Little Mallop Sts, Geelong,3220 Clockwork Young People’s HealthService,CnrGheringhapand Chemical DependencyUnit,GeelongHospital, Ryrie St,Geelong,3220 Frankston 3199 Chemical DependencyUnit,Frankston Hospital, 12–32Hastings Rd Morwell 3840 Central Gippsland AboriginalCooperative, 8–9BuckleyStMall, Central Bayside CHC,335NepeanHwy, Parkdale 3195 Castlemaine CHC,13MostynSt,3450 Care Ring,WestMelbourne3051 Buoyancy Foundation, 293PuntRd,Richmond3121 Berry StFamily Services, 54PrincessHwy, Dandenong3175 Bendigo CHS—treatment, 13–25HelmSt,Kangaroo Flat3556 Victoria Govt Govt NGO NGO Govt Govt NGO Govt Govt ATSI Govt Govt NGO NGO Govt

• Detoxification R

• • • • • • • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

• • • • • • • Rehabilitation N

• • • Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • Support R

• • • • • • • • Support N

Information R

• • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

• Other R

• • Other N

191 Appendices 192 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 EDAS EasternAccess CHC,Ringwood,46Warrandyte Rd,Ringwood 3134 EDAS Boroondara CHS,378BurwoodRd,Hawthorn3122 Echuca RegionalHealth,14Francis St, Echuca 3564 124 PrincesHwy, Bairnsdale 3875 East Gippsland AboriginalCoop,Jumburra AlcoholRehabilitationService, Drug ArmVictoria,Dandenong,9MasonSt,Dandenong 3175 Drug ArmVictoria,Bendigo,24ViewSt,Bendigo3550 DirectLine, Collingwood3066 Delmont Private Hospital, 398WarrigalRd,GlenIris 3146 Delhuntie Park Youth Care Centre, CemeteryRd,Trafalgar East3824 DASWEST Youth Outpatient,49Nicholson St,Footscray 3011 Sunshine 3020 DASWEST Women’s andChildren’s Program, 149DurhamRd, Footscray 3011 DASWEST CommunityResidentialWithdrawal Unit,3–7EleanorSt 3–7 EleanorSt,Footscray 3011 DASWEST SUMITT(SubstanceUse inMentalIllnessTreatment Team), Dandenong Hospital D&ALiaison Service,86Forster St,Dandenong3175 Noble Park 3174 Dandenong CatholicDeanery, Cyrene Centre, 5/49–52DouglasSt, Victoria NGO Govt Govt Govt ATSI NGO NGO NGO Private NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

• • Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • • • Rehabilitation N

• • • • Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • Support R

• • • • • • • • • • Support N

• • • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • • • Other N

193 Appendices 194 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Service, 124PrincessHwy, Bairnsdale 3875 Gippsland &EastGippsland AboriginalCoopJumburra Alcohol Rehab Genesis MedicalCentre, 390BaySt,BrightonNorth3186 Gateway Counselling Centre Inc,173Balaclava Rd,CaulfieldNorth 3161 Frankston 3199 Frankston CHSKoori Community A&DService,9–10 Hastings Rd, Frankston CHS,8–10 Hastings Rd,Frankston 3199 Foot Patrol, setroute patrols in CBD,Melbourne3000 Flat OutInc,NorthYarra CHC,365HoddleSt,Collingwood3066 First StepProgram, 42Carlisle St,StKilda3182 Family DrugHelp,1242GlenhuntlyRd,3163 Bendigo 3550 Emergency Accommodation &SupportEnterprise (EASE),18Forest St, EDAS Youth Services, Knox, 509BurwoodHwy, WantirnaSouth3152 EDAS Whitehorse, 75Patterson St,RingwoodEast3134 EDAS Monashlink, 7Dunscombe Ave, GlenWaverley 3150 EDAS Maroondah, 28Warrandyte Rd,Ringwood3134 EDAS ManninghamCHS,1/10–20 DoncasterRd,East3109 Victoria Govt ATSI Private NGO Govt Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • • Other N

195 Appendices 196 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Inner SouthCHS,18Mitford St,StKilda3182 Inner SouthCHS,10 InkermanSt,StKilda3182 Inner SouthCHS,341 Coventry St,SouthMelbourne 3205 Inner SouthCHS,240Malvern Rd,Prahran 3181 Ignatius Centre, JesuitSocialServices, 371 Church St,Richmond3121 Health Works, 4–12BuckleySt,Footscray 3011 Hanover SouthbankCrisis Centre, 52HaigSt,SouthMelbourne,3205 Gunditjmara AboriginalCooperative, Harris StReserve, Warrnambool, 3280 Grampians CHC,40–44Wimmera St,Stawell3380 Goulburn Valley HealthD&SService,116 Nixon St,Shepparton3630 Goulburn Valley CHS,POBox 1167, Shepparton3632 Horsham 3400 Goolum AboriginalCooperative, 143–145BailleeSt, Gippsland SouthernHealthService,Koonwarra Rd,Leongatha,3953 372 MainSt,Bairnsdale 3875 Gippsland &EastGippsland AboriginalCoopTanderra SoberingUpCentre 37 Dalmahoy St,Bairnsdale 3875 Gippsland &EastGippsland AboriginalCoopMedicalCentre Victoria ATSI Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO NGO NGO ATSI Govt Govt Govt ATSI Govt ATSI

• Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

• • Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

• • Support R

• • • • • • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • Information N

• • • Assessment R

• • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

197 Appendices 198 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Footscray 3011 MacKillop Family Services, StAnthony’s, 118 Commercial Rd, Living RoomPrimaryHealth Service, 7–9HosierLane,Melbourne3000 LifeLine, Wesley Mission, 148Lonsdale St,Melbourne3000 Warragul 3820 Latrobe CommunityHealthWarragul, Williams Lane&MasonSt, Latrobe CommunityHealthSale,67–69Macalister St,Sale3850 Latrobe CommunityHealthMorwell,251 PrincesDrive, Morwell3840 Latrobe CommunityHealthMoe,42–44Fowler St,Moe3825 Lakes Entrance CHC,27Riverine St,Bairnsdale 3875 Lakes Entrance CHC,18Jemmison St,LakesEntrance 3909 Lake Tyers AboriginalTrust, RulesRd,LakesEntrance 3909 Knox CHS,1063 BurwoodHwy, Ferntree Gully3156 Kirrae Whurroong CommunityInc,2Kirrae Ave, Purnim3278 Merbein 3505 Kawinda House NorthWestAlcoholRehabilitationCentre, 37Third St, Joseph’s Corner, 3BirminghamSt,Yarraville 3013 ISIS PrimaryCare, Voyage Program, C/oISIS,DeerPark 3023 Victoria NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt ATSI Govt ATSI ATSI NGO

Detoxification R

• • • • • • Detoxification N

Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • • Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Support N

Information R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

199 Appendices 200 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Greensborough 3088 NEODAS BanyuleCHSGreensborough, 3/25Grimshaw St, & AlameinRd,WestHeidelberg 3084 NEODAS BanyuleCHSCorrectional Counselling, CnrCatalinaSt & Alamein Rd, West Heidelberg 3084 NEODAS (North Eastern Outreach D&A Service) Banyule CHS, Cnr Catalina St Narconon, 1025 WoodsPoint Rd,Warburton3799 Mountview CornerHouse, 4MountainviewSt,Croydon 3136 Moreland HallAddictions Recovery Centre, 26JessieSt,Moreland 3058 Coburg 3058 Moreland CommunityHealthServicesIncRAFT Program, 21 VictoriaSt, Bacchus Marsh 3340 Moorabool AODCounselling &EducationService,Turner St, Mitchell CHS,72Ferguson St,Broadford 3658 Mildura AboriginalCorporation, 120MaddenAve, Mildura 3550 Melbourne Clinic,130Church St,Richmond3121 Sunshine 3020 Maternity Outreach SupportService,Sunshine Hospital, FurlongRd, Maryborough &District HealthService,185HighSt,Maryborough 3465 Mary oftheCross Centre, 7Brunswick St,Fitzroy 3065 Maroondah Addictions Recovery Project, 17ClarkeSt,Lilydale 3140 Victoria Govt Govt Govt Govt NGO Private NGO NGO Govt Govt ATSI Private Govt Govt NGO

• • • • Detoxification R

• • • • Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • Support N

Information R

• • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • Other N

201 Appendices 202 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Northern District CHS, 98NolanSt,Kerang 3579 North Yarra CHC,NextDoor350Smith St,Collingwood3066 Collingwood 3066 North Yarra CHC—Carlton,Collingwood,Fitzroy 365HoddleSt, North RichmondCHC—counselling, 23Lennox St,NorthRichmond3121 Njernda AboriginalCorporation, 84Hare St,Echuca3564 14 CharnwoodCres, StKilda3182 Ngwala WillumbongCoop,WinjaUlupnaWomen’s RehabilitationCentre, Northcote 3070 Ngwala WillumbongCoop,SoberingUpCentre, 150 Separation St, 985 Toolamba Rd,Toolamba 3614 Ngwala WillumbongCoop,Percy Green MemorialRecovery Centre, Ngwala WillumbongCoop,Lilydale, 47CastellaSt,Lilydale 3140 157 Separation St,Northcote3070 Ngwala WillumbongCoop,Koori CommunityA&DResource Service, Wellington St, Windsor3181 Ngwala WillumbongCoop,HeadOffice&Outreach Service,93 St Kilda 3182 Ngwala WillumbongCoop,GaliambleRecovery Centre, 10 MitchellSt, New LifeProgram, 43CarringtonRdBox Hill3128 NEODAS PlentyValley CHS,187CooperSt,Epping3076 NEODAS ElthamCHC,917 MainSt,Eltham3095 Victoria Govt Govt NGO Govt Govt ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI NGO Govt

• Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • Rehabilitation R

• • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • Support R

• • • • • • Support N

• • • • Information R

• • • • • Information N

• • • Assessment R

• • • • • Assessment N

• Other R

• • Other N

203 Appendices 204 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Ramahyuck AboriginalCooperative, 117–121 Forster St,Sale3850 Portland District Health,Quamby House, 8Fern St,Portland 3305 Bentinck St,Portland 3305 Portland District Health,D&ATreatment Services, Portland Hospital, Dandenong 3175 Pinelodge ClinicandPrivate Hospital, 1480 HeathertonRd, Peninsula D&AProgram (PenDAP), Hastings 3915 Palm LodgeCentre, 25DavidSt,Horsham 3400 Oxford Houses, Addiction Recovery Centres, 26JessieSt,Moreland 3058 Ovens &KingCHS,86–90RowanSt,Wangaratta 3677 Open Family NorthWestMelbourne,Footscray 3012 Open Family InnerMelbourne,SouthMelbourne3205 Open Family SouthEastMelbourne,Dandenong3175 Open Family Hume,Wangaratta 3660 Odyssey SouthernYouth andFamily Services, 17Grattan St,Prahran 3181 Odyssey House — residential rehabilitation, 28 Bonds Rd, Lower Plenty 3093 Odyssey House —communityservices, 81–85 BarrySt,Carlton3053 Victoria NGO ATSI NGO Govt Private Govt NGO NGO Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

• • Detoxification R

• • • • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • • • • • • Assessment N

• Other R

Other N

205 Appendices 206 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Salvation ArmyEastCare D&AService,85HighSt,Kew 3101 81 VictoriaCrescent, Abbotsford 3067 Salvation ArmyCommunity ResidentialDrugWithdrawal Unit, Belmont 3216 Salvation ArmyBridgelinkKardinia Women’s Services, 1Riverview Terrace, Preston 3072 Salvation ArmyBridgehaven A&DRehab forWomen,1aJackmanSt, Warrnambool 3280 Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram Warrnambool,52–54Fairy St, The Basin3154 Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram TheBasinRehabilitationCentre, OlindaRd, Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram StKilda,12AChapelSt,Kilda3182 455 O’Grady’s Rd,Kilmore 3764 Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram Overdale Rural Rehabilitation Centre, Belmont 3216 Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram GeelongAdult Withdrawal Unit, Brunswick 3056 Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram Brunswick Youth Outreach, 256AlbertSt, Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram Bendigo,75StricklandRd,Bendigo3550 Rumbalara A&DProgram, Shepparton,CorioCentre, Shepparton3630 Rumbalara A&DProgram, Mooroopna, 20Rumbalara Rd,Mooroopna 3629 264 Cardigan St,Carlton3053 Royal Women’s Hospital, Women’s Alcohol&DrugService, Raymond HaderClinic,Suite16,20Commercial Rd,Melbourne3000 Victoria Private NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO ATSI ATSI Govt

• • • Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• • • • • • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • • • • Rehabilitation N

• • Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • • • Support R

• • • • • • • • Support N

• • • Information R

• • • • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

207 Appendices 208 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 St VincentdePaul, QuinHouse, 38–40 George St,Fitzroy 3065 North Melbourne3051 St VincentdePaul, OzanamHouse, 179 FlemingtonRd, Northern Suburbs ofMelbourne3065 St Paul’s DrugPrevention, RehabilitationandAftercare Centre, St Mary’s House ofWelcome,165–169 Brunswick St,Fitzroy 3065 St Luke'sFamily Care, 175Hargreaves St,Bendigo3550 Southern DualDiagnosis Service,229ThomasSt, Dandenong3175 Southcity Clinic,61–69 BrightonRd,Elwood3184 South WestHealthcare, Royt St,Warrnambool3280 South Gippsland A&DService,Hospital, Koonwarra Rd,Leongatha3953 South EastA&DServices(SEADS),229ThomasSt,Dandenong3175 Someone WhoCares Inc,POBox 4199, Ringwood3134 Glenhuntly 3163 Self HelpAddiction Resource Centre, 1/1242GlenhuntlyRd, Box Hill 3128 Salvation Army, Intensive Case Management Services 31–33 Ellingworth Pde, 34 Devonshire Rd,Sunshine 3020 Salvation ArmyWestcare Child&Adolescent ServicesD&AProgram, Kensington 3031 Salvation ArmyEunikiSingleAdult Services, 133Rankins Rd, Victoria NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Govt Private Govt Govt Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO

• • Detoxification R

• • • • • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• • • • Support R

• • • • • • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

209 Appendices 210 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Box Hill3128 Turning Point, EasternSpecialist MethadoneService,16ArnoldSt, Turning Point Alcohol&DrugCentre, 54–62GertrudeSt,Fitzroy 3065 East Melbourne 3002 Transitions Clinic,Mercy Hospital forWomen,Clarendon St, Glen Iris 3146 Tranquilliser Recovery andNewExistence (TRANX),222BurkeRd, Collingwood 3066 The OutdoorExperience(TOE), JesuitSocialServices, 1LangridgeSt, Teen ChallengeVictoria,510 SouthBoundaryRd,Kyabram 3620 Taskforce CommunityAgency, 421 SouthRd,Moorabbin 3189 Oakleigh 3166 Tandana —Waverley Emergency Adolescent Care (WEAC),1Oxford St, Swan Hill&District Hospital, POBox 483,SplattSt,SwanHill3585 83 ChapmanSt,SwanHill3585 Swan Hill&District Hospital Indigenous CommunityServices, 176 Furlong Rd,Sunshine 3020 Sunshine Hospital MaternityOutreach andSupportService(MOSS), Sunraysia CHS,Ramsey Court,Mildura 3500 Sunbury CHC,12–28MacedonSt,3429 82 Fitzroy St,Fitzroy 3065 St Vincent’s Hospital, EasternRegionalD&AWithdrawal Service(EDAWS), Fitzroy 3065 St Vincent’s Hospital, DepartmentofD&AStudies, 82Fitzroy St, Victoria Govt NGO NGO Govt NGO Govt NGO NGO NGO Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt Govt

• • • Detoxification R

• • • • • • • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • Rehabilitation R

• • • • • • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

211 Appendices 212 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Dandenong 3175 Windana Youth CommunityHouse — Youth Withdrawal Unit39aClowSt, Windana SocietyTherapeutic Community, 254Snells Rd,Maryknoll3812 Windana SocietyInc,88AlmaRd,StKilda3182 Winda Mara AboriginalCorporation, 21 ScottSt, Heywood3304 Whitehorse CHC,65–67CarringtonRd,Box Hill3128 Western RegionA&DCentre (WRAD),26Fairy St,Warrnambool3280 Wauthaurong AboriginalCooperative, 62Morgan St,NorthGeelong3215 Ivanhoe 3079 Warburton Unit,Ivanhoe Private RehabilitationHospital, 134–144Ford St, Voyage, ISISPrimaryCare, 1Andrea St,StAlbans 3021 VIVAIDS, 275BSmithSt,Fitzroy 3065 Victorian AboriginalHealthService,186Nicholson St,Fitzroy 3065 Vaucluse Hospital A&DDependenceUnit,82Moreland Rd,Brunswick 3056 Upper HumeCHS,12StanleySt,Wodonga3690 Croydon 3136 Uniting Care Connections, Grassmere Youth Services, 185 Mt Dandenong Rd, Ballarat 3350 Uniting Care Ballarat —Tabor House andOutreach Centre, 105 DanaSt, Victoria NGO NGO NGO NGO ATSI Govt NGO ATSI Private NGO NGO ATSI Private Govt NGO

• • • • • Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • Rehabilitation N

• • Pharmacotherapy R

• • • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • • • • • Assessment N

• Other R

• • Other N

213 Appendices 214 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list wasfinalised betweenJulyandOctober2004 Collingwood 3066 YSAS WilumYouth supportedaccommodation, 329NapierSt, YSAS LaTrobe Valley Youth Outreach Team, 108 BuckleySt,Morwell3840 Glen Iris 3146 YSAS GlenIris Youth ResidentialWithdrawal Unit,5Summerhill Rd, Newcomb 3219 YSAS GeelongYouth ResidentialWithdrawal Unit,23CoulterSt, YSAS Frankston Youth Outreach Team, 10–12 Keys St,Frankston 3199 Fitzroy 3065 YSAS Fitzroy Youth ResidentialWithdrawal Unit, 26–28GertrudeSt, Dandenong 3175 YSAS Dandenong/Springvale Youth Outreach Team 39aClowSt, YSAS ConnectingKoori Kids, 108 BuckleySt,Morwell3840 Fitzroy 3065 YSAS CityNorthWestYouth Outreach Team, 14–18Brunswick St, YSAS Box HillYouth Outreach Team, 953Whitehorse Rd,Box Hill3128 YSAS BendigoYouth Outreach Team 39Garsed St,Kangaroo Flat3555 Eltham 3095 YSAS (Youth SubstanceAbuse Service),Birribi,10 Eucalyptus St, Glenroy 3046 Youth Projects NorthernOutreach Team (YNOT), 6HartingtonSt, Women forSobriety, Level 3,43CarringtonRd,Box Hill3128 Victoria NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

• • • Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • • • • Support N

Information R

• Information N

Assessment R

• • Assessment N

Other R

Other N

215 Appendices 216 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Cambridge Private Hospital, 178–184CambridgeSt,Wembley6014 Eardun Rds, Mullewa6630 Bundybunna AboriginalCorp, BundybunnaFarm, CnrWongonguyand Bunbury 6230 Bunbury MobileNeedle&SyringeExchange, 52 WittenoonSt, Group, LaGrange, viaBroome 6725 Bidyandanga AboriginalCommunity, Men’s Outreach Centre andWomen’s 12–14 McDonaldSt,Kalgoorlie 6430 Bega GarnbirringuHealthServiceAboriginalCorp,Sobering-up Shelter, Treatment Service,viaMenzies6436 Bega GarnbirringuHealthServiceAboriginalCorp,Beulah PlaceResidential Esperance 6450 Bay of Isles Aboriginal Community Family Preventive Programs, 2 Milner St, B-Attitudes, 4/69HaySt,Subiaco6008 Smokes”, Subiaco6008 Australian CouncilonSmoking&Health,AboriginalProject “SayNoTo Women, 374BagotSt,Subiaco6008 Antenatal ChemicalDependencyClinic,KingEdward MemorialHospital for Alcohol Centre ofHalls Creek, 94ThomasSt,Halls Creek 6770 Alcohol &DrugInformationServices(ADIS),7FieldSt,MtLawley6050 Acacia Prison D&ADepartment,Great EasternHwy, Wooroloo 6558 Perth 6000 Aboriginal Advancement Council,NoongarPatrol System, 201 BeaufortSt, 55 Central Inc,55Central Ave, Maylands6051 Western Australia NGO Private ATSI NGO ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI NGO NGO Govt NGO Govt Govt ATSI

• • Detoxification R

Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• Assessment N

• Other R

• • • Other N

217 Appendices 218 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Fremantle 6160 Fremantle Hospital DualDiagnosis Liaison Service, AlmaStCentre, Eastern Metro D&A Services, NextStep,32Moore St,East Perth 6004 Eastern GoldfieldsPrison, VivianSt,Boulder6432 Wunngagutu Aboriginal Patrol, 114 DuganSt,Kalgoorlie 6430 Eastern GoldfieldsAboriginalCommunityResource Agency, Drug Arm,RosellaHouse Geraldton, 11 BaylySt,Geraldton 6530 Drug ArmArmadale,56Fourth Rd,Armadale6112 175 CambridgeSt,Subiaco6008 Drug &AlcoholWithdrawal Network(DAWN),St JohnofGodHealthCare, Derby’s NumbudPatrol, NightPatrol, Ashley St,Derby 6728 East Perth 6004 Derbal Yerrigan HealthServices, Kwinana Unit,156WittenoomSt, Cullacabardee 6067 Cyrenian House, Saranna Women’s ResidentialProgram, 920 Gnangara Rd, Cullacabardee 6067 Cyrenian House, RickHamersley Centre, 920Gnangara Rd, Cyrenian House, 318 Fitzgerald St,Perth (POBox 146WA6865)6000 Compari —MidwestCDST, POBox 22,45Cathedral Ave, Geraldton 6530 Chesterfield House, Anglicare, CivicBoulevard, Rockingham 6168 Carnarvon 6701 Carnarvon MedicalServiceAboriginalCorp,14–16Rushton St, Western Australia ATSI Govt Govt Govt ATSI NGO NGO NGO ATSI ATSI NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

• Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • • Counselling R

• • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

• • Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • Information N

• Assessment R

• • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • • • Other N

219 Appendices 220 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Counselling Service, 94ThomasSt,Halls Creek 6770 Jungarni-Jutiya Alcohol Action Council,AlcoholEducationand Joondalup Youth SupportServices, 70 DavidsonTce, Joondalup6027 Joint ServiceDevelopment Unit,Brockway Rd,Claremont 6010 Holyoake Men’s ResidenceMandurah, 7CooperSt,Mandurah 6210 Holyoake Institute 65NewcastleSt,Perth 6000 Hollywood Clinic,Monash Ave, Nedlands 6009 Hepatitis CouncilofWA,85StirlingSt,Northbridge 6003 Halls Creek 6770 Halls Creek People’s Church Sobering-upShelter, Lot429NeighbourSt, Great SouthernCDST, 145LowerStirlingTce, Albany6330 Mount Claremont 6010 Graylands Selby-Lemnos &SpecialCare Hospital, Brockway Rd, Goldfields CDST, 7–9DuganSt, Kalgoorlie 6430 Geraldton Yamatji Patrol, 103 George Rd,Geraldton 6530 Geraldton 6530 Geraldton Regional AMS D&A Counselling, PO Box 1689, 30–32 Holland St, & Support Service,11 Forrest St,Geraldton 6530 Geraldton Family Advocacy, Yamatji DomesticViolenceCounselling Derby 6728 Garl WalbuAboriginalCorpSobering-upShelter, Ashley St, Western Australia ATSI ATSI NGO Govt NGO NGO Private NGO NGO Private Govt NGO ATSI ATSI NGO

• • Detoxification R

Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• Support R

• • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • Other N

221 Appendices 222 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Milliya Rumurra AboriginalCorp,78Great NorthernHwy, Broome 6725 Mercy Mainline,18 Barrett St,Wembley6014 Mamabulanjin AboriginalCorp,KullariPatrol, Dora St,Broome 6725 272 Robinson St, Carnarvon 6701 Kuwinywardu Aboriginal Resource Unit, Carnarvon Community Night Patrol, 232 Speargrass Rd,Kununurra 6743 Kununurra-Waringarri AboriginalCorp,Waringarri AlcoholProject, Shelter, 232Speargrass Rd,Kununurra 6743 Kununurra-Waringarri AboriginalCorp,Moongong DawangSobering-up 230 Speargrass Rd,Kununurra 6743 Kununurra-Waringarri AboriginalCorp,Miriwong CommunityPatrol, Treatment Program, 232Speargrass Rd,Kununurra 6743 Kununurra-Waringarri AboriginalCorp,Marralam AlcoholResidential Kununurra 6743 Kununurra Youth ServicesInc,D&AProgram, Lot77ChestnutDrive, Midland 6056 Kuljak AboriginalEmployment Centre, SwanPatrol, 38HelenaSt, Kimberley CDSTKununurra, CoolibahDrive, Kununurra 6743 Kimberley CDSTDerby, CnrNevilleandClarendon Sts, Derby 6728 Kimberley CDSTBroome, CnrAnne&WalcottSt,Broome 6725 Broome 6725 Kimberley AMSCouncil,HealthPromotion Unit,CnrDora andAnneSts, 94 ThomasSt,Halls Creek 6770 Jungarni-Jutiya AlcoholAction Council,KijaJaruNightPatrol, Western Australia ATSI ATSI NGO ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI Govt Govt Govt ATSI

• • Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • Counselling N

Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • Assessment N

Other R

• Other N

223 Appendices 224 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 East Perth 6004 Noongar Alcohol&Substance Abuse Service,176WittenoomSt, Niola Private Hospital, 61–69 CambridgeSt,WestLeederville6007 Kanawana Rd,Kalgoorlie 6430 Ninga MiaVillageAboriginalCorpSubstanceAbuse Program, POBox 421, Fitzroy Crossing 6765 Nindilingarri Cultural HealthCentre Marrala Patrol, Great NorthernHwy, Fallon Rd,Fitzroy Crossing 6765 Nindilingarri Cultural HealthCentre Fitzroy Crossing Sobering-upCentre, Wyndham 6740 Ngnowar-Aerwah AboriginalCorpWarriuPatrol, Great NorthernHwy, Program, Great NorthernHwy, Wyndham 6740 Ngnowar-Aerwah AboriginalCorpSeven MileAlcoholRehabilitation Wiluna 6646 Ngangganawili ACCH & Medical Services Sobering-Up Shelter, Thompson St, Thompson St,Wiluna6646 Ngangganawili ACCH&MedicalServicesRehabilitationCounselling, Wiluna 6646 Ngangganawili ACCH & Medical Services Ganah Ganah Patrol, Thompson St, Ngaanyatjarra, WesternDesertborder Ngaanyantjarra HealthService,Petrol sniffingprevention program, Patrol, 25JoseSt,Mullewa6630 Mullewa Employment &EconomicDevelopment AboriginalCorpMayu Mission AustraliaYirra, 129HillSt,EastPerth 6004 East Perth 6004 Mission Australia Youth Withdrawal andRespite Service,129HillSt, between Halls Creek &Balgo6770 Mindi BunguLocalDrugAction Group Youth Activities, MindiBungu, Western Australia ATSI ATSI Private ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI ATSI NGO NGO

