English – Macedonian Dialectal Dictionary Based on the Lerin-Kostur Dialects As Spoken by Oshchimians

By Risto Stefov

English – Macedonian Dialectal Dictionary Based on the Lerin-Kostur Dialects As Spoken by Oshchimians

Published by:

Risto Stefov Publications [email protected]

Toronto, Canada

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review.

Copyright  2007 by Risto Stefov

e-book edition

2 PREFACE

At the dawn of the 19th century when nationalism was introduced to the Balkans and as new states began to form out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire, dialectal languages were viewed as simplistic, backwards, limited and, to some degree, expressionless. They were deemed vulgar and were scoffed at. Modern and literary languages were created to replace them and students were discouraged from speaking them because they were presented as the languages of uneducated peasants. Generations later, as the newly created societies began to culturally mature and search for their roots, attitudes towards dialectal languages began to change. Dialects began to be seen no longer as vulgar and limited but rather as the mothers of modern languages and the sources of modern cultures. Dialectal languages, at least in the Balkans, are the most natural and longest lasting cultural elements that not only defined the uniqueness of certain societies but also, in a positive way, highlight the diversities within them. The Balkans has always been a multicultural, multiethnic region with various ethnicities living together. Languages have been the predominant factors of cultural divide in a positive way. And within each culture, at least with the Macedonians, a number of micro-cultures existed predominantly defined by unique characteristics such as dress, colour, pattern, song, dance and obviously dialectal language. Before the introduction of nationalism these cultural elements were seen as positive characteristics that uniquely identified each micro-culture in those societies. Macedonians, no matter from which corner of Macedonia, recognized a dress with certain colours and patterns as belonging to a certain region of Macedonia. They all knew how to dance to the “Bufskoto”, “Tikveshkoto” or “Bitolskoto” Oro but also knew it belonged to the people of Buf, Tikvesh or Bitola. Their culture was based on long standing practical traditions but was by no means culturally limited, vulgar or unnatural. In fact, as people are discovering today, it was the most natural course of cultural evolution that a society could experience. What was truly unnatural was the attempt of our 19th century authorities to destroy it and replace it with something artificial for the sake of standardization and modernization. It is most unfortunate that Macedonians, who recognize that the strength of a culture is in its diversity, were not allowed to form their own state and thus were subjected to cultural destruction. Macedonian culture was seen as a threat to Macedonia’s occupiers who, in their attempts to create a monolithic and to a large extent fictional replacement, were bent on its destruction. Some states,like Greece went as far as banning the Macedonian culture by making the Macedonian language in all its dialectal 3 forms illegal and forcibly muted Macedonian songs. As for the dress with its beautiful colours and unique patterns, it was deemed to be the “peasants’ dress” with no place for it in an otherwise “modern world” based on an otherwise “artificial culture”. In view of the resurgence of Macedonians needing to rediscover their roots, the study of dialects has become interesting and of importance. Here we find ourselves in a unique situation where I am personally familiar with one particular dialect and am in a good position to document it. There is urgent need to do this because I believe, with time and by the application of literary languages through the educational system, dialects will disappear forever. I am one of the last generations to be born in Oshchima, Lerin-Kostur Region, in a society that until as recently as half a century ago spoke a dialect of the Macedonian language. I still remember the language as it was spoken by the elders of Oshchima. Today, Oshchima is virtually extinct and it is a matter of time before this language too will cease to exist. Oshchima is a small village located half way between Lerin and Kostur in Western Macedonia, now Greek occupied Macedonia, which in 1939, at its height, had about six-hundred residents. By 1969 its population had dropped to less than a dozen people. Now only a couple of families live there and all the younger generations speak Greek. Oshchima was hard hit and nearly destroyed by the Greek Civil War and most of its residents fled for Canada, Australia, the USA and the Republic of Macedonia. Since the vast majority of new generations and future generations of Oshchimians live and will continue to live in English speaking countries, this book is my gift to them, to remind them of how their ancestors once spoke. The publishing of this book was timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the organization “Benefit Society Oshchima” founded in 1907 by Oshchimian emigrants in Canada. This organization was founded to help newly landed Oshchimian emigrants adjust in the world. Over the years Benefit Society Oshchima evolved into an organization of unity and Macedonian culture bringing Oshchimians together and giving them a sense of belonging. I would like to thank my parents Nikola and Sofia for their contribution to this book and for their help in clarifying the meaning of the more difficult words. In putting this dictionary together, my attempt is to bring you a unique version of the Macedonian language as spoken by Oshchimians. The sixteen hundred or so words documented here are uniquely Oshchimian as they were spoken by the last generations living in Oshchima. I would like to remind the reader that this particular language, like all Macedonian dialects in Greece, was banned in the 1930’s by the Greek authorities and was made illegal to speak. It is a miracle it has survived for this long. 4 Introduction

