Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-11-20 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4–2-21-30 Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 11-20 rudn.tlcjournal.org Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 21-30 rudn.tlcjournal.org

References

Barieva, K. R. (2017). Multiculturalism in education: self: Are there within-culture differences in self Barriers of communicative creativity in the case between metropolitan areas and regional cities? Original Research of nonresident and foreign students in group Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(7), training tasks solving. Procedia – Social and 816-823. Doi: 10.1177/0146167203261997 Behavioral Sciences, 237, 299-304. Doi: Keles, Y. (2013). What intercultural communication 10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.081 barriers do exchange students of Erasmus Anglicisms and loanwords: The contribution of English Beaven, A., & Borghetti, C. (2015). Intercultural Program have during their stay in Turkey, Mugla? education resources for Erasmus students and Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, exemplified by contemporary Italian tourist their teachers. Koper: Annales University Press. 1513-1524. Doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.219 Belogurov, A. Ju. (2002). Ethnogenesis and the national- Lewis, R. D. (2019). The cultural imperative: Global terminology and-regional component. Higher Education in trends in the 21st century. Training, Language by Alla G. Sokolova Russia, 6, 34-38. and Culture, 3(3), 8-20. Doi: Borghetti, C., & Beaven, A. (2018). Monitoring class 10.29366/2019tlc.3.3.1 Alla G. Sokolova Moscow State University of Civil Engineering as.falconi@yandex.ru interaction to maximise intercultural learning in Lukešová, M. (2015). The analysis of intercultural Date of submission: 13.02.2020 | Date of acceptance for publication: 28.05.2020 mobility contexts. In J. Jackson & S. Oguro (Eds.), conflicts between students of tertiary education. Recommended citation format: Sokolova, A. G. (2020). Anglicisms and loanwords: The contribution of English Intercultural interventions in study abroad (pp. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, exemplified by contemporary Italian tourist terminology. Training, Language and Culture, 4(2), 21-30. Doi: 37-54). New York: Routledge. 1457-1464. Doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.775 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-21-30 Bücker, J., & Korzilius, H. (2015). Developing cultural McSweeney, B. (2002). Hofstede’s model of national intelligence: Assessing the effect of the Ecotonos cultural differences and their consequences: A The English language has enriched Italian with numerous words and expressions that complement existing cultural simulation game for international triumph of faith – a failure of analysis. Human Italian lexis. Many linguists perceive the extent of English influence as a potentially overwhelming and dan- business students. The International Journal of Relations, 55(1), 89-117. Doi: gerous tendency. However, the percentage of English lexis in Italian remains relatively low if compared to Human Resource Management, 26(15), 10.1177/0018726702551004 the language’s overall structure and is noticeable mostly in the sphere of politics, pop culture, mass media, 1995-2014. Naumov, A. I., & Puffer, Sh. M. (2000). Measuring journalism, sport and tourism. Borrowing is regarded as one of the major means of enriching language voca- Cardon, P. W. (2008). A critique of Hall’s contexting Russian culture using Hofstede’s dimensions. bulary that often engulfs foreign elements in its structural patterns. The adaptation process incorporates the model. Journal of Business and Technical Applied Psychology: An International Review, borrowed structure as a natural part of the borrowing language. This study attempts to examine and exem- Communication, 22(4), 399-428. Doi: 49(4), 709-718. Doi: 10.1111/1464-0597.00041 plify in chronological order the progressive development of such an influence demonstrating modifications 10.1177/1050651908320361 Rohr, R. (2011). Falling upward: A spirituality for the and nomenclature of English loanwords in the qualitative and quantitative aspects. The key findings are ex- Coward, F. L., & Miller, P. Ch. (2010). Navigating the two halves of life. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. emplified by contemporary tourist terminology. graduate seminar discussion: A qualitative Sani, S. (2015). The profession and the roles of the analysis of international students’ experiences. intercultural mediator in Italy. Procedia – Social KEYWORDS: Anglicism, borrowing, loanword, italianisation, substitution, calque, false friends International Journal of Communication, 4, and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 2546-2548. Doi: 1013-1031. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.286 This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Dahl, Ø. (2016). Human encounters: Introduction to Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. (2012). Riding which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is intercultural communication. Oxford: Peter Lang. the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in properly cited (CC BY 4.0) Du Plessis, P., & Bisschoff, T. (2007). Diversity and global business. New York: McGraw Hill. complexity in the classroom: Valuing racial and Valeeva, R., & Valeeva, A. (2017). Intercultural 1. INTRODUCTION replace an existing or pre-existing Italian word. cultural diversity. Educational Research and education from Russian researches perspective. This paper attempts to analyse the impact of the When a target language attempts to assimilate Review, 2(9), 245-254. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237, English language on Italian both in the linguistic terms and expressions in order to bridge a seman- Hall, E. T. (1989). Beyond culture. New York: Anchor 1564-1571. Doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.246 perception and the influence of Anglo-American tic or lexical gap, borrowing out of necessity is Books Editions. Voevoda, E. V., Pavlenko, D. A., & Shagardinova E. culture on the modern Italian language and commonly applied out of neccesity. This usually Kahl, D. H., Jr. (2013). Critical communication (2016). Behavioural imperatives in the pedagogy and assessment: Reconciling two multicultural education space. Secondary society. Borrowing from a foreign language occurs happens when a new object or a concept is intro- seemingly incongruous Ideas. International Professional Education, 10, 52-55. either out of necessity or luxury, with the purpose duced from another culture, language or country. Journal of Communication, 7, 2610-2630. Weaver, G. (2014). Intercultural relations. of filling semantic or lexical gaps (lacunas) in the For example, most IT words used in contemporary Kashima, Y., Kokubo T., Kashima, E. S., Boxall, D., Communication, identity and conflict. Boston, target language. Some of the borrowed terms do Italian or sport-related lexis originated from foreign Yamaguchi, S., & Macrae, K. (2004). Culture and MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. not have a corresponding word in the Italian lan- countries. On the other hand, borrowing as a luxu- guage, while the majority exhibits the tendency to ry may be applied to the words and expressions