• • • Detoxification R

Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • Counselling N

• • • Rehabilitation R

• • • • Rehabilitation N

• Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • Support N

• • Information R

• • • Information N

• Assessment R

• Assessment N

Other R

• • • • • Other N

225 Appendices 226 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 via MarbleBar6760 Pipunya Group IncBlueLightDisco, Pipunya Community, Pilbara CDST, RobertsSt,South Hedland6722 Perth Women’s Centre, 122Aberdeen St,Northbridge 6003 Perth Naltrexone Clinic,65Townshed Rd,Subiaco6008 Perth CDST, 77BennettSt,EastPerth 6004 Palmerston Farm, Kwinana Freeway, Wellard 6170 Palmerston Association,134Palmerston St,Perth 6000 Pakala Patrol, Throssell Rd,SouthHedland6722 Outcare, 21 Moore St,EastPerth 6005 North Metro D&AServices, NextStep,DugdaleSt,Warwick6024 Subiaco 6008 North Metro CDST, StJohnofGodHospital, 175CambridgeSt, North EastRegionalYouth Council,78Morrison Rd,Midland6065 North EastMetro CDST, OakHouse, 14Sayer St,Midland6065 176 Wittenoom St,EastPerth 6004 Noongar Alcohol&SubstanceAbuse ServiceYouth Outreach Program, 176 Wittenoom St,EastPerth 6004 Noongar Alcohol&SubstanceAbuse ServiceLunchProgram, Western Australia ATSI ATSI NGO NGO NGO Govt NGO NGO ATSI Govt Govt NGO NGO NGO ATSI

• Detoxification R

• • • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• • • • • • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • • • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • • • Information N

Assessment R

• • • • • • • • Assessment N

Other R

• • • • • Other N

227 Appendices 228 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 South Metro D&ACentre, NextStep,22QueenSt,Fremantle 6160 South Metro CDST — Mandurah Office,22b Tuckey St,Mandurah 6210 South Metro CDST, 223HighSt,Fremantle 6160 South EastMetro CDST, 1HamiltonSt,Cannington6107 Shire ofLeonora, Leonora Patrol, 16Tower St,Leonora 6438 Serenity Lodge,106 LewingtonSt,Rockingham6168 Gosnells 6110 Salvation Army, HarryHunterRehabilitationCentre, 2498AlbanyHwy, Highgate 6003 Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram ResidentialRehabilitation,16BulwerSt, Salvation ArmyBridgeProgram Counselling, 16BulwerSt,Highgate6003 Highgate 6003 Salvation ArmyBridgeHouse SoberingUpCentre, 15WrightSt, Ruah Centre (formerlyMarillac),33ShentonSt,Northbridge6003 Roebourne Sobering-upShelter, 11 Queens St,Roebourne6718 Roebourne MinngaPatrol, 11 Queens St,Roebourne6718 Prospect Lodge,11 Porter St,Kalgoorlie 6430 South Hedland 6721 Port HedlandSobering-up&Outreach Centre, Forrest Circle, Western Australia NGO Govt NGO NGO NGO Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO ATSI ATSI NGO

• • Detoxification R

• • • • Detoxification N

• • Counselling R

• • • • • • • Counselling N

• • • • Rehabilitation R

• • • Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

• • • Support R

• • • • • • • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • • Information N

• • • Assessment R

• • • • • • Assessment N

• • Other R

• • • Other N

229 Appendices 230 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list was finalised betweenJulyand October2004 Wesley Hearth,Wesley Centre, 93WilliamSt,Perth 6000 Turkey Creek 6743 Warmun CommunityYouth Activities, WarmunCommunity, East VictoriaPark 6101 Warminda Intensive Intervention Centre, Welshpool Rd, Warburton CommunityCorpPatrol, Petermann 0870 Petermann 0870 Warburton CommunityCorpKanpa SubstanceAbuse BailCentre, Walangari Broome Sobering-upShelter, 5Hammersley St,Broome 6725 Northbridge 6003 WA SubstanceUsers AssociationInc(WASUA), 440–444WilliamSt, WA AIDSCouncil(WAAC),664Murray St,WestPerth 6005 Teen ChallengePerth, 56Creaney Drive, Kingsley 6026 Teen ChallengeEsperance, Campbells Rd,Gibson6448 Swan Emergency Accommodation, 53Great NorthHwy, Midland6056 Bunbury 6230 Substance DrugInformation&Counselling Service,40CharlesSt, St Patrick’s CommunitySupportCentre, 9Parry St,Fremantle 6160 South WestCDST, 52WittenoomSt,Bunbury6230 South WestAMSStolenGeneration Project, 167SpencerSt,Bunbury6231 Western Australia ATSI NGO ATSI Govt ATSI ATSI Govt Govt NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO

• Detoxification R

• • Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • • • • • Counselling N

• Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

• Pharmacotherapy N

• • Support R

• • Support N

• Information R

• • • • • Information N

• • Assessment R

• • • • Assessment N

• Other R

• • • • • • Other N

231 Appendices 232 Mapping national drug treatment capacity This list wasfinalised betweenJulyandOctober2004 Zonta House RefugeAssociation,4ShirleyAve, MountPleasant 6153 Derby 6728 Yuriny Culture Centre, Dry Out Project, Azizza Aziz, Cnr Lock and Stanley Sts, Meekatharra 6642 Yulella Fabrications AboriginalCorpCommunityPatrol, 848MarmontSt, YouthLink, 223JamesSt,Northbridge6003 Youth Involvement Council,69StanleySt,SouthHedland6722 YMCA —Lynks, 180GoderichSt,EastPerth 6004 Wongatha Wonganarra, Laverton Patrol, Laverton 6440 Women’s HealthCare House, 100 Aberdeen St,Northbridge6003 Wheatbelt CDST, 30Fitzgerald St,Northam6401 Patrol, 24Mindarra Drive Newman6753 Western DesertPunturkurnupanaAboriginalCorp,Tartilla AboriginalStreet Western Australia ATSI NGO ATSI ATSI NGO NGO NGO ATSI NGO NGO

• Detoxification R

• Detoxification N

• Counselling R

• • • • • Counselling N

Rehabilitation R

• Rehabilitation N

Pharmacotherapy R

Pharmacotherapy N

Support R

• • • • • Support N

Information R

• • • Information N

Assessment R

• Assessment N

• Other R

Other N

233 Appendices 234 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ­residential) non- 125 and residential (21 services 146 services treatment Other (107 residential and509non-residential) Assessment residential) non- 558 and residential (140 services 698 education and Information residential) non- 455 and residential (134 services 589 Support and case management residential and726non-residential) Counselling residential and156non-residential) (47 services 203 by offered is prescribers) Pharmacotherapy (197 residential and165non-residential) Rehabilitation (140 residential and211 non-residential) Detoxification Maps ofAustralia asawhole Appendix 4:Maps only is offered by 616services by offered is only is offered by 895 services (169 is offered by 362 services services 362 by offered is is offered by 351 services services 351 by offered is (not including individual are offered by offered are is offered by offered is is offered by Sectors are indicatedby these symbols: separate icons onMaps3to6. by represented not are and services, tation rehabili or detoxification residential many in offeredare assessment and information, support, counselling, Ancillary note: Please Map 6:Assessment only Map 5:Informationandeducation Map 4:Counselling Map 3:Supportandcasemanagement Map 2:Rehabilitation Map 1:Detoxification tralia is shown insixmaps: Aus in 1,118services the of location The

services Private providers Non-government organisations Public sectorgovernment services Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential - - ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE ) 0ERTH 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) $ETOXNON RESIDENTIAL $ETOXRESIDENTIAL Map 1:Location ofdetox treatment services by sectorfunding,Australia, 2002–2004 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNBURY ) ) 0ORT(EDLAND ) 7ILUNA ) ) +ALGOORLIE "ROOME ) ) ) #ROSSING &ITZROY +UNUNURRA ) ) $ARWIN ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) +ATHERINE ) ) ) ) ) #EDUNA ) !LICE3PRINGS 4ENNANT#REEK #OOBER0EDY ) ) ) ) ) ) 0ORT!UGUSTA ) ) ) !DELAIDE -OUNT)SA 3WAN(ILL 0ORTLAND ) "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RIFFITH ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !LBURY ) ) ) ) ) ) 7ALGETT ) ) ) ) ) -ELBOURNE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) $UBBO #UNNAMULLA #AIRNS ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4OWNSVILLE ,AUNCESTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ) (OBART ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OMA ) ) ) ) ) ) #!."%22! -ACKAY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OCKHAMPTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNDABERG ) ) ) ) ) ) ,ISMORE "RISBANE

235 Appendices 236 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE Map 2:Location ofrehabilitation treatment servicesby sectorfunding, Australia, 2002–2004 0ERTH ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 2EHABILITATIONNON RESIDENTIAL 2EHABILITATIONRESIDENTIAL ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNBURY ) 0ORT(EDLAND ) ) 7ILUNA ) ) ) +ALGOORLIE ) "ROOME ) #ROSSING &ITZROY +UNUNURRA ) ) $ARWIN ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) +ATHERINE ) ) ) ) #EDUNA ) !LICE3PRINGS 4ENNANT#REEK #OOBER0EDY ) !DELAIDE ) ) ) ) ) ) 0ORT!UGUSTA ) ) 3WAN(ILL ) -OUNT)SA 0ORTLAND ) ) ) ) "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RIFFITH ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ELBOURNE ) 7ALGETT ) $UBBO #UNNAMULLA ) !LBURY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #AIRNS ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4OWNSVILLE ) ) ,AUNCESTON (OBART ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #!."%22! 2OMA ) -ACKAY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OCKHAMPTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) ) .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNDABERG ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "RISBANE ,ISMORE ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE Map 3: Location of support/case management services by sector funding, Australia, 2002–2004 ) 0ERTH ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTNON RESIDENTIAL 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTRESIDENTIAL ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNBURY ) ) ) ) ) 0ORT(EDLAND 7ILUNA ) ) ) ) ) +ALGOORLIE "ROOME ) #ROSSING &ITZROY +UNUNURRA ) ) ) $ARWIN ) ) ) ) ) ) ) +ATHERINE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #EDUNA !LICE3PRINGS 4ENNANT#REEK ) ) #OOBER0EDY !DELAIDE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0ORT!UGUSTA ) ) ) ) ) -OUNT)SA ) 3WAN(ILL ) ) 0ORTLAND ) "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RIFFITH ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !LBURY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ELBOURNE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) $UBBO #UNNAMULLA ) ) #AIRNS 7ALGETT ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4OWNSVILLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ,AUNCESTON (OBART ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OMA ) ) ) ) ) #!."%22! -ACKAY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OCKHAMPTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNDABERG ) ) ) ) ) "RISBANE ,ISMORE