The dialectal Macedonian language presented here is a naturally evolving oral language that has been in use uncodified for many centuries. I have made every effort to present it in its exact form as it was spoken by generations before me and without grammatical adjustments or corrections. Like most natural languages, it follows logical patterns but not without some exceptions. My intent here was to document words and phrases as I remember them spoken and to not necessarily explain them grammatically. For grammatical clarifications, the reader is advised to consult the Macedonian literary language. Because my target audience is the English speaking reader, I found it necessary to use the English or Latin alphabet to define the sounds of the Macedonian words. However, to successfully duplicate and accurately pronounce words I must lay down some fundamental rules; 1. Each word is phonetically pronounced. 2. Each letter has a unique sound unless otherwise specified. Here is a list of letters with unique sounds, their equivalents in the Macedonian alphabet, and their pronunciation;

Aa – “а” as in nap Bb – “б” as in “boy” Cc – Dd – “д” as in “dog” Ee – “е” as in “net” Ff – “ф” as in “fox” Gg – “г’ as in “God” Hh – “х” as in “have” Ii – “и” as in “beef” Jj – “ј” as in “yard” but very short “ya” Kk – “к” as in “cat” Ll – “л” as in “lamb” Mn – “м” as in “mother” Nn – “н” as in “no” Oo – “о” as in “oh” but flat more like “four” Pp – “п” as in “people” Qq – Rr – “р” as in “rock” Ss – “с” as in “sun” Tt – “т” as in “toy” Uu – “у” as in “food” Vv – “в” as in “victory” Ww - 5 Xx - Yy - Zz – “з” as in “zoo”

Here is a list of combined letters used to produce a unique sound, their equivalents in the Macedonian alphabet and their sounds;

Gj or gj – “ґ” as in “gia”, “G” as in “God” followed by the very short “ya” as in “yard” Zh or zh – “ж” as in “Jack” in French Dz or dz – “ѕ” as in “birds” Lj or lj – “љ” as in “Australia” Nj or nj – “њ” as in “Britania” Kj or kj – “ќ” as in “Czechoslovakia” Ts or ts – “ц” as in “Clements” Ch or ch – “ч” as in “cheese” Dzh or dzh “џ” as in “Jack” Sh or sh “ш” an is “show” Ľ or ľ – as in “Leon” (This is a unique sound that makes a distinction between the two sounds; “L” as in “Lion” and “Ľ ” as in “Leon”.) Here is an example when “l” and “ľ” are applied against the same word to give two meanings; “lut” meaning “mad” and “ľut” meaning “spicy hot”. As in “lut choek” meaning “madman” and “ľuta piperka” meaning “hot pepper”. The Macedonian language is structured differently than the English language. For example in English we say; Dog, the dog. In Macedonian we say; Kuche, Kucheto. Here are some more examples;

Cat, the cat => matska, matskata Boy, the boy => dete, deteto Potato, the potato => krtuľ, krtuľo Girl, the girl => chupe, chupeto Woman, the woman => zhena, zhenata

Please also note:

(D) indicates “Macedonian Dialectal equivalent to” and (L) indicates “Macedonian Literary equivalent to”

Also note that all Macedonian “word application” examples are given in the dialectal language.

6 (D) “okolu” as in “me opitfash A okolu sho?” meaning “you are asking me about what?” a, an – one, some (L) “okolu”. (D) “eden” and “nekoj” as in “eden choek kazhva oti nekojsi above – higher than, over, on the ľuge mu kazaľe neshcho” top of meaning “a person says that (D) “nat” as in “glaata e nat some people told him ramenata” meaning “the head is something”. above the shoulders”. (L) “eden”, “nekoj”. (L) “gore”, “nad”.

abandon – to give up abroad – in or to a foreign (D) “ostaj” as in “toj go ostaj country toa” meaning “he abandoned it”. (D) “chuzhina” as in “ke ojme vo (L) “ostavi”, “napushti”. chuzhina” meaning “we are going abroad”. abdomen – belly (L) “stranstvo”, “nadvor”. (D) “mej” as in “mejo me boľi” meaning “my belly is hurting”. abundance – quantity more than (L) “mev”. enough (D) “bogastvo” as in “Gospo ni abduct – kidnap, carry off dade bogastvo” meaning “God (D) “grabna” as in “toj go gave us abundance”. grabna deteto” meaning “he (L) “bogastvo”, “obilie”. abducted the boy”. (L) “obeduva”, “grabuva”. abuse – make bad use of, misuse, unjust or corrupt practice able – having the power to do (D) “navred” as in “mi a navredi things dushata i farmak mi a napraj” (D) “sposoven” as in “jas sum meaning “you have abused my sposoven” meaning “I am able”. soul and turned it into poison”. (L) “mokj”, “sposoben”. (L) “zloupotrba”, “navreda”.

abnormal – exceptional, academic – scholarly to do with deviating from a type learning (D) “ne tokmu” as in “toj e ne (D) “izuchen” as in “toj e tokmu” meaning “he is izuchen” meaning “he is learned abnormal” as in he is an academic”. (L) “ne normalen”. (L) “akademik”.

about - pertaining to, in accurate – precise, conforming connection with exactly to a standard 7 (D) “tokmu” as in “se soglasvam, (D) “stra” and “upla” as in “mi e toa e tokmu” meaning “I agree, stra ot mechkata” meaning “I am it is accurate”. afraid of the bear” and “upla me (L) “tochno”, “pravno”. fati ot mechkata” meaning “I was frightened by the bear”. acknowledge – agree to the (L) “uplashen”, “plashi”. truth, admit it as true, express appreciation or understanding after – later, following in time (D) “priznaa” as in “toj si ga (D) “posľe” as in “ke te vida priznaa greshkata” meaning “he posľe vechera” meaning “see acknowledges his error”. you after supper”. (L) “priznava”, “potvrduva”, (L) “potoa”, “zad”, “posle”. “zablagodaruva”. afternoon – time from noon to acorn – fruit of oak evening (D) “zhir” as in “zhirjeto ne (D) “po pladne” and “po ruchok” padve po daľeku ot dmbo” as in “oroto ke bidi po pladne i meaning “the acorns don’t fall musikata ke fati po ruchok” too far from the oak tree”. meaning “the dance will take (L) “zhelad”. place in the afternoon and the music will begin after lunch”. across – from side to side of, on (L) “popladne” the other side of (D) “preku” as in “preku again – another time, once more planina” meaning “across the (D) “pa ope” as is “pa ope mountain”. kazhimi” meaning “tell me (L) “preku”, “sproti”, “niz”. again” (L) “povtorno”, “pak”. advice – opinion given in regards to future action against – in opposition to (D) “sovet” as in “ti se moľam (D) “protif” as in “ti si protif daimi sovet, neznam sho da mene” meaning “you are against pram” meaning “please give me me”. advice, I don’t know what to do”. (L) “protiv”. (L) “sovet”, “soopshtenie”. age – length of time a person or aflame – in flames thing has existed (D) “vo plamen” as in “drvoto e (D) “staros” as in “kucheto ti vo plamen” meaning “the wood psojsa ot staros” meaning “your is in flames” dog died of old age”. (L) “vo plamen”, “zapalen”. (L) “vozrast”, “starost”. afraid – alarmed, frightened agree – of same opinion

8 (D) “soglas” as in “sme vo (D) “sekogash” as in “sekogash soglas” meaning “we are in imam pari” meaning “I always agreement”. have money”. (L) “se slozhuva”, “soglas”. (L) “sekogash”. aim – give direction to weapon am – be (D) “nameri” as in “nameria (D) “jas si” (I am), “ti si” (you pushkata” meaning “aim the are), “toj e” (he is), “taa e” (she rifle”. is), “nie sme” (we are), “vie ste” (L) “tsel”, “nasoka”. (you are), “tie se” (they are).

air – mixture of gas we breathe amend – correct error in, make (D) “veter” as in “disha veter” minor alterations in meaning “I breathe air”. (D) “isprai” as in “isprai go (L) “vozduh”. pisanjeto” meaning “make amends to the writing”. akin – related by blood, alike (L) “isprava”, “podobruva”, “se (D) “soj” as in “nie sme soj” poprava”. meaning “we are akin”. (L) “sroden”, “blizok”. among – surrounded by, in the category of alive – living, active, aware (D) “megu” as in “se naodvam (D) “zhif” as in “ti si bil ushche megu priateľi” meaning “I am zhif” meaning “you are still among friends”. alive”. (L) “pomegju”, “megju”, “sred”, (L) “zhiv”, “pretpazliv”, “od”. “osetliv”. ancestry – one’s family descent all – the whole of, everyone of (D) “potek” as in “jas potekvam (D) “tsel” and “svite” as in “go ot Makedontsi” meaning “my izedu tsel peshnik ľep” meaning ancestors are Macedonian”. “I ate all of the loaf of bread” (L) “pretsi”, “poteklo”. and “svite ľuge si ojdoa doma” meaning “all the people have ancient – of times long past gone home”. (D) “aro” as in “a bre aro Gospo (L) “tsel”, “se”, “sekoj”. da te prosti” meaning “hey you ancient may God forgive you” alone – single, solitary (L) “dreven”, “drevni” (D) “sam” as in “sam si doma” meaning “I am home alone”. and – connecting words, (L) “sam”, “osamen”. implying progression (D) “i” as in “ti i jas” meaning always – at all times, on all “you and me”. occasions (L) “i”. 9 (L) “mrava”. angel – attendant or messenger of God any – one, no matter which of (D) “angel” as in “ti si moi several angel” meaning “you are my (D) “nekoj” as in “nekoj ot angel” nimu” meaning “any of them”. (L) “angel” (L) “koj”, “nekoj”, “nekakov”. anger – extