Introduction 04

Chronology of the EFA 28

The leadership of EFA 34

The MEPs of the EFA 36

The General Assemblies of the EFA 48

EFA parties 50

Founding texts of EFA 54

Archives material 60

This publication is financed with the support of the European Parliament (EP). The EP is not responsible for any use made of the content of this publication. Documents 64 European Union (Maastricht Treaty, 1992). “the European federal authority has particular This change involves the renaming of the EFA responsibility for helping less favoured regions as the “Democratic Party of the Peoples of to achieve equality”. Finally, let’s mention that Europe – European Free Alliance” (DPPE-EFA). the EFA develops a largely post-materialist and Introduction But it is only in 2004 that the EFA becomes a green3 approach from its creation: “the EFA genuine European party, recognised as such by advocates a new life-style that attaches more the European Parliament. From 2004 therefore, importance to well-being and health than to there is a formal distinction between the EFA as production and technical progress not aimed group in the European Parliament (the MEPs at satisfying genuine welfare needs. The EFA and their staff) and the EFA as political party therefore wants to ensure that the economy, (with its own staff and agenda, and its location living conditions and social intercourse outside the European parliament). The main preserve their vital links with man and nature”. motor and raison d’être of the party, though, remains the MEPs until now1. From the 1990s, the EFA makes explicit those core ideological values in the statutes of the If the EFA is one of the smallest European party, and notably in its article 1 (1999) or political parties, it has a very clear ideological 3 (2005). The first point (out of nine in the identity, at least as far as the ideological core statutes of 2005) combines the aspiration The history of the European Free Alliance to analyse the positions of the EFA and its is concerned. Indeed, the party develops from to European unity, freedom of peoples, (EFA) is linked to the European Parliament. It representatives on defence, internationalist the beginning a distinctive approach to politics subsidiarity and solidarity (which apply to all is therefore the history of nationalist parties and peace policies from its creation, in 1981. around a few central and defining values, which the people of the world). The second point learning to work together in an international were to be elaborated over the years, notably calls for the “defence of human rights and arena and learning to use this international In 1981, a number of regionalist and nationalist during the annual general assemblies. In the the rights of peoples, in particular the right to arena as a political tool to carry their objectives parties combined to form a union based on Declaration of the Convention of Brussels self determination”. The third point reminds forward. The history of the EFA is also the cooperation, the European Free Alliance, with (1981), the party defines itself as advocating that the EFA stands for the protection of the history of international solidarity, whereby the nine partners signing the Declaration of the “a form of integrated regionalism” which is environment and sustainable development. The MEPs of national parties took upon themselves Convention of Brussels. A permanent secretariat characterized as a form of federalism “whereby eighth point put forward the EFA’s attachment to represent nations (even in other States than is settled, based in Brussels and directly linked decisions are taken at the lowest possible to diversity (notably of culture and languages). the one they belong to) with no representation to EFA’s MEPs. Indeed, until 2004 at least, the level”. Indeed, subsidiarity appears as the core Let’s mention at last that the EFA stands for the as such; it is the history of Flemish MEPs EFA is above all a grouping of regionalist and political principle of the EFA, up to the individual principles of parliamentary democracy (point defending the interests of Frisia, of Welsh MEPs nationalist MEPs: there is no distinct staff and level, in that the aim is “to enable the individual 5): indeed, from the beginning (see notably struggling for the rights of the Galician people, most of the finances and ideological work is to realize to the fullest possible extent his own the minutes of the General Assembly of Saint- or of Corsican MEPs representing Breton and coming from the MEPs and their staff. From six individuality and his place in society2”. Solidarity Vincent, 22-25th November 1984) the EFA Occitan issues. member parties in 1981, the EFA develops very is another key principle, whereby the EFA stands accepts only non-violent parties. quickly: 21 full members in 1991, 22 in 2001 for “progressive social justice” and asserts that Speaking of the internationalism of nationalists (the group stagnates in the 1990s from all may seem paradoxical. Nevertheless, it is viewpoints) and 36 in 2011. from the beginning not only at the heart of the 1 For more data on the history of the EFA see the appendix, and notably the chronology of the EFA. See also Dauwen & structure and the project of the EFA, but also In 1995, after two years of debates, the EFA Vanhaelewyn, 2006; Lynch, 1998; Lynch & de Winter, 2008; Seiler, 2004; Bajulaz, 2002. of its world view, of its ideology. This is what chooses to turn itself into a European political 2 But “the natural community in which the individual can fulfil himself is the ethnic community”. 3 It is notably very strongly in favour of organic farming, against nuclear energy and in favour of renewable energy (see notably we intend to study in this report, with the aim party following article 138a of the Treaty on the minutes of the Cardiff’s General Assembly of 1986, July 3-4th).

4 The Internationalism of the EFA - 5 International issues are not part of the core world. Indeed, international issues have not nation. Most of the issues raised in AFET and For other parties though, notably the most values of the EFA, apart from a principled been at the centre of the activity of the EFA interesting for EFA MEPs (notably the rights of progressive ones, it is possible for the EFA defence of solidarity with the people of the MEPs, as can be seen in the table below: national minorities in the world) can be dealt as to elaborate a coherent and comprehensive well in intergroups or even in friendship groups ideology based on its ideological core. The EFA 4 THE MEPS OF THE EFA AND INTERNATIONAL ISSUES (interview, 7th of May 2012). should therefore develop a global reflection,

Foreign Affairs: Development: International trade: which should never be restrictive and imposed POLI (1979-1994), DEVE RELA (1979-1999), In the interviews I’ve done during the General to the member parties though. AFET (1994-now) INTA (2004-now) assembly of Ljouwert (23-24th March 2012) 1979-1984 Jaak Vandemeulebroucke it has appeared quite clearly that for many This second tendency has dominated the (1981-1982) parties, notably the most conservative ones, history of the EFA (up to the 2000s at least), 1984-1989 Jaak Vandemeulebroucke Willy Kuijpers (1984-1989) the EFA should keep to its core business (self- even though the EFA never developed a truly (1984-1987) determination, for all of them), and that there comprehensive program, and one can think 1989-1994 Karlos Garaikoetxea (1991) Winifred Ewing (1989-1994) Luigi Moretti (1989-1992) was no need, or even it should be prevented, that even if international issues have not been Heribert Barrera i Costa (1991) to go too deep, too far, in building a global at the core of the EFA’s business, the group has Winifred Ewing (1989-1991) EFA’s ideology. Therefore, it wasn’t desirable tried to develop a reflection on it. This is what 1994-1999 Jaak Vandemeulebroucke Allan Macartney (1994-1997) for the EFA to have a position on international we are going to try to assess in this report, (1994-1995) Nelly Maes (1999) issues (apart from defending the right to self- with a chronological approach first, and then a 1999-2004 Nelly Maes (2002-2004) Nelly Maes (1999-2004) determination for any people in the world). thematic one. Gorka Knörr (1999-2001) Miquel Mayol (2001-2004) 2004-2009 Tatjana Ždanoka (2004-2007) 2009-2014 Frieda Brepoels (2009-2013) Mark Demesmaeker (2013-2014) I | History A. 1979-1982: THE FOUNDING TEXTS

If there has always been EFA MEPs dealing with but with very little power5. For Jose Luis In June 1979, eight regionalist and nationalist peoples of Europe and the world, in particular international issues, they have rarely been full Linazasoro, EFA MEPs do not constitute a big parties sign the Charter of Cooperation for the those who suffer under foreign and dictatorial members in the concerned committees. The group, and they therefore try to concentrate Construction of a Europe of the Nations (or domination and those who are on the road explanation is simple. Nelly Maes underlines on topics that distinguish them from other “Charter of Brussels”). This Charter, which will towards full development.” that AFET is both a very demanding committee, MEPs, and where they can be useful for their lead directly to the Declaration of the Convention of Brussels (9th of July 1981), and therefore to The creation of the EFA is in itself an interna­ the creation of the EFA, states already the first tionalist statement since it refuses “isola­ 4 bold type: full member italic type: substitute principles of the EFA on international issues: tionism” and aims to bring parties representing DROI: Heribert Barrera i Costa (1991); Tatjana Ždanoka (2004-2009); Frieda Brepoels (2009-2013); “Every nation in the world has the right to different nations to work together towards Mark Demesmaeker (2013-2014) SEDE: Jaak Vandemeulebroucke (1994-1997) self-government, the right to preserve and common goals. They therefore need common AFET: Foreign Affairs (Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Security and Defence Policy from 1994 until 2004) develop its own identity and cultural heritage. principles. The right of self-government is the DROI: Human Rights SEDE: Security and Defence Every nation must be able to decide on its own first of those, which is defined as a universal DEVE: Development (and Cooperation until 2004) system of government. (…) right, and solidarity with all people of the world INTA: International Trade (from 2004) POLI: Political Affairs Committee (1979-1994): ancestor of AFET Isolationism runs counter to our concept of is an important value. RELA: External Economic Relations (1979-1999) nationalism. We declare our solidarity with all 5 Interview, 3rd of May 2012.

6 The Internationalism of the EFA - 7 The Declaration of the Convention of Brussels, Nuclear arms are seen by the EFA as a threat Therefore, for Dr. Coppieters, issues of defence Maurits Coppieters, and based on his draft. Many founding document of the EFA, reasserts and to the existence of mankind and as such an are necessarily linked to issues of development. amendments were submitted to the existing develop those principles, and notably that of absolute evil which must be resisted by all The last strong element of the text is his plea text, but Plaid Cymru submitted a text entirely solidarity. Indeed, the declaration states that means.” for a new NATO, in which Europe would become replacing the draft. Jaak Vandemeulebroucke, “the EFA upholds the principle of solidarity with an autonomous entity and not anymore a USA’s EFA MEP and president, was of the opinion that the developing countries. The people of the From the beginning indeed the rejection of protectorate. Plaid Cymru’s text was better than the draft10. Third World have to be helped in their struggle nuclear weapons, and more globally of the He suggested continuing the discussion on for independence and social justice. An equitable “arms industry and the military machine”, is at The second source of the EFA’s position on peace and security policy during the next EFA distribution of labour on global scale, as well as the core of the EFA’s ideological identity. international issues is elaborated by Plaid meeting, in Sardinia, spending then a whole day fair remuneration for labour and raw materials Cymru, and presented for the first time during on the EFA view on peace and security. The final are preconditions for the securing of world The construction of Europe is also a crucial the General Assembly of 1986 (Cardiff, 3-4th of text would be adopted in Sardinia. peace.” component of the identity of the EFA, construc­ July)9. Asking itself what would be a defence tion which has an international justification policy of a self-governing Wales, the paper Indeed, Sardinia’s General Assembly is dedicated Peace and pacifism are strong arguments for since it is seen as “an essential contribution to suggests first that: to peace and security issues. The debate shows the EFA to have an international approach: the problem of a world order”: “European policy “A defence force dedicated solely to the terri­ a division between those that defend a strictly “4.7. The EFA believes in the value of pacifism must essentially be aimed at promoting peace, torial defence of Wales is not a realistic concept pacifist view (Carlos Garaikoetxea, from EA, Jill and wishes to see the gradual dismantling and through a constructive approach to the problems in today’s world. Military defence, and defence Evans, from Plaid Cymru, or Michele Columbu, transformation of the arms industry and the of underdevelopment, the international decision forces must be internationalised, ultimately to from PSd’Az, for example), and those who think military machine. Mindful of the ‘no more war’ of labour and world-wide cooperation”. This a world body like the United Nations, and imme­ that violence could be legitimate sometimes slogans of those who have fought at the front, construction of Europe should also include diately to a progressive European order.” (Max Simeoni, from UPC, or Neil Blaney, from it will campaign actively for total disarmament Eastern Europe, element which is to be a key the Independent Fianna Fail)11. The adopted and the dismantling of military power blocs. element of the EFA’s approach. From there, the key concept of the text is that text12 though rejects “violence used for political of “defensive deterrence”, “that is to say deter­ ends”, in accordance with EFA’s deep core rence based not on the threat of destroying an principles. opponent’s society but on making aggression costly in political as well as military terms and in The EFA is defined as “non-imperialist”, “non- B. SARDINIA (1988): ELABORATION OF A DEFENCE AND making occupation untenable”. With such a aggressive”, promoting the “spirit of coope­ INTERNATIONAL POSITION point of view, nuclear disarmament, “the first ration”, in favour of “a world evolving irresistibly priority of Plaid Cymru”, appears as realistic. towards unity in diversity”. The “protection of If the principles are there from the beginning, the or decentralisation is an absolute condition for human rights” but also of “the rights of the EFA waited until 1988, and the General Assembly each of the three sides of this peace triangle”. At EFA’s General Assembly of Brussels, on the national communities” are two key objectives. of Cagliari in Sardinia (2-4th of May), to adopt a He underlines as well strongly that “security” has 7th and 8th of September 1987, a debate on As in the two previous texts, “security exceeds comprehensive vision on peace and international a much broader meaning than only a military “Peace and security: the EFA view” is chaired by the narrow scope of military conceptions”, since issues. This text itself, on “Peace and Security one, citing the Brandt report8 (1980) which says: Policy6”, is the result of the fusion of two reflec­ “On world level, real safety cannot be achieved tions. The first one, “Towards a European ‘Post by the construction of an ever increasing weapon 6 7 Appendix: Document 8c. Found in ADVN Archives, D 10956 4/1. Yalta’ policy ”, is first presented by Dr. Maurits arsenal – defence in its narrow meaning – but 7 Appendix: Document 8a. Coppieters during Bastia’s General Assembly of by the creation of basic conditions for peaceful 8 The Brandt Report was written in 1980 by an Independent Commission first chaired by Willy Brandt, and focused above all on the North-South divide. the 11th and 12th of April 1982. He conceptualizes relations between nations and by solving not only 9 Appendix: “Defence policy – discussion paper”, Document 8b. Found in ADVN’s Archives, D 10953 3/1. in it a “Peace triangle: Safety, Human rights, the military but also the non-military questions 10 Both texts are available in ADVN’s archives: the original draft in D 10954 (5/1) and Plaid Cymru’s text in D 10968 (2/1). 11 Minutes of Sardinia’s General Assembly (2-4th May 1988) : ADVN’s archives, D 10956 (2/1). Development”, claiming that “the regionalisation that threaten peace.” 12 Appendix: Document 8c. French version found in the EFA’s Digital Archives.

8 The Internationalism of the EFA - 9 it can be weakened by all forms of violence, be recognised to all people (regardless of the from economic sanctions to high unemployment frontiers inherited from colonisation). “Projects C. EFA IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, BETWEEN rates or environmental degradations. “A sound must meet the needs of the region receiving PRINCIPLES AND PRAGMATISM (1989-2004) peace policy must address [therefore] not aid. They must be planned and imple–mented only military problems but also those of a non- in close collaboration with the local population”. After Sardinia, the EFA’s program on interna­ Rainbow Group was one of the very first military nature”. “A growth in cultural ex– Let’s mention at last, that this text has already tional and peace issues will not be truly reas­ groups to advocate recognition of Croatia and changes” or “the removal of obstacles to trade” a green perspective. Indeed (point 13) since sessed again. As soon as 1989, the main Slovenia”. During the EFA’s General assembly of are indeed, for the EFA, key elements of a detente “maintaining the habitability of the planet ele­­ments will be integrated in the political the 19th and 20th of October 1992 (Brussels), policy. Dialogue with Eastern Europe or with the must be the starting point for development platform of the Rainbow group in the European Jaak Vandemeulebroucke announces that the Islamic world are other key elements. Indeed, EFA cooperation”, the EEC must “lend its aid to the Parliament, of which the EFA is, for the first and Rainbow Group will submit a urgency resolution supports the “creation of a peacemaker­ Europe”, conservation of forests and to water supplies” last time, the main element. The Rainbow Group to prevent a recognition of Serbia-and-Montene­ a “denuclearized Europe”, which wouldn’t be a and “prevent the tipping of harmful substances supports “free trade and cooperation between gro (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) as long as “third block” but a proponent of “large-scale in developing countries”. EC and EFTA and as much cooperation as the Kosovo issue has not been democratically disarmament”. possible between east, west and neutral Euro­ settled out. This strong concern of the EFA for the environ­ pean countries”, “opposition towards power In accordance with their extensive view on ment is developed in a third text adopted in blocks” and “real cooperation with the deve­ The EFA also hopes to benefit from this opening security issues, a second text is dedicated to Sardinia on “A European environment policy”. loping countries, rather than colonial and unfair of the East to develop and spread its idea of a the “European development policy13”. Recog­ This resolution doesn’t focus specifically on trade relations”. As far as peace is concerned, Europe of the Peoples in Central and Eastern nising “that the underlying causes of hunger in international issues, but calls, among other the Rainbow Group is in favour of “effective Europe. The EFA’s General assembly of the 19th the world are political in origin”, the resolution things, for “a ban on the import of nuclear waste arms control and mutually controlled reduction and 20th of October (Brussels) asserts for promotes “North-South dialogue” and “inter­ from third countries” or on the limitation of the of armaments14”. International and peace example that: national cooperation”. In order to resolve the exportation of pesticides “to those which are issues are not central in this political platform “The European Free Alliance will be in the financial and debt problems, it suggests that authorised within the EEC”. though. van­guard as regards contacts with Central “the EEC should encourage western countries to Euro­pean political movements based on similar adapt the interest rates accruing to repayments The main focus of the international work of principles, i.e. which respect grass roots demo­ to reflect the per capita GDP of developing the Rainbow Group in the European parliament cracy, acknowledge religious and philosophical countries”. Indeed, the EEC should become an between 1989 and 1994 are the relations with diversity as a positive value, and are socially international actor and join directly the IMF, the Eastern Europe, region which is on a very quick progressive and active in peace and disarma­ World Bank, the FAO and the UNDP. The core of path towards democracy, and where many new ment policy.15” the EFA approach though is to assert strongly states are appearing with the implosion of the that development should focus on the interests USSR, of Yugoslavia and of Czechoslovakia. Those hopes are not really successful though, of the local people, and not on those of the Logically enough, the EFA focuses above all and are sometimes problematic, notably con­ Western World: food aid for example should be on making contacts with the new emerging cerning the Slovak National Party, which turns banned, except in situations of emergency, since nations, and on defending their rights and out to be a far right movement, aggressive for it benefits only the European farmers and harms interests. The first EFA Newsletter (May 4th, example against the Hungarian minority16. the local producers. Self determination should 1992) proudly claims for example that “the

14 ADVN, EFA’s archives, D 10963 3/1. 15 Let’s notice that peace and disarmament policies are considered as part of the core identity of the EFA here. 16 This worries many members of the EFA. See for example the minutes of the EFA’s General Assembly of the 19-20th 13 Appendix: Document 8d. French version found in the EFA’s Digital Archives. of October 1992.