237 Appendices 238 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE ) 0ERTH Map 4:Location ofcounselling treatment servicesby sectorfunding, Australia, 2002–2004 ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) #OUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNBURY ) ) ) 0ORT(EDLAND ) 7ILUNA ) ) ) ) +ALGOORLIE ) "ROOME ) #ROSSING &ITZROY +UNUNURRA ) ) $ARWIN ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) +ATHERINE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #EDUNA ) !LICE3PRINGS 4ENNANT#REEK #OOBER0EDY ) ) !DELAIDE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0ORT!UGUSTA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -OUNT)SA ) ) ) 3WAN(ILL ) ) ) ) 0ORTLAND ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RIFFITH ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #UNNAMULLA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ELBOURNE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) $UBBO 7ALGETT ) !LBURY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #AIRNS ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4OWNSVILLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ,AUNCESTON ) ) ) (OBART ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OMA ) ) ) ) ) ) #!."%22! ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ACKAY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OCKHAMPTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNDABERG ) "RISBANE ,ISMORE ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0ERTH Map 5: Location of information/education services by sector funding, Australia, 2002–2004 ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONNON RESIDENTIAL ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNBURY ) ) 0ORT(EDLAND 7ILUNA ) ) ) ) ) +ALGOORLIE ) "ROOME ) #ROSSING &ITZROY +UNUNURRA ) ) ) $ARWIN ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) +ATHERINE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #EDUNA ) !LICE3PRINGS 4ENNANT#REEK ) #OOBER0EDY ) ) !DELAIDE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0ORT!UGUSTA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -OUNT)SA ) ) 3WAN(ILL ) ) ) ) ) ) 0ORTLAND ) ) ) ) ) "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RIFFITH ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !LBURY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ELBOURNE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 7ALGETT $UBBO #UNNAMULLA ) ) ) ) #AIRNS ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4OWNSVILLE ) ) ) ) ) ,AUNCESTON (OBART ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OMA ) ) ) ) ) -ACKAY ) ) #!."%22! ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OCKHAMPTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNDABERG ,ISMORE "RISBANE

239 Appendices 240 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0ERTH ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) !SSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Map 6:Location ofassessment servicesby sectorfunding,Australia, 2002–2004 ) "UNBURY ) ) 0ORT(EDLAND 7ILUNA ) ) +ALGOORLIE "ROOME ) #ROSSING &ITZROY +UNUNURRA ) $ARWIN ) ) ) ) ) ) ) +ATHERINE ) ) ) ) ) ) #EDUNA !LICE3PRINGS 4ENNANT#REEK ) ) #OOBER0EDY !DELAIDE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0ORT!UGUSTA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -OUNT)SA ) 3WAN(ILL ) ) ) ) 0ORTLAND ) ) ) "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RIFFITH ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !LBURY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ELBOURNE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 7ALGETT #UNNAMULLA ) ) ) ) #AIRNS ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) $UBBO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4OWNSVILLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ,AUNCESTON (OBART ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OMA ) ) ) ) ) ) -ACKAY #!."%22! ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OCKHAMPTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNDABERG ) ) ) "RISBANE ,ISMORE (1 residential and4non-residential) services (1 residential and 4 non-residential) services treatment Other Assessment services (2 residential and 7 non-residential) education andInformation non- 5 ­residential) and residential (5 services 10 by management case and Support dential and6non-residential) Counselling dential and3non-residential) resi (1 services 4 by offered is prescribers) Pharmacotherapy residential and1non-residential) Rehabilitation residential and3non-residential) Detoxification Australian CapitalTerritory maps is offered by 8 services (2 resi only is offered by 5 services services 5 by offered is only is offered by 7 services (6 (6 services 7 by offered is is offered by 7 services (4 (4 services 7 by offered is (not including individual are offered by 5 by offered are is offered by 9 byoffered is is offered is - - Sectors are indicatedby these symbols: separate icons onMaps3and4. by represented not are and services, tation rehabili or detoxification residential many in offeredare assessment and information, support, counselling, Ancillary note: Please Map 4:Informationandassessment Map 3:Supportandcounselling Map 2:Rehabilitation Map 1:Detoxification lian Capital Territory is shown in four maps The location of the 15 services in the Austra

services residential) Private providers Non-government organisations Public sectorgovernment services Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander both information and assessment (non- assessment and information both assessment (non-residential) information (non-residential) (non- ­residential) counselling and support both counselling (non-residential) support (non-residential) non-residential residential non-residential residential - ­

241 Appendices 242 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) 3ERVICE $ETOXNON RESIDENTIAL $ETOXRESIDENTIAL Map 1:Location ofdetox treatment services by sectorfunding, Australian CapitalTerritory, 2002–2004 #!."%22! 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3ERVICE 2EHABILITATIONNON RESIDENTIAL 2EHABILITATIONRESIDENTIAL Map 2:Location ofrehabilitation treatment servicesby sectorfunding, Australian CapitalTerritory, 2002–2004 #!."%22! ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) ) ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) )

243 Appendices 244 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) ) 3ERVICE 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTCOUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL #OUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTNON RESIDENTIAL Map 3:Location ofsupport/casemanagement andcounselling treatment services by sectorfunding, Australian CapitalTerritory, 2002–2004 ) #!."%22! ) ) ) ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) ) ) ) 3ERVICE Map 4:Location ofinformation/educationand assessment servicesby sector funding, )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONASSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL !SSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONNON RESIDENTIAL Australian CapitalTerritory, 2002–2004 #!."%22! ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43)

245 Appendices 246 Mapping national drug treatment capacity 2 evcs 7 eieta ad 5 non- 25 and ­residential) residential (7 services 32 services treatment Other (65 residential and208non-residential) Assessment residential) non- 212 and residential (82 services 294 education and Information residential) by 236 services (77 residential and 159 non- management case and Support residential and225non-residential) Counselling dential and61 non-residential) prescribers) is offered by 80 services (19 resi Pharmacotherapy residential and55non-residential) Rehabilitation residential and69non-residential) Detoxification New SouthWalesmaps only is offered by 273 services 273 byoffered is only is offered by 299 services (74 services 299 by offered is is offered by 134 services (79 is offered by 117 services (48 (not including individual are offered by offered are is offered by offered is is offered is - Sectors are indicatedby these symbols: separate icons onMaps3to6. by represented not are and services, tation rehabili or detoxification residential many in offeredare assessment and information, support, counselling, Ancillary note: Please Map 6:Assessment only Map 5:Informationandeducation Map 4:Counselling Map 3:Supportandcasemanagement Map 2:Rehabilitation Map 1:Detoxification New in South Walesis shown insixmaps: services 353 the of location The

services Private providers Non-government organisations Public sectorgovernment services Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential - ) ) Map 1:Location ofdetox treatment services by sectorfunding,New SouthWales, 2002–2004 3ERVICE $ETOXNON RESIDENTIAL $ETOXRESIDENTIAL ) ) 7AGGA7AGGA ) ) ) 'RIFFITH ) ) !LBURY ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 0ARKES $UBBO 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) #OWRA ) ) ) ) ) 7ALGETT ) ) 'OULBURN ) ) ) ) ) ) "ATHURST #OOMA ) ) ) ) ) ) -UDGEE ) ) .ARRABRI "EGA ) ) ) -ORUYA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 7OLLONGONG ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) 'OSFORD ) !RMIDALE .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RAFTON ,ISMORE

247 Appendices 248 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) 3ERVICE 2EHABILITATIONNON RESIDENTIAL 2EHABILITATIONRESIDENTIAL Map 2:Location ofrehabilitation treatment servicesby sectorfunding, ) New SouthWales, 2002–2004 7AGGA7AGGA "OURKE ) ) &ORBES !LBURY ) ) $UBBO #OWRA ) /RANGE 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) ) 'OULBURN ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) ) ) "ATHURST ) ) ) 4AMWORTH ) ) ) ) -ORUYA ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #ESSNOCK ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 7OLLONGONG ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'OSFORD .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RAFTON ) ) ,ISMORE ) ) 3ERVICE 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTNON RESIDENTIAL 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTRESIDENTIAL ) Map 3:Location ofsupport/casemanagement servicesby sectorfunding, ) ) ) New SouthWales, 2002–2004 7AGGA7AGGA ) ) "OURKE ) ) ) ) ) &ORBES !LBURY ) $UBBO #OWRA ) ) ) ) ) /RANGE ) ) ) ) 'OULBURN ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "ATHURST ) ) ) ) 4AMWORTH ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ORUYA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #ESSNOCK ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 7OLLONGONG ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'OSFORD 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RAFTON ) ) ) ) ) ,ISMORE