© Alla G. Sokolova 2020 20 Training, Language and Culture This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Training, Language and Culture 21 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-21-30 Anglicisms and loanwords: The contribution of English exemplified by contemporary Italian tourist terminology Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 21-30 rudn.tlcjournal.org by Alla G. Sokolova from a foreign language or culture though the tar- The previous studies have also shown that the ken mainly in the Italian peninsula, San Marino, In the 14th century, domination of the Tuscan get language already has equivalent terms perfect- patterns of English borrowing in contemporary Corsica, Sicily, the southern part of Switzerland, in dialect in the Italian language was observed due to ly expressing the same concept, e.g. words such as written Italian vary on a regional basis and give a the north of Sardinia, part of Croatia, and due to Tuscany’s central position and the aggressive com- weekend, display, babysitter, manager are widely picture of their geographical distribution (Asnaghi, the 20th century immigration wave, in North and merce carried out by Florence, its most significant used instead of their Italian equivalents fine setti- 2017, p. 128). South America, though the Italian-speaking com- and influential city. More to say, the Tuscan mana, schermo, bambinaia and dirigente, corre- The effect of English can be noticed on a syn- munity there is not very numerous. dialect, out of all the Italian dialects, retains the spondingly. Lately, there has been observed an tactic level as well, especially in certain areas such Italian could be seen as a direct offspring of the greatest resemblance to morphology and phonolo- ever-growing trend in excessive unjustified use of as the economy and business. Syntactic changes Latin language obviously imposed by the Romans gy with the classical Latin language, synchronising English borrowings in contemporary Italian, in par- are most vividly manifested in casual youth jargon, throughout their dominion. However, despite its best with the Italian traditions of Latin culture. ticular among government officials, ministers and everyday conversations and media. Anglicisms are similarity with other Romance languages, Italian Eventually, Florentine heritage gave the world cul- experts at various levels of authority. They uncere- thoughtfully picked to attract the attention of the has the strongest resemblance to Latin of all the ture Dante Alighieri, Petrarch and Boccaccio, who moniously use the words like review, jobs act, de- readers, viewers or listeners in the spheres of mar- major Romance languages. Following the reunifi- best summed up the Italian culture and thought of volution, spending or stepchild adoption when keting and journalism, while the greatest influence cation of Italy in 1861, Italian is regarded as one the early Renaissance period. these terms can be clearly expressed by the Italian is clearly observed in politics, technology, science, language comprising many different dialects that La Questione della Lingua, or the ‘question of words revisione, legge sul lavoro, devoluzione, sport, tourism and culture. To sum up, English have sprung up during its long language evolution. the language’, engrossed writers of all persuasions adozione de figlio, respectively (Burke, 2006, p. lexis could be found in all social Italian strata, Throughout its history, the diversity of dialects has in their attempt to codify the language and to es- 108). which makes the English language the most influ- always presented a difficulty when selecting a par- tablish linguistic norms. During the 15th and 16th To introduce the topic and give a social, cultu- ential as a source of borrowing. ticular version reflecting the entire peninsula in its centuries, grammarians conferred upon the syntax, ral and political background of the linguistic ex- cultural entity. In the 10th century, the earliest vocabulary and pronunciation of the Tuscan change between English and Italian languages, we 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS written documents were produced in dialects, and dialect the status of classic Italian speech. Finally, commence our study with the coverage of the in- The object of the study is Anglicisms (borrowed throughout subsequent centuries, this tendency this classical approach has been widened to insert terlanguage contact in historical perspective. To or loan words) and lexical neologisms with the has prevailed and has created a number of litera- some organic changes inevitable in a living tongue give a general overview, the profound exposure to borrowed elements that are widespread in the ture schools competing in their skills in native and has not converted Italian into another dead the English language commenced after World War lexis of the Italian tourist industry. The main sour- dialects. language. Compromises between classical purism II, and has led to the expansion of the Italian voca- ces of material are the official Italian website on The English language, as an effective mediator, and living Tuscan usage were successfully imple- bulary as well as syntactic changes in economic tourism, the websites of Italian travel agents, travel has not only produced ‘native’ English words dif- mented in the dictionaries and publications of the and business spheres. sections of the online version of the Italian periodi- fused into Italian, but also created some foreign- year 1583. However, the most important literary This paper tries to examine and exemplify in cal La Repubblica, travel online resource Tripadvi- isms and lexical items, i.e. terms used by the inha- event of that time did not occur in Florence but in chronological order the progressive development sor, the corpus of Italian language, as well as the bitants of the former British colonies, neologisms Venice. Influenced by the creations of the modern of such an influence demonstrating modifications course book La Guida Turistica by Giorgio Castol- retaining Greek and Latin morphology and roots, classics of Petrarch and Boccaccio, the Venetian, and nomenclature of English loanwords in their di (Castoldi, 2012) recommended for the under- and – last but not least – internationalisms. English Pietro Bembo (1470-1547), set out his proposals qualitative and quantitative aspects. graduate students majoring in tourism. This materi- also served as a productive and fertile source of (Prose della volgar lingua) for standardisation of From the linguistic perspective, the starting al was used to analyse Anglicisms in contempora- new borrowings thanks to the surrounding linguis- the language and style. point is to make a comparative analysis of both ry Italian tourism terminology, and the peculiari- tic policy and the unique structure of English voca- With the course of time, promotion of the re- languages in terms of phonological and writing ties of their phonetic, orthographic and morpholo- bulary. gional variant originated in Florence by famous systems. Speaking of the morphological level, the gical assimilation. Evaluation and analysis of the During many centuries, English has continued scholars, academicians and poets has led to con- study considers the additions brought into Italian data were backed by quantitative methods of re- the adoption and assimilation of words from di- structing a language common for the Italian territo- lexis mainly through borrowing, paying further at- search that helped present systematically the infor- verse languages and has been always prone to ex- ries. That is exactly the language we know today tention to the process of loanword incorporation, mation obtained. ternal impact, predominantly French and Latin. as standard Italian or Italiano Standard, i.e. the where applicable. Lexical blending in Italian could The presence of Romance elements in English is language created by the classical poets and scho- be seen as a conscious wordplay comprising on- 3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND also essential and cannot be neglected. Vulgar La- lars for establishing, unifying and synchronising going processes of contact-induced language 3.1. English-Italian language contact in its his- tin, a form of spoken Latin, with the course of grammar rules. Despite its roots in Vulgar Latin, change. The numerous forms of blending include torical overview time, evolved into the Italian language, however, standard Italian is considered a fully-fledged lan- borrowings, adaptations, hybrid blends, pseudo- Linguistically speaking, the Italian language is numerous regional variants of the vulgar speech guage of literature and the arts and then a national Anglicisms, foreign-sounding word formations, considered a member of the Italic subfamily of the have developed into the vast number of Italian language following the consolidation of different and others (Görlach, 2001, p. 35). Romance group, i.e. it is a romance language, spo- dialects existing nowadays. states of the Italian peninsula into the Kingdom of

22 Training, Language and Culture rudn.tlcjournal.org Training, Language and Culture 23 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-21-30 Anglicisms and loanwords: The contribution of English exemplified by contemporary Italian tourist terminology Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 21-30 rudn.tlcjournal.org by Alla G. Sokolova from a foreign language or culture though the tar- The previous studies have also shown that the ken mainly in the Italian peninsula, San Marino, In the 14th century, domination of the Tuscan get language already has equivalent terms perfect- patterns of English borrowing in contemporary Corsica, Sicily, the southern part of Switzerland, in dialect in the Italian language was observed due to ly expressing the same concept, e.g. words such as written Italian vary on a regional basis and give a the north of Sardinia, part of Croatia, and due to Tuscany’s central position and the aggressive com- weekend, display, babysitter, manager are widely picture of their geographical distribution (Asnaghi, the 20th century immigration wave, in North and merce carried out by Florence, its most significant used instead of their Italian equivalents fine setti- 2017, p. 128). South America, though the Italian-speaking com- and influential city. More to say, the Tuscan mana, schermo, bambinaia and dirigente, corre- The effect of English can be noticed on a syn- munity there is not very numerous. dialect, out of all the Italian dialects, retains the spondingly. Lately, there has been observed an tactic level as well, especially in certain areas such Italian could be seen as a direct offspring of the greatest resemblance to morphology and phonolo- ever-growing trend in excessive unjustified use of as the economy and business. Syntactic changes Latin language obviously imposed by the Romans gy with the classical Latin language, synchronising English borrowings in contemporary Italian, in par- are most vividly manifested in casual youth jargon, throughout their dominion. However, despite its best with the Italian traditions of Latin culture. ticular among government officials, ministers and everyday conversations and media. Anglicisms are similarity with other Romance languages, Italian Eventually, Florentine heritage gave the world cul- experts at various levels of authority. They uncere- thoughtfully picked to attract the attention of the has the strongest resemblance to Latin of all the ture Dante Alighieri, Petrarch and Boccaccio, who moniously use the words like review, jobs act, de- readers, viewers or listeners in the spheres of mar- major Romance languages. Following the reunifi- best summed up the Italian culture and thought of volution, spending or stepchild adoption when keting and journalism, while the greatest influence cation of Italy in 1861, Italian is regarded as one the early Renaissance period. these terms can be clearly expressed by the Italian is clearly observed in politics, technology, science, language comprising many different dialects that La Questione della Lingua, or the ‘question of words revisione, legge sul lavoro, devoluzione, sport, tourism and culture. To sum up, English have sprung up during its long language evolution. the language’, engrossed writers of all persuasions adozione de figlio, respectively (Burke, 2006, p. lexis could be found in all social Italian strata, Throughout its history, the diversity of dialects has in their attempt to codify the language and to es- 108). which makes the English language the most influ- always presented a difficulty when selecting a par- tablish linguistic norms. During the 15th and 16th To introduce the topic and give a social, cultu- ential as a source of borrowing. ticular version reflecting the entire peninsula in its centuries, grammarians conferred upon the syntax, ral and political background of the linguistic ex- cultural entity. In the 10th century, the earliest vocabulary and pronunciation of the Tuscan change between English and Italian languages, we 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS written documents were produced in dialects, and dialect the status of classic Italian speech. Finally, commence our study with the coverage of the in- The object of the study is Anglicisms (borrowed throughout subsequent centuries, this tendency this classical approach has been widened to insert terlanguage contact in historical perspective. To or loan words) and lexical neologisms with the has prevailed and has created a number of litera- some organic changes inevitable in a living tongue give a general overview, the profound exposure to borrowed elements that are widespread in the ture schools competing in their skills in native and has not converted Italian into another dead the English language commenced after World War lexis of the Italian tourist industry. The main sour- dialects. language. Compromises between classical purism II, and has led to the expansion of the Italian voca- ces of material are the official Italian website on The English language, as an effective mediator, and living Tuscan usage were successfully imple- bulary as well as syntactic changes in economic tourism, the websites of Italian travel agents, travel has not only produced ‘native’ English words dif- mented in the dictionaries and publications of the and business spheres. sections of the online version of the Italian periodi- fused into Italian, but also created some foreign- year 1583. However, the most important literary This paper tries to examine and exemplify in cal La Repubblica, travel online resource Tripadvi- isms and lexical items, i.e. terms used by the inha- event of that time did not occur in Florence but in chronological order the progressive development sor, the corpus of Italian language, as well as the bitants of the former British colonies, neologisms Venice. Influenced by the creations of the modern of such an influence demonstrating modifications course book La Guida Turistica by Giorgio Castol- retaining Greek and Latin morphology and roots, classics of Petrarch and Boccaccio, the Venetian, and nomenclature of English loanwords in their di (Castoldi, 2012) recommended for the under- and – last but not least – internationalisms. English Pietro Bembo (1470-1547), set out his proposals qualitative and quantitative aspects. graduate students majoring in tourism. This materi- also served as a productive and fertile source of (Prose della volgar lingua) for standardisation of From the linguistic perspective, the starting al was used to analyse Anglicisms in contempora- new borrowings thanks to the surrounding linguis- the language and style. point is to make a comparative analysis of both ry Italian tourism terminology, and the peculiari- tic policy and the unique structure of English voca- With the course of time, promotion of the re- languages in terms of phonological and writing ties of their phonetic, orthographic and morpholo- bulary. gional variant originated in Florence by famous systems. Speaking of the morphological level, the gical assimilation. Evaluation and analysis of the During many centuries, English has continued scholars, academicians and poets has led to con- study considers the additions brought into Italian data were backed by quantitative methods of re- the adoption and assimilation of words from di- structing a language common for the Italian territo- lexis mainly through borrowing, paying further at- search that helped present systematically the infor- verse languages and has been always prone to ex- ries. That is exactly the language we know today tention to the process of loanword incorporation, mation obtained. ternal impact, predominantly French and Latin. as standard Italian or Italiano Standard, i.e. the where applicable. Lexical blending in Italian could The presence of Romance elements in English is language created by the classical poets and scho- be seen as a conscious wordplay comprising on- 3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND also essential and cannot be neglected. Vulgar La- lars for establishing, unifying and synchronising going processes of contact-induced language 3.1. English-Italian language contact in its his- tin, a form of spoken Latin, with the course of grammar rules. Despite its roots in Vulgar Latin, change. The numerous forms of blending include torical overview time, evolved into the Italian language, however, standard Italian is considered a fully-fledged lan- borrowings, adaptations, hybrid blends, pseudo- Linguistically speaking, the Italian language is numerous regional variants of the vulgar speech guage of literature and the arts and then a national Anglicisms, foreign-sounding word formations, considered a member of the Italic subfamily of the have developed into the vast number of Italian language following the consolidation of different and others (Görlach, 2001, p. 35). Romance group, i.e. it is a romance language, spo- dialects existing nowadays. states of the Italian peninsula into the Kingdom of

22 Training, Language and Culture rudn.tlcjournal.org Training, Language and Culture 23 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-21-30 Anglicisms and loanwords: The contribution of English exemplified by contemporary Italian tourist terminology Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 21-30 rudn.tlcjournal.org by Alla G. Sokolova