10 The Internationalism of the EFA - 11 The main instance of reflection on international minorities, and strongly wishing to become part and activists from member parties. Another change, Europe has to implement the Kyoto issues during the 1990s is provoked by the of a federal Europe. Such “qualitative” criteria problem is that not all member parties want the Protocol without waiting for the US to do the Intergovernmental Conference of 1996, which should be more important than “quantitative” EFA to have an in-depth political reflection. same. It is not only an issue of environment, was to result in the Amsterdam Treaty of 1997. ones. but also of energetic independence; the EFA In a document synthesizing the position of the Even if 2004 is not a turning point as far as the analyses the US military attack on Iraq as a EFA17, the party calls notably for a more efficient In 2000, the Declaration of Brussels (9th of positions of the EFA are concerned, we can direct consequence of the high dependence of and coherent foreign policy. For the EFA, November), adopted during a meeting which mention that international and peace issues the US economy on fossil fuels. Defence must become a European competence, gathered one hundred party leaders and Mem­ come back again in the foreground of their which ought to be both European (in relation to bers of Parliaments, aimed to carve out a real political discourse, probably thanks to the At the first General Assembly of the EFA as a member States) and independent from the niche for the regions within the European con­ impetus of its president, Nelly Maes. Indeed, political party (8-9th November 2004, Brussels) NATO. This European defence should favour struction. The EFA’s defines in it as well their such issues were secondary in the Manifestos as well, emphasis is put on international issues. non-military security tools to military ones. It “progressive nationalism”, which “is universa­ of 1994 and 1999, which is not the case in Indeed, the main political issue to be discussed should be based on democracy and human listic in asserting those rights to communal 2004. The EFA reminds its long term commit­ is the situation of the Kurdish people and their rights. The EFA supports as well the idea that self-determination that are open in principle ment in favour of “a multipolar world united future situation within the European Union. In the Common Foreign and Security Policy should to all people”, “is committed to sustainable against war and fighting injustice which are the 2005, to give a last example of this renewed become an internal European policy and not develop­ment and respect for cultural and main root causes of most conflicts”. Peace is interest of the party for international issues, the anymore simply an intergovernmental coopera­ ecological diversity” and “is committed exclusi­ the key stone to this approach: EFA takes an active part in the fifth World Social tion. Diplomatic and military competences vely to peaceful means in the pursuit of political “For a world at peace Forum, where it co-organizes (with the Galiza should therefore partially and progressively be objectives”. - It is essential to reject any form of aggression Sempre Foundation) a workshop about “Cultural transferred to the European level. Concerning or violence as a means of imposing sets of Diversity and Democratic Deficit”. Pillar Dellunde, enlargement, EFA’s position is that enlargement values. We actively advocate non-violent means from ERC, underlines: should only be towards democratic countries, and dialogue for resolving conflicts. “EFA is very much concerned about the alarming respecting human rights and the rights of - Conflict prevention and lasting peace requires process of disappearance of cultural, linguistic a more equal balance in world trade and and social diversity in the world. Humanity has sustainable development. The EU has to take to stop this process before we have come to a the side of people in developing countries in point of no return.” D. FROM 2004: EFA AS A POLITICAL PARTY WTO negotiations. - A binding code of conduct on the arms trade Nelly Maes, president of the EFA, demands then 2004 is a very important turning point in the life European parliament. Nevertheless, in reality I and to prevent the exploitation of resources an international and juridical instrument to pro­ of the EFA: it is a European election year, and haven’t really noticed an empowerment of the by multinational companies at the European tect cultural diversity, noticing that the market the EFA is transformed into a political party, EFA from the MEPs. Which could be a problem: level would be a cornerstone on the way to a is not going to do such a thing19. which means notably a distinction between the MEPs have their attention grabbed by the more just and peaceful world. the group of EFA MEPs and the EFA party which European Parliament activity, which is becoming - The eradication of poverty must be the top We haven’t been able to discover really an could, theoretically, have different points of more and more important. They don’t have time priority.” evolution of the EFA on international and peace view and act independently. Indeed, until 2004, to think on long term issues nor to go in-depth issues. The principles that are still valid today the political party was a de facto association, on specific issues. This should be the role of A second key stone concerning international (plurality, non-violence, subsidiarity, etc.) are very much linked to the political group in the the EFA and of the CMC18, with intellectuals issues is that of sustainability. To fight climate present from the very beginning of the EFA.

17 See Appendix. Document 8e: “Les positions européennes de l’Alliance Libre Européenne – Parti Démocratique des Peuples d’Europe dans la perspective de la Conférence Intergouvernementale de 1996”, digital archives of the EFA. 18 The Centre Maurits Coppieters was created in 2007 as the EFA’s European Political Foundation. I’ve found only a French version, although an English version certainly exists. 19 http://e-f-a.org/news.php?id=5

12 The Internationalism of the EFA - 13 The project of the EFA is defined at the General Europe since 1989) priorities have evolved of the Kurds, the Sahraouis and the Amerindians, The issue raised systematically is that of the assembly of Sardinia in 1988, and has not been though, notably concerning Eastern Europe and through interventions and resolutions. This focus entry of Turkey in Europe, to which the EFA is reassessed since then. Due to history (and Enlargement. stresses one message, “of great value” according radically opposed as long as the rights of the most notably to the deep evolution of Eastern to Jaak Vandemeulebroucke: “the democratic Kurdish people, and that of all the minorities right to more autonomy. This way may not be the of Turkey, are not respected. In the discussion most radical nor the quickest, but it is with no on the accession negotiations between doubt the most fundamental. Because it claims Turkey and the EU, the EFA stresses regularly II | Positions first ‘No more wars’, offers worthy alternatives the importance of meeting the Copenhagen and professes tolerance and respect for human criteria, which specify the need to respect the The involvement of the EFA on international Europe, the integration of Eastern Europe in rights23”. rights of minorities27. “The Road from Ankara issues is diverse. Not surprisingly though, the a common political project. Linked to its non- to Brussels has to go by Diyarbakir” claims main theme of its external activity is linked to violent approach to politics, a third theme is The solidarity with the Kurds is probably the Günther Dauwen (co-director of the EFA) at the its very own identity: the defence and promotion also crucial: its involvement on peace issues. most enduring one for the EFA. As soon as first congress of the Democratic Society Party of minorities’ rights in the world. A second We will mention lastly, linked this time to EFA’s 1981, the EFA mentions that “representatives (DTP), on the 25th of June 2006, synthesising theme has been important from the beginning, green consciousness, its political work on the of Kurdish parties visited us in Brussels, asking the EFA’s stance. which is the stance in favour of a united environment and sustainable development. us to launch a campaign in the European Parliament in Strasbourg24”. Indeed, in 1982, the The links with the Kurdish parties are constant. EFA was to help the Kurds to organise a press The guests at the EFA General assembly of 2004 conference in Strasbourg with representatives in Brussels for example (8th-9th November), A. EFA AND THE PROMOTION OF MINORITIES’ RIGHTS of all the Kurds movements in Western a General assembly largely dedicated to IN THE WORLD Europe25. During the Gulf War, the EFA used the Kurdistan, are Nazmi Gür and Nurhayat Altun context to put forward the Kurdish issue in the from DEHAP28, and Derwish Fehro from the For Frieda Brepoels: clearly defined topics: Palestine, Western Sahara, European Parliament, pointing out though that Kurdish Institute. As Nelly Maes states at this “In international respect, we put a lot of emphasis Kurdistan, “and more generally any issues the interest of the EP for the Kurds had been occasion, making clear the approach of the EFA: on topics as self-determination for nations and dealing with minorities”, like Mapuche, Tibet, as short lived as the duration of the war. One of “The EFA had always focussed on the cultural regions in the world, the decentralisation of and so on. He sees his mission as making visible the most important focuses of intervention for and linguistic rights of minorities living in Turkey decision making and the protection of human the idea that the EFA is a political party that the EFA has been the support for the Kurdish – particularly the Kurdish people. This does not rights for people of these nations and regions. defends minorities and act at an international political prisoners. In December 1994 for mean that these are the only problems that Examples of topics would include the situation level to defend the right to self-determination21. instance, Jaak Vandemeulebroucke, president Turkish and Kurdish people are facing. Our of the Kurds, the Basque peace process, the For Nelly Maes as well, when synthesising of the EFA, wrote Klaus Kinkel, President of the political choice is to focus on Kurds’ rights, as Berber, Tibet, the Uyghur in China, Palestinians, her work in AFET, she stresses her struggle Council, a letter to support four Kurd MP, Leyla this is our core political business.” and so on. Other political groups do this as well, for the Kurds, Palestine, Western Sahara and Zana among them, which were condemned to but we do it much more, as we are specifically indigenous people (most notably Amerindians)22. 15 years imprisonment for the “crime” of being Sign of this involvement in favour of the rights attached to this.20” And this interest of EFA’s MEPs appears to be in “separatist” 26. of the Kurdish people, many EFA MEPs are no way recent. In 1991, synthesizing his work Indeed, Jordi Bacardit Reguant, EFA Advisor on on international issues, Max Simeoni, MEP for 23 Jaak Vandemeulebroucke parliamentary activities in 1992 (ADVN, EFA’s archives, D 10960 4/1). Foreign Affairs, is charged explicitly to follow very Corsica, stressed that he had worked in favour 24 Report of the EFA meeting of the 9th of December 1981. 25 Minutes of the EFA’s bureau, 6th of March 1982. 26 ADVN, EFA’s archives, D 10969 3/1. 27 Press release, 6th of October 2004. See Appendix 8h. 20 Mail sent on the 1st of May 2012. 28 The Demokratik Halk Partisi (Democratic People’s Party) was then the main Kurdish nationalist political party, 21 Interview on the 7th of May 2012. which will merge with Leyla Zana’s Democratic Society Movement (DTH) in 2005 to form the Democratic Society 22 Interview on the 3rd of May 2012. Party (Demokratik Toplum Partisi).

14 The Internationalism of the EFA - 15 members of the EU-Kurds Friendship group association agreement, which gives Israel with Israel30. The motion voted at the EFA is indeed illegal in regard to international law, (notably François Alfonsi and Frieda Brepoels). preferential access to the EU market, should be General Assembly on the 27th of March 2009, since Western Sahara is a non-self governing reviewed to pressure the Israeli government into in Barcelona, is this time less ambiguous, territory), struggles which oscillates between Another important issue, though apparently meaningful peace talks with the Palestinians is focusing on “the sufferings of the Palestinian drawbacks (notably in 2006), and successes strangely secondary for EFA members until a recurrent demand from the EFA MEPs. population” and the “extreme violence of the (notably in 2011-2012). As Jill Evans explains: recently, is the Palestinian issue. Indeed, this Israeli forces”, condemning the “continued “These natural resources belong to the people issue is hardly mentioned in the 1980s. In 1992, To make official the EFA point of view, a motion imposition of collective punishment on the of Western Sahara and it is not for a few while presenting their work in the European is adopted at the EFA’s General Assembly population” and asking the EU “to suspend politicians in Europe or Morocco to carve them Parliament, the only MEP mentioning his of Mallorca, on the 11th of April 200829. the EU-Israel association and to downgrade up amongst themselves.34” involvement in favour of peace and respect Recognising both Israel’s right to exist and international co-operation with Israel”. for human rights in the Middle East is Heribert the right of the Palestinian people to self- The EFA is clearly here defending the very Barrera i Costa, former president of the Catalan determination, the EFA calls for the peaceful Western Sahara is another constant theme of principle of self determination, and the right Parliament and member of ERC. He denounces coexistence of an independent Palestinian intervention. The EFA’s stance is clearly defined for any people to control its own resources and indeed that the support of Europe in favour of state and of a state of Israel. Calling for an in a resolution of 198931: Morocco should benefit from their sources of income, as Frieda Israel, does not take into account the rights of immediate end to all acts of violence and to a respect the resolutions of the International Brepoels confirms in a press release in 201135. the Palestinian people, and calls for an ending respect by all parties of international law, one Organisations, remove its army, administration of the trade agreement with Israel as long as can nevertheless be surprised that the motion and colonists from the occupied territories, The solidarity with Tibet is also constant, this State does not respect the resolution 242 puts both sides on a same level in the articles and accept the result of a self-determination though less often expressed. In a motion at the of the United Nations. 3 and 5, as if there were not an aggressor and referendum. The EFA MEPs are active from EFA General Assembly of Mallorca (11th of April a victim. Despite those ambiguities, from which the beginning in the Intergroup of solidarity 2008)36, the alliance defines clearly its position, It is only from 2004 that this issue seems we might infer that there is no consensus inside with the Sahrawi People32. For example, in deploring the violations of the rights of the to become more central for the EFA, notably EFA on the Palestinian issue, the motion clearly September 2000, three EFA MEPs (Carlos Tibetan people by the Chinese and supporting thanks to Jill Evans, who is the first EFA MEP asks that the economic blockade of the Gaza Bautista, Gorka Knörr and Eurig Wyn), members without any ambiguity the Dalai Lama and the member of the Delegation for relations with the strip should be ended, condemns the strategy of the Intergroup, visit the camps of Sahrawi Government of Tibet in Exile constant efforts “to Palestinian Legislative Council. The MEPs are of the Israelis to divide the Palestinian territory refugees in Algeria, meeting the president of prevent violence and to bring about a peaceful visibly more active, notably in 2006, when Israel with enclaves, roadblocks and walls, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and political solution to the tragic situation in invaded Gaza during the Operation Summer calls for an end to the Israeli occupation and expressing their concerns over the recurring Tibet”. Asserting “the Tibetan people’s right to Rains, and in 2009, when Israel re-invaded Gaza continuing construction of illegal settlements delays in the organisation of the referendum33. self determination”, the EFA calls the EU to use during the Operation Cast Lead. Thus, in 2006, in the occupied territories. The most important element of this solidarity its influence to facilitate the dialogue between in a press release, “EFA appalled by violence in inside the EP though, is the struggle for the the Government of China and the Tibetan the Middle East condemns the disproportioned The Palestinian issue comes back to the exclusion of Western Saharan waters from the Government in Exile, notably by creating a post Israeli armed response” and calls for a stronger forefront after the Operation Cast Lead, in EU-Morocco fisheries agreement (the inclusion of “EU special envoy to Tibet”. Many EFA MEPs response from the EU (17.07.2006). A few January 2009. Jill Evans, in the European months later, Jill Evans insists: “The gravity Parliament, condemns the deliberate targeting of the situation means we have to consider of civilian buildings as crucial as school and 30 Jill Evans speech during the Plenary debate on the Middle East, 18.02.2009. the imposition of EU trade sanctions against hospitals by the Israeli army, and denounces 31 “1989. Paz e independencia para el pueblo Saharaui. El rol de los paises europeos”. 32 In this term, the EFA members of this intergroup are Frieda Brepoels and Jill Evans. Israel if the killing of civilians continues” (press that despite this aggression there are still Source: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/intergroupes/List_VII_LEG_07_Western_Sahara_20120511.pdf release, 9.11.2006). The idea that the EU-Israel talks in the EP about upgrading trade relations 33 Activity report, June 1999 – July 2001 (D 10972, 3/1). 34 Press release, 3rd of May 2006. 35 Press release, “EU rejects Moroccan rights over Western Saharan Waters”, 14.12.2011. Let’s notice that, exceptionally, five EFA MEPs are mentioned in this press release, showing clearly how important this issue is for the group. 29 See Appendix J. 36 See Appendix J.

16 The Internationalism of the EFA - 17 have been member of the Tibet Intergroup in oppressed minorities. They have thus followed the people in the case of Yugoslavia, including Mallorca (11th of April 2008), the EFA welcomes the European Parliament (Frieda Brepoels, Jill closely the events in Libya or in Northern the right to independence”. Luigi Moretti (1991) the declaration of independence of Kosovo and Evans Ian Hudghton and Alyn Smith as far as Mali, where they notably support the National reminds that he took the floor in plenary to calls on the states which have not recognised this term is concerned37). Movement for the Liberation of Azawad38. ask for the right of self-determination for the independence of the Republic of Kosovo to the Baltic Countries. Max Simeoni (1991), in do so without further delay. The Amazigh Friendship Group is another Let’s mention finally the Basque Friendship his interventions and resolutions, defended testimony of the EFA’s commitment in favour Group. Created in 2005, formed by fifteen MEPs the Baltic Countries, Slovenia, Croatia and Apart from the Kosovo issue, the focus of the of national minorities all over the world. It was (all the EFA MEPs, with also some MEPs from Kosovo. Mario Melis (1992), member of the EFA from 1993 is on the oppressed minorities of created the 20th of April 2009 by François ALDE, GREEN, GUE and EPP), it meets once ad-hoc delegation with the Baltic Countries, Eastern Europe, and notably on the Hungarians Alfonsi to support the Berber people, with the a month. Organizing press conferences and stressed that he went in the three Republics to of Vojvodina, Romania and Slovakia and the involvement also of Frieda Brepoels and Jill hearings in the EP, it launches press releases establish the first contact between the EP and Macedonians of Bulgaria. Nelly Maes is famously Evans. Notably active during the Arab Spring, on peace issues (related to the situation in the the three new political entities. Enrico Speroni active on that issue, organising conferences the EFA MEPs use this Friendship Group to put Basque country) and invites people involved in (1992) focused as well on his support for the in Brussels and Strasbourg on the minorities forward the idea that a true democratisation the Basque or other conflicts to meetings in right of self-determination for the people of in Slovakia42 or maintaining contacts with in Northern Africa must bring new rights for the EP. Eastern Europe, and mentions his visits to the Hungarians in Romania, as when she receives Baltic Countries, to Croatia and Slovenia. Jaak an ecumenical delegation of six Transylvanian Vandemeulebroucke (1992), finally, stressed church leaders in 2005 and regrets that “it is the importance of this issue for his group, clear that in many ways Romania is not fulfilling B. THE EFA AND EASTERN EUROPE: FOR A UNITED EUROPE recalling that, as far as Yugoslavia is concerned, the Copenhagen criteria. (…) People who speak AND A MULTIPOLAR WORLD they were the first to promote the recognition of Hungarian, who go to the minority churches in Croatia and Slovenia. They were hardly any week Transylvania (…) are discriminated over and The interventions of the EFA on Eastern Europe The years from 1989 have been great years for in 1991, he claims, without close contacts with over again43”. have been evolving throughout the years: in the EFA MEPs, at the forefront of the recognition Croatian and Slovenian delegations. favour of a United Europe in the 1980s, in of the new states in Eastern Europe41. For The EFA is also very careful on the respect of favour of the right to self-determination and example, in 1991 and 1992, each MEP needs to Once Slovakia gets its independence (1st of democratic rights and territories, regretting for support for the new states in the 1990s, in show that he has been active in the fight for the January 1993), the main focus of solidarity with example a deliberate policy of creating artificial favour of the oppressed national and cultural recognition of the right of self-determination a self-determination struggle in Eastern Europe territories in Slovakia and Poland, which do minorities in the 2000s, to schematize. For for the emerging nations of Eastern Europe . is that of Kosovo, that the EFA supports from not respect historical, cultural and linguistic Maurits Coppieters indeed, in 1987, “when we Heribert Barrera i Costa (1991) asserts that he the beginning. Thus, the EFA votes a motion at frontiers44. It demands as well that the pre- speak of Europe, we are talking about the whole has centred his interventions in the plenaries its Brussels’ General Assembly of the 8th-9th Milosevic autonomy should be reinstalled in of Europe. Europe as far as the Urals39”. The on “the international situation and the turmoil of April 1999, expressing its solidarity with the Vojvodina, and claims that it is thanks to the EFA position of the EFA is to promote the creation in USSR and Yugoslavia. In this respect, he has people of Kosovo, asking that all Serbian troops that a resolution voted by the EP in September of a European federation integrating Eastern pleaded for the immediate reestablishment of leave the country and that Kosovo should be put 2004 mentions this issue45. Europe, to go beyond the blocs, and not create the independence of the Baltic States and for the under an international supervision, either from a new one: the EFA wants a multipolar world40. recognition of the right to self-determination of the UN or the OSCE. At the General Assembly of

37 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/intergroupes/List_VII_LEG_08_Tibet_20120524.pdf 42 “Bilan d’activité, juin 1999-juillet 2001”, D 10972 3/1. 38 http://www.francois-alfonsi.eu/Peuples-Beberes_r12.html. 43 EFA press release, 18th of October 2005, “Romania fails to respect basic human rights”. 39 EFA General Assembly, Brussels, 7-8th of September 1987. See also: Nelly Maes activities (1999-2001): D 10972 (3/1). 40 Bajulaz, 2002, p. 81-82. 44 “Bilan d’activité, juin 1999-juillet 2001”, D 10972 3/1. 41 ADVN, EFA’s archives, D 10958 3/1 & D 10960 4/1. 45 “Report of EFA mission to Vojvodina”, 11th of November 2005.

18 The Internationalism of the EFA - 19 Last issue worth mentioning, and still problematic register as a legal political party. In another letter, widening. It is unacceptable that we call for they seek to suppress54” suggests Nelly Maes until now, is the issue of Macedonians in on the 16th of January 2006, she reminds the respect for human rights and at the same time in 2006. Indeed, violence can never be a way to Bulgaria. Their political party, OMO Ilinden- Prime Minister of Bulgaria that the European contribute to the aggravation of violations: as fight against terrorism. For Jill Evans, in 2001: Pirin, is created and banned in 1999. Even if it Court of Human Rights stated that the ban of long as arms are delivered to those countries “The danger posed by terrorism cannot be becomes observer of the EFA only in 2006 and Omo Pirin was illegal. It is logically therefore that concerned, human rights cannot be defended resolved through military action. It must be full member in 2007, the federation follows this Bernat Joan, among others, “had no other choice properly.52” addressed as part of a comprehensive political problem from the beginning, putting pressure on than to vote against the positive verdict” on the strategy, under the auspices of the United Bulgaria to recognise the party and the rights of progress of Bulgaria towards EU membership. Another aspect of the pacifist approach of the Nations.55” the small Macedonian minority. Nelly Maes writes The EFA denounces in a press release, in June EFA is its condemnation of terrorism, which thus a letter, on the 8th of November 2005, to 2006, the double standards of the MEPs, who it repeats regularly, even when the terrorism Dialogue and peaceful negotiations, if ne­­ the President and the Prime Minister of Bulgaria, even rejected a clause calling on Bulgaria to comes from oppressed minorities. Thus, after cessary under the “auspices” of the UN, are the asking them to recognize the existence of the respect the European Courts of Human Rights’ the Mumbai train bombings of the 11th of July only way to cope with terrorism, but also with Macedonian minority and to allow Omo Pirin to judgements46. 2006, Nelly Maes reacts in the name of the EFA: any political problem. For Begoña Lasagabaster, “I unreservedly condemn the appalling terrorist EFA’s Secretary general in 2006, in a press acts that have been committed in Bombay with release on the Middle East: such terrible loss of life and a huge number of “We always claimed that there can never be any C. PACIFISM AND NON-VIOLENCE? injured people. (…) Our Party stresses once justification using violence in the pursuit of any more the necessity finding peaceful solutions kind of objectives; violence will always be The issue of violence is central to the identity of industry47. Without refusing arms trade per se, and means for whatever conflict in the world. counter productive. Time after time we have the EFA, which defines itself has representing they fight against its most extreme elements. (…) There can never be any justification using seen that only dialogue can bring about non-violent nationalism, and refuses therefore For example, in 2000, Nelly Maes “urge that an violence in the pursuit of any kind of objectives, peaceful, sustainable political solutions.56” parties that support violence among its immediate and total ban on the use of depleted violence will always be counter productive. Time members. This issue has three dimensions as uranium be put in place48”. In 2006, Jill Evans after time we have seen that only dialogue More than being evil in itself, violence is rejected far as international policies are concerned: arms asks for a total ban on cluster bombs for being can bring about peaceful, sustainable political by the EFA because it is ineffective, unable to trade, the refusal of terrorism, and a pacifist inaccurate and indiscriminate, noting that their solutions.53” guarantee any sustainable solu­tion. Violence approach to defence policy. effects on the civilian population in Iraq and creates counter-violence and divides societies. Lebanon have been devastating. “These awful This condemnation of terrorism is recalled Political action should, for the EFA, have in itself The EFA has been from the beginning in favour of weapons have no place in a civilised world49”. The regularly, notably concerning the Palestinian the seeds of the future, something violence a strict control on arms exportations. It promoted EFA fights also for a ban on arms trade with case. But for the EFA, violence coming from never has (or then, rotten seeds). for example a wide scale reconversion­ of the countries who don’t respect human rights and the majority, from the State, can also be arms industry, as in 1992 when its MEPs with non-democratic regimes50. In 1992, the EFA assimilated to a kind of terrorism, which What then should be a good peace and defence suggested, with only partial success, the creation urged for example that no more weapons should worsen the problem: “There won’t be peace in policy for the EFA? Since 1988, the federation of a new budget line for the EU, named RECARM, be supplied to Turkey51. In 2001, Nelly Maes this region [the Middle East] until the Israeli has not given much thought to the topic. which would help to finance the redevelopment explained: government stops acting like the terrorists of regions affected by the crisis of the arms “The gap between rhetoric and reality is still

52 “EU still lacks a coherent approach to human rights”, press release, 18th of January 2001. 46 Press release, 30th of June 2006, “EU double standards on Bulgaria criticised”. 53 “EFA shows its solidarity with the victims of the Bombay terror blasts and deeply condemns the attacks”, 47 Parliamentary activities of Jaak Vandemeulebroucke, 1992 (D 10960 4/1). Press release, 8th of October 2001. 48 “The Solana Syndrome: a deficiency of information”, press release, 17th of January 2000. 54 “EFA appalled by violence in the Middle East condemns the disproportioned Israeli armed response”, press release, 49 “Plaid MEP backs cluster bomb ban”, press release, 17th of November 2006. 17th of July 2006. 50 See notably the conclusion 11 of the motion “Democratization in North Africa and the Middle East” adopted 55 “Statement on the US-led Military Strikes in Afghanistan”, press release, 8th of October 2001. in Mariehamn at the the EFA’s General Assembly of the 15th of April 2011. 56 “EFA appalled by violence in the Middle East condemns the disproportioned Israeli armed response”, press release, 51 EFA Newsletter n°2, July 17th 1992. 17th of July 2006.

20 The Internationalism of the EFA - 21 In 1992 though, the EFA’s General assembly Peace Institute, giving the Åland Islands Peace democracy, human rights and good gover­ Similarly, the EFA insists “on human rights adopts a resolution asserting: Institute as an example. Through such an nance.60” clauses in all international agreements between “The European Free Alliance (EFA) is more institute, the European could take the lead in the Union and developing countries63”, the non concerned about the linking of European Political facilitating the exchange of good practice and Indeed, “the success of any international agree­ respect of which could provoke the end of the Union with defence policy. The Political Union show true leadership through high level medi­ ment on sustainability depends on grass roots agreement. If development is the end, there must not develop into a military superpower – ation, crisis management, preventive stra­tegies involvement”, and “solutions must be found are indeed necessary pre-conditions for it to on the contrary, it should pursue an alternative and confidence building. That such a resolution as close as possible to the communities they be possible, and that is a free people, able to peace policy: peace through disarmament, is voted during an EFA’s General assembly affect61”. Fundamentally, what the EFA rejects is a decide for itself, able to speak its mind. This is development and home rule.” reminds how, for the EFA, non-violence is a key to neo-colonialist approach to development, which the condition for self-determination, including a desirable and effective common foreign and an exogenous point of view and the imposition the choice of development one wants to have. The main motion voted on this issue is that security policy that would support peace and of external interests to local problems. Attached presented by Ålands Framtid at the General democracy throughout the world. to subsidiarity and self-determination, the EFA Another precondition of development, though assembly of 201157, in favour of a European logically defend the idea that any development more rarely present in their discourse, is the policy must go through the local people, answer respect of the environment. For the EFA indeed, to their needs and respect their culture: the concern for environmental issues “must be local inhabitants should be the actors of their tackled on a universal level64”. This concern has D. ENVIRONMENT, DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT development. As Ana Miranda explained in her been present since the beginning of the EFA. introduction to the EFA’s General assembly For example, at the General assembly of Cardiff Development, finally, is also an important ele­ “they are included in the process”. As Nelly Maes in Ljouwert, on the 23rd of March 2012, “the (3-4th of July 1986) a resolution is adopted ment in the definition of a specific EFA’s ap­­ explains in 2002: autonomy of each people must be respected”. which use, as an argument against the use of proach, which has always been attached to a “We need a system that is bottom up not top nuclear energy, the fact that “most European strong development policy of the European Union down. This must include more decentralised But development must not be conducted in countries are dependent on uranium extracted towards the South58, but a development policy delivery systems and partnerships between any case, in any context. It should, for the EFA, be in the worst conditions by indigenous people which should be bottom-up, democratic and the various players. Governments must give linked to democracy and human rights. Thus, for exploited in countries like Namibia or at the price green, and a development policy justified by the people the incentive to become key players in the Catalan MEP Bernat Joan, at the meeting of of the destruction of their traditional territory, as consciousness that “we are all interdependent59”. ensuring that their development is sustainable. the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary­ Assembly is the case for the Aborigines of Australia”. As The electoral platform of the Rainbow group for (…) Development­ can only be sustainable if it in 2005: Nelly Maes explains65, the economic resources of example, in 1994, advocates a “sincere and takes into account the views and needs of all “Development and democratisation are inex­ local populations are dependent on their natural consistent development policy through asym­ people and not just of the rich nations. tricably linked. The fact that a process of demo­ environment, but also on more general aspects, metrical­ trade concessions to developing coun­ Participation of people, respect for language, cratisation is underway in those countries which like the climate or pollution. Therefore, if one tries in order to stimulate their economies and culture and cultural values are conditions for today are either in conflict or post conflict wants to preserve the power to self-determinate, provide them with essential foreign capital”. equitable and sus­tainable development. We situations will certainly help support development ones need to preserve the environment that should make it a priority to work in partnership in these countries.62” sustains the people. First, for the EFA, development should be with the many communities in the world, bottom-up, focusing on “real people”, ensuring building structures and systems that respect

60 “To save the Earth we must protect her peoples”, press release, 11th of June 2002. 61 “Uniting People – Celebrating Diversity. The European Free Alliance in Johannesburg (24-29 August 2002)”, press release, 10th of july 2002. 57 5th of April 2011, Mariehamn, Åland. 62 “Catalan MEP emphasis inextricable link between democratisation and development”, press release, 58 As is expressed already by Winnie Ewing, member of the Committee on Development, in her summary of her 22nd of November 2005. parliamentary activity in 1991 (D 10958 3/1). 63 Rainbow Group electoral platform, 1994. 59 Jill Evans, “Uniting People – Celebrating Diversity. The European Free Alliance in Johannesburg 64 Ibid. (24-29 August 2002)”, press release, 10th of July 2002. 65 Interview, 3rd of May 2012.

22 The Internationalism of the EFA - 23 Conclusion

Can we conclude that there is a specific power and political decision is bottom-up and The concept of “defensive deterrence”, used approach of the EFA on international, peace not top-down; a green approach, in favour of notably by Plaid Cymru, is in my opinion the and defence issues? For a specific approach sustainable development and the protection of most interesting in that perspective, since it to exist, it should be linked to the ideological the environment; a post-materialist approach combines autonomy, pacifism and defence: the core of the EFA, which makes of this federation where “being” is more important than “having”; idea, with Switzerland as a model, is to make a unique family of political parties. The EFA’s and a very strong stance against nuclear energy. invasion so costly that it cannot be considered. ideological deep core is that of a minority Another important element related to EFA’s nationalist organisation: the right to self- In that perspective, could we define a coherent green approach, and developed notably during determination and self-government are central and logical approach of the EFA on international the Gulf War, is that of energetic independence: values, being inalienable democratic rights; issues? I think it is possible, as this report economic self-sufficiency appears in itself as subsidiarity is the core element of territorial demonstrates. Without any doubt, the core an obstacle to any temptation for domination politics, meaning that each decision should of such an approach would be solidarity with and aggressiveness in foreign affairs. be taken at the lowest, closest, level possible; all national minorities throughout the world, diversity, and especially cultural and linguistic the recognition that each of them should diversity, is a positive value in itself. Every single have a right to self-determination and self- member of the EFA agree on that deep core. government (which does not mean necessarily The secondary core specifies the situation a need for a state). But, to respect subsidiarity, of the EFA in the nationalist family, since not Europe should avoid absolutely any neo- all nationalist organisations in Europe can colonialist approach: it should focus on the become members of the EFA: the EFA defines interests of local people and respect their its nationalism as non-violent and peaceful, world-view and socio-economical needs. The progressive (in favour of social justice) and civic EFA is therefore strongly opposed to top-down (racism and xenophobia are condemned). It approaches; a device or solution that works in refuses isolationism (being in favour of human a situation might not work in another. Refusing solidarity and recognising that all human beings the distinction between centre and periphery, are interdependent) and accepts parliamentary the EFA is in favour of a multipolar world: democracy. Those element are asserted in the thus their opposition to the NATO for example EFA’s key texts although some EFA members (at least originally), and their promotion of might wish not to be “too dogmatic” on a strengthened EU on Foreign affairs, and them, as is testified by the recent turn to the a strengthened UN, which would guarantee right of the EFA and asserted by some of the this multipolarity, that no nation dominates interviewees I’ve met. A tertiary core at last, another. Defining itself as non-violent, the EFA though still dominant, is clearly not consensual promotes also logically a non-aggressive and anymore in the EFA, and includes a libertarian non-violent approach to military issues, and approach to politics, where the legitimacy of is strongly in favour of nuclear disarmament.

66 As opposed to state-wide or dominant nationalism.

24 The Internationalism of the EFA - 25 Bibliography Appendix

— BAJULAZ (Carole), Le Parti Démocratique des Peuples d’Europe – Alliance Libre Européenne. 1. Chronology of the EFA Une alternative politique dans le système partisan de l’Union européenne, unpublished dissertation, Institut d’Études Politiques de Grenoble, 2002. 2. The leadership of the EFA

— DAUWEN (Günther), VANHAELEWYN (Mathieu), European Free Alliance: Voice of the peoples of 3. The MEPs of the EFA Europe. The first 25 years (1981-2006), Brussels, EFA, 2006. 4. The General assemblies of the EFA — LYNCH (Peter), “Co-operation between regionalist parties at the level of the European Union. The European Free Alliance”, in DE WINTER (Lieven), TÜRSAN (Huri) ed., Regional parties in 5. EFA’s member parties Western Europe, London & New York: Routledge, 1998. 6. International, peace and defence issues in the key texts of the EFA — LYNCH (Peter), DE WINTER (Lieven), “The shrinking political space of autonomist parties in an enlarged Europe of the Regions”, Regional and Federal Studies, vol. 18, n°5 n, 2008. 7. Archives

— LYNCH (Peter), “Le délitement du régionalisme suite à l’élargissement de l’Europe? 8. Documents: Le futur de l’Alliance libre européenne-PDPE”, in DELWIT (Pascal) ed., Les partis régionalistes a. “Towards a European ‘Post Yalta’ policy”, by Dr. Maurits Coppieters en Europe. Des acteurs en développement?, Bruxelles: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, (Bastia, 11-12th November 1982). 2005. b. “Defence policy – discussion paper”, text presented by Plaid Cymru at EFA’s General — SEILER (Daniel-Louis), “The Democratic Party of the Peoples of Europe (DPPE-EFA)”, assembly of Cardiff (3-4th July 1986) in DELWIT (Pascal), KÜLAHCI (Erol), VAN DE WALLE (Cédric) eds., The Europarties Organisation c. “Peace and Security Policy”, text adopted at the General assembly of Sardinia, and Influence, Bruxelles: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2004. 2-4th May 1988.

d. “Towards a European Development Policy”, text adopted at the General assembly of Sardinia, 2-4th May 1988.

e. “Les positions européennes de l’Alliance Libre Européenne – Parti Démocratique des Peuples d’Europe dans la perspective de la Conférence Intergouvernementale de 1996 – 3. Choix d’une politique étrangère efficace et cohérente”

f. “To save the Earth we must protect her Peoples”, press release, 11th of June 2002.

g. “Uniting People – Celebrating Diversity. The European Free Alliance in Johannesburg”, press release, 10th of July 2002.

h. “Turkey must give EU a date”, press release, 6th of October 2004.

i. “EFA defends cultural diversity at the world social forum”, press release, 7th of March 2005.

j. Motions of the General Assembly of 2008 on Tibet; Kosova; and Palestine & Israel

k. Motion of the General Assembly of 2011: “Democratization in North Africa and the Middle East”

26 The Internationalism of the EFA - 27 of Bastia under the heading of the European 1979 Free Alliance (still an amalgamation of similar June 7-10th: European Parliament election. parties with no structure), which results in a Maurits Coppieters, from Volksunie, is elected “Declaration of the Convention of Brussels”. Chronology in Belgium, and Neil T. Blaney, from the Independent Fianna Fáil, is elected in Ireland. July 9th: Foundation of the European Free They take part in the creation of the Group Alliance in Strasbourg with 9 Partners signing for Technical Coordination and Defence of the Declaration of the Convention of Brussels: of the EFA Independent Groupings and Members. Volskunie, Partei der Deutschprachigen Belgier, Fryske Nasjonale Partij, Strollad ar Vro (SAV, June: Signature in Brussels of the Charter of Brittany), Independent Fianna Fáil (IFF, Ireland), Cooperation for the Construction of a Europe of Elsass-Lothringischer Volksbund, Unione the Nations (or “Charter of Brussels”) by eight di u Populu Corsu, Païs Occitan (Occitania), regionalist and nationalist parties: Volksunie Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (VU, Flanders), Partei der Deutschprachigen (the last three signing only as observers). Belgier (PDB, German Community in Belgium), A permanent secretariat is settled, with a Fryske Nasjonale Partij (FNP, Friesland), steering group made up of a representative Union Valdôtaine (UV, Aosta Valley), Plaid and an alternate from each of the signatory Cymru (Wales), Convergència Democràtica parties. The first bureau is composed of Roelof de Catalunya (CDC, Catalonia), Elsass- Falkena (FNP), Yann Fouéré (SAV), Ferdinand Lothringischer Volksbund (ELV, Alsace), Unione Moschenross (ELV), Fernand Lebrat (Observer di u Populu Corsu (UPC, Corsica) for Occitania), Robert Ramirez (CDC), Maurits Coppieters (VU), R. Henneges (PDB) and Neil T. August 17-19th: Meeting of regionalist and Blanney (IFF). nationalist parties in Bastia, during the Inter­ national Congress of the UPC, where nine parties September 21st: The bureau of the EFA (the eight co-signatories of the Charter of meets for the first time in Brussels. Jaak Brussels plus the basque Partido Nacionalista Vandemeulebroucke is elected as chairman, Vasco) agreed to examine the prospects for Maurits Coppieters as honorary chairman and political co-operation: the Declaration of Bastia. Herman Verheirstraeten becomes the first The main focus of the document was the building General secretary, all three from VU. of a Europe of the Peoples who were to have their own identity and inalienable rights. 1982 November 11-12th: Meeting of the EFA in 1981 Bastia. 9 parties sign the Second Declaration of January 8th-10th: Study days in Brussels: Bastia, which served as an EFA platform for the “Stateless Peoples, Regionalism, Autonomy 1984 elections: FNP, Parti pour l’Organisation and Self Government in Europe”. Subsumation de la Bretagne (POBL, Brittany), Parti Alsacien of the Charter of Brussels and the Declaration (PAL, Alsace), Volem Viure al Païs (VVAP,

28 The Internationalism of the EFA - 29 Occitania), Plaid Cymru, Rassemblement Twelve nationalist youth organisations signed and they join the European Radical Alliance Populaire Wallon (RPW), UPC, PDB and VU. the Memorandum of Understanding, first step 1990 group (dominated by Bernard Tapie’s Énergie towards the creation of Young EFA. March: Lega Lombarda becomes a full member Radicale). Isidoro Sanchez García, from of the EFA. Coalición Canaria, who was an observer in the 1983 EFA, was also part of this amalgam. April 22-23rd: Meeting of the EFA in Eupen. 1987 Issues discussed: languages, European elec­ February 11-14th: General Assembly in Ljouwert 1991 tions of 1984 (Friesland) dedicated notably to social issues September: Unitat Catalana, Slovenska Skupnost 1995 and to the issues of minority languages and (party for the Slovenian minority in Italy) and October 2-3rd: GA of the EFA in Brussels: EFA cultures. the Union für Süd Tirol (which broke away from chooses to turn itself into a European political the Südtiroler Volkspartei) join the EFA. party following article 138a of the Treaty on 1984 July 6th: Spain first elected MEPs (on the 10th European Union. This change involved the June 14-17th: European Parliament election. of June) join the EP. Carlos Garaikoetxea, from renaming of the EFA as the “Democratic Party of Election of Jaak Vandemeulebroucke and Willy EA, is elected and joins the Rainbow Group. the Peoples of Europe – European Free Alliance”. Kuijpers from VU and Michele Columbu from 1992 the Partito Sardo d’Azione. They take part in the May 4-5th: General Assembly of Brussels. formation of the Rainbow Group with the Greens The EFA speak out on the Maastricht Summit (12 MEPs) and Danish eurosceptics (4 MEPs), 1988 (9-10th of December 1991). The EFA regrets 1998 each component constituting a separate sub- May 2-4th: General Assembly of Cagliari, that the Treaty doesn’t give more space to August 25th: Death of Allan Macartney, who is group. Winifred Ewing is re-elected for the dedicated notably to international, peace and social policy, and that the Treaty is considered succeeded by Ian Hudghton. SNP but stays within the Gaullist European environmental issues. only as a dialogue between the Community and October: Jaak Vandemeulebroucke is replaced Democratic Alliance. the twelve member States, without any active by Nelly Maes. June 12th: Guernica manifesto. participation of the regions. 1986 1999 January 1st: Spain joins the European 1989 1994 April: After years of talk between the EFA and Community. Among its 60 MEP, one from CDC, June 15-18th: European Parliament election. March: Plaid Cymru leaves the EFA because of Lega Nord, EFA distances itself openly at last Carles Alfred Gasòliba i Böhm, who doesn’t join Re-election of Jaak Vandemeulebroucke (VU) its discontent with Lega Nord. from the Lega Nord. the Rainbow Group though, preferring to enter and Karlos Garaikoetxea (EA), joined by Neil T. the Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group Blaney (IFF), Mario Melis (PSd’Az), Max Simeoni 11-12 April: General Assembly of the EFA in June 11-13th: European Parliament election. (the two Basques from the PNV join the EPP). (UPC), Winifred Ewing (SNP), Luigi Moretti and Brussels. Suspension of the Lega Nord from The EFA has 9 MEPs: Ian Hudghton and Neil Juan María Bandrès Molet, from Euskadiko Francesco Speroni (Lega Lombarda) and Pedro the EFA. Moretti and Speroni leave the Rainbow MacCormick (SNP), Jill Evans and Eurig Wyn Ezkerra, joins the Rainbow Group. Pacheco (Partido Andalucista) – NB: the last Group. (Plaid Cymru), Nelly Maes and Bart Staes (VU), three MEPs were not members of the EFA Carlos Bautista Ojeda (PA), Camilo Nogueira July 3-4th: General Assembly in Cardiff, dedi­ subgroup at the beginning. EFA 9 members June 9-12th: European Parliament election. (BNG), Gorka Knörr (EA). They decide to join cated notably to issues of agriculture and energy. constitute with 4 Danish MEPs from the EFA wins only 3 MEPs: Jaak Vandemeulebroucke force with the Greens to constitute the Greens/ eurosceptic Folkebevægelsen mod EU the (VU) and Winnie Ewing (SNP) are reelected, EFA group, with 47 members. Nelly Maes, as July 13-20th: International conference of Rainbow Group (which they dominate for the first and are joined by a second SNP MEP, Allan president of the EFA subgroup, is named first nationalist youths in Bilbao (Basque country). time). Macartney. The Rainbow Group cannot continue vice-chairwoman of the Greens-EFA.