249 Appendices 250 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) 3ERVICE ) ) "ROKEN(ILL #OUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL #OUNSELLINGRESIDENTIAL ) -ILDURA Map 4:Location ofcounselling treatment servicesby sectorfunding, ) ) New SouthWales, 2002–2004 7AGGA7AGGA ) ) ) "OURKE ) ) ) ) ) ) &ORBES !LBURY ) ) $UBBO #OWRA ) ) ) ) ) ) /RANGE ) ) ) 'OULBURN ) .ARRABRI ) ) ) ) ) "ATHURST ) ) ) ) ) 4AMWORTH ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) ) -ORUYA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #ESSNOCK ) ) ) ) ) ) 7OLLONGONG ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'OSFORD ) ) .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RAFTON ) ) ) ) ) ,ISMORE ) ) 3ERVICE ) "ROKEN(ILL )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONNON RESIDENTIAL )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONRESIDENTIAL Map 5:Location ofinformation/educationservices by sectorfunding, ) ) ) New SouthWales, 2002–2004 7AGGA7AGGA ) ) "OURKE ) ) ) ) ) &ORBES !LBURY ) ) $UBBO #OWRA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) /RANGE 7ALGETT ) ) ) ) ) 'OULBURN ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "ATHURST ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4AMWORTH ) ) ) ) ) ) -ORUYA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #ESSNOCK ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 7OLLONGONG ) ) ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 'OSFORD ) ) .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RAFTON ,ISMORE

251 Appendices 252 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) 3ERVICE ) Map 6:Location ofassessment servicesby sectorfunding,New South Wales, 2002–2004 !SSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL !SSESSMENTRESIDENTIAL "ROKEN(ILL -ILDURA ) ) ) 7AGGA7AGGA ) "OURKE ) ) ) ) ) ) &ORBES !LBURY ) ) $UBBO #OWRA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) /RANGE ) ) ) ) 'OULBURN .ARRABRI ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "ATHURST ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 4AMWORTH ) 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) ) ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) ) -ORUYA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) !RMIDALE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #ESSNOCK ) ) ) ) ) 7OLLONGONG ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3YDNEY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'OSFORD ) ) .EWCASTLE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'RAFTON ) ) ) ) ) ,ISMORE 9 evcs 1 eieta ad 8 non- 18 and ­residential) residential (1 services 19 services treatment Other residential and9non-residential) Assessment ­residential) non- 18 and residential (5 services 23 by education and Information residential) non- 33 and residential (3 services 36 by management case and Support residential and19non-residential) Counselling dential and2non-residential) resi (1 services 3 by offered is prescribers) Pharmacotherapy residential and11 non-residential) Rehabilitation residential and8non-residential) Detoxification Northern Territory maps only is offered by 15 services (6 is offered by 30 services (11 services 30 by offered is is offered by 21by(10offeredis services is offered by 14 services (6 services 14 by offered is (not including individual are offered by offered are is offered offered is is offered is - Sectors are indicatedby these symbols: separate icons onMaps3and4. by represented not are and services, tation rehabili or detoxification residential many in offeredare assessment and information, support, counselling, Ancillary note: Please Map 4:Informationandassessment Map 3:SupportandCounselling Map 2:Rehabilitation Map 1:Detoxification ern Territory is shown infourmaps: The location of the 56 services in the North

services residential) Private providers Non-government organisations Public sectorgovernment services Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander both information and assessment (non- assessment and information both assessment (non-residential) information (non-residential) (non- ­residential) counselling and support both counselling (non-residential) support (non-residential) non-residential residential non-residential residential - -

253 Appendices 254 Mapping national drug treatment capacity Map 1:Location ofdetox treatment services by sectorfunding,Northern Territory, 2002–2004 ) ) ) ) ) ) $ARWIN ) +ATHERINE ) ) ) ) !LICE3PRINGS 4ENNANT#REEK 3ERVICE ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) $ETOXNON RESIDENTIAL $ETOXRESIDENTIAL !REYONGA.ATIVE 3ETTLEMENT ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Map 2:Location ofrehabilitation treatment servicesby sectorfunding, $ARWIN ) ) ) +ATHERINE ) ) ) Northern Territory, 2002–2004 !LICE3PRINGS 4ENNANT#REEK ) 3ERVICE ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 2EHABILITATIONNON RESIDENTIAL 2EHABILITATIONRESIDENTIAL

255 Appendices 256 Mapping national drug treatment capacity 7ATIYAWANU !REYONGA.ATIVE3ETTLEMENT Map 3:Location ofsupport/casemanagement andcounselling treatment services ) 9IRRKALA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) +ATHERINE $ARWIN ) 7ILLOWRA ) ) 9UENDUMU ) 0APUNYA ) by sectorfunding, NorthernTerritory, 2002–2004 ) ) ) )MANPA ) -UDGINBERRI !LI #URUNG 7UGULARR ) ) ) ) ) ) ) %LLIOTT ) ) ) !LICE3PRINGS %LCHO)SLAND ) ( ) 4ENNANT#REEK ) O DGSON$OWNS 4ITJIKALA !PATULA "ORROLOOLA ) ) !LPURRURULAM ) ) ) .HULUNBUY ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) COUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENT #OUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL NON RESIDENTIAL 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENT Map 4:Location ofinformation/educationand assessment servicesby sector funding, !REYONGA.ATIVE 3ETTLEMENT ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) $ARWIN ) ) ) 9UENDUMU +ATHERINE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Northern Territory, 2002–2004 !LICE3PRINGS 4ENNANT#REEK ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE ASSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL )NFORMATIONEDUCATION !SSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL NON RESIDENTIAL )NFORMATIONEDUCATION 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43)

257 Appendices 258 Mapping national drug treatment capacity services (3 residential and 9 non-residential) treatmentOther services residential and63non-residential) Assessment non- 81 ­residential) and residential (10 services 91 education and Information residential) non- 18 and residential (7 services 25 by management case and Support residential and169non-residential) Counselling dential and18non-residential) prescribers) is offered by 22 services (4 resi Pharmacotherapy residential and10 non-residential) Rehabilitation residential and38non-residential) Detoxification Queensland maps only is offered by 69 services (6 is offered by 187 services (18 services 187 by offered is is(42 offered services by 52 is offered by 62 services (24 (not including individual areoffered by12 is offered by offered is is offered is - Sectors are indicatedby these symbols: separate icons onMaps3to6. by represented not are and services, tation rehabili or detoxification residential many in offeredare assessment and information, support, counselling, Ancillary note: Please Map 6:Assessment only Map 5:Informationandeducation Map 4:Counselling Map 3:Supportandcasemanagement Map 2:Rehabilitation Map 1:Detoxification land is shown insixmaps: The location of the 217 services in Queens

services Private providers Non-government organisations Public sectorgovernment services Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential - - Map 1:Location ofdetox treatment services by sectorfunding,Queensland, 2002–2004 ) -OUNT)SA ) 4OWNSVILLE ) ) ) ) ) #UNNAMULLA #AIRNS )NNISFAIL ) ) ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) $ETOXNON RESIDENTIAL $ETOXRESIDENTIAL 2OCKHAMPTON ) ) ) ) 2OMA -ACKAY 'LADSTONE ) "UNDABERG -ARYBOROUGH ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'YMPIE ) ) ) ) ) "RISBANE

259 Appendices 260 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) -OUNT)SA Map 2:Location ofrehabilitation treatment servicesby sectorfunding, Queensland, 2002–2004 ) ) ) ) ) #AIRNS ) ) ) ) ) ) )NGHAM 4OWNSVILLE ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 2EHABILITATIONNON RESIDENTIAL 2EHABILITATIONRESIDENTIAL 2OCKHAMPTON ) -ACKAY ) ) "UNDABERG ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "RISBANE Map 3:Location ofsupport/casemanagement servicesby sectorfunding, Queensland, 2002–2004 ) ) #AIRNS ) 4OWNSVILLE ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTNON RESIDENTIAL 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTRESIDENTIAL "UNDABERG ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "RISBANE

261 Appendices 262 Mapping national drug treatment capacity Map 4:Location ofcounselling treatment servicesby sectorfunding, Queensland, 2002–2004 -OUNT)SA "URKETOWN ) ) ) ) #LONCURRY ) 7EIPA ) "AMAGA .ORMANTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ,OCKHART 2ICHMOND ,ONGREACH 2IVER ) ) 1UILPIE ) #UNNAMULLA ) ) ) ) ) ) 4AMBO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #OOKTOWN ) ) ) ) ) #HARLEVILLE ) 4OWERS #HARTERS -OSSMAN ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #AIRNS #LERMONT )NNISFAIL ) -ORANBAH )NGHAM ) ) ) ) ) ) %MERALD ) 3T'EORGE 4OWNSVILLE ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE ) ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) #OUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2OM "ILOELA -ACKAY 'OONDIWINDI A #HINCHILLA ) ) ) ) 2OCKHAMPTON ) ) ) ) 7ARWICK 'LADSTONE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNDABERG ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'YMPIE ) ) ) ) ) ) (ERVEY"AY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "RISBANE Map 5:Location ofinformation/educationservices by sectorfunding,Queensland, 2002–2004 -OUNT)SA "URKETOWN ) ) ) #LONCURRY ) ) .ORMANTON ) ) 2ICHMOND ) ) 1UILPIE #UNNAMULLA ) ) ) 4AMBO ) ) ) #HARLEVILLE 4OWERS #HARTERS ) ) ) ) ) #AIRNS )NNISFAIL ) )NGHAM ) ) ) ) 3T'EORGE 4OWNSVILLE ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONNON RESIDENTIAL )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONRESIDENTIAL ) 2OCKHAMPTON 2OMA ) 'OONDIWINDI #HINCHILLA ) ) ) "UNDABERG -ARYBOROUGH ) ) 7ARWICK ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'YMPIE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "RISBANE