the English words resembling them in form. In a si- from English can be integrated beyond recognition an literary critic, poet, writer, translator, linguist ‘Vast and rapid development of trade, milar way, translating the English luxurious with or lost altogether’. The second scenario comes on and author of two influential language-translation technology and craftsmanship served as the Italian expression lussurioso would be commit- the scene when an appropriate semantic transla- dictionaries) bilingual dictionary, which was reis- another principal factor in language ting a big faux pas. In this case, the correct transla- tion can be found which substitutes for the foreign sued six times in the 18th century. tion would be lussuoso but not lussurioso, which word. As a result, the lending language fills the Nevertheless, throughout the 18th and 19th contact as new products and cutting-edge has the same meaning as English lascivious. Some gap in the semantic inventory of the borrowing centuries, an extensive corpus of borrowings came inventions had to be named somehow. vivid examples of wrong semantic interpretation language and enriches it in this manner. This type into Italian not directly from English but through Here, commerce steps in as one of the and false friends’ occurrences will be illustrated la- of borrowing cannot be described as invasive from the French language (Sergio, 2014, p. 167). This ter in the current analysis. the pragmatic-linguistic perspective as a native major reasons for borrowing.’ could be explained by the dominance of French as Throughout world history, cross-influence of term does not exist in a language. the most influential foreign language on the Italian the languages developed as an inevitable pheno- Even though Italian and English have been in territory until 1945, when it was victoriously de- Italy (risorgimento, meaning ‘resurgence’) in 1861. menon. With the invention of writing, the analysis contact since the 13th century, this exchange was throned by English. Still, the 18th century is regar- The process of unification commenced with the re- of such an influence has become easier. Geogra- not so fruitful for either nation until the 18th centu- ded as the period when the first true English bor- volution of 1848, which was inspired by rebellions phic proximity of neighbouring interacting coun- ry and after the World War II. The only scarce ear- rowings started to become embedded into Italian. in the 1820s and 1830s and was completed when tries has had a significant impact on the systematic ly linguistic exchange was reflected in the appear- These so-called angolatinisms represented easily Rome became the official capital of the Kingdom. influence of one language on another. In its es- ance of such words as sterlino, for ‘pound sterling’. integrated calques from the political sphere, such This event had a profound impact not only on the sence, language is regarded as a means of convey- This word could be traced in the earliest docu- as autodeterminazione (‘self-determination’), coa- political scene but led to dramatic social, econo- ing and codifying messages, and with the inven- ments accompanying contact and trade between lizione (‘coalition’), comitato (‘committee’), legisla- mic and cultural transformation. The literacy rate tion of writing, storing and codifying information diplomats and merchants. tura (‘legislation’), opposizione (‘opposition’), sen- increased immensely with the introduction of across space and time has become more practical. Historical works are another invaluable source so commune (‘common sense’), and many others. compulsory schooling, and many native speakers This opinion explains the primary cause and the for Anglicisms comprising cultural and political Another major sphere of borrowings in this his- abandoned their dialect in favour of the national nature of borrowing as cross-influence is not in- terminology. Here are some examples listed in En- torical period relates to commerce and navigation language. trinsically an intrusive occurrence. If a language is ciclopedia dell’Italiano: parlamento (from the and could be exemplified by the words biglietto di Not surprisingly, a large part of the Italian voca- studied as an extension of a society, researching English ‘parliament’), coronatore (from the English banco (‘bank cheque’), importare (‘to import’), bulary can be traced back to Latin roots. At the the spread of language we can identify the amount ‘coroner’), alto tradimento (transformed by means brick (‘brick’), cutter (‘cutter’). Due to the rise of same time, the results of previous studies (Cacchia- of prestige it may bring to its users. Vast and rapid of calquing from the English ‘high treason’). Eng- mass media, many loan words appeared in the ni, 2016, p. 320) have demonstrated that neolati- development of trade, technology and crafts- lish borrowings commenced their permanent em- sphere of communication, news and everyday life, nisms came from other languages, such as English manship served as another principal factor in lan- bedding in the Italian language only in the 18th namely bar, manager, dandy, fashion, festival, and French, and can be detected by their phonolo- guage contact as new products and cutting-edge century. Moreover, the Industrial Revolution and boss, scout, camping, shopping, gangster, killer, gical form, or appeared by means of linguistic re- inventions had to be named somehow. Here, com- later on the American Revolution facilitated the etc. construction of Latin. Comparing pairs of Italian merce steps in as one of the major reasons for bor- spread of English-American influence. Before the Notably, the borrowed word ‘manager’ origina- and English words, one can observe the similarities rowing. 18th century, English was treated mostly as a bar- ted from the verb ‘to manage’ that appeared in the of forms and meanings, so-called true pairs. Launching new products and naming them baric language by the Italian nobility. However, English language in 1560s, with the meaning ‘to However, it might be interesting to look at some il- could have two possible outcomes: the society the situation dramatically changed when many Ita- handle, train, or direct (a horse)’, from the now- lustrative examples of how the words’ meanings created a product and is attempting to name it in lian intellectuals and academicians started travel- obsolete noun ‘manage’ (a modern revival of it is could be confused due to misleading similarities in its own native language; or the name is borrowed ling to England. This led to the emergence of a manege), from Italian maneggio, from maneggiare two languages. Occurrences of false friends and from a more powerful and influential language, new phenomenon called anglomania in English or meaning ‘to handle, touch, to control a horse’. The wrong semantic interpretation could impose some e.g. English, in order to reach a much wider audi- l’anglomania in Italian, referring to excessive admi- latter ultimately can be traced back to the Latin difficulties for translators and lead to communica- ence of consumers. The borrowing language is ration of English customs. This historical period is noun manus (‘hand’). tion breakdown. Ferguson (1994, p. 118) emphasi- most likely to ultimately adopt a foreign word if it characterised by the numerous translations of ma- ses that ‘accurate translation, as well as the proper has no lexical units to express new notions or ob- jor works from English literature into Italian, and 3.2. The new pipeline for word borrowing appreciation of advanced Italian texts, hinge on the jects. In the course of time, this borrowed word the urgent need to possess good command of New technological advancements and scienti- confident handling of the key words’. He illustrates can establish itself as a native item functioning in English for commercial purposes. Another interest- fic inventions that had to be named were adopted this statement with the examples such as attuale compliance with the rules of the borrowing lan- ing factor that contributed to the sudden growth of into the Italian language. The examples are nu- (‘present, ‘topical’, never ‘actual’) and eventuale guage and can sound natural to native speakers. In English language popularity was the appearance of merous, such as locomotiva (‘locomotive’), vagone (‘possible’ but not ‘eventual’), being false friends of the words of Görlach (2001, p. 89), ‘loanwords bilingual dictionaries, e.g. Giuseppe Baretti’s (Itali- (‘wagon’), tunnel, cargo, ferry, yacht, bus, cinema,

24 Training, Language and Culture rudn.tlcjournal.org Training, Language and Culture 25 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-21-30 Anglicisms and loanwords: The contribution of English exemplified by contemporary Italian tourist terminology Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 21-30 rudn.tlcjournal.org by Alla G. Sokolova the English words resembling them in form. In a si- from English can be integrated beyond recognition an literary critic, poet, writer, translator, linguist ‘Vast and rapid development of trade, milar way, translating the English luxurious with or lost altogether’. The second scenario comes on and author of two influential language-translation technology and craftsmanship served as the Italian expression lussurioso would be commit- the scene when an appropriate semantic transla- dictionaries) bilingual dictionary, which was reis- another principal factor in language ting a big faux pas. In this case, the correct transla- tion can be found which substitutes for the foreign sued six times in the 18th century. tion would be lussuoso but not lussurioso, which word. As a result, the lending language fills the Nevertheless, throughout the 18th and 19th contact as new products and cutting-edge has the same meaning as English lascivious. Some gap in the semantic inventory of the borrowing centuries, an extensive corpus of borrowings came inventions had to be named somehow. vivid examples of wrong semantic interpretation language and enriches it in this manner. This type into Italian not directly from English but through Here, commerce steps in as one of the and false friends’ occurrences will be illustrated la- of borrowing cannot be described as invasive from the French language (Sergio, 2014, p. 167). This ter in the current analysis. the pragmatic-linguistic perspective as a native major reasons for borrowing.’ could be explained by the dominance of French as Throughout world history, cross-influence of term does not exist in a language. the most influential foreign language on the Italian the languages developed as an inevitable pheno- Even though Italian and English have been in territory until 1945, when it was victoriously de- Italy (risorgimento, meaning ‘resurgence’) in 1861. menon. With the invention of writing, the analysis contact since the 13th century, this exchange was throned by English. Still, the 18th century is regar- The process of unification commenced with the re- of such an influence has become easier. Geogra- not so fruitful for either nation until the 18th centu- ded as the period when the first true English bor- volution of 1848, which was inspired by rebellions phic proximity of neighbouring interacting coun- ry and after the World War II. The only scarce ear- rowings started to become embedded into Italian. in the 1820s and 1830s and was completed when tries has had a significant impact on the systematic ly linguistic exchange was reflected in the appear- These so-called angolatinisms represented easily Rome became the official capital of the Kingdom. influence of one language on another. In its es- ance of such words as sterlino, for ‘pound sterling’. integrated calques from the political sphere, such This event had a profound impact not only on the sence, language is regarded as a means of convey- This word could be traced in the earliest docu- as autodeterminazione (‘self-determination’), coa- political scene but led to dramatic social, econo- ing and codifying messages, and with the inven- ments accompanying contact and trade between lizione (‘coalition’), comitato (‘committee’), legisla- mic and cultural transformation. The literacy rate tion of writing, storing and codifying information diplomats and merchants. tura (‘legislation’), opposizione (‘opposition’), sen- increased immensely with the introduction of across space and time has become more practical. Historical works are another invaluable source so commune (‘common sense’), and many others. compulsory schooling, and many native speakers This opinion explains the primary cause and the for Anglicisms comprising cultural and political Another major sphere of borrowings in this his- abandoned their dialect in favour of the national nature of borrowing as cross-influence is not in- terminology. Here are some examples listed in En- torical period relates to commerce and navigation language. trinsically an intrusive occurrence. If a language is ciclopedia dell’Italiano: parlamento (from the and could be exemplified by the words biglietto di Not surprisingly, a large part of the Italian voca- studied as an extension of a society, researching English ‘parliament’), coronatore (from the English banco (‘bank cheque’), importare (‘to import’), bulary can be traced back to Latin roots. At the the spread of language we can identify the amount ‘coroner’), alto tradimento (transformed by means brick (‘brick’), cutter (‘cutter’). Due to the rise of same time, the results of previous studies (Cacchia- of prestige it may bring to its users. Vast and rapid of calquing from the English ‘high treason’). Eng- mass media, many loan words appeared in the ni, 2016, p. 320) have demonstrated that neolati- development of trade, technology and crafts- lish borrowings commenced their permanent em- sphere of communication, news and everyday life, nisms came from other languages, such as English manship served as another principal factor in lan- bedding in the Italian language only in the 18th namely bar, manager, dandy, fashion, festival, and French, and can be detected by their phonolo- guage contact as new products and cutting-edge century. Moreover, the Industrial Revolution and boss, scout, camping, shopping, gangster, killer, gical form, or appeared by means of linguistic re- inventions had to be named somehow. Here, com- later on the American Revolution facilitated the etc. construction of Latin. Comparing pairs of Italian merce steps in as one of the major reasons for bor- spread of English-American influence. Before the Notably, the borrowed word ‘manager’ origina- and English words, one can observe the similarities rowing. 18th century, English was treated mostly as a bar- ted from the verb ‘to manage’ that appeared in the of forms and meanings, so-called true pairs. Launching new products and naming them baric language by the Italian nobility. However, English language in 1560s, with the meaning ‘to However, it might be interesting to look at some il- could have two possible outcomes: the society the situation dramatically changed when many Ita- handle, train, or direct (a horse)’, from the now- lustrative examples of how the words’ meanings created a product and is attempting to name it in lian intellectuals and academicians started travel- obsolete noun ‘manage’ (a modern revival of it is could be confused due to misleading similarities in its own native language; or the name is borrowed ling to England. This led to the emergence of a manege), from Italian maneggio, from maneggiare two languages. Occurrences of false friends and from a more powerful and influential language, new phenomenon called anglomania in English or meaning ‘to handle, touch, to control a horse’. The wrong semantic interpretation could impose some e.g. English, in order to reach a much wider audi- l’anglomania in Italian, referring to excessive admi- latter ultimately can be traced back to the Latin difficulties for translators and lead to communica- ence of consumers. The borrowing language is ration of English customs. This historical period is noun manus (‘hand’). tion breakdown. Ferguson (1994, p. 118) emphasi- most likely to ultimately adopt a foreign word if it characterised by the numerous translations of ma- ses that ‘accurate translation, as well as the proper has no lexical units to express new notions or ob- jor works from English literature into Italian, and 3.2. The new pipeline for word borrowing appreciation of advanced Italian texts, hinge on the jects. In the course of time, this borrowed word the urgent need to possess good command of New technological advancements and scienti- confident handling of the key words’. He illustrates can establish itself as a native item functioning in English for commercial purposes. Another interest- fic inventions that had to be named were adopted this statement with the examples such as attuale compliance with the rules of the borrowing lan- ing factor that contributed to the sudden growth of into the Italian language. The examples are nu- (‘present, ‘topical’, never ‘actual’) and eventuale guage and can sound natural to native speakers. In English language popularity was the appearance of merous, such as locomotiva (‘locomotive’), vagone (‘possible’ but not ‘eventual’), being false friends of the words of Görlach (2001, p. 89), ‘loanwords bilingual dictionaries, e.g. Giuseppe Baretti’s (Itali- (‘wagon’), tunnel, cargo, ferry, yacht, bus, cinema,