30 The Internationalism of the EFA - 31 November: The PNV becomes an observer November: Spirit opposes the adhesion of the October: EFA is recognised as a European party member of the EFA, and its MEP, Josu Ortuondo N-VA, which therefore doesn’t join the EFA. by the Parliament. Larrea joins the EFA’s group in the EP as observer. 2003 2009 2000 July: Bautista Ojeda joins the Autonomous June 4-7th: European Parliament election. November: More than one hundred repre­ Government of Andalusia and is replaced by The EFA has 7 MEPs: Ian Hudghton and Alyn sentatives of EFA parties attend the Summit Juan Manuel Ferrández Lezaun (Partido Arago­ Smith for the SNP; Jill Evans for Plaid Cymru; of Ministers, Party Leaders and Members of nès), who doesn’t join the EFA. Oriol Junqueras for ERC; Tatjana Zdanoka for Parliament organised by the EFA in Brussels. The PCTVL; François Alfonsi for the PNC; and Frieda Assembly adopted the Declaration of Brussels. November: Observer status given to the Brepoels for the NVA. With this declaration, the EFA wanted to put the Lithuanian Polish People’s Party. emphasis on the need to better take into account the regions in the European construction. Creation of EFA-Youth during the Summit. Mikel 2012 Irujo (EA) is elected as its first President. 2004 January 1st: Ana Miranda (BNG) becomes MEP, March 26th: The EFA becomes a genuine replacing Oriol Junqueras (ERC). European party in Barcelona. Nelly Maes (Spirit) is elected president of the EFA and Jesús 2001 Maestro (ERC) as General secretary. The rest of May: Gorka Knörr vacates his seat at the EP the bureau are: Begoña Lasagabaster (EA), Jill 2013 upon his election to the Basque Parliament and Evans (Plaid Cymru), Gustave Alirol (POC), February 1st: Mark Demesmaeker (N-VA) be­­ is replaced by Miquel Mayol i Raynal from ERC. Franco Piretta (PSd’Az), Roelof Falkena (Fryske comes MEP, replacing Frieda Brepoels (N-VA). Nasjonale Partij), Bartolomiej Swiderek (Silesian November: Observer status in the EFA granted Autonomy Movement). Representatives of 31 July 1st: Iñaki Irazabalbeitia (Aralar) becomes to Ruch Autonomii Slaska (Silesian minority in parties (including 5 observers) signed the MEP, replacing Ana Miranda (BNG). Poland), the Moravskà Democratickà Strana memorandum of association. The youth wing of (Union of Moravians, Czech Republic), Liga the EFA is also formally established by 25 Transilvania-Banat (Romania) and Magyar associations. Föderalista Párt (Hungarian Federalist Party, Slovakia). June 10-13th: European Parliament election. The EFA has 5 MEPs: Ian Hudghton and Alyn Smith for the SNP; Jill Evans for Plaid Cymru; Bernat Joan i Mari for ERC; Tatjana Zdanoka 2002 (from the Latvian party Par cilveka tiesibam May: Spirit is granted temporary membership vienota Latvija / For Human Rights in a United of the EFA-DPPE. Latvia) who joined the EFA as an individual member. Josu Ortuondo (PNV) was ordered by July: Bart Staes joins the Greens. his party to join the ALDE group.

32 The Internationalism of the EFA - 33 Presidents of the EFA 1981-1990 Jaak Vandemeulebroucke (VU), Flanders 1990-1991 Carlos Garaikoetxea (EA), Basque country 1991-1994 Winnie Ewing (SNP), Scotland The leadership 1994-1997 Jaak Vandemeulebroucke (VU), Flanders 1997-2000 Winnie Ewing (SNP), Scotland 2000-2010 Nelly Maes (VU then Spirit), Flanders of the EFA 2010-incumbent Eric Defoort (NVA), Flanders General Secretaries of the EFA 1981-1994 Herman Verheirstraeten (VU), Flanders 1994-2004 José Luis Linazasoro (EA), Basque Country 2004-2005 Jesús Maestro (ERC), Catalonia 2005-2007 Begoña Lasagabaster (EA), Basque Country 2007-2009 Bernat Joan I Mari (ERC), Catalonia 2009-2011 Marta Rovira (ERC), Catalonia 2012-incumbent Jordi Solé i Ferrando (ERC), Catalonia

Presidents of the EFA Group in the Parliament 1999-2004 Nelly Maes (VU then Spirit), Flanders 2004-2009 Ian Hudghton (SNP), Scotland 2009-incumbent Jill Evans (Plaid Cymru), Wales

General Secretary of the EFA Group in the Parliament 2004-incumbent José Luis Linazasoro, Basque Country

Directors of EFA 2004-2006 Eva Mendoza, Andalusia, and Günther Dauwen, Flanders. 2006-incumbent Günther Dauwen, Flanders

EFA-Youth Presidents 2000-2001 Mikel Irujo (EA/Gazte Abertzaleak) 2001-2003 Pere Aragonès (J-ERC) 2003-2005 Jonas Dutordoir (Prego/Spirit) 2005-2007 Lander de Bilbao (EA/Gazte Abertzaleak) 2007-2009 Rhisiart Tal-e-bot (Kernow X) 2009-2010 Jezz Anbleydh (Kernow X) 2010-2011 Irati Aizpurua (EA/Gazte Abertzaleak) 2011-incumbent Roccu Garoby (PNC-G)

34 The Internationalism of the EFA - 35 Session Group name EFA’s MEPs MEPs by party Committees Delegations (group total)

1984- Rainbow 3 (20) Partito Sardo d’Azione 1989 Group (Sardinia): The MEPs - Michele COLUMBU REGI (1984-1987); INST (1984-1987); ENVI (1987-1989); ENER (1984-1986); CULT (1986-1987); REGI (1987-1989) Volksunie (Flanders): of the EFA - Willy KUIJPERS DEVE; CULT (1984-1989) - Jaak REGI (1984-1989; South America VANDEMEULEBROUCKE VC from 1987-1989); (1985-1987); POLI (1984-1987); Central America ENER (1987-1989); (1987-1989) RULE (1987-1989) Eusko Alkartasuna (Basque Country)3: - Karlos GARAIKOETXEA REGI (1987-1989)

1989- Rainbow 9 (15) Agrupaciones 1994 Group Independientes de Canarias: - Isidoro TRAN; AGRI Maghreb; SANCHEZ GARCIA4 Iceland (1992-1993)

Coalición Galega: - José TRAN Maghreb POSADA GONZALEZ5 Session Group name EFA’s MEPs MEPs by party Committees Delegations (1993-1994) (group total) Esquerra Republicana 1979- Technical 2/3 (12) Independent Fianna Fáil de Catalunya (Catalonia): 1984 coordinating (Ireland): - Heribert CULT; DROI (1991); South America group1 - Neil T. BLANEY REGI (1979-1982); BARRERA I COSTA POLI (1991); (1991-1992); CONT (1982-1984); (1991-1994) ENVI (1992-1994) Baltic states (1992-1994) AGRI (1982-1984) Volksunie (Flanders): Eusko Alkartasuna - Maurits COPPIETERS CULT (1979-1981); (Basque Country): (1979-1981) CONT (1981) - Karlos GARAIKOETXEA REGI; CULT (1991); AGRI; South America (1989-1991) POLI (1991) - Jaak RULE; RELA (1981-1982); Latin-America (1983-1984) VANDEMEULEBROUCKE ENVI (1982-1984) Independent Fianna Fáil (1981-1984) (Ireland): - Neil T. BLANEY AGRI; PECH (1992-1994) Aust. & NZ (1989-1992); Rassemblement Wallon: USA (1992-1994) - Paul-Henry Gendebien2 TRAN (1979-1982); Latin-America (1983-1984) REGI (1982-1984)

1 EFA was created in 1981, so technically speaking Neil T. Blaney and Maurits Coppieters were not elected as EFA 3 Spain joined the European Communities in 1986, and its first elected MEPs joined the Parliament on the 6th of July 1987. members. Winnie Ewing was MEP for the SNP, but member of the Gaullist Group of European Democrats for Progress. 4 Not member of the EFA but of the Rainbow Group. Replaced Jon Gangoitti Llaguno (PNV – EPP) in the Parliament. Joachim Dalsass, of Südtiroler Volkspartei was in the Christian-democrat EPP. He will join again the EFA MEPs in the Group of the European Radical Alliance between 1994 and 1996. 2 Took part to many meetings of the EFA between 1981 and 1984, when he also became member of the Group for 5 Not member of the EFA but of the Rainbow Group. Replaced Isidoro Sanchez Garcia in July 1993. He will join again the Technical Coordination and Defence of Independent Groups and Members. EFA MEPs in the Group of the European Radical Alliance in 1999.

36 The Internationalism of the EFA - 37 Session Group name EFA’s MEPs MEPs by party Committees Delegations Session Group name EFA’s MEPs MEPs by party Committees Delegations (group total) (group total)

1989- Rainbow 9 (15) Lega Lombarda 1994- European 3 (19) Partido Aragonés: 1994 Group (Northern Italia): 1999 Radical - Manuel ESCOLA9 REGI; TRAN South America; Malta - Luigi MORETTI RELA (1989-1992); REGI ASEAN (1989-1992); Alliance (1998-1999) (1992-1994); REGI (1989- Czechoslovakia 1992); ECON (1992-1994) (1992-1994 – VC); SNP (Scotland): Iceland (1992-1994) - Winifred EWING CONT (1994-1997); Canada (1994-1997); - Francesco SPERONI INST; LEGA (1989-1991 – Norway (1992-1994); ECON (1994-1997); ASEAN (1997-1999) VC); TRAN (1992); ECON Czechoslovakia PECH (1998-1999 – VC); (1992-1994); TRAN (1989- (1992-1994) LEGA (1997-1999); 1992); LEGA (1991-1992); CULT; FEMM (1994-1997) LIBE (1992-1994) - Allan MACARTNEY ENER (1994-1997); ACP; Slovakia (1995-1997); (1994-1998) PECH (1994-1998; China (1997-1998) Partido Andalucista 1997-1998 – VC); (Andalusia)6: DEVE (1997-1998); - Pedro PACHECO AGRI; CULT USSR DEVE (1994-1997); (1989-1990) ENER (1997-1998) - Diego DE LOS SANTOS AGRI; REGI (1992-1994); USSR (1990-1992); - Ian HUDGHTON EMPL (1999); ENER LÓPEZ (1990-1994) CULT (1990-1991) Turkia (1992-1994) (1998-1999)

Partito Sardo d’Azione Unión Valenciana: (Sardinia): - Alfonso NOVO10 REGI; TRAN; AGRI South America; Malta - Mario MELIS INST (VC – 1992-1994); Maghreb (1989-1992 – VC); (1996-1998) (1996-1997) REGI (1989-1992); ENER Malta (1992-1994); Turkey (1992-1994); ENVI (1989- (1992-1994) Volksunie (Flanders): 1992); REGI (1992-1994) - Jaak SOCI; SEDE (1994-1997); ASEAN (1994-1997); VANDEMEULEBROUCKE RULE (1994-1998); Slovakia (1995-1997); SNP (Scotland): (1994-1998) AFET (1994-1995); Cyprus (1997-1998); - Winifred EWING DEVE; PECH (1992-1994); ACP; Baltic countries AGRI (1995-1997); Romania (1997-1998); POLI (1989-1991); FEMM (1992-1994) - Nelly MAES REGI (1997-1998) ASEAN (1997-1998) (1989-1992); AGRI (1991- (1998-1999) EMPL; DEVE (1999); Cyprus; ASEAN; Romania 1994) RULE; REGI

Unione di u Populu Corsu 1999- Greens-EFA 10 (47) BNG (Galiza): (Corsica): 2004 - Camilo RET T; AGRI (1999-2002); South America & Mercosur - Max SIMEONI CULT (VC); LEGA (1991- UN (1989-1992); Hungary NOGUEIRA ROMAN PECH (1999-2004); (1999-2002); USA (2002- 1992 – VC) (1992-1994) AFCO (2002-2004) 2004)

Volksunie (Flanders): Esquerra Republicana - Jaak CULT (1989-1991); REGI ASEAN (1992-1994); USA de Catalunya (Catalonia): VANDEMEULEBROUCKE (1991-1994); RULE; REGI (1992-1994) - Miquel MAYOL I RAYNAL ECON; AFET Central America & Mexico (1989-1991); SOCI (1991- (2001-2004) 1994) Eusko Alkartasuna 1994- European 3 (19) Agrupaciones (Basque Country): 1999 Radical Independientes - Gorka KNÖRR BORRÀS ECON; AFET Central America & Mexico Alliance de Canarias: (1999-2001) - Isidoro REGI; TRAN; South America SANCHEZ GARCIA7 AGRI (1995-1996) Partido Andalucista (1994-1996) (Andalucia): - Carlos BAUTISTA OJEDA AGRI; EMPL (1999-2002); Maghreb Coalición Galega: (1999-2003) RETT (2002-2003) - José BUDG Israël POSADA GONZALEZ8 (1999)

6 The Partido Andalucista is not member from EFA then, but their MEPs join the EFA subgroup nevertheless after a while. 7 Not member of the EFA but of the European Radical Alliance. 9 Not member of the EFA but of the European Radical Alliance. 8 Idem. 10 Idem.

38 The Internationalism of the EFA - 39 Session Group name EFA’s MEPs MEPs by party Committees Delegations Session Group name EFA’s MEPs MEPs by party Committees Delegations (group total) (group total)

1999- Greens-EFA 10 (47) Partido Aragonés 2004- Greens-EFA 5 (42) Independent 2004 (Aragon): 2009 (Hungarians of - Juan Manuel AGRI; RETT Maghreb Roumania): FERRÁNDEZ LEZAUN11 - László TÕKÉS15 AGRI; CULT South-east Europe (2003-2004) (2008-2009)

Plaid Cymru (Wales): 2009- Greens-EFA 7 (55) Aralar (Basque Country): - Jill EVANS FEMM (VC); EMPL; ENVI Lithuania; Estonia 2014 - Inaki IRAZABALBEITIA / / - Eurig WYN CULT; PETI; AGRI South Africa (1999-2002); FERNÁNDEZ (2013) Czech Rep. (2002-2004) PNV (Basque Country): BNG (Galiza): - Josu RET T; BUDG (1999-2002); United States (1999-2002); - Ana MIRANDA REGI; PETI; PECH; FEMM Mercosur; Eurolat; Chile ORTUONDO LARREA12 ITRE (2002-2004) South America & Mercosur (2012-2013) (2002-2004); Cyprus (1999-2002) ERC (Catalunya): SNP (Scotland): - Oriol JUNQUERAS PETI; CULT; ITRE Mercosur; Eurolat; Japan - Ian HUDGHTON EMPL (1999-2002); European Economic Area (2009-2011) PECH; BUDG (2002-2004); ECON (1999-2002); NVA (Flanders): AGRI (2002-2004) - Frieda BREPOELS AFET; ENVI (2012-2013); Japan; Euromed; Mashreq - Neil MACCORMICK13 JURI; AFCO Japan (2009-2013) DROI; TRAN (2009-2011) - Mark DEMESMAEKER AFET; ENVI; DROI Japan; Euromed; Mashreq Volksunie (Flanders): (2013-2014) - Nelly MAES ITRE (1999-2002); ACP-EU JPA; Slovakia RETT (2002-2004); Par cilvēka tiesībām DEVE; AFET (2002-2004) vienotā Latvijā (Latvia): - Bart STAES14 CONT; ENVI Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan and - Tatjana ZDANOKA LIBE; PETI; Moldova (VC); Euronest; (1999-2002) Mongolia (C) EMPL (2009-2011); Russia TRAN (2012-now) 2004- Greens-EFA 5 (42) Esquerra Republicana de 2009 Catalunya (Catalonia): Plaid Cymru (Wales): - Bernat JOAN I MARÍ CULT; DEVE ACP-EU JPA (VC); Maghreb - Jill EVANS ENVI; AGRI; FEMM (2010- Iraq (2009-2001); (2004-2007) (2004-2007); Chile (2007) 2012) Palestinian Legislative Council; Iraq (2011-now) Eusko Alkartasuna PNC (Corsica): (Basque Country): - François ALFONSI REGI; BUDG; ACP-EU JPA; Euromed; - Mikel IRUJO AMEZAGA CULT; DEVE ACP-EU JPA; Chile CULT (2012-now); Maghreb (2007-2009) ECON (2009-2011)

Par cilvēka tiesībām SNP (Scotland): vienotā Latvijā (Latvia): - Ian HUDGHTON PECH; REGI (2009-2012); Canada; Croatia - Tatjana ZDANOKA LIBE; AFET (2004-2007); Russia; Caucasus IMCO DROI; PETI (2007-2009); EMPL (2007-2009) - Alyn SMITH AGRI; AFCO (2009-2011); Arab Peninsula; Switzerland, Plaid Cymru (Wales): CULT (2009-2011); ITRE Norway and Iceland - Jill EVANS ENVI; REGI; FEMM Palestine; Gulf states (2012-now) (2004-2007) SNP (Scotland): Italic type writing for committees means: substitute - Ian HUDGHTON ECON (2004-2007); PECH; Canada; Aust. & NZ VC: Vice-Chair / Vice-President TRAN (2007-2009); IMCO C: Chair / President - Alyn SMITH REGI (2004-2007); AGRI Switzerland, Norway and JPA: Joint Parliamentary Assembly (2007-2009); ITRE Iceland

11 Not a member of the EFA. 12 Member of the EFA group as observer (the PNV was not a member party of the EFA). 13 Volksunie explodes in 2001, and both MEPs joined Spirit, the left-wing split from VU, which joins the EFA in 2002. 15 Elected as independent, László Tõkés was a non-attached member until April 2008. From July 2009 though he has joined 14 Bart Staes joins Groen! in 2002. the EPP.