263 Appendices 264 Mapping national drug treatment capacity -OUNT)SA "URKETOWN Map 6:Location ofassessment servicesby sectorfunding,Queensland, 2002–2004 ) ) ) #LONCURRY ) ) .ORMANTON ) ) 2ICHMOND ) ) 1UILPIE #UNNAMULLA ) ) ) 4AMBO ) ) ) #HARLEVILLE #HARTERS 4OWERS ) ) ) ) #AIRNS ) )NGHAM ) ) ) 3T'EORGE 4OWNSVILLE ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) !SSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL !SSESSMENTRESIDENTIAL ) ) ) 2OMA 'OONDIWINDI #HINCHILLA ) ) ) ) 7ARWICK ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNDABERG ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 'YMPIE ) ) ) (ERVEY"AY ) ) "RISBANE services (allnon-residential) services treatment Other residential and51 non-residential) Assessment ­residential) non- 66 and residential (8 services 74 by education and Information residential) non- 43 and residential (6 services 49 by management case and Support dential and57non-residential) Counselling dential and6non-residential) resi (1 services 7 by offered is prescribers) Pharmacotherapy residential and7non-residential) Rehabilitation residential and5non-residential) Detoxification South Australia maps only is offered by 54 services (3 is offered by 66 services (9 resi is offered by 10 services (3 (3 services 10 by offered is is offered by 11 services (6 services 11by offered is (not including individual are offered by 6 by offered are is offered offered is is offered is - - Sectors are indicatedby these symbols: separate icons onMaps3and4. by represented not are and services, tation rehabili or detoxification residential many in offeredare assessment and information, support, counselling, Ancillary note: Please Map 4:Informationandassessment Map 3:SupportandCounselling Map 2:Rehabilitation Map 1:Detoxification tralia is shown infourmaps: The location of the 88 services in South Aus

services residential) (non- assessment and information both assessment (non-residential) information (non-residential) (non- ­residential) counselling and support both counselling (non-residential) support (non-residential) non-residential residential Private providers Non-government organisations Public sectorgovernment services Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander non-residential residential - -

265 Appendices 266 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE Map 1:Location ofdetox treatment services by sectorfunding,South Australia, 2002–2004 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) $ETOXNON RESIDENTIAL $ETOXRESIDENTIAL ) #EDUNA ) #OOBER0EDY ) 0ORT!UGUSTA ) ) ) ) ) ) !DELAIDE ) -URRAY"RIDGE ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 2EHABILITATIONNON RESIDENTIAL 2EHABILITATIONRESIDENTIAL Map 2:Location ofrehabilitation treatment servicesby sectorfunding, South Australia, 2002–2004 ) #OOBER0EDY ) ) ) ) ) ) !DELAIDE ) "ERRI )

267 Appendices 268 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTCOUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL #OUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTNON RESIDENTIAL Map 3:Location ofsupport/casemanagement andcounselling treatment services ) 9ALATA-ISSION by sectorfunding, SouthAustralia, 2002–2004 ) #EDUNA ) #OOBER0EDY ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 7ALLAROO ) ) 0ORT!UGUSTA 0ORT0IRIE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #LARE ) ) ) -OUNT'AMBIER ) !NGASTON -URRAY"RIDGE .ARACOORTE ) "ERRI ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) Map 4:Location ofinformation/educationand assessment servicesby sector funding, )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONASSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL !SSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONNON RESIDENTIAL ) South Australia, 2002–2004 !GNES#REEK ) #EDUNA ) #OOBER0EDY ) /ODNADATTA ) ) 0ORT,INCOLN ) ) ) ) ) 7ALLAROO ) ) 0ORT!UGUSTA 0ORT0IRIE ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #LARE ) ) -OUNT'AMBIER ) !NGASTON -URRAY"RIDGE .ARACOORTE ) "ERRI ) ) ) ) ) )

269 Appendices 270 Mapping national drug treatment capacity services (allnon-residential) Other treatment services residential and26non-residential) Assessment services (3 residential and 6 non-residential) education andInformation residential) non- 25 and residential (2 services 27 by management case and Support dential and27non-residential) Counselling dential and19non-residential) prescribers) is offered by 20 services (1 resi Pharmacotherapy residential and3non-residential) Rehabilitation residential and12non-residential) Detoxification Tasmania maps only is offered by 30 services (4 is offered by 33 services (6 resi is offered by 15 services (3 services 15 by offered is is offered by 5 services (2 (2 services 5 by offered is (not including individual are offered by 17 is offered by 9 byoffered is is offered is - - Sectors are indicatedby these symbols: separate icons onMaps3and4. by represented not are and services, tation rehabili or detoxification residential many in offeredare assessment and information, support, counselling, Ancillary note: Please Map 4:Informationandassessment Map 3:SupportandCounselling Map 2:Rehabilitation Map 1:Detoxification is shown infourmaps: The location of the 35 services in Tasmania

services residential) assessment (non-residential) information (non-residential) counselling (non-residential) support (non-residential) non-residential residential non-residential residential Private providers Non-government organisations Public sectorgovernment services Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander (non- assessment and information both (non- ­residential) counselling and support both - ) ) 3ERVICE 3ECTORFUNDING ) $ETOXNON RESIDENTIAL $ETOXRESIDENTIAL 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) Map 1:Location ofdetox treatment services by sectorfunding,Tasmania, 2002–2004 ) ) 7YNYARD ) ) "URNIE 1UEENSTOWN ) ) ) ) ) $EVONPORT (OBART ) ,AUNCESTON ) ) )

271 Appendices 272 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE Map 2:Location ofrehabilitation treatment servicesby sectorfunding, Tasmania, 2002–2004 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 2EHABILITATIONNON RESIDENTIAL 2EHABILITATIONRESIDENTIAL (OBART ) ) ,AUNCESTON ) ) ) ) ) ) 3ERVICE 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTCOUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL #OUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTNON RESIDENTIAL Map 3:Location ofsupport/casemanagement andcounselling treatment services by sectorfunding, Tasmania, 2002–2004 ) ) 7YNYARD :EEHAN ) ) "URNIE 1UEENSTOWN ) ) ) ) ) ) ) $EVONPORT .EW.ORFOLK ) (OBART ) ) ) ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING ,AUNCESTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "RIDGEWATER ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43)

273 Appendices 274 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) ) 3ERVICE Map 4:Location ofinformation/educationand assessment servicesby sector funding, )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONASSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL !SSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONNON RESIDENTIAL ) ) ) 7YNYARD :EEHAN ) ) Tasmania, 2002–2004 "URNIE 1UEENSTOWN ) ) ) ) ) ) $EVONPORT .EW.ORFOLK (OBART ) ) ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING ) ,AUNCESTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "RIDGEWATER ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) ) ­residential) non- 17 and residential (4 services 21 by services treatment Other (15 residential and115 non-residential) Assessment residential) non- 119 and residential (19 services 138 education and Information residential) by 147 services (26 residential and 121 non- management case and Support residential and160non-residential) Counselling dential and43non-residential) prescribers) is offered by 61 services (18 resi Pharmacotherapy residential and52non-residential) Rehabilitation residential and62non-residential) Detoxification Victoria maps only is offered by 130 services 130 byoffered is only is offered by 193 services (33 services 193 by offered is isofferedby91(39 services is offered by 96 services (34 (not including individual is offered by offered is are offered offered are is offered is - Sectors are indicatedby these symbols: separate icons onMaps3to6. by represented not are and services, tation rehabili or detoxification residential many in offeredare assessment and information, support, counselling, Ancillary note: Please Map 6:Assessment only Map 5:Informationandeducation Map 4:Counselling Map 3:Supportandcasemanagement Map 2:Rehabilitation Map 1:Detoxification is shown insixmaps: Victoria in services 224 the of location The

services non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential non-residential residential Private providers Non-government organisations Public sectorgovernment services Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander -

275 Appendices 276 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) 3ERVICE $ETOXNON RESIDENTIAL $ETOXRESIDENTIAL 0ORTLAND Map 1:Location ofdetox treatment services by sectorfunding,Victoria, 2002–2004 ) ) -ILDURA 7ARRNAMBOOL ) ) ) ) 3WAN(ILL "ALLARAT +ERANG ) ) ) 'EELONG ) ) ) ) %CHUCA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3HEPPARTON "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) ) -ELBOURNE 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) ) ) ) ) -OE ) ) ) "AIRNSDALE ) ) 7ODONGA 3ALE ) ) %NTRANCE ,AKES ) ) 3ERVICE Map 2:Location ofrehabilitation treatment servicesby sectorfunding, Victoria,2002–2004 2EHABILITATIONNON RESIDENTIAL 2EHABILITATIONRESIDENTIAL ) -ILDURA ) 7ARRNAMBOOL ) ) ) (ORSHAM ) 3WAN(ILL #ASTLEMAINE #OLAC ) ) ) 'EELONG ) "ALLARAT %CHUCA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ELBOURNE ) ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING -OE ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) ) 3ALE "AIRNSDALE ) ) )