24 Training, Language and Culture rudn.tlcjournal.org Training, Language and Culture 25 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-21-30 Anglicisms and loanwords: The contribution of English exemplified by contemporary Italian tourist terminology Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 21-30 rudn.tlcjournal.org by Alla G. Sokolova cartoni animati (‘cartoons’), film, cast. Especially phenomenon had taken place in most European It is worth mentioning that reproduction is rare- in their mother tongue. Borrowing also demon- fruitful was the semantic area of sport that was en- languages and has led to the appearance of va- ly done perfectly thanks to contradictions between strates how by filling up the gaps it enables the riched by the words goal, cross, dribbling, fuori rious forms of the so-called ‘pseudo-English’, e.g. the graphological and phonological systems of the creation of new vocabulary patterns and items in gioco (calque from ‘offside’), ring, knock-out, ten- Chinglish, Franglais, and Itangliano. The Italian languages in contact. This phenomenon is mani- the borrowing language. nis, derby, outsider and many others. version, sometimes referred to as Italiese, is a form fested when comparing the English and Italian lan- However, the period of extensive borrowing of simplified or corrupted English used by Italian guage systems. This process is described by some 4.2. Classification of the Anglicisms related to ceased in the wake of the First World when the native speakers. Many linguists (see e.g. Vettorel, linguists (see e.g. Cacchiani, 2016) as adaptation tourist terminology Italian Fascist Party led by Benito Mussolini came 2013, p. 270) consider the use of Italiese largely or transportation, when the speakers attempt to The lexical items we have researched relating to power. This period of Italian history is described condemned, as the frequent excessive use of mis- use borrowed linguistic structures typical of a for- directly to the tourism industry could be divided as an era of linguistic purism when any foreign pronounced words is regarded as unnecessary ex- eign language but uncommon or just non-existent into the following thematic subgroups (Table 1): elements were deemed unnecessary and excessive hibitionism, in particular in mass media, social or corrupting the Italian language. The policy im- networks and journalism. Table 1 posed by the Fascist regime was to ‘cleanse’ the Classification of tourism-related borrowings language and to replace all borrowed words by 4. STUDY AND RESULTS Italian equivalents, e.g. gioco or ludo instead of 4.1. Expanding the Italian lexis by means of NO. CATEGORY EXAMPLES ‘sport’. However, this attempt ultimately failed as borrowing 1 Notions and terms describing individual or group hotel, motel, B&B, hostel, spa, bungalow, resort, reception, all the newly invented replacements and substitutions Many linguists consider lexis or vocabulary as accommodation inclusive never caught on in actual practical use regardless the backbone of a language. At the same time, this 2 Means of transport, carriers and passengers charter, voli low-coster, business class, il check-in, connection of the hefty fines that people would have faced for part of language is greatly affected by outside in- transportation time, duty free, eurocity, il pullman, intercity, hostess, jet, lo their usage. fluence providing the link from the human’s mind shuttle, ticket, autobus, minibus, lounge, car sharing, The dominance of the French language has de- to the external world while grammar, being a cru- backpacking, car pooling clined gradually since World War I and following cial part of language, is much more rigid in form 3 Notions and terms associated with meals and American breakfast, catering, il cocktail, il welcome-drink, self- the economic boom of the 1950s, English has pre- and, as a result, more resistant to the impact of for- catering facilities service, happy hour, lo snack, fast food, bar, slow food, eign languages. Moreover, grammar is the least continental breakfast, banqueting, party, reception, il minibar, il vailed as the most influential foreign language on bartender, la barmaid the Italian territory (Pulcini, 2019, p. 130). Later conscious and the most habitual part of language. on, when the USA had gained economic suprema- However, this scenario does not work for foreign 4 Notions and terms related to sport, recreation Il mountain bike, la canoe, fare tarzaning, il trekking, pratticare and leisure numerosi sport outdoor, il birdwatching, city sightseeing, kayak, cy and the political power, the diffusion of Ameri- learners taking their first steps in language acquisi- il rafting, lo shopping, special event, banana boot, yacht, race, lo can English has facilitated the spread of ideas and tion. In their understanding, grammar appears au- hiking, surfing tomatically to some degree when certain patterns cultural influence, in particular in the youth and 5 Travel agent services Online booking, package tour, tour operator, city package, travel pop culture sphere. The boost for intercultural of language reproduction have been internalised agent contacts occurred when Italy joined the interna- and the ideas have been conceptualised. tional organisations such as NATO and the EU, Changes into Italian grammatical construction with the USA and the UK as the most powerful do exist in certain registers; however, they repre- 4.3. The principal types of assimilation of An- fic feature of Italian phonetics is the absence of re- and influential members in both organisations. The sent only a miniscule part. To sum up, while lexis glicisms in the Italian language duction, therefore usually reduced vowels and phenomenon of this historical stage in the deve- links words and the real world, grammar regulates In this section, the main types of loanwords as- consonants (phonemes expressed by the letters ‘r’, lopment of language contacts is quite specific, as it the relations between words. The situation with similation are considered, such as phonetic, ortho- ‘ng’, ‘e’) are pronounced very clearly, e.g. board- includes not only the elite of the society but all the phonology related to the native language repro- graphic and morphological (grammatical) assimila- ing pass [‘bɔrding], tarzaning [‘tardzaning]. Some social strata. duction patterns is very similar. While introduction tion (Trifone & Palermo, 2014, p. 278). Anglicisms retain their spelling but they are to be The effect has been amplified by the develop- of new phonemes is present in some cases, never- Phonetic assimilation plays the most insignifi- read according to the Italian pronunciation rules, ment of cutting-edge technology and scientific ad- theless, it occurs rarely. cant role seeing that many English phonemes are i.e. reception [re’t∫ep∫on], receptionist [re’t∫ep∫on vance as English has become the means of com- The term ‘borrowing’ is widely used to describe pronounced in a similar manner to Italian ones, for ist]. Italian ‘h’ does not correspond to any sound, munication and information diffusion. In the most the adopting of linguistic structures aimed at ex- instance [æ] > [ε] (snack), [æ] > [a] (fan, and this rule is also applied to the borrowed recent wave of borrowing, the most noticeable pansion of the language vocabulary. Borrowing manager); [ʌ] > [a] (fast food, transfer). The conso- words: hotel [o’tɛll], hostess [‘ɔstes]. proliferation of Anglicisms has occurred in the could be seen as an attempt to reproduce patterns nant ‘s’ at the beginning of the word preceding a Orthographic assimilation occurs very rarely as spheres of information technology, marketing, po- previously found in another language (Sobrero & voiced consonant is always vocalised, as in snow- both contact languages are based on the Latin al- litics and sports (Laviosa, 2007, p. 124). This Miglietta, 2006, p. 254). board [‘znobɔrd], slogan [‘zlɔgan]. Another speci- phabet. In the materials studied, only two cases of