40 The Internationalism of the EFA - 41 Standing Committees16

— AFET: Foreign Affairs (Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Security — LIBE: Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (Committee on Citizens’ Freedoms and Defence Policy until 2004). and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs until 2004)

— DROI: Human Rights (from 2004) — PECH: Fisheries

— SEDE: Security and Defence (from 2004) — PETI: Petitions

— AFCO: Constitutional Affairs — POLI: Political Affairs Committee (until 1994): ancestor of AFET

— AGRI: Agriculture and Rural Development (Agriculture, Fisheries and — REGI: Regional Development (from 2004); Committee on Regional Policy Rural Development between 1989 and 1994) and Regional Planning (1989-1994)

— BUDG: Budgets — RELA: External Economic Relations (1989-1999) – surnamed REX for a while

— CONT: Budgetary Control — RETT: Regional Policy, Transport and Tourism (divided in 2004)

— CULT: Culture and Education (Committee on Culture, Youth, Education, — RULE: Rules of Procedure, the Verification of Credentials and Immunities the Media and Sport until 2004) — SOCI: Committee on Social Affairs, Employment and the Working Environment — DEVE: Development (and Cooperation until 2004) (1989-1999)

— ECON: Economic and Monetary Affairs (Economic, Monetary Affairs — TRAN: Transport and Tourism (from 2004 and between 1989 and 1999) and Industrial Policy between 1989 and 1994)

— EMPL: Employment and Social Affairs

— ENER: Research, Technological Development and Energy (1989-1999)

— ENVI: Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (Environment, Public Health and Consumer Policy – Protection between 1989 and 1994 – until 2004)

— FEMM: Women’s Rights and Gender Equality (and Equal Opportunities until 2004)

— IMCO: Internal Market and Consumer Protection (from 2004)

— INST: Committee on Institutional Affairs (1989-1994)

— INTA: International Trade (from 2004)

— ITRE: Industry, Research and Energy (Committee on Industry, External Trade, Research and Energy from 1999 until 2004)

— JURI: Legal Affairs (Committee on Legal Affairs and the Internal Market until 2004) 16 NB: until 1999, abbreviations are not fixed and may change according to languages. For example, the Committee — LEGA: Committee on Legal Affairs and Citizens’ Rights (1989-1994) on Youth (1984-1989) is YOUTH in English and JEUN in French. The rule for four-letters abbreviations though seems to be adopted in 1989 for all languages.

42 The Internationalism of the EFA - 43 Profiles of the MEPs of the EFA17

— François ALFONSI: — Bernat JOAN I MARÍ: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96750/Fran%C3%A7ois_ALFONSI.html http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term6/view.do?language=EN&id=28412

— Herbert BARRERA I COSTA: — Oriol JUNQUERAS: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=7 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96708/Oriol_JUNQUERAS%20VIES.html

— Carlos BAUTISTA OJEDA: — Gorka KNÖRR BORRÀS: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term5/view.do?language=EN&id=4376 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term5/view.do?language=EN&id=4378

— Neil BLANEY: — Willy KUIJPERS: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term1/view.do?language=EN&id=1019 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term2/view.do?language=EN&id=1627

— Frieda BREPOELS: — Allan MACARTNEY: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/28463/Frieda_BREPOELS.html http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term4/view.do?language=EN&id=2168

— Michel COLUMBU: — Neil MACCORMICK: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term2/view.do?language=EN&id=1799 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term5/view.do?language=EN&id=4548

— Maurits COPPIETERS: — Nelly MAES: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term1/view.do?language=EN&id=903 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term4/view.do?language=EN&id=2335

— Diego DE LOS SANTOS LÓPEZ: — Miquel MAYOL I RAYNAL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=238 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term5/view.do?language=EN&id=21813

— Mark DEMESMAEKER: — Mario MELIS: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/fr/117477/MARK_DEMESMAEKER.html http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=1100

— Jill EVANS: — Ana MIRANDA: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term5/view.do?language=EN&id=4550 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/24942/Ana_MIRANDA.html

— Winifred EWING: — Luigi MORETTI: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=1369 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=1101

— Juan Manuel FERRÁNDEZ LEZAUN: — Camilo NOGUEIRA: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term5/view.do?language=EN&id=25341 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term5/view.do?language=EN&id=4380

— Karlos GARAIKOETXEA: — Josu ORTUONDO LARREA: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term2/view.do?language=EN&id=1342 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term5/view.do?language=EN&id=4377

— Paul-Henry GENDEBIEN: — Pedro PACHECO: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term1/view.do?language=EN&id=851 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=1143

— Ian HUDGHTON: — José POSADA GONZÁLEZ: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term4/view.do?language=EN&id=2338 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=1885

— Mikel IRUJO: — Isidoro SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term6/view.do?language=EN&id=38733 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=1868

44 The Internationalism of the EFA - 45 — Max SIMEONI: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=1159

— Alyn SMITH: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term6/view.do?language=EN&id=28508

— Francesco SPERONI: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term3/view.do?language=EN&id=997

— Bart STAES: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term5/view.do?language=EN&id=4751

— Jaak VANDEMEULEBROUCKE: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term1/view.do?language=EN&id=1470

— Eurig WYN: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term5/view.do?language=EN&id=4551

— Tatjana ŽDANOKA: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/term6/view.do?language=EN&id=28619

17 NB: there are mistakes and omissions in those pages. Archives (questions, resolutions, speeches, etc.) are available online only from the 5th term (1999-2004). For the four first terms, the archives are available in the Official Journal of the European Union: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en.

46 The Internationalism of the EFA - 47 1992 (19-20th October): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium) The General 1993 (18-19th October): Cardiff (Wales – United Kingdom) 1994 (11-12th April): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium)

1994 (5-6 December): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium) Assemblies 1995 (2-3rd October): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium) 1996 (7-8 March): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium)

1996 (8th November): Barcelona (Catalonia – Spain) of the EFA 1997 (10th November): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium) 1998 (12th June): Cardiff (Wales – United Kingdom)

1998 (10-11th December): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium)

1999 (8-9th April): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium)

1999 (19th November): Strasbourg (Alsace – France)

2000 (12th May): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium)

1981 (9-11th December): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium) 2001 (30th August): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium)

1982 (11-12th November): Bastia (Corsica – France) 2001 (8th November): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium)

1983 (22-23rd April): Eupen (German community of Belgium) 2002 (27-28th June): Brno (Moravia – Czech Republic)

1984 (14-15th May): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium) 2002 (14-15th November): Bruges (Flanders – Belgium)

1984 (22-25th November): St Vincent (Val of Aosta – Italy) 2003 (26-27th June): Alghero (Sardinia – Italy)

1985 no G.A. 2003 (13-14th November): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium)

1986 (3-4th July): Cardiff (Wales – United Kingdom) 2004 (25-26th March): Barcelona (Catalonia – Spain)

1987 (11-14th February): Leeuwarden (Friesland – Netherlands) 2004 (8-9th November): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium)

1987 (7-8th September): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium) 2005 (26-27th May): Rennes (Brittany – France)

1988 (2-4th May): Cagliari (Sardinia – Italy) 2006 (10-11th May): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium)

1988 (1-2nd September): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium) 2007 (20th April): Bilbao (Basque Country – Spain)

1989 (7-9th May): Bilbao (Basque Country – Spain) 2008 (11th April): Mallorca (Balears – Spain)

1990 (28-29th March): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium) 2009 (27th March): Barcelona (Catalonia – Spain)

1991 (11-12th March): Strasbourg (Alsace – France) 2010 (26th March): Venice (Veneto – Italy)

1991 (30th September): Ostend (Flanders – Belgium) 2011 (15th April): Mariehamn (Åland – Finland)

1992 (4-5th May): Brussels (Flanders – Belgium) 2012 (23-24th March): Leeuwarden (Friesland – Netherlands)

48 The Internationalism of the EFA - 49 EFA parties

50 The Internationalism of the EFA - 51 Original name OrOiginriginala nl anmame e Name in English NaNmame ine in E ngliEngliFoundshsh ation People / nationFoundFoundataiotion nStPeaPoplteeople /e n/ antaiotion n BecomesO riginStBStecaateaol tenmaesm e DepBaecBrtecoumroemeses 198 Bec1Beco198momeses2 198De3Dpeap198ratrutru4ere19819819861 1N198198am1987e2 in2198 198Engli19883s3h19819819894 419919819806 619919819817 719919819838Found819919819849a9t199io199n19950P0199e199opl1996e1 /1 199n199a199tio93n320019919904 420019919915St5200199ate19926 620019919939 9200200200Bec40o0200m200es2005 1 1200B200ec200o62m2es200200 20073 3D200200e200pa84rt4u200re20095198520102001200619862002011220071987 2002012320081988 200420091989 2010620101982011720111982012820121989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 observer full member obobseservrevrer fullfull m memembebrer observer full member Enotna Lista EnotnaEnotna Lista Lista Unity List UnityUnity List List 1975 Carinthian Slovenes19751975 AustriaCarinthianCarinthian Slovenes Slovenes2005EnotnaAustriaAustria Lista2006 20052005 20062006 Unity List 1975 Carinthian Slovenes Austria 2005 2006 Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie Nieuw-VlaamseNieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie Alliantie New Flemish Alliance NewNew Flemish Flemish 2001Alliance Alliance Flanders 20012001 BelgiumFlandersFlanders Nieuw-VlaamseBelgiumBelgium2010 Alliantie 20102010 New Flemish Alliance 2001 Flanders Belgium 2010 Partei der deutschsprachigenPartei BelgierPartei der der deutschsprachigen deutschsprachigen Belgier BelgierParty of the German speakingParty BelgiansParty of of the the German1971 German speaking speakingGerman-speaking Belgians Belgians 19711971 Belgians BelgiumGerman-speakingGerman-speaking Belgians BelgiansParteiBelgiumBelgium der deutschsprachigen1981 2009 Belgier 19811981 20092009 Party of the German speaking Belgians 1971 German-speaking Belgians Belgium 1981 2009 X X X X ProDG ProDGProDG ProDG ProDGProDG 2008 German-speaking20082008 Belgians BelgiumGerman-speakingGerman-speaking Belgians Belgians2009ProDGBelgiumBelgium2010 20092009 20102010 ProDG 2008 German-speaking Belgians Belgium 2009 2010 Rassemblement Populaire WallonRassemblementRassemblement Populaire Populaire Wallon Wallon Walloon Popular Movement WalloonWalloon Popular Popular1981 Movement MovementWallonia 19811981 BelgiumWalloniaWallonia RassemblementBelgiumBelgium1982 Populaire1984 Wallon 19821982? 1984?1984 ? WalloonX Popular?? Movement?? ?? X X 1981 Wallonia Belgium 1982 1984 ? ? ? X Spirit/Sociaal-Liberale Partij Spirit/Sociaal-LiberaleSpirit/Sociaal-Liberale Partij Partij Social Liberal Party SocialSocial Liberal Liberal2001 Party Party Flanders 20012001 BelgiumFlandersFlanders Spirit/Sociaal-LiberaleBelgiumBelgium2002 Partij 20022002 Social Liberal Party 2001 Flanders Belgium 2002 Volksunie VolksunieVolksunie People's Union People'sPeople's Union Union1954 Flanders 19541954 BelgiumFlandersFlanders VolksunieBelgiumBelgium1981 2001 19811981 20012001 People's Union 1954 Flanders BelgiumX X X 1981 2001 X Omo "Ilinden" Pirin OmoOmo "Ilinden" "Ilinden" Pirin Pirin United Macedonian OrganizationUnitedUnited Macedonian Macedonian1999 Organization OrganizationMacedonians 19991999 BulgariaMacedoniansMacedonians 2006OmoBulgaria Bulgaria"Ilinden"2007 Pirin 20062006 20072007 United Macedonian Organization 1999 Macedonians Bulgaria 2006 2007 Lista za Rijeku ListaLista za za Rijeku Rijeku List for Fiume ListList for for Fiume Fiume2006 Rijeka 20062006 CroatiaRijekaRijeka 2009ListaCroatiaCroatia za Rijeku2010 20092009 20102010 List for Fiume 2006 Rijeka Croatia 2009 2010 Moravané MoravanéMoravané Moravané MoravanéMoravané 2005 Moravia 20052005 CzechMoraviaMoravia Republic MoravanéCzechCzech Republic2006 Republic 20062006 Moravané 2005 Moravia Czech Republic 2006 Moravská demokratická stranaMoravskáMoravská demokratická demokratická strana strana Moravian Democratic Party MoravianMoravian Democratic Democratic1994 Party PartyMoravia 19941994 CzechMoraviaMoravia Republic MoravskáCzechCzech Republic demokratická Republic 2005 strana 20052005 Moravian Democratic Party 1994 Moravia Czech Republic 2005 Slesvigsk Parti SlesvigskSlesvigsk Parti Parti Schleswig Party SchleswigSchleswig Party Party1920 Germans 19201920 DenmarkGermansGermans 2011SlesvigskDenmarkDenmark Parti 20112011 Schleswig Party 1920 Germans Denmark 2011 Ålands Framtid ÅlandsÅlands Framtid Framtid Future of Åland FutureFuture of of Åland Åland1999 Åland 19991999 FinlandÅlandÅland 2005ÅlandsFinlandFinland Framtid2006 20052005 20062006 Future of Åland 1999 Åland Finland 2005 2006 Elsass Lothringische VolksbundElsassElsass Lothringische Lothringische Volksbund Volksbund People's Union of Alsace-LorrainePeople'sPeople's Union Union1977 of of Alsace-Lorraine Alsace-LorraineAlsace&Lorraine19771977 FranceAlsace&LorraineAlsace&Lorraine ElsassFranceFrance Lothringische1981 Volksbund1992 19811981 19921992 People's Union of Alsace-Lorraine 1977 Alsace&Lorraine France 1981 1992 Ligue Savoisienne LigueLigue Savoisienne Savoisienne Savoyan League SavoyanSavoyan League League1994 Savoie 19941994 FranceSavoieSavoie 1999LigueFranceFrance Savoisienne2000 19991999 20002000 Savoyan League 1994 Savoie France 1999 2000 Mouvement Région Savoie MouvementMouvement Région Région Savoie Savoie Savoy Region Movement SavoySavoy Region Region1971 Movement Movement Savoie 19711971 FranceSavoieSavoie MouvementFranceFrance1991 Région Savoie 19911991 Savoy Region Movement 1971 Savoie France 1991 Parti Autonomiste Nord-CatalanPartiParti Autonomiste Autonomiste Nord-Catalan Nord-Catalan Northern Catalonia AutonomistNorthernNorthern Party Catalonia Catalonia Autonomist AutonomistCatalonia Party Party FranceCataloniaCatalonia PartiFranceFrance Autonomiste Nord-Catalan Northern Catalonia Autonomist Party Catalonia France Parti pour l'Organisation d'uneParti PartiBretagne pour pour l'Organisation Librel'Organisation d'une d'une Bretagne BretagneParty Libre for Libre the Organisation of aParty FreeParty forParty for the the 1982Organisation Organisation ofBrittany of a aFree Free Party Party19821982 FranceBrittanyBrittany PartiFranceFrance pour l'Organisation1983 1987 d'une Bretagne1983 Libre1983 19871987 Party for the Organisation of a Free Party 1982 Brittany France 1983 1987 Partit Occitan PartitPartit Occitan Occitan Occitan Party OccitanOccitan Party Party1987 Occitania 19871987 FranceOccitaniaOccitania PartitFranceFrance Occitan1987 19871987 Occitan Party 1987 Occitania France 1987 Partitu di a Nazione Corsa PartituPartitu di di a aNazione Nazione Corsa Corsa Party of the Corsican Nation PartyParty of of the the Corsican2002 Corsican Nation NationCorsica 20022002 FranceCorsicaCorsica PartituFranceFrance di a2002 Nazione Corsa 20022002 Party of the Corsican Nation 2002 Corsica France 2002 Strollad ar Vro StrolladStrollad ar ar Vro Vro Country's Party Country'sCountry's Party Party1970 Brittany 19701970 FranceBrittanyBrittany StrolladFranceFrance ar 1981Vro 1982 19811981 19821982 Country's Party 1970 Brittany France 1981 1982 Unvaniezh Demokratel BreizhUnvaniezhUnvaniezh Demokratel Demokratel Breizh Breizh Breton Democratic Union BretonBreton Democratic Democratic1964 Union UnionBrittany 19641964 FranceBrittanyBrittany UnvaniezhFranceFrance 1987Demokratel Breizh 19871987 Breton Democratic Union 1964 Brittany France 1987 Union du Peuple Alsacien/UnserUnionUnion Land du du Peuple Peuple Alsacien/Unser Alsacien/Unser Land LandAlsatian's People Union Alsatian'sAlsatian's People People1988 Union Union Alsace 19881988 FranceAlsaceAlsace UnionFranceFrance du Peuple1989 Alsacien/Unser Land 19891989 Alsatian's People Union 1988 Alsace France 1989 Unione di u Populu Corsu UnioneUnione di di u uPopulu Populu Corsu Corsu Union of the Corsican People UnionUnion of of the the Corsican1977 Corsican People PeopleCorsica 19771977 FranceCorsicaCorsica UnioneFranceFrance di u1984 Populu Corsu ?19841984? Union? ? of the? ? Corsican People 1977 Corsica France 1984 ? ? Unitat Catalana UnitatUnitat Catalana Catalana Catalan Unity CatalanCatalan Unity Unity1986 Catalonia 19861986 FranceCataloniaCatalonia UnitatFranceFrance Catalana1991 19911991 Catalan Unity 1986 Catalonia France 1991 Vlaams Federalistische PartijVlaamsVlaams Federalistische Federalistische Partij Partij Flemish Federalist Party FlemishFlemish Federalist Federalist1983 Party Party Flanders 19831983 FranceFlandersFlanders 1983VlaamsFranceFrance Federalistische1984 Partij19831983 19841984 Flemish Federalist Party 1983 Flanders France 1983 1984 Volem Viure Al Païs VolemVolem Viure Viure Al Al Païs Païs We want to live in our own landWeWe want want to to live1974 live in in our our own own landOccitania land 19741974 FranceOccitaniaOccitania VolemFranceFrance Viure1983 Al Païs 1984 19831983 19841984 WeX want to live in our own land X X 1974 Occitania France 1983 1984 X Bayern Partei BayernBayern Partei Partei Bavaria Party BavariaBavaria Party Party1946 Bavaria 19461946 GermanyBavariaBavaria 2007BayernGermanyGermany Partei2008 20072007 20082008 Bavaria Party 1946 Bavaria Germany 2007 2008 Die Friesen DieDie Friesen Friesen The Friesen TheThe Friesen Friesen2007 East frisia 20072007 GermanyEastEast frisia frisia 2008DieGermany FriesenGermany2009 20082008 20092009 The Friesen 2007 East frisia Germany 2008 2009 Lausitzer Allianz / WendischeLausitzer VolksparteiLausitzer Allianz Allianz / Wendische/ Wendische Volkspartei VolksparteiLusatian Alliance LusatianLusatian Alliance Alliance2005 Sorbs, Lusatia 20052005 GermanySorbs,Sorbs, Lusatia Lusatia 2009LausitzerGermanyGermany Allianz / Wendische20092009 Volkspartei Lusatian Alliance 2005 Sorbs, Lusatia Germany 2009 SSW-Landesverband SSW-LandesverbandSSW-Landesverband South Schleswig Voter FederationSouthSouth Schleswig Schleswig1948 Voter Voter Federation FederationFrisians & Danes19481948 GermanyFrisiansFrisians & &Danes Danes 2009SSW-LandesverbandGermanyGermany2010 20092009 20102010 South Schleswig Voter Federation 1948 Frisians & Danes Germany 2009 2010 ESA-Vinozito ESA-VinozitoESA-Vinozito Rainbow RainbowRainbow 1994 Macedonians 19941994 GreeceMacedoniansMacedonians 1999ESA-VinozitoGreeceGreece2000 19991999 20002000 Rainbow 1994 Macedonians Greece 1999 2000 Megújult Magyarországi RomaMegújult ÖsszefogásMegújult Magyarországi Magyarországi Párt Roma Roma Összefogás ÖsszefogásRenewed Párt Párt Roma Union Party ofRenewed HungaryRenewed Roma Roma Union Union Party PartyRoma of of Hungary Hungary HungaryRomaRoma 2009MegújultHungaryHungary Magyarországi2012 Roma20092009 Összefogás Párt 20122012 Renewed Roma Union Party of Hungary Roma Hungary 2009 2012 Independent Fianna Fail IndependentIndependent Fianna Fianna Fail Fail Independent Fianna Fail IndependentIndependent 1971Fianna Fianna Fail Fail Irish 19711971 IrelandIrishIrish IndependentIrelandIreland1981 Fianna Fail1995 19811981 19951995 Independent Fianna Fail 1971 Irish Ireland 1981 1995 Observer party of EFA Alleanza Libera Emiliana/LibertàAlleanzaAlleanza Emiliana Libera Libera Emiliana/Libertà Emiliana/Libertà Emiliana EmilianaEmilian Free Alliance EmilianEmilian Free Free 1999Alliance Alliance Emilia 19991999 ItalyEmiliaEmilia 1999AlleanzaItalyItaly Libera2000 Emiliana/Libertà201019991999 Emiliana20002000 20102010 Emilian Free Alliance 1999 Emilia Italy 1999 2000 2010 X Observer party of EFA XX Observer party of EFA X Observer party of EFA Renouveau Valdotain / AutonomieRenouveauRenouveau Liberté Valdotain Participation Valdotain / Autonomie/ Autonomie Ecologie Liberté LibertéAutonomy Participation Participation Liberty ParticipationEcologie Ecologie AutonomyAutonomy Ecology Liberty Liberty2010 Participation ParticipationAosta Ecology ValleyEcology 20102010 ItalyAostaAosta Valley Valley 2007RenouveauItalyItaly 2011 Valdotain / Autonomie20072007 Liberté2011 2011Participation Ecologie Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology 2010 Aosta Valley Italy 2007 2011 Lega Lombarda LegaLega Lombarda Lombarda Lombard League LombardLombard League League1984 Lombardia 19841984 ItalyLombardiaLombardia LegaItalyItaly Lombarda Lombard League 1984 Lombardia Italy Lega Nord LegaLega Nord Nord Northern League NorthernNorthern League League1989 Padania 19891989 ItalyPadaniaPadania LegaItalyItaly Nord 1991 1994 19911991 19941994 Northern League 1989 Padania Italy 1991 1994 Libertà Lombarda LibertàLibertà Lombarda Lombarda Lombard Freedom LombardLombard Freedom Freedom Italy 1999LibertàItalyItaly Lombarda 19991999 Lombard Freedom Italy 1999 Liga Veneta Repubblica LigaLiga Veneta Veneta Repubblica Repubblica Venetian Republic League VenetianVenetian Republic Republic1998 League LeagueVeneto 19981998 ItalyVenetoVeneto 1999LigaItaly ItalyVeneta2000 Repubblica 19991999 20002000 Venetian Republic League 1998 Veneto Italy 1999 2000 Movimento Autonomista OccitanoMovimentoMovimento Autonomista Autonomista Occitano Occitano Occitan Autonomist MovementOccitanOccitan Autonomist Autonomist1968 Movement MovementOccitania 19681968 ItalyOccitaniaOccitania MovimentoItalyItaly Autonomista Occitano Occitan Autonomist Movement 1968 Occitania Italy Movimento Friuli MovimentoMovimento Friuli Friuli Friulian Movement FriulianFriulian Movement Movement1966 Friuli 19661966 ItalyFriuliFriuli 1983MovimentoItalyItaly Friuli 198419831983 19841984 Friulian Movement 1966 Friuli Italy 1983 1984 Movimento Meridionale MovimentoMovimento Meridionale Meridionale Southern Movement SouthernSouthern Movement Movement1971 19711971 Italy MovimentoItalyItaly Meridionale Southern Movement 1971 Italy Muvimentu pâ Nnipinnenza dâMuvimentu SiciliaMuvimentu pâ pâ Nnipinnenza Nnipinnenza dâ dâ Sicilia SiciliaMovement for the IndependenceMovementMovement of Sicily for for2004 the the Independence IndependenceSicilia of of Sicily Sicily20042004 ItalySiciliaSicilia 2009MuvimentuItalyItaly pâ Nnipinnenza20092009 dâ Sicilia Movement for the Independence of Sicily 2004 Sicilia Italy 2009 Partito Sardo d'Azione PartitoPartito Sardo Sardo d'Azione d'Azione Sardinian Action Party SardinianSardinian Action Action1921 Party Party Sardinia 19211921 ItalySardiniaSardinia PartitoItalyItaly Sardo1984 d'Azione 19841984 Sardinian Action Party 1921 Sardinia Italy 1984 Slovenska Skupnost SlovenskaSlovenska Skupnost Skupnost Slovene Union SloveneSlovene Union Union1975 Slovenians 19751975 ItalySloveniansSlovenians SlovenskaItalyItaly 1991Skupnost 19911991 Slovene Union 1975 Slovenians Italy 1991 Member of EFA Member of EFA Member of EFA Member of EFA Süd-Tiroler Freiheit Süd-TirolerSüd-Tiroler Freiheit Freiheit South Tyrolean Freedom SouthSouth Tyrolean Tyrolean2007 Freedom Freedom South Tyrol 20072007 ItalySouthSouth Tyrol Tyrol Süd-TirolerItalyItaly 2009 Freiheit 20092009 South Tyrolean Freedom 2007 South Tyrol Italy 2009 Union für Südtirol UnionUnion für für Südtirol Südtirol Union for South Tyrol UnionUnion for for South South1989 Tyrol Tyrol South Tyrol 19891989 ItalySouthSouth Tyrol Tyrol UnionItalyItaly für Südtirol1991 2008 19911991 20082008 Union for South Tyrol 1989 South Tyrol Italy 1991 2008 Union Valdôtaine UnionUnion Valdôtaine Valdôtaine Valdotanian Union ValdotanianValdotanian Union1945 Union Aosta Valley 19451945 ItalyAostaAosta Valley Valley UnionItalyItaly Valdôtaine1983 2007 19831983 20072007 Valdotanian Union 1945 Aosta Valley Italy 1983 2007 Par cilvēka tiesībām vienotā LatvijāParPar cilvēka cilvēka tiesībām tiesībām vienotā vienotā Latvijā LatvijāFor Human Rights in United LatviaForFor Human Human Rights 1998Rights in in United UnitedRussians Latvia Latvia 19981998 LatviaRussiansRussians 2010ParLatvia cilvēkaLatvia tiesībām vienotā20102010 Latvijā For Human Rights in United Latvia 1998 Russians Latvia 2010 Polska Partia Ludowa PolskaPolska Partia Partia Ludowa Ludowa Lithuanian Polish People's PartyLithuanianLithuanian Polish 2002Polish People's People's PolesParty Party 20022002 LithuaniaPolesPoles 2003PolskaLithuaniaLithuania Partia2004 Ludowa 201020032003 20042004 20102010 Lithuanian Polish People's Party 2002 Poles Lithuania 2003 2004 2010 X XX X Fryske Nasjonale Partij FryskeFryske Nasjonale Nasjonale Partij Partij Frisian National Party FrisianFrisian National National1962 Party Party Friesland 19621962 NetherlandsFrieslandFriesland FryskeNetherlandsNetherlands Nasjonale1981 Partij 19811981 Frisian National Party 1962 Friesland Netherlands 1981 Ruch Autonomii Slaska RuchRuch Autonomii Autonomii Slaska Slaska Silesian Autonomy MovementSilesianSilesian Autonomy Autonomy1990 Movement MovementUpper Silesia 19901990 PolandUpperUpper Silesia Silesia 2002RuchPolandPoland Autonomii2003 Slaska 20022002 20032003 Silesian Autonomy Movement 1990 Upper Silesia Poland 2002 2003 Erdély Bánság (Liga Transilvania-Banat)ErdélyErdély Bánság Bánság (Liga (Liga Transilvania-Banat) Transilvania-Banat)Transilvania-Banat League Transilvania-BanatTransilvania-Banat2000 League League 20002000 Roumania ErdélyRoumaniaRoumania Bánság (Liga Transilvania-Banat)2008 20082008 Transilvania-Banat League 2000 Roumania 2008X XX X Magyar Föderalista Párt MagyarMagyar Föderalista Föderalista Párt Párt Hungarian Federalist Party HungarianHungarian Federalist Federalist2000 Party PartyHungarians 20002000 SlovakiaHungariansHungarians MagyarSlovakiaSlovakia Föderalista Párt2005 20052005 Hungarian Federalist Party 2000 Hungarians Slovakia X 2005 XX X Strana Regionov Slovenska StranaStrana Regionov Regionov Slovenska Slovenska Regional Party of Slovakia RegionalRegional Party Party2004 of of Slovakia Slovakia 20042004 Slovakia 2008StranaSlovakiaSlovakia Regionov2009 Slovenska20082008 20092009 Regional Party of Slovakia 2004 Slovakia 2008 2009 Aralar AralarAralar Aralar AralarAralar 2000 Basque Country20002000 SpainBasqueBasque Country Country 2012AralarSpainSpain 20122012 Aralar 2000 Basque Country Spain 2012 Bloque Nacionalista Galego BloqueBloque Nacionalista Nacionalista Galego Galego Galician Nationalist Bloc GalicianGalician Nationalist Nationalist1982 Bloc Bloc Galicia 19821982 SpainGaliciaGalicia 1994BloqueSpainSpain Nacionalista2000 Galego19941994 20002000 Galician Nationalist Bloc 1982 Galicia Spain 1994 2000 Chunta Aragonesista ChuntaChunta Aragonesista Aragonesista Aragonese Junta AragoneseAragonese Junta 1986Junta Aragon 19861986 SpainAragonAragon 2003ChuntaSpainSpain Aragonesista2004 20032003 20042004 Aragonese Junta 1986 Aragon Spain 2003 2004 Convergència Democràtica deConvergència CatalunyaConvergència Democràtica Democràtica de de Catalunya CatalunyaDemocratic Convergence of CataloniaDemocraticDemocratic Convergence1974 Convergence ofCatalonia of Catalonia Catalonia 19741974 SpainCataloniaCatalonia ConvergènciaSpainSpain Democràtica de Catalunya Democratic Convergence of Catalonia 1974 Catalonia Spain Esquerra Republicana de CatalunyaEsquerraEsquerra Republicana Republicana de de Catalunya CatalunyaRepublican Left of Catalonia RepublicanRepublican Left1931 Left of of Catalonia CataloniaCatalonia 19311931 SpainCataloniaCatalonia EsquerraSpainSpain Republicana1988 de Catalunya 19881988 Republican Left of Catalonia 1931 Catalonia Spain 1988 Eusko Alkartasuna EuskoEusko Alkartasuna Alkartasuna Basque Solidarity BasqueBasque Solidarity Solidarity1986 Basque Country19861986 SpainBasqueBasque Country Country EuskoSpainSpain Alkartasuna1986 19861986 Basque Solidarity 1986 Basque Country Spain 1986 Partido Andalucista PartidoPartido Andalucista Andalucista Andalusian Party AndalusianAndalusian Party 1965Party Andalusia 19651965 SpainAndalusiaAndalusia PartidoSpainSpain Andalucista1999 19991999 Andalusian Party 1965 Andalusia Spain 1999 Partido Nacionalista Vasco PartidoPartido Nacionalista Nacionalista Vasco Vasco Basque Nationalist Party BasqueBasque Nationalist Nationalist1895 Party Party Basque Country18951895 SpainBasqueBasque Country Country 1999PartidoSpainSpain Nacionalista Vasco200419991999 20042004 Basque Nationalist Party 1895 Basque Country Spain 1999 2004 Partit Socialista de Mallorca-EntesaPartitPartit Socialista NacionalistaSocialista de de Mallorca-Entesa Mallorca-Entesa MajorcaNacionalista Nacionalista Socialist Party MajorcaMajorca Socialist Socialist1986 Party Party Balearic Islands19861986 SpainBalearicBalearic Islands Islands 2000PartitSpainSpain Socialista2008 de Mallorca-Entesa20002000 Nacionalista20082008 Majorca Socialist Party 1986 Balearic Islands Spain 2000 2008 Mebyon Kernow MebyonMebyon Kernow Kernow The Sons of Cornwall TheThe Sons Sons of of Cornwall1951 Cornwall Cornwall 19511951 UnitedCornwallCornwall Kingdom MebyonUnitedUnited Kernow Kingdom2003 Kingdom 20032003 The Sons of Cornwall 1951 Cornwall United Kingdom 2003 Plaid Cymru (Left EFA for a fewPlaidPlaid months Cymru Cymru in (Left1994) (Left EFA EFA for for a afew few months monthsThe in Party in 1994) 1994) of Wales TheThe Party Party of of Wales1925 Wales Wales 19251925 UnitedWalesWales Kingdom PlaidUnitedUnited Cymru Kingdom1983 Kingdom (Left EFA for a few months in1983 19831994) The Party of Wales 1925 Wales United Kingdom 1983 Scottish National Party ScottishScottish National National Party Party Scottish National Party ScottishScottish National National1934 Party Party Scotland 19341934 UnitedScotlandScotland Kingdom ScottishUnitedUnited National Kingdom1989 Kingdom Party 19891989 Scottish National Party 1934 Scotland United Kingdom 1989 Defunct party (usually due to split or fusion) Defunct party (usually due to split or fusion) Defunct party (usually due to split or fusion) Defunct party (usually due to split or fusion) 1981 1982 1983 1984 19819819861 119819819872 219819819883 319819819894 419919819806 619919819817 719919819838 819919819849 919919919950 019919919961 119919919993 320019919904 420019919915 520019919926 620019919939 920020020040 020020020051 120020020062 220020020073 320020020084 420020095198520102001200619862002011220071987 2002012320081988 200420091989 2010620101982011720111982012820121989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 X X X X

