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Middle Fly and North Morehead Area Study MIDDLE FLY AND NORTH MOREHEAD AREA STUDY OK-FLY SOCIAL MONITORING PROJECT REPORT No. 10 for Ok Tedi Mining Limited Original publication details: Reprint publication details: John Burton John Burton Pacific Social Mapping Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Program 49 Wentworth Avenue Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies CANBERRA ACT 2604 Australian National University Australia ACT 0200 Australia Unisearch PNG Pty Ltd Box 320 UNIVERSITY NCD Papua New Guinea October 1995 reprinted October 2004 PREFACE Fieldwork for the Middle Fly and North Morehead area study was undertaken for OTML’s Environment Department over a period of six weeks in March/April 1994 and two weeks in August 1994. This volume is the tenth in a series of reports for the Ok-Fly Social Monitoring Project. Colin Filer’s Baseline documentation. OFSMP Report No. 1 and my own The Ningerum LGC area. OFSMP Report No. 2, appeared in 1991. My Advance report summary for Ningerum-Awin area study. OFSMP Report No. 3, David King’s Statistical geography of the Fly River Development Trust. OFSMP Report No. 4, and the two major studies from the 1992 fieldwork, Stuart Kirsch’s The Yonggom people of the Ok Tedi and Moian Census Divisions: an area study. OFSMP Report No. 5 and my Development in the North Fly and Ningerum-Awin area study. OFSMP Report No. 6, were completed in 1993. In 1993, I gave a precis of our findings to date in Social monitoring at the Ok Tedi project. Summary report to mid-1993. OFSMP Report No. 7. Some material from this and Report No. 6 were included in a paper presented by me at the ‘Mining in the Asia- Pacific Region’ workshop held at the Australian National University in September 1994 entitled Local-level mining benefits in a mal-administered regional economy: the case of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. In 1994, a final round of fieldwork studies was undertaken; this work has been summarised in Interim findings for 1994. OFSMP Report No. 8. David Lawrence’s Lower Fly area study OFSMP Report No. 9 appeared in May 1995, and David King’s Socio-economic surveys of Trust villages. OFSMP Report No. 11 and Budai Tapari’s Development or deterioration? Socio-economic change in the Morehead District. OFSMP Report No. 12 appear concurrently with this volume. John Burton Canberra - i - ACKNOWLEDGMENT I received assistance from a great many people in carrying out the research for this report. At the risk of omission, I list below the ones whose names are closest to hand. (I regret to say I am unable to list many women—who were entitled to their opinions just as much as men—but it was not always easy for me to get their names without appearing pushy.) Andrew Zeipi, Eniyawa village Kayama Sinba, Sita Trading, Suki Austin Paul, Aiambak village Kayemen Bokawa, OTML Bernard Clemence, Bosset village Kinemi Waitima, Pukaduka village Bryant Allen, Human Geography, ANU Marcellus Markus, Bosset village Budai Tapari, UPNG Martin Semmebe, Gwaku village Chew Boo, Progress Company, Kiunga Melchior B. Samet, headmaster Aiambak C.S. Chris Obaki, Wangawanga village Michael Donoma, Kaviananga village Cllr. Dick Kumbange, Kuem village Michael Yani, Wangawanga village Cllr. Elijah Anato, Wangawanga village Mrs Kasaka Naipu, Gwibaku village Cllr. Makina Sinba, Aewa village Murray Eagle, OTML Cllr. Matthes Kilai, Kaviananga village Naipu, Gwibaku village Cllr. Romanus Angati, Bosset village Pastor Pereme Livai, Kaviananga village Cllr. Valentine Vitalis, Bosset village Pauline, Aiambak Dabara Amati, 2I/C, Nakaku Pikumi Swakina, Aewa village David Pikumi, Aewa village Ralph Kokori, Aiambak Dawasi Tangura, Nakaku Raymond Alimisa, Aiambak Edika Tamiya, Nakaku Richard Kapi, Komovai village Edmund Kasinakawe, Aiambak village Romanus Primus, Bosset village Fr. Edward, MSP, Bosset Sadura Tangura, Aewa village Ian Wood, OTML ‘Sister’ Ernest, Bosset Health Sub-Centre Jacques Crépeau, St Gerards, Kiunga Sister Pat, St Gerards Parish, Kiunga Jean-Claud Béland, Matkomnai Stanley Aintum, ADO, Nakaku Jeff Ransley, OTML Tau Tangura, Riti village Jerry Kinemi, Pukaduka village Unumda Bamati, Pukaduka village Joel Paimeri, Wangawanga village Wayri Wobi, Kawatagwa/Holpanai Kapi Egam, Wangawanga village Xaverius Lucas, Bosset village - ii - TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................... ii Terms and abbreviations .............................................................................................................................vi Orthography ............................................................................................................................................... vii Observations .............................................................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1 CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA ................................................1 BUSSE’S ‘CULTURAL DIVIDE’.......................................................................................................................1 THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF DUAL ORGANISED SOCIETIES ...................................................................................3 THE ‘ENCUMBRANCE’ OF KINSHIP................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 2 SOCIETY, LAND AND ACCESS TO RESOURCES.......................................................8 THE LAGOON PEOPLE ...................................................................................................................................8 TRIBAL ORGANISATION..............................................................................................................................10 LOCAL ORGANISATION AND ACCESS TO LAND ...........................................................................................12 DISPUTES OVER BOUNDARIES ....................................................................................................................13 LAND FOR PROJECT USE .............................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER 3 HISTORICAL MATTERS ................................................................................................18 THE CROSSING OF THE MANDOBO .............................................................................................................18 INGAS MOVEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................20 DIFFICULTIES OF THE TRANS-BORDER VILLAGES .......................................................................................21 THE BRITISH/AUSTRALIAN COLONIAL FRONTIER IN RELATION TO SETTLEMENT PROCESS .........................23 LEGACY OF THE MIGRATIONS ....................................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPMENT AT MIDDLE FLY VILLAGES........................................................27 THE CASES.................................................................................................................................................29 Case 1. The appropriation of the outboard motor...............................................................................29 Case 2. Bosset’s new airport................................................................................................................30 Case 3. The Kuem aid post house tender.............................................................................................33 Case 4. The status of Provincial Works (interview with Works Manager, Kiunga, 8 Apr 94). ...........34 Case 5. The Bosset rubber nursery. .....................................................................................................36 Case 6. The Manda, Bosset and Obo barramundi fisheries. ...............................................................36 CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPMENT AT SUKI ..............................................................................................41 THE PRESENCE OF GOVERNMENT ...............................................................................................................41 THE NAKAKU RUBBER RESETTLEMENT SCHEME ........................................................................................41 COMMERCE...............................................................................................................................................43 HEALTH .....................................................................................................................................................44 CHAPTER 6 FIELDS METHODS AND INTERVIEW METHODOLOGY......................................45 INTERVIEW METHODOLOGY: GENERAL COMMENTS....................................................................................45 MEETINGS HELD IN THE STUDY AREA ........................................................................................................49 TRANSLATING WHAT PEOPLE SAY..............................................................................................................52 - iii - CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION: WHAT TROUBLES VILLAGERS, AND WHAT SHOULD BE DONE ABOUT IT .......................................................................................................................................55 ENVIRONMENT ..........................................................................................................................................57
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