26 Training, Language and Culture rudn.tlcjournal.org Training, Language and Culture 27 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-21-30 Anglicisms and loanwords: The contribution of English exemplified by contemporary Italian tourist terminology Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 21-30 rudn.tlcjournal.org by Alla G. Sokolova cartoni animati (‘cartoons’), film, cast. Especially phenomenon had taken place in most European It is worth mentioning that reproduction is rare- in their mother tongue. Borrowing also demon- fruitful was the semantic area of sport that was en- languages and has led to the appearance of va- ly done perfectly thanks to contradictions between strates how by filling up the gaps it enables the riched by the words goal, cross, dribbling, fuori rious forms of the so-called ‘pseudo-English’, e.g. the graphological and phonological systems of the creation of new vocabulary patterns and items in gioco (calque from ‘offside’), ring, knock-out, ten- Chinglish, Franglais, and Itangliano. The Italian languages in contact. This phenomenon is mani- the borrowing language. nis, derby, outsider and many others. version, sometimes referred to as Italiese, is a form fested when comparing the English and Italian lan- However, the period of extensive borrowing of simplified or corrupted English used by Italian guage systems. This process is described by some 4.2. Classification of the Anglicisms related to ceased in the wake of the First World when the native speakers. Many linguists (see e.g. Vettorel, linguists (see e.g. Cacchiani, 2016) as adaptation tourist terminology Italian Fascist Party led by Benito Mussolini came 2013, p. 270) consider the use of Italiese largely or transportation, when the speakers attempt to The lexical items we have researched relating to power. This period of Italian history is described condemned, as the frequent excessive use of mis- use borrowed linguistic structures typical of a for- directly to the tourism industry could be divided as an era of linguistic purism when any foreign pronounced words is regarded as unnecessary ex- eign language but uncommon or just non-existent into the following thematic subgroups (Table 1): elements were deemed unnecessary and excessive hibitionism, in particular in mass media, social or corrupting the Italian language. The policy im- networks and journalism. Table 1 posed by the Fascist regime was to ‘cleanse’ the Classification of tourism-related borrowings language and to replace all borrowed words by 4. STUDY AND RESULTS Italian equivalents, e.g. gioco or ludo instead of 4.1. Expanding the Italian lexis by means of NO. CATEGORY EXAMPLES ‘sport’. However, this attempt ultimately failed as borrowing 1 Notions and terms describing individual or group hotel, motel, B&B, hostel, spa, bungalow, resort, reception, all the newly invented replacements and substitutions Many linguists consider lexis or vocabulary as accommodation inclusive never caught on in actual practical use regardless the backbone of a language. At the same time, this 2 Means of transport, carriers and passengers charter, voli low-coster, business class, il check-in, connection of the hefty fines that people would have faced for part of language is greatly affected by outside in- transportation time, duty free, eurocity, il pullman, intercity, hostess, jet, lo their usage. fluence providing the link from the human’s mind shuttle, ticket, autobus, minibus, lounge, car sharing, The dominance of the French language has de- to the external world while grammar, being a cru- backpacking, car pooling clined gradually since World War I and following cial part of language, is much more rigid in form 3 Notions and terms associated with meals and American breakfast, catering, il cocktail, il welcome-drink, self- the economic boom of the 1950s, English has pre- and, as a result, more resistant to the impact of for- catering facilities service, happy hour, lo snack, fast food, bar, slow food, eign languages. Moreover, grammar is the least continental breakfast, banqueting, party, reception, il minibar, il vailed as the most influential foreign language on bartender, la barmaid the Italian territory (Pulcini, 2019, p. 130). Later conscious and the most habitual part of language. on, when the USA had gained economic suprema- However, this scenario does not work for foreign 4 Notions and terms related to sport, recreation Il mountain bike, la canoe, fare tarzaning, il trekking, pratticare and leisure numerosi sport outdoor, il birdwatching, city sightseeing, kayak, cy and the political power, the diffusion of Ameri- learners taking their first steps in language acquisi- il rafting, lo shopping, special event, banana boot, yacht, race, lo can English has facilitated the spread of ideas and tion. In their understanding, grammar appears au- hiking, surfing tomatically to some degree when certain patterns cultural influence, in particular in the youth and 5 Travel agent services Online booking, package tour, tour operator, city package, travel pop culture sphere. The boost for intercultural of language reproduction have been internalised agent contacts occurred when Italy joined the interna- and the ideas have been conceptualised. tional organisations such as NATO and the EU, Changes into Italian grammatical construction with the USA and the UK as the most powerful do exist in certain registers; however, they repre- 4.3. The principal types of assimilation of An- fic feature of Italian phonetics is the absence of re- and influential members in both organisations. The sent only a miniscule part. To sum up, while lexis glicisms in the Italian language duction, therefore usually reduced vowels and phenomenon of this historical stage in the deve- links words and the real world, grammar regulates In this section, the main types of loanwords as- consonants (phonemes expressed by the letters ‘r’, lopment of language contacts is quite specific, as it the relations between words. The situation with similation are considered, such as phonetic, ortho- ‘ng’, ‘e’) are pronounced very clearly, e.g. board- includes not only the elite of the society but all the phonology related to the native language repro- graphic and morphological (grammatical) assimila- ing pass [‘bɔrding], tarzaning [‘tardzaning]. Some social strata. duction patterns is very similar. While introduction tion (Trifone & Palermo, 2014, p. 278). Anglicisms retain their spelling but they are to be The effect has been amplified by the develop- of new phonemes is present in some cases, never- Phonetic assimilation plays the most insignifi- read according to the Italian pronunciation rules, ment of cutting-edge technology and scientific ad- theless, it occurs rarely. cant role seeing that many English phonemes are i.e. reception [re’t∫ep∫on], receptionist [re’t∫ep∫on vance as English has become the means of com- The term ‘borrowing’ is widely used to describe pronounced in a similar manner to Italian ones, for ist]. Italian ‘h’ does not correspond to any sound, munication and information diffusion. In the most the adopting of linguistic structures aimed at ex- instance [æ] > [ε] (snack), [æ] > [a] (fan, and this rule is also applied to the borrowed recent wave of borrowing, the most noticeable pansion of the language vocabulary. Borrowing manager); [ʌ] > [a] (fast food, transfer). The conso- words: hotel [o’tɛll], hostess [‘ɔstes]. proliferation of Anglicisms has occurred in the could be seen as an attempt to reproduce patterns nant ‘s’ at the beginning of the word preceding a Orthographic assimilation occurs very rarely as spheres of information technology, marketing, po- previously found in another language (Sobrero & voiced consonant is always vocalised, as in snow- both contact languages are based on the Latin al- litics and sports (Laviosa, 2007, p. 124). This Miglietta, 2006, p. 254). board [‘znobɔrd], slogan [‘zlɔgan]. Another speci- phabet. In the materials studied, only two cases of

26 Training, Language and Culture rudn.tlcjournal.org Training, Language and Culture 27 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-21-30 Anglicisms and loanwords: The contribution of English exemplified by contemporary Italian tourist terminology Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 21-30 rudn.tlcjournal.org by Alla G. Sokolova orthographic assimilation have been identified, as clusive [ɪn’clu:sɪv] and in Italian inclusivo, the regardless of the change in the meaning. The ex- in mountain bike which has been substituted by stress is in on the second syllable from the end of ample demonstrates how the impact of English ‘Having studied the specifics of borrowed mountain byke. the word. language on Italian ultimately led to the reciprocal words assimilation into the newest tourist In the TV advertisement of the ‘all inclusive’ ta- The most popular type of assimilation is mor- effect of Italian influencing English. Finally, the terminology, we have concluded that riff, the elderly TV-presenter recommends scelga phological (grammatical) one. Thus, it has always word barista has become international and is po- English loanwords are blended and olìnclusiv (the stress is on the second syllable). been of great interest for researchers. Considering pular all over the world thanks to globalisation. Then a male voice in the background gives com- the fact that in the English language the category Words of a language different from English are adopted according to the norms of ments on the tariff calling it olinclùsiv (the stress is of grammatical gender of nouns is absent, their often pronounced or spelt as though they were tru- contemporary Italian language, while the on the third syllable). Mostly likely, advertisers morphological (grammatical) assimilation is imple- ly English. This phenomenon has led to the ap- mechanism of Anglicisms’ activation is have chosen the form with the third syllable stres- mented in correspondence with the following pearance of the so-called pseudo-English words, sed due to hypercorrection, as both in English in- principles (Table 2): i.e. non-English words by origin but created from based on the interaction between referring English morphemes. These words should not be words of the recipient language and their Table 2 confused with false friends that do exist in English, equivalent and hyperonyms’ The principles of morphological (grammatical) assimilation but possess a different main meaning between English and Italian. As far as the entertainment in- 6. CONCLUSION NO. PRINCIPLE EXAMPLES dustry is concerned, a good example is the Italian The unprecedented influx of Anglicisms into 1 The category is given as of co-referent word il barman, la barmaid, il travelblogger / la travelblogger, la word for the joker in a pack of cards – il jolly (259 the contemporary Italian language and the subse- gender hostess search results). Throughout the 19th century, the quent influence on Italian lexis has revealed the is- English word for this was the jolly joker, but as sues connected with the structural assimilation of 2 The category is given in accordance with the la banana boat (la barca) gender of hyperonym of the borrowed word la email (la posta elettronica) time went by, the Italians dropped the second part those loan words. Once the loanword has travel- and native English speakers dropped the first one. led beyond the restricted province of the individu- 3 Suffixes and inflexions in the English borrowed lo shopping, il hiking, il tarzaning, il rafting Also the word afterhour bearing the acquired als having a proficient command of English pro- words (usually masculine) meaning ‘until well after the sun comes up’ seems nunciation and grammar, there comes the problem rather odd to English ears. For example: Nello stes- of how it can function in the framework of the In the process of adaptation, English verbs ac- need to express agency in words that are mainly so periodo scrive per il disco di Roberto Dellera phonological and morphological systems of the quire some features of Italian regular verbs of the used in collocations but are not subject to deriva- (bassista del gruppo after hour) il singolo AMI LEI Italian language. first conjugation. They are generally related to the tion in English. The second element is rendered by AMI ME che riceve l’attenzione di moltissime radio Having studied the specifics of borrowed words Internet communication sphere and could be the suffix –man in Italian, e.g. barman (130 search e sempre per lui compone i testi di alitri brani con- assimilation into the newest tourist terminology, found on tourism websites, forums, blogs designa- results in Corpus dell’Italiano), salesman (6 search tenuti nel disco di prossima uscita. we have concluded that English loanwords are ted for sharing comments and reviews, e.g. chatta- results), chairman (66 search results), etc. A relatively significant transformation occurs in blended and adopted according to the norms of re (‘to chat’), cliccare (‘to click’), monitorare (‘to Another way of rendering the second element English compound borrowed words as well. In Ita- contemporary Italian language, while the mecha- monitor’), filmare (‘to film’), postare (‘to post’). Ever is by adding the suffix –ista, also denoting agency, lian, formation of words via the compounding me- nism of Anglicisms’ activation is based on the in- more often one can come across the verb piacciare e.g. tassista (340 search results). In the touristic ter- thod (parole composte) is less frequent than teraction between referring words of the recipient derived from mi piace (‘to like’, meaning to show minology, the most frequent example is barista English, as in telecommando, telespettatori, au- language and their equivalent and hyperonyms. that you think something is good on a social net- (519 search results) with quite a curious etymology tostrada. In addition to this, in English the com- Notably, the use of borrowed words, especially working website by clicking on a symbol or the reminding of a similar process with the word ma- mon pattern is a modifier accompanied by the from English, is more about sounding cool, open- word ‘like’). nager. Barista originated from the word barman head noun. On the contrary, in Italian it is noun + minded, global and international rather than filling obviously borrowed by Italian from English around modifier, as in fermacarta (‘paperweight’), or a linguistic gap between the two languages (Varia- 5. DISCUSSION 1908. However, in the 1940s, the word barista be- pastasciutta (‘dried pasta’). Therefore, the latter no, 2018, p. 270). Excessive use, if not abuse, of Loanwords can form compounds that never came widespread and gradually replaced the bor- component of English compound words could be Anglicisms in the contemporary Italian language existed in English and become quite productive in rowed version. It is disputable that the initial An- wrongly taken for a modifier that results in the seems unjustified in the majority of cases as substi- the borrowing language. As mentioned above, the glicism barman had undergone a process of Italia- head noun being omitted or eliminated. Thus, the tuting existing words with loanwords leaves an principal ways of grammatical assimilation are ad- nisation by means of morphological transforma- lexis is enriched with such words as dancing in- overwhelming majority of Italians (84% as con- ministered by adding suffixes or even lexical mor- tion, i.e. the English suffix was substituted by an stead of dancing hall (102 search results), parking cerns English) in the dark. The average number of phemes or so-called borderline suffixes. Thus, the authentic Italian equivalent. The second wave of instead of parking lot (31 search results), night in- Italians speaking proficient enough English ac- use of the suffix –man is appropriate thanks to the popularity of the word barista was around 1990, stead of night club (264 search results). counts for only 16% of the population.

28 Training, Language and Culture rudn.tlcjournal.org Training, Language and Culture 29 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-21-30 Anglicisms and loanwords: The contribution of English exemplified by contemporary Italian tourist terminology Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 21-30 rudn.tlcjournal.org by Alla G. Sokolova orthographic assimilation have been identified, as clusive [ɪn’clu:sɪv] and in Italian inclusivo, the regardless of the change in the meaning. The ex- in mountain bike which has been substituted by stress is in on the second syllable from the end of ample demonstrates how the impact of English ‘Having studied the specifics of borrowed mountain byke. the word. language on Italian ultimately led to the reciprocal words assimilation into the newest tourist In the TV advertisement of the ‘all inclusive’ ta- The most popular type of assimilation is mor- effect of Italian influencing English. Finally, the terminology, we have concluded that riff, the elderly TV-presenter recommends scelga phological (grammatical) one. Thus, it has always word barista has become international and is po- English loanwords are blended and olìnclusiv (the stress is on the second syllable). been of great interest for researchers. Considering pular all over the world thanks to globalisation. Then a male voice in the background gives com- the fact that in the English language the category Words of a language different from English are adopted according to the norms of ments on the tariff calling it olinclùsiv (the stress is of grammatical gender of nouns is absent, their often pronounced or spelt as though they were tru- contemporary Italian language, while the on the third syllable). Mostly likely, advertisers morphological (grammatical) assimilation is imple- ly English. This phenomenon has led to the ap- mechanism of Anglicisms’ activation is have chosen the form with the third syllable stres- mented in correspondence with the following pearance of the so-called pseudo-English words, sed due to hypercorrection, as both in English in- principles (Table 2): i.e. non-English words by origin but created from based on the interaction between referring English morphemes. These words should not be words of the recipient language and their Table 2 confused with false friends that do exist in English, equivalent and hyperonyms’ The principles of morphological (grammatical) assimilation but possess a different main meaning between English and Italian. As far as the entertainment in- 6. CONCLUSION NO. PRINCIPLE EXAMPLES dustry is concerned, a good example is the Italian The unprecedented influx of Anglicisms into 1 The category is given as of co-referent word il barman, la barmaid, il travelblogger / la travelblogger, la word for the joker in a pack of cards – il jolly (259 the contemporary Italian language and the subse- gender hostess search results). Throughout the 19th century, the quent influence on Italian lexis has revealed the is- English word for this was the jolly joker, but as sues connected with the structural assimilation of 2 The category is given in accordance with the la banana boat (la barca) gender of hyperonym of the borrowed word la email (la posta elettronica) time went by, the Italians dropped the second part those loan words. Once the loanword has travel- and native English speakers dropped the first one. led beyond the restricted province of the individu- 3 Suffixes and inflexions in the English borrowed lo shopping, il hiking, il tarzaning, il rafting Also the word afterhour bearing the acquired als having a proficient command of English pro- words (usually masculine) meaning ‘until well after the sun comes up’ seems nunciation and grammar, there comes the problem rather odd to English ears. For example: Nello stes- of how it can function in the framework of the In the process of adaptation, English verbs ac- need to express agency in words that are mainly so periodo scrive per il disco di Roberto Dellera phonological and morphological systems of the quire some features of Italian regular verbs of the used in collocations but are not subject to deriva- (bassista del gruppo after hour) il singolo AMI LEI Italian language. first conjugation. They are generally related to the tion in English. The second element is rendered by AMI ME che riceve l’attenzione di moltissime radio Having studied the specifics of borrowed words Internet communication sphere and could be the suffix –man in Italian, e.g. barman (130 search e sempre per lui compone i testi di alitri brani con- assimilation into the newest tourist terminology, found on tourism websites, forums, blogs designa- results in Corpus dell’Italiano), salesman (6 search tenuti nel disco di prossima uscita. we have concluded that English loanwords are ted for sharing comments and reviews, e.g. chatta- results), chairman (66 search results), etc. A relatively significant transformation occurs in blended and adopted according to the norms of re (‘to chat’), cliccare (‘to click’), monitorare (‘to Another way of rendering the second element English compound borrowed words as well. In Ita- contemporary Italian language, while the mecha- monitor’), filmare (‘to film’), postare (‘to post’). Ever is by adding the suffix –ista, also denoting agency, lian, formation of words via the compounding me- nism of Anglicisms’ activation is based on the in- more often one can come across the verb piacciare e.g. tassista (340 search results). In the touristic ter- thod (parole composte) is less frequent than teraction between referring words of the recipient derived from mi piace (‘to like’, meaning to show minology, the most frequent example is barista English, as in telecommando, telespettatori, au- language and their equivalent and hyperonyms. that you think something is good on a social net- (519 search results) with quite a curious etymology tostrada. In addition to this, in English the com- Notably, the use of borrowed words, especially working website by clicking on a symbol or the reminding of a similar process with the word ma- mon pattern is a modifier accompanied by the from English, is more about sounding cool, open- word ‘like’). nager. Barista originated from the word barman head noun. On the contrary, in Italian it is noun + minded, global and international rather than filling obviously borrowed by Italian from English around modifier, as in fermacarta (‘paperweight’), or a linguistic gap between the two languages (Varia- 5. DISCUSSION 1908. However, in the 1940s, the word barista be- pastasciutta (‘dried pasta’). Therefore, the latter no, 2018, p. 270). Excessive use, if not abuse, of Loanwords can form compounds that never came widespread and gradually replaced the bor- component of English compound words could be Anglicisms in the contemporary Italian language existed in English and become quite productive in rowed version. It is disputable that the initial An- wrongly taken for a modifier that results in the seems unjustified in the majority of cases as substi- the borrowing language. As mentioned above, the glicism barman had undergone a process of Italia- head noun being omitted or eliminated. Thus, the tuting existing words with loanwords leaves an principal ways of grammatical assimilation are ad- nisation by means of morphological transforma- lexis is enriched with such words as dancing in- overwhelming majority of Italians (84% as con- ministered by adding suffixes or even lexical mor- tion, i.e. the English suffix was substituted by an stead of dancing hall (102 search results), parking cerns English) in the dark. The average number of phemes or so-called borderline suffixes. Thus, the authentic Italian equivalent. The second wave of instead of parking lot (31 search results), night in- Italians speaking proficient enough English ac- use of the suffix –man is appropriate thanks to the popularity of the word barista was around 1990, stead of night club (264 search results). counts for only 16% of the population.

28 Training, Language and Culture rudn.tlcjournal.org Training, Language and Culture 29 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-2-21-30 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4–2-31-42 Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 21-30 rudn.tlcjournal.org Volume 4 Issue 2, 2020, pp. 31-42 rudn.tlcjournal.org

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KEYWORDS: naming, branding, marketing, interior design, Italian

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1. INTRODUCTION In 1979, Italy became the world’s number one In the early 21st century, the number of Italian exporter of furniture and interior design objects, a companies manufacturing furniture, light fixtures, status which it held till 2003. After that there fol- and other interior design objects has been estima- lowed a dip in export volume, with another surge ted to exceed 36,000. The modern-day design in- starting in 2006. The main export category of the dustry is comprised of a wide range of enterprises: Italian interior design industry is furniture (78%), engineering companies, architectural firms, design followed by light fixtures (13%), and other access- studios, furniture and lighting stores as well as fac- ories (9%). Russia is one of Italy’s main trade part- tories and craft workshops that produce interior ners and was the fourth largest export market in design objects. Italy’s interior design industry pro- 2015 for Italian interior design goods after Germa- vides over 231,000 jobs, playing an important role ny, France and the United States (ICE, 2020). In in the state’s economy (Lojacono, 2007, p. 11-29). 2005, in response to requests from the traditional

© Daria A. Shevliakova 2020 30 Training, Language and Culture This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Training, Language and Culture 31