Number of member parties NuNmumbebre or fo mf memembebre pr apratrietises Number of member parties 6 7 10 12 1266 1377 113010 114212 115212 211313 210313 119414 118515 127121 128020 212919 212818 213717 214818 22622 22722 228323 322424 322626 324727 6238728 732632103263212343412373713 363613 363614 15 21 20 19 18 17 18 22 22 23 24 26 27 28 32 32 34 37 36 36 Number of associated partiesNuNmumbebre or fo assf assocoicaitaetde dp apratrietises Number of associated parties 2 1 3 5 322 011 033 055 033 000 000 100 100 100 400 311 711 711 844 733 677 677 488 377 66 2 656 1 454 3 353 5 66 3 55 0 55 0 550 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 3 7 7 8 7 6 6 4 3 6 5 5 5

X Defunct party (usuallyXX dueDefunct toDefunct split orparty party fusion) (usually (usually due due to to split split or or fusion) fusion) X Defunct party (usually due to split or fusion) Member of EFA MemberMember of of EFA EFA Member of EFA Observer party of EFA ObserverObserver party party of of EFA EFA Observer party of EFA

52 The Internationalism of the EFA - 53

X Defunct party (usuallyX duXe tDoeD sfeunpfunlitc toc rpt afpuratsryiton (yu ()suusaullayll duy due eto t os psliptli ot ro frMu fsueimsonionb)e)r of EFA MMemembebre Oorb fo sEfe FErAvFeAr party of EFA ObOsbesrevrevre pr apratryt oy fo Ef FEAFA X Defunct party (usually due to split or fusion) Member of EFA Observer party of EFA 19th August 1979: Declaration of Bastia

Context: Meeting of regionalist and nationalist from a commitment to struggle in the context parties in Bastia where nine parties agreed to of “international solidarity” and a conclusion Founding texts examine the prospects for political co-operation. stating: “By their presence in Corsica they The main focus of the document was the building [the signatories] symbolize the openness of a Europe of the Peoples who were to have their and fraternal solidarity of the Mediterranean own identity and inalienable rights. peoples towards the other peoples of the world of EFA No reference to international issues, apart which are striving for liberty and dignity”.

9th July 1981: Declaration of the Convention of Brussels

Context: Founding document of the European of military power blocs. Nuclear arms are Free Alliance seen by the EFA as a threat to the existence “(…) of mankind and as such an absolute evil 1.9. Isolationism runs counter to our concept which must be resisted by all means. (…) of federalism. EFA declares its solidarity 6.1. The federal construction of Europe is an with all peoples of Europe and the world, in essential contribution to the problem of a particular those who suffer under foreign world order. and dictatorial domination and those who 6.2. The Europe of the Peoples must be the are on the road towards full development. fatherland of all the ethnic and regional The EFA is therefore in favour of proper communities that belong to the European recognition of the fundamental rights of historical and cultural tradition. This individuals and nations. (…) implies that close contacts must also 4.6. The EFA upholds the principle of solidarity be sought with the people living in the International, peace and defence issues with the developing countries. The people states of eastern Europe, to prepare their of the Third World have to be helped in their eventual integration into the Europe of the in the key texts of the EFA struggle for independence and social justice. peoples and to prevent the existing pattern An equitable distribution of labour on global of blocs leading to a further alienation of scale, as well as fair remuneration for labour these peoples. June 1979: Charter of Cooperation for the Construction of and raw materials are preconditions for the 6.3. The Europe of the Peoples should not be a Europe of the Nations (or “Charter of Brussels”) securing of world peace. allowed to become yet another power 4.7. The EFA believes in the value of pacifism bloc. On the contrary, European policy Context: Signed in Brussels by eight regionalist Isolationism runs counter to our concept of and wishes to see the gradual dismantling must essentially be aimed at promoting and nationalist parties “Every nation in the nationalism. We declare our solidarity with all and transformation of the arms industry peace, through a constructive approach world has the right to self-government, the peoples of Europe and the world, in particular and the military machine. Mindful of the to the problems of underdevelopment, the right to preserve and develop its own identity those who suffer under foreign and dictatorial ‘no more war’ slogans of those who have international decision of labour and world- and cultural heritage. Every nation must be able domination and those who are on the road fought at the front, it will campaign actively wide cooperation.” to decide on its own system of government. towards full development.” for total disarmament and the dismantling (…)

54 The Internationalism of the EFA - 55 11-12 November 1982: Second Declaration of Bastia permanent and balanced World Trade - Foster a global awareness and genuine con­ Organization which will ensure that inter­ cern for environmental issues which, hence­ Context: Served as an EFA platform for the 1984 - security national rules on environmental and social forth, must be tackled on a universal level. elections. - human rights aspects are adhered to in all commercial Particular emphasis on renewable energy and “The EFA’s model means that each region has - development” relations between trading partners. This will sustainable­ development. a mission for peace, that could be defined not only reduce instances of social dumping - Sincere and consistent development policy through three elements: but remove previous relative competitive through asymmetrical trade concessions to advantages acquired through the non-respect developing countries in order to stimulate of environmental legislation. their economies and provide them with 12th June 1988: Manifesto of Gernika - Insistence on human rights clauses in all essential foreign capital.” international agreements between the Union “(…) assert political goals in justification. But by the and developing countries. To us (…) the Gernika tree is not only a symbol same token, and with equal vigour, we denounce of the liberties of the Basque Country: it is also existing situations of institutional violence and, the expression of international solidarity, a particularly, the derision and disregard of the 9th November 2000: Declaration of Brussels vindication of peace, flying the flag of freedom collective rights of the natural communities in for each of our peoples. (…) We are committed states considered as democratic. Context: More than one hundred representatives to racism and xenophobia of any kind; to the task to build a fairer, freer world with Our concern for peace transcends the scope of EFA parties attended the Summit of Ministers, – It is universalistic in asserting those rights to more solidarity, starting with our ‘old’ Europe. of our peoples. We refute the current policy Party Leaders and Members of Parliament communal self-determination that are open (…) of blocks and the temptation to turn the organised by the EFA in Brussels. The Assembly in principle to all people; (…) In this concert of nations, we do not forget European Union into another power block. On adopted the Declaration of Brussels. With this – It is committed to sustainable development the fraternal peoples of Eastern Europe with the contrary, we advocate the dismantling of declaration, the EFA wanted to carve out a and respect for cultural and ecological whom we jointly advocate an approach working the military weapon stocks and, especially the real niche for the regions within the European diversity; towards a climate of peace, détente and nuclear arsenals from the Atlantic to the Urals. construction. – Its is committed exclusively to peaceful respect for human rights. (…) We champion the rapprochement to neutral “(…) means in the pursuit of political objectives. (…) The parties united under the European Free countries and Eastern Europe, and solid and Our progressive ‘nationalism’ (…) has several EFA/DPPE (…) takes seriously the problem Alliance reaffirm their support for peace, genuine co-operation with the Third World, characteristics that we consider essential: (…) of poverty in countries beyond the EU and through their sustained insistence on putting setting out from the firm belief that only major – It is committed to social justice and the respect expresses strong solidarity with the developing into effect the liberties of their peoples and in efforts and a show of international solidarity will for equality and for human rights and the countries, including particular responsibility for international relations. establish a solid basis for peace. rights of minorities and it is resolutely opposed ACP countries. We refute the use of violence and terrorism, (…)” even if those resorting to violence and terrorism 26th of March 2004: EFA Manifesto for the June 2004 1994: Rainbow Group electoral platform European elections