277 Appendices 278 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) 3ERVICE Map 3: Location of support/case management services by sector funding, Victoria, 2002–2004 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTNON RESIDENTIAL ) -ILDURA 7ARRNAMBOOL ) ) ) 3TAWELL ) ) ) ) ) 3WAN(ILL #ASTLEMAINE #OLAC ) ) 'EELONG ) ) ) ) %CHUCA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -OE ) ) ) ) ) ) 7ANGARATTA ) ) ) 7ODONGA "AIRNSDALE ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) ) 3ERVICE Map 4:Location ofcounselling treatment servicesby sectorfunding, Victoria,2002–2004 #OUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL ) ) ) -ILDURA 7ARRNAMBOOL ) ) ) ) 3TAWELL ) ) ) (ORSHAM ) ) 3WAN(ILL "ALLARAT #OLAC ) ) ) 'EELONG ) ) ) ) %CHUCA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #ASTLEMAINE "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ELBOURNE ) ) -OE ) ) ) ) ) ) 7ANGARATTA 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 7ODONGA 3ALE "AIRNSDALE ) ) ) ) )

279 Appendices 280 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) 3ERVICE Map 5: Location of information/education services by sector funding, Victoria, 2002–2004 )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONNON RESIDENTIAL ) ) ) -ILDURA 7ARRNAMBOOL ) ) ) (ORSHAM ) ) ) ) 3WAN(ILL #ASTLEMAINE +ERANG ) ) 'EELONG ) ) ) ) "ALLARAT %CHUCA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 3HEPPARTON ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ELBOURNE ) ) ) ) -OE ) ) ) ) 7ANGARATTA ) ) 3ALE "AIRNSDALE ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) ) 3ERVICE !SSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL ) -ILDURA Map 6:Location ofassessment servicesby sectorfunding,Victoria,2002–2004 7ARRNAMBOOL ) ) ) ) 3TAWELL ) ) (ORSHAM ) 3WAN(ILL "ALLARAT #OLAC ) ) ) 'EELONG ) ) ) ) %CHUCA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) #ASTLEMAINE "ENDIGO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ELBOURNE ) ) ) ) ) -OE ) ) ) ) ) ) 7ANGARATTA 3ECTORFUNDING ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 7ODONGA 3ALE "AIRNSDALE ) ) )

281 Appendices 282 Mapping national drug treatment capacity 4 evcs 5 eieta ad 9 non- 29 and ­residential) residential (5 services 34 services treatment Other residential and33non-residential) Assessment dential) (11services 60 residential non-resi49 and education and Information residential) non- 51 and residential (8 services 59 by management case and Support residential and63non-residential) Counselling dential and4non-residential) resi (2 services 6 by offered is prescribers) Pharmacotherapy residential and26non-residential) Rehabilitation residential and14non-residential) Detoxification Western Australia maps only is offered by 40 services (7 is offered by 79 services (16 (16 services 79 by offered is is(16 offered services by 42 is offered by 29 services (15 (not including individual are offered by offered are is offered by offered is is offered is - - Sectors are indicatedby these symbols: separate icons onMaps3and4. by represented not are and services, tation rehabili or detoxification residential many in offeredare assessment and information, support, counselling, Ancillary note: Please Map 4:Informationandassessment Map 3:SupportandCounselling Map 2:Rehabilitation Map 1:Detoxification Australia is shown infourmaps: The location of the 130 services in Western

services residential) Private providers Non-government organisations Public sectorgovernment services Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander (non- assessment and information both assessment (non-residential) information (non-residential) (non- ­residential) counselling and support both counselling (non-residential) support (non-residential) non-residential residential non-residential residential - ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE Map 1: Location of detox treatment services by sector funding, Western Australia, 2002–2004 ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) $ETOXNON RESIDENTIAL $ETOXRESIDENTIAL ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNBURY -ANDURAH 0ERTH ) ) 0ORT(EDLAND ) 7ILUNA ) +ALGOORLIE ) ) "ROOME ) ) ) $ERBY ) #ROSSING &ITZROY +UNUNURRA ) )

283 Appendices 284 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 2EHABILITATIONNON RESIDENTIAL 2EHABILITATIONRESIDENTIAL ) ) Map 2: Location of rehabilitation treatment services by sector funding, ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ULLEWA "UNBURY -ANDURAH 0ERTH ) Western Australia, 2002–2004 0ORT(EDLAND ) 7ILUNA ) ) ) -ENZIES +ALGOORLIE ) "ROOME ) ) $ERBY 7YNDHAM +UNUNURRA ) ) ) ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE ) ) 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) 3UPPORTCASEMANAGEMENTCOUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL #OUNSELLINGNON RESIDENTIAL 3UPPORTCASEMANAGMENTNON RESIDENTIAL Map 3:Location ofsupport/casemanagement andcounselling treatment services ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) -ULLEWA ) ) ) ) "UNBURY -ANDURAH ) 0ERTH ) -EEKATHARRA by sectorfunding, WesternAustralia, 2002–2004 ) ) 2OEBOURNE ) ) ) ) ) 0ORT(EDLAND ) .EWMAN ) 7ILUNA ) ) ) ) ) ) +ALGOORLIE ) ) ) ) "ROOME ,AVERTON ) ) ) $ERBY ) #ROSSING &ITZROY 7YNDHAM +UNUNURRA ) ) ) )

285 Appendices 286 Mapping national drug treatment capacity ) ) ) 3ECTORFUNDING 3ERVICE 0RIVATE .'/ 'OVERNMENT !43) )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONASSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL !SSESSMENTNON RESIDENTIAL )NFORMATIONEDUCATIONNON RESIDENTIAL Map 4: Location of information/education and assessment services by sector funding, ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) "UNBURY -ANDURAH 0ERTH ) ) ) Western Australia, 2002–2004 0ORT(EDLAND ) ) ) ) +ALGOORLIE ) ) "ROOME ) ) $ERBY 7YNDHAM +UNUNURRA ) ) ) ) ) ) Appendix 5:Acronyms LONCA LGA IMP IGCD IDU GNI EDOCC ECA DUF DRG DIS DCG CUA CRG CPN COTSA CMA CEA ATOD ASNI NMDS AODTS- AODTS AODD AOD AIHW ACT ACG ABS ANCD Level of needcare assessment Local government area Integrated care pathway Intergovernmental CommitteeonDrugs Injecting druguse Generic needindex Socio-economic indexofeducationachieved and occupationalstatus (ABS) Epidemiologic CatchmentArea Drug use forecasting (U.S.) Diagnosis related groups Diagnostic interviewschedule Diagnostic costgroups Cost-utility analysis Clinical risk group Community psychiatric nurse Clients OfTreatment ServiceAgenciessurvey Cost-minimisation analysis Cost-effectiveness analysis Alcohol, tobaccoandotherdrugs ATOD-Specific NeedsIndex National MinimumDataset(AIHW) Alcohol andotherdrugtreatment services— Alcohol andotherdrugtreatment services Alcohol andotherdrugdependence Alcohol andotherdrugs Australian Institute ofHealthandWelfare American CollegeTesting Program Adjusted clinicalgroup Australian Bureau ofStatistics The Australian NationalCouncilonDrugs

287 Appendices 288 Mapping national drug treatment capacity SMR SDS RUR RUG RNAS RDF RAF QALY PHC RIS PBMA NTA NMDS NICE NHSDA NHS NDRI NDARC NATSIHC NADA MCDS Standardised mortalityratio Social Dysfunction Scale Rural status index Resource utilisation group Relative needsassessment scale Rural Development Fund Resource allocationformula Quality-adjusted lifeyears Primary HealthCare Research andInformationService Program budgetingandmarginal analysis National Treatment AgencyforSubstanceMisuse (UK) (National MinimumDataset)—seeAODTS-NMDS National Institute forClinicalEvidence(UK) National Household Survey ofDrugUse (U.S.) National HealthService(UK) National DrugResearch Institute (CurtinUniversity) National DrugandAlcoholResearch Centre (UNSW) National AboriginalandTorres Strait Islander HealthCouncil Network ofAlcoholandDrugAgenciesInc(NSW) Ministerial CouncilonDrugStrategy New York: Guilford Publications. planning forpsychologicaldisorders. Handbook ofassessmentand treatment Antony MM,BarlowDH(eds) (2002). Journal of DrugIssues current status andfuture potential. Prevalence estimation:policyneeds, Anglin MD,Caulkins JP, HserYI(1993). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. resources, responses. Unmet need in psychiatry: problems, Andrews G, Henderson S (eds) (2000). Journal of Drug Issues quantity and quality of parental interaction. The ethic Amey C, Albrecht S (1998). Race and Health Economics evaluation: explicatingthevalue ofhealth. interpretation ofresults ofeconomic Ament A,Baltussen R(1997).The Nursing health visiting. concept ofequityanditsapplicationto Almond P(2002).Ananalysis ofthe rehabilitation of EuroQoL-5D. A preliminary studyoftheusefulness people withacquired brain injury: validity ofselfreport measures amongst Reynolds PJ(2001). Acomparison ofthe Alderman N,Dawson K,Rutterford NA, 281: 552–557. the Council ofScientificAffairs. AMA (1999).HealthLiteracy: Reportof Ad HocCommitteeonHealthLiteracy and references Appendix 6:Bibliography

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