“3) External Economic Relations and Overseas to be developed locally and regionally, particu­ “(…) the following critical issue at the European Development Policy larly at the level of SMEs. At the same time, Our ideology is in line with people’s desire to Parliament: (…) - Rejects the current system of GATT that major international super blocs need to be build a better world for present and future (k) Support for a common foreign policy for favours­ international competitiveness above broken up, enabling developing countries’ generations. (…) the EU. Security, defence and diplomacy must all else. Rather, affirms the need for economies trading interests to be better represented in a With your vote we will continue to champion come together in a common EU body acting

56 The Internationalism of the EFA - 57 for a multipolar world united against war and strategy – cultural and linguistic as well as migration has made to Europe, socially, culturally worldwide peace. EFA supports an investment fighting hunger and injustice which are the environmental. (…) and economically over many years, and believe programme for Africa to make efficient use of main root causes of most conflicts. Fighting climate change has become a concrete that this important contribution will continue solar power possible so that the continent can (l) Support for a peacekeeping role for the example of European leadership. As well as its in the future. We view migration as a natural be less dependent on oil producers. European Union when conflicts arises within implications for the future of Europe’s energy process in human life and it is in all our interests In order to avoid the repetition of failures and outside its borders. (…) and transport policies, the campaign against for the EU to deal with migration as effectively of previous forms of development aid, the For a world at peace global warming has wider political implications. and efficiently as possible. coherence of the different kinds of action It is essential to reject any form of aggression For instance, the high dependence of the U.S. Equally, we recognise the many potential shared implemented by the different actors (EU, or violence as a means of imposing sets of economy on fossil fuels made the control of benefits of greater co-operation in asylum and States, NGOs, etc.) should be reinforced. It is values. We actively advocate non-violent means energy resources, especially oil fields, a major immigration at EU level, and the important crucial to establish a strong relationship and and dialogue for resolving conflicts. factor in the U.S. military attack on Iraq. Europe role that Europe could play in assisting the synergies between development and security, Conflict prevention and lasting peace requires continues to lead on the implementation of integration of new migrants included in the development and migration, development and a more equal balance in world trade and the Kyoto Protocol without the U.S., the major languages of the stateless nations. protection of the environment, and integration sustainable development. The EU has to take emitter of CO2, which refused to sign. (…) We also believe that we share a duty to uphold between commerce and development. This the side of people in developing countries in With over 1.2 billion of the world’s people and defend people’s right to seek asylum and needs to be completely achieved with regard WTO negotiations. surviving on less than 1€ a day, we are com­ continue Europe’s proud tradition of offering to human rights and in an efficient and A binding code of conduct on the arms trade mitted to the achievement of the eight UN refuge to the persecuted. transparent way which creates synergies and to prevent the exploitation of resources by Millennium Goals and Johannesburg com­­ between the North and the South. multinational companies at the European level mitments. Combating poverty and hunger, Solidarity with the developing world. Development programmes should fully respect would be a cornerstone on the way to a more pro­viding universal primary education, the em­­ With over 1.2 billion of the world’s people the cultural roots of the population, but the just and peaceful world. power­ment of women and accessible health surviving on less than €1 a day, we are governments of developing countries should The eradication of poverty must be the top care are essential in achieving peace and committed to the achievement of the eight also respect human rights. The application of priority. (…) justice.” UN Millennium Goals and the Johannesburg humanitarian law is the cornerstone of a just IV – A Safer Planet for Our Children commitments. The combating of poverty and and fair world. We fully oppose the breakdown Sustainability is at the heart of our political hunger, the provision of universal primary in the respecting of human rights within the education and the accessibility of healthcare context of newly emerging economic powers with special attention to the fight against like China.” EFA European election Manifesto 2009: HIV, the empowerment of women and the implementation of policies towards gender “4. EUROPE IN THE WORLD weapons as well as cluster bombs and other equality, and the building of global partnerships Common foreign and security policy weapons of mass destruction. EFA supports a are essential to the achievement of peace and Security and foreign policy should aim at con­ nuclear free Europe. justice. flict prevention and community develop­ment. EFA urges the EU and its member states to EFA supports a vision for overseas aid, Achieving­ lasting peace in the Middle East and recognise, encourage and respect all the fairer trade policies to empower developing in other areas of conflict through negotiation is demilitarised and neutral regions and nations countries, and measures for dealing with a requirement for world peace and stability. The who are determined and dedicated to remaining people trafficking and the challenges and rooting out of terrorism should not jeopardise as such, in an uncertain and increasingly opportunities of migration. In the context of a human rights. A treaty on the export of arms changing world. European foreign policy we also support greater and a binding code of conduct on the arms European involvement in peace keeping and trade is essential. We will also support EU Migration conflict prevention. Creating an EU peace- action to end the use of chemical and biological We recognise the invaluable contribution that keeping force is essential to sustainable and

58 The Internationalism of the EFA - 59 1/15. Leeuwarden, March 6, 1982. 1 folder ...... D10951(3/4) 1/16. Brussels, January 10, 1986. 1 folder...... D10953(1/1) Archives material 1/17. Strasbourg, October 20, 1986. 1 folder...... D10953(5/1) 2. Herman Verheirstraeten secretariat, 2nd series of files

2/1. Address list. 1981-1993. 1 folder...... D10956(1-2/1) 2/2. File concerning various EFA texts. 1981-1991. 1 bundle and 1 folder...... D10964(2-4/1)

2/3-23. Documents regarding general assemblies. 1981-1994. 25 folders. 2/3. Strasbourg, July 9, 1981. 1 folder...... D10956(3/1) 2/4. Brussels, December 9, 1981. 1 folder...... D10956(3/3) 2/5. Eupen, April 22-23, 1982. 1 folder...... D10956(3/5) The EFA’s website 2/6. Bastia, November 11-12, 1982. 1 folder...... D10956(4/1) http://www.e-f-a.org/home.php 2/7. Brussels, April 6, 1984. 1 folder...... D10957(1/1) 2/8. Saint-Vincent, November 22-25, 1984. 1 folder...... D10957(1/2) EFA’s digital archives 2/9. Cardiff, July 3-4, 1986. 1 folder...... D10957(1/4) – EFA GA and Bureau (by year): 165 files 2/10. Leeuwarden, February 11-14, 1987. 1 folder...... D10957(2/1) – EFA General texts (by year): 88 files 2/11. Brussels, September 7-8, 1987. 1 folder...... D10957(2/2) – Studies: 55 files 2/12. Sardinia, May 2-4, 1988. 1 folder...... D10957(2/3) 2/13. S.l., November 20, 1989. 1 folder...... D10957(3/1) 2/14. Strasbourg, February 14, 1990. 1 folder...... D10957(4/1) ADVN (Antwerpen): European Free Alliance Fonds 2/15. Paris, February 24, 1990. 1 folder...... D10957(4/2) 2/16. Brussels, March 28-29, 1990. 1 folder...... D10957(4/3) 1. Herman Verheirstraeten secretariat, 1st series of files 2/17. Strasbourg, March 11-12, 1991. 2 folders ...... D10958(2-3/1) 1/1-12. Documents regarding general assemblies. 1981-1989. 20 folders. 2/18. Ostend, September 30, 1991. 1 folder ...... D10959(1-4/1) 1/1. Brussels, January 1981. 1 folder...... D10951(1-2/1) 2/19. Brussels, May 4-5, 1992. 4 folders ...... D10960(2-4/1); 1/2. Brussels, December 1981. 1 folder...... D10951(3/3) D10961(1-4/1) 1/3. Bastia, November 1982. 1 folder...... D10952(1/1) 2/20. Brussels, October 19-20, 1992. 2 folders...... D10962(1-3/1) 1/4. Eupen, April 1983. 1 folder...... D10952(2/1) 2/21. Strasbourg, March 8, 1993. 1 folder ...... D10962(5/1) 1/5. Brussels, December 9, 1983. 1 folder...... D10952(3/1) 2/22. Cardiff, October 18-19, 1993. 1 folder...... D10962(5/2) 1/6. Brussels-Ghent, April 6, 1984. 1 folder...... D10952(4/1) 2/23. Brussels, April 11-12, 1994. 1 folder...... D10963(2/1) 1/7. Saint-Vincent, November 22-25, 1984. 1 folder...... D10952(5/1) 2/24-29. Files regarding Bureau meetings. 1981-1991. 7 folders. 1/8. Cardiff, July 3-4, 1986. 3 folders ...... D10953(2-4/1) 2/24. Brussels, September 21, 1981. 1 folder...... D10956(3/2) 1/9. Leeuwarden, February 11-14, 1987. 2 folders...... D10954(1-2/1) 2/25. Leeuwarden, March 6, 1982. 1 folder...... D10956(3/4) 1/10. Brussels, September 1987. 3 folders ...... D10954(3-5/1) 2/26. Brussels, January 10, 1986 and Strasbourg, October 20, 1986. 1 folder...... D10957(1/3) 1/11. Sardinia, May 2-5, 1988. 3 folders ...... D10955(1-3/1) 2/27. San Sebastian, October 1, 1990. 1 folder...... D10958(1/1) 1/12. Brussels, September 1-4, 1988. 1 folder...... D10955(4-5/1) 2/28. Brussels, July 3, 1991. 1 folder ...... D10958(4/1) 1/13-17. Documents regarding Bureau meetings. 1981-1986. 5 folders. 2/29. Strasbourg, February 10-11, 1992. 2 folders ...... D10960(1/2-3) 1/13. Strasbourg, July 1981. 1 folder...... D10951(3/1) 2/30. File regarding Rainbow Group. 1989-1990. 1 bundle ...... D10963(3-4/1); 1/14. Brussels, September 1981. 1 folder ...... D10951(3/2) D10964(1/1)

60 The Internationalism of the EFA - 61 3. José Luis Linazasoro’s secretariat 3.2/15. File concerning General Assembly Sardinia, ...... D10976 (1-2/1); June 26-27, 2003. 2003. 1 bundle VEA002 3.1 General 3.1/1. Press clippings on the EFA and José Luis Linazasoro...... D10966(2/1) 3.3 Elections 1987-1990. 1 folder 3.3/2. File concerning European elections, June 1989. 1988-1989. 2 folders...... D10965(3-4/1) 3.1/2. Correspondence of Garaikoetxea. Photocopy. 1990-1992. 1 folder ...... D10966(1/1) 3.3/5. File concerning electoral platform EFA. 1993-1994. 1 folder...... D10966(3-4/1) 3.1/3. Correspondence of Linazasoro. Photocopy. 1990-1999. 1 folder...... D10966(1/3) 3.3/6. File concerning European elections, June 1994. 1993-1994. 1 folder...... D10965(5/1) 3.1/4. Correspondence of Barrera. Photocopy. 1991. 1 folder...... D10966(1/2) 3.1/5-6. File concerning the EFA’s general functioning. 1988-1996. 1 bundle and 1 folder. 3.4 Other files 3.1/5. 1 988-1989. 1 folder...... D10968(4/1) 3.4/1. Documents regarding ACP/EU and Lomé. s.d., 1993-1999. 3 bundles...... D10973(4-5/1); 3.1/6. 1994-1996. 1 bundle ...... D10969(1-4/1) D10974(1-4/1); D10975(1-2/1) 3.2 Meetings 3.4/8. File concerning draft political platform EFA. 1996. 1 folder...... D10975(3/1) 3.2/1-9. Documents regarding General Assemblies. 1987. 8 folders. 3.2/1. Brussels, September 7-8, 1987. 1 folder...... D10968(1-2/1) 3.2/2. Sardinia, May 2-4, 1988. 1 folder...... D10968(3/1) 4 Press office, 2000-2002 (Eluned Häf) 3.2/3. Brussels, March 28-29, 1990. 1 folder...... D10965(1/1) 4/2. Press releases. 2000-2002. 3 folders...... D10979(6/1-3) 3.2/4. Strasbourg, March 11-12, 1991. 1 folder...... D10965(1/2) 4/4. Contacts with press and politics. 2000-2002. 1 bundle...... D10983(3/1) 3.2/5. Ostend, September 30, 1991. 1 folder...... D10965(1/3) 3.2/6. Brussels, May 4-5, 1992. 1 folder...... D10965(1/4) 4/7-19. Documents regarding MEPs’ activities. 2000-2002. 4 bundles, 6 folders and 2 items. 3.2/7. Brussels, October 19-20, 1992. 1 folder ...... D10965(2/1) 4/8. Carlos Bautista (Partido Andalucista). 2000-2001. 1 folder...... D10981(5/1) 3.2/8. Cardiff, October 18-19, 1993. 1 folder...... D10965(2/2) 4/10. Plaid Cymru. 2000-2001. 1 folder...... D10982(1/1) 3.2/9. Brussels, April 11-12, 1994. 1 folder...... D10965(2/3) 4/11. Camilo Nogueira (Bloque Nacionalista Galego)...... D10981(4/1) 2000-2002. 1 folder 3.2/10-14. Documents regarding General Assemblies and Bureau meetings. 1994-2004. 5 bundles. 4/13. Gorka Knörr (Eusko Alkartasuna). 2000-2002. 1 bundle...... D10979(3-5/1) 3.2/10. 1994-1996. 1 bundle ...... D10969(1-2/1) 4/14. Jill Evans and Eurig Wyn (Plaid Cymru)...... D10979(1-2/1) [is part of 3.1/5.] 2000-2002. 1 bundle 3.2/11. 1996-1997. 1 bundle...... D10970(1-4/1) 4/15. Ian Hudghton and Neil MacCormick...... D10980(1-5/1) [GA: Barcelona, November 1996 - Bureau: April 4, 1997] (Scottish National Party). 2000-2002. 1 bundle 3.2/12. 1997-2000. 1 bundle ...... D10971(1-4/1) 4/16. Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya. 2001-2002. 1 folder...... D10981(6/1) [GA: Brussels, November 10, 1997; Cardiff, June 11-12, 1998; Brussels, 4/17. Nelly Maes (SPIRIT). 2001. 1 folder...... D10981(3/2) December 10-11, 1998; Brussels, April 8-9, 1999; Strasbourg, November 12, 1999, 4/27. World Sustainable Development Summit Johannesburg...... D10984(4-6/1) Brussels, May 12, 2000 – Bureau: February 9, 1998] 2002. 1 bundle 3.2/13. 2000-2003. 1 bundle...... D10972(1-5/1) 4/38. File concerning EFA, in general. 2000-2002. 1 bundle...... D10982(3-5/1) [GA: Brussels/Antwerp, 9-10 November; Florence, March 2001; Brussels, 4/39. File concerning EU-USA relations. 2000-2002. 1 bundle...... D11037(1-3/1) August 30, 2002; Brussels, November 8, 2001; Barcelona, March 2002; 4/42. File concerning Greens/EFA-Group. 2001. 1 bundle...... D10984(2-3/1) Brno, June 27-28, 2002; Brussels November 14-15, 2002 – Bureau: September 7, 2000; 4/43. File concerning post-September 11. 2001. 1 folder...... D10985(1/1) May 7, 2001; Strasbourg, May 13, 2002; Brussels, May 5, 2003] 4/46. File concerning World Trade Organisation. 2001. 1 folder...... D11038(4/1) 3.2/14. 2003-2004. 1 bundle ...... D10973(1-3/1) 4/49. File concerning International Civil Commission...... D10982(2/1) [GA: Alghero, June 26-27, 2003; Brussels, November 13-14, 2003; for Human Rights in Mexico. 2002. 1 folder Barcelona, March 25-26, 2004]

62 The Internationalism of the EFA - 63 I | Towards a European Documents Post Yalta Policy Dr. Maurits Coppieters

64 The Internationalism of the EFA - 65 66 The Internationalism of the EFA - 67 II | Defence policy-discussion paper

68 The Internationalism of the EFA - 69 70 The Internationalism of the EFA - 71 missiles. The USA and the USSR are not cooperation. Genuine detente assumes a III | Peace and security policy the only nuclear powers: dismantling must growth in cultural exchanges, the removal Sardinia, 2-4 May 1988 involve the others - at least, as a first step, of obstacles to trade and the conclusion in an international conference. Alongside of an agreement between the EEC and the denuclearization of European space, COMECON. But it also means expanding 1. The European Free Alliance is an association necessities, high unemployment rates, we must also consider the matter of networks of contacts at every level, in of political parties which are essentially environmental degradation, or the conti­ terminating French nuclear testing in the a dialogue between the authorities and non-imperialist and non-aggressive. Our nued exploitation of the third world. Pacific, which disregards the integrity of the “independents”. inter­nationalism is reflected in our past and 5. A balanced peace policy is a policy which people who live there. 12. The unification of Europe in security terms in our struggles for self-determination. The tries to combat violence in all its forms 9. The withdrawal of a whole series of nuclear must go hand in hand, within the EEC, EFA believes that there will only be real and which essentially aims at creating the weapons from western Europe will open with an extension of defence to the whole cooperation in Europe when all its countries, conditions required to establish peaceful the way for a revival of European thinking. scope of peace policy and a reactivation of nations and regions are able to deploy their relationships between nations and peoples. Western Europe has an opportunity to the East-West dialogue. It does not aim at capacities at an international level, together A sound peace policy must address not only develop its role and to become an active establishing a third block. constituting a genuine force for peace. military problems but also those of a non- mediator between the two superpowers. 13. The creation of a Paris-Bonn axis, intended 2. The European ideal of EFA, a Europe of military nature, in order to contribute to 10. A more integrated western Europe would to promote new forms of European peoples, is an alternative to the domination building a better world. entail: cooperation, has recently been suggested. of militaristic nation states which are res­ 6. The problem of North-South relationships - the rejection of violence used for political It is difficult to imagine the development of ponsible for the many conflicts which we is quite as important as the clash between ends, such an initiative. Recent events (combined see today. Our principles of action will help East and West. Furthermore, it is now - the principle of non-aggression, military manoeuvres, the joint construction to build a future in which conflicts will give more essential than ever to pay attention - the rejection of the deterrence theory, of a military helicopter, the proposals way to the spirit of cooperation. to armed conflicts in the Near and Middle - the use of regional policy (for example, for a military Eureka programme, the 3. The struggle for self-determination in our East, where demarcation lines and conflicts demilitarised zones in central Europe, establishment of a Franco-German defence countries cannot be separated from its of interest should be considered in simul­taneously incorporating regions of council) lead us to fear that this initiative inter­national aspects. Our struggle for self- accordance with very different criteria. eastern and western Europe) as an owes more to a distorted concept of deter­mination has adopted the same 7. The European Free Alliance welcomes the effective contribution to peace, security than of a commitment to disarma­ ultimate objective as the pacifist movement: INF which has been concluded between - the principle which states that coope­ ment. a world evolving irresistibly towards unity in the USA and the USSR, in which it sees ration between eastern and western 14. NATO has been diverted from its original diversity. Accordingly, our international the first negotiated reduction in nuclear Europe is the only possible guarantee of aim. It is now the United States which is policy must target the following objectives: arms and a first step, small but important, lasting peace and security, trying to involve Europe in the defence of - the protection of human rights and the towards a denuclearized Europe. The EFA - the opening of dialogue with the Islamic its interests, presented as being those of rights of the national communities to will encourage the conclusion of further world, us all. EEC Member States which are also which individuals naturally belong, agreements leading to the reduction of - an end to oppression, occupation and the part of the NATO alliance must be able, in - prosperity for all, the number of intercontinental ballistic unjust violation of the right of peoples to the short-term, to study all the decisions - the development of a rational security missiles, a worldwide ban on chemical self-determination. which NATO commits them to take without policy. weapons, the conclusion of a nuclear test 11. The European Free Alliance calls for a time pressure, to present their own security 4. Security exceeds the narrow scope of ban treaty, the limitation of conventional dynamic policy of detente, leading to the model and to establish an innovative foreign military conceptions. Violence can take weapons and tighter controls on the growth of a climate of stability between policy. In the longer term, there should also many forms and may vary a good deal in international arms trade. eastern and western Europe through the be a review of the NATO treaty as a whole intensity: an aggressive neighbour, econo­ 8. The triple-zero option is necessary but not intertwining of interests, increased mutual in order to re-focus existing armaments mic sanctions, blocking supplies of basic sufficient if it only affects ground-based commitments and the encouragement of policy, which should be defensive rather

72 The Internationalism of the EFA - 73 than offensive, thus also reducing the strengthening the role of the United lend its support to organisations working excessive defence costs. Nations; for peace and disarmament and which are 15. The Helsinki Accords must be respected - support for the initiatives of either super­ also looking for a new political direction. The in their entirety. The Accords concluded power which aim to limit armaments and European Free Alliance proposes to replace should be regarded as indivisible, including strengthen disarmament cooperation; the defence policies of the traditional the respect of human rights. It will also be - denuclearization will not solve all the European parties with an alternative solu­ essential to the success of the peace policy issues. Security in Europe will be achieved tion focused on the future, realistic and that the processes which should lead to by a defence policy which should be such as to promote peace in the world. more openness, freedom and democracy clarified, in particular in respect of the and the respect of human rights in eastern alternatives founded on the balance of Europe should take a significant step power between existing or revised con­ forward, and be highlighted by tangible ven­tional arsenals; changes. Glasnost is a significant and - large-scale disarmament (denu­cleari­za­ encouraging development which must be tion, reduction of conventional arsenals, reflected in events, including measures to etc.) requires attention to the impact on help the many political prisoners. jobs and the foreign trade of the countries 16. The European Free Alliance therefore concerned. Restructuring with a view to demands that Europe’s foreign policy be the manufacture of socially useful governed by the following fundamental products requires planning, not only at principles: national level but also regionally and in - encouragement of all efforts which Europe; support the creation of a peacemaker - support for all the initiatives designed to Europe. A dialogue between the EEC and introduce or boost the control of the countries such as Switzerland, Sweden production and export of weapons, muni­ and Austria would be particularly tions and military hardware; all embargos­ opportune. The strengthening of Euro­ on arms intended for countries at war or pean cooperation with neutral and non- caught up in internal conflicts should be aligned countries will create new supported and respected; support for all opportunities for “satellite” countries; initiatives for the conversion of the arms - support for countries and regions which, industry to production for peaceful ends; in both East and West, take practical - cooperation with all European countries measures to promote peace by creating in the economic, social, cultural and demilitarised zones and work to have environmental fields; these policies recognised; - support for any initiatives designed to - contributing to the creation of a denu­ ensure the respect of human rights. clearized Europe from the Atlantic to the 17. The European Free Alliance reiterates Urals, and a rejection of any effort to drag that its long-term aim is the gradual the EEC into a confrontation between the dismantling of blocks and the end to the superpowers; nuclear arms race. EFA will oppose any - encouragement for the non-proliferation initiatives designed to update or deploy new of weapons throughout the world by nuclear arms in western Europe and will

74 The Internationalism of the EFA - 75 study into the possibility of setting up a same also applies to the UNCTAD and GATT, IV | Towards a European ‘stabimp’ (stable import) system for to international conferences on food or strategic imports (or example oil). health and population issues, etc. development policy 4.3. in terms of current proposals for To improve preparation for these conferen­ Sardinia, 2-4 May 1988 detente and disarmament, the Euro­ ces and to ensure that the voice of Europe pean Community must present sug­ is better heard, the Community must gestions for the allocation of these without delay join the following organi­ 1. The European Free Alliance recognises that South dialogue, to nurture it and to conduct newly-available budgets to develop­ sations: the International Monetary Fund, the underlying causes of hunger in the it successfully. To this end, the Council of ment, in rich and poor countries alike. the World Bank, the FAO and the UNDP. world are political in origin, and directly Ministers must be guided by the European The Community must use its influence linked to trade between the richer industrial Parliament, on the basis of the resolution to ensure that disarmament benefits countries of the north and the poorer adopted during the February 1987 session. development throughout the world, International cooperation under-developed couwies of the south. 3. Even if other industrial countries outside 4.4. universally applicable rules must be The European Free Alliance believes than the Community are not inclined to take up drawn up for multinational companies 6. The European Community must ensure that any serious development policy must this dialogue, the Community must, in its and financial institutions, in parallel the Member States respect their under­ consist of two approaches: own interest, seek to establish contacts and with the universal rules of conduct for taking to devote 0.7% of their gross national 1.1. The North-South dialogue, or the inter­ to take up the discussion with the partners labour relations, social laws and the product to development aid, and declare its national regulation, in accordance with who are willing to do so. Preparations for prohibition of child labour, all in intention of increasing this figure to 1% of international laws and treaties, of the dialogue might be made under the auspices accordance with the standards laid GNP, while ensuring that this aid is not relationships between rich indus­trial of the Lomé Convention, without excluding down by the International Labour Office bound to the purchase of products or countries and countries of the third the other developing regions. with human rights, etc. services provided by the EEC. world. This dialogue will cover political 4. In terms of the current problems, the 4.5. agreement must be reached on an 7. In terms of international cooperation, the as well as economic, financial, cultural following initiatives must be taken: international code of conduct protect European Community has a dual task: and military areas. 4.1. financial and debt problems: because the different cultures, the rights of 7.1. it must coordinate the different measu­ 1.2. International cooperation, or the way in of the current international debt crisis, peoples, tourism, etc.; this code must res taken by its Member States and which rich States aid and support the EEC should encourage western be based on openness and the meeting regions in developing countries; it must countries in the third world and countries to adapt the interest rates of cultural communities everywhere in harmonise them and provide monito­ stimulate development in the different accruing to repayments to reflect the the world, while giving priority to ring, areas of social life. per capita GDP of developing countries, dynamic development, 7.2. where applicable, it must itself take All European policies for the development while arrangements for future loans 4.6. efforts must be made to establish certain initiatives, for both special and of the third world must take account of should be linked to the encouragement democratic structures both between trans-regional projects. these two aspects; they must work towards of social and development programmes countries and within the states 8. Within the Community itself, it must ensure these two objectives and set out the and the fair distribution of income. themselves, without imposing a model that public awareness is raised appropriately means to achieve and harmonise them 4.2. problems concerning raw materials, of unity but giving pride of place to the in the course of education and socio- simultaneously. price-setting and the build-up of rights of every citizen to participate in cultural training, through non-governmental stocks: a study is required into any social life. organisations (NGOs) and voluntary fund- coordination of STABEX-SYSMIN sys­ 5. The European Community must prepare raising. The North-South dialogue tems with UNCTAD agreements on raw carefully for the international conferences 9. International cooperation, on the part of the materials, and their extension to which are organised on the North-South Community itself and of the separate 2. The European Community must take measu­ countries outside the Lomé Convention problem, and the European Parliament Member States and NGOs, depends on a fair ­res without delay to re-launch the North- and the poorest countries, along with a must be involved in these preparations. The partnership, respect for different cultures

76 The Internationalism of the EFA - 77 and local support. In many third world means to educate junior and senior regions. The parties which are members of countries, the delimitation of borders has management personnel, equipping them the European Free Alliance could promote divided peoples and cultures unnaturally. with sufficient knowledge and technical this initiative in the regions in which they Decolonisation cannot be regarded as an skills to enable them to conceive and have a political impact. end in itself, but as a step on the way to execute plans. self-determination for all peoples. 15. Projects must give preference to the 10. The Lomé Convention has need of new poorest groups in the population and call resources, and the strands relating to for their cooperation. Projects must meet culture and human rights must be more the needs of the region receiving aid. They detailed. To date, the Lomé Convention has must be planned and implemented in close been focused on the former European collaboration with the local population, and colonies. The Convention must be extended be appropriate to their culture. Projects to the poorest countries. must be such as to produce lasting results, 11. International cooperation must primarily hence the need to include measures aim at self-sufficiency in food supplies. To ensuring continuity from the start. Instruc­ this end, the food strategy set out by the tion, training, infrastructures and adapted former European commissioner K. Pisani technologies all play an important part. provides an ideal framework. Given that the majority of farmers in rural 12. In this context, the European Community zones are women, who also in the main must review its food aid. Food aid is only provide food and health care to the acceptable as a way of meeting needs in an community, priority should be given to emergency. In every other case, food aid projects directly aimed at serving women. must be removed to terminate the current 16. The projects set up by the Community must practice which puts food aid at the service also encourage cooperation between of the national interests of farmers and different developing countries in the same European consumers instead of benefiting region and cooperation between regions. developing countries. European agricultural 17. In the context of rules of conduct and policy itself must take account of the international social laws, the Community consequences of this option. The EEC must must encourage its own economic sector increase its financial aid to developing (in particular SMEs) to invest in developing countries in order to demonstrate the countries in the area of knowledge and extent of its commitments. technology transfer and promote scientific 13. Maintaining the habitability of the planet research into issues relating to health, must be the starting point for development energy supplies, and biotechnology. Policy cooperation. The community must therefore should reflect the needs of the population lend its aid to the conservation of forests and be appropriate to the infrastructure of and to water supplies. It must prevent the the developing country. tipping of harmful substances in developing 18. The Community should encourage local countries. councils, municipalities, and regional autho­­ 14. To exploit their own natural resources, ri­­­ties to take aid initiatives by entering into these countries must be provided with the twinning arrangements with third world

78 The Internationalism of the EFA - 79 V | Position EFA IGC 1996

Choix d’une politique étrangére efficace et cohérente

80 The Internationalism of the EFA - 81 VI | To safe the Earth VII | Uniting People THE EUROPEAN FREE ALLIANCE THE EUROPEAN FREE ALLIANCE in the European Parliament in the European Parliament

82 The Internationalism of the EFA - 83 VIII | Turkey must give EU a date IX | EFA defends cultural diversity

84 The Internationalism of the EFA - 85 propaganda for world harmony while at the its human rights dialogue with the PRC X | General assembly of 2008 same time crushing all dissent in Tibet is under regular review in accordance with the Mallorca, 11 April 2008 obscene. All European athletes competing in agreed benchmarks and to establish a the Olympics should look to their conscience permanent secretariat to be responsible for and decide if they wish to take part in a the effective conduct of this dialogue in the Motion on the situation in Tibet (ENG) competition in a state that is com­mitting acts future; of genocide against Tibetans; 7. Call on the EU and the national governments of European states to raise the issue of the The European Free Alliance and the European We therefore, Tibetan people’s right to self determination; Free Alliance youth 8. Call on the European Parliament, national 1. Urge the Council and Commission of the parliaments, and the EU Commission and Deplore the continuing violation of the rights of Chinese government extra reason to increase European Union to implement the resolu­ Council to actively monitor whether the the Tibetan people by the government of the the repression of the population; tions of the European Parliament on Tibet; treatment of Tibetans by the PRC authorities People’s Republic of China (PRC); 2. Call on the EU to, as a matter of urgency, to is affected by the privilege granted to China Reaffirm the importance of full respect for the create the post of EU special envoy to Tibet to host the 2008 Olympic Games; and if Strongly condemn the incidences of imprison­ human rights of the Tibetan people, and in in order to facilitate dialogue between the there is no significant improvement, to call ment, torture, forced sterilisation of Tibetan particular of ensuring the implementation of PRC Government and HH the Dalai Lama, upon the global Olympic Family and its women, rape, forced labour, restrictions on the Tibetan people’s right to self-deter­mination; the Tibetan Government in Exile (and the representatives, including the International religious observance, restrictions on the use of Tibetan Youth Congress); Olympic Committee to take appropriate Tibetan language, restrictions on the expression Express concern at the lack of coherent and 3. Call on the EU to increase medical assis­ actions; of Tibetan culture; actions against the Tibetan effective European policy on Tibet to ensure tance to the whole of Tibet. Recent infor­ 9. Calls on Heads of Governments and Heads people which may constitute genocide under respect of the rights of the Tibetan people and mation shows that many wounded people of States to boycott the opening ceremony international law; to promote a political resolution of Sino-Tibetan don’t go to hospitals because Chinese of the Olympic Games in the event there is issue; authorities arrest every injured person. Also, no resumption of dialogue between the Welcome His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the Doctors without Borders should be granted Chinese authorities and His Holiness the Government of Tibet in Exile’s consistent efforts Regret that the European Union (EU) dialogue access to all parts of Tibet. Dalai Lama; to prevent violence and to bring about a with the PRC on human rights has not yet had 4. Call on the EU to initiate the formation of peaceful political solution to the tragic situation significant positive effect on the situation in independent international monitoring com­ EFA General Assembly, Mallorca, 11th of April 2008. in Tibet; Tibet; mittee to be sent to Tibet and granted access to all parts of Tibet, not only in the Strongly encourage renewed contact be­­tween Are furthermore convinced that the EU and TAR, but also in the provinces Amdo en the government of People’s Republic of China national governments and parliaments can and Kham; and the envoys of HH the Dalai Lama in China and must develop an effective policy aimed at 5. Call on the EU and all European governments Tibet; bringing about a speedy and sustainable political to use every opportunity to strongly impress solution to the Sino-Tibetan issue; upon the government of the PRC to build on Urge China to without delay release Tibetan the re-establishment of contact with the political prisoners; Call for solidarity between in all nations, state­ representatives of HH the Dalai Lama and to less nations and regions, in their sup­port for immediately embark upon earnest and Urge the IOC and China not to take the Olympic Tibet’s right to self determination; sincere negotiations with the object of flame through Tibet, as it will be seen as a finding a just and lasting political solution; provocation by Tibetans and might give the Note that China’s use of the Olympics to use as 6. Call on the EU to keep the performance of

86 The Internationalism of the EFA - 87 Motion on Kosova (ENG) State, alongside a safe Israeli State. Regrets political prisoners including Palestinian the lack of action since the conference; Members of Parliament; The European Free Alliance 5. Reiterates its call for an immediate end to - EFA will work with Palestinian and Israeli all acts of violence; calls on Israel to cease organisations working for peace and justice; 1. Recognises the right of people of Kosova to 6. Calls upon the Commission, Parliament and military actions killing and endangering self-determination; the Council to speed up Kosovo’s European civilians, and extrajudicial targeted killings; EFA General Assembly, Mallorca, 11th of April 2008. 2. Welcomes the declaration of independence­ integration, having in mind the requirements calls on Hamas, following the illegal of Parliament of Kosova on 17 February and obligations of mem­bership; takeover of the Gaza Strip, to prevent the 2008; 7. Expresses support for Serbia’s EU per­ firing of rockets by Palestinian militias from 3. Strongly condemns the isolated acts of spective and calls upon the Com­mission, the Gaza Strip into Israeli territory; violence which followed this declaration; Parliament and the Council to intensify the 6. Believes that the policy of isolation and the 4. Expresses its disappointment that Kosova’s effort to support pro-European elements in blockade of the Gaza Strip has failed at both independence was not unanimously­ recog­ Serbia with a view to integrating Serbia into the political and humanitarian level; nised by all 27 Member-States of the the EU; reiterates its call to all parties to fully European Union and calls on those states 8. Underlines that the requierements of Inter­ respect international law, and notably which have not recognised the indepen­ national Tribunal in De Hague should be met international humanitarian law; dence of the Republic of Kosovo to do so prior to any concessions made by the EU 7. EFA askes for an immedeate end to the without further delay; towards Serbia in the integration process. economic blockade of the Gaza strip, with 5. Expresses support for the highest standards priority to medical and food transports, of minority rights for the non-majority EFA General Assembly, Mallorca, 11th of April 2008. since the Palestinian economy is brought ethnic groups in Kosovo, namely Serbs, close to a point of total collapse; Turks, Bosniaks and others, and calls upon 8. EFA believes that all damages induced to them to participate in Kosovo’s institutions; infrastructure funded with foreign money in the Palestine territories should be refunded by the one causing the damages; 9. EFA explicitely want to draw more attention to the situation of the Palestians and our Motion on Palestine and Israel partners will undertaken all usefull action to inform the general public about the The European Free Alliance deteriorating situation;

1. Recognises that 2008 is the 60th anni­ 3. Condemns all acts of violence in Israel and EFA strongly believes that a viable Palestinian versary of the founding of the State of Israel the Palestinean territories caused by all State and a sustainable solution with peace can and recognises its right to exist; sides and expresses its deepest sympathy only be reached if the Israelis stop the strategy 2. Notes the right of the Palestinean people to for the civilian population affected by the of creating more and more enclaves, divided self-determination and supports the esta­ violence in Palestine and Israel; territories, roadblocks, building of walls in the blishment of an independent Palestinan 4. Welcomes the fact that at the international Westbank…; state, peacefully coexisting with the State conference held in Annapolis all parties - Calls for and end to the Israeli occupation of Israel. EFA condems the fact that for 40 expressed their wish for a new start of and continuing construction of illegal settle­ years Palestinian territories have been under negotiations with a view to the establish­ ments in the occupied territories. semi-permanent occupation; ment of a sovereign and viable Palestinian - Calls for a release of all Israeli and Palestine

88 The Internationalism of the EFA - 89 XI | General assembly of 2011 Basic features of situation: Mariehamn, 15 - 16 April 2011 - Gross violations of human rights, military of those countries. repression of civic orderly movements. - Massive migration movements. - Humanitarian emergency situation in some Motion 8: Democratization in North Africa and the Middle East. Challenge:

Redefine Europe’s basic political frames dealing Text of the motion: with the Euro-Mediterranean region.

Introduction

A democratic wave has swept Tunisia, Egypt, The people and civic activists, who, with great Conclusion: Libya, Bahrain and has reached, at different courage and massive sacrifice, have generated scales, and with hitherto less dramatic effects, For these reasons, and in this context the EFA, the re-shaping of their own future political, other North African and Middle Eastern this unfolding of heroic events, deserve our its members and partners, wish to stress the social and economic structures. countries such as Jordan, Syria, Oman, Saudi greatest respect and admiration. following, and prompt robust mobilization of 3. EFA calls the EU to stand by the Middle Arabia, Morocco, Algeria, Yemen as well as the the EU on these topics and items: Eastern and North African civil societies and West Bank Palestinian Occupied Territories. In The agenda of these democracies in the making forces of democratization to assist them in some cases, this wave is channelled by the is huge, filled with challenges, all of which will be 1. The EFA wishes to acknowledge the a perilous and difficult transition. enlightened pro-activeness of new leaders, in just as many tests for their civil societies. immense causal importance, and awful 4. EFA asks the EU to take a firm stance and others, it crashes on despots’ ruthless resis­ tragedy, of the heroic death of “Tarek launch adequate actions against the violent tance. Now not only can we guess that nothing is con­ al-Tayyib Muhammad Bouazizi” commonly repression of uprising civil societies. solidated or certain in Egypt or Tunisia, but we known as Mohamed Bouazizi1. 5. EFA considers that the EU should tackle, as Even if the future, including short term, remains know that repression is well underway, with its 2. EFA respects these societies’ self-deter­ soon as possible, the humanitarian assis– unpredictable and if everything is teaching us to usual atrocities, in Libya and Bahrain. Just as mination and believes that it is their duty, tance that should be provided to civilians in remain as careful as possible in our judgement much as we can see some countries softly right and responsibility to define and decide these countries. and reaction, it is quite clear that what we are evolving towards more democracy and the Rule for their own futures. In this line, EFA 6. EFA strongly supports and calls for the witnessing is civil societies from the North of Law, we are currently witnessing aggressive demands the recognition and respect of the earliest possible democratic elections, fully African and Middle East regions asking for more stiffenings of many regimes, as well as a clear, rights of the different minorities (ethnic, respecting and embedding these societies’ democracy. These regions are undergoing and tragic, reversal of situations in countries religious, linguistic, cultural, sexual, etc.) that pluralistic composition, and channelling in a demo­cratic uprising. This uprising is bringing like Libya. coexist in the Northern African and Middle peaceful way natural and common dissent. about deep and spectacular changes, in the East regions; and their right to be involved in 7. EFA calls for EU coordinated solidarity with very vicinity of Europe. These are Historic moments.

1 Mohamed Bouazizi was a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on December 17, 2010, in protest of the confiscation of his wares and the harassment and humiliation that was allegedly inflicted on him by a municipal official. This act became the catalyst for the Tunisian revolution and was the starting point of the sequence of Historical events that we know.

90 The Internationalism of the EFA - 91 Southern Europe countries directly con­ cerned by the migratory movements, and to take the multi-layered dimension of immi­ gration seriously. 8. EFA thinks that the representatives of the EU institutions should get in touch, as soon as possible, with elected representatives in the newly freed Northern African and Middle Eastern countries, and to jointly develop comprehensive plans and strategies aimed at embedding wide and ambitious socio- economic partnerships. 9. The EFA fully supports an ambitious, con­ sistent and robust redefinition of the EU’s policy for the Mediterranean region. Deeper economic integration should be stimulated through easier market access and softening of barriers; along with a new and strong democratic political structure defined by justice, social cohesion, solidarity trans­ parency, and free elections. 10. EFA encourages the countries in North Africa and Middle East to strongly invest in education, progresses of literacy, end of corruption and women empowerment. 11. The EFA demands European Member States to stop delivering arms to non-democratic regimes.

Mariehamn 15th April 2011.

92 The Internationalism of the EFA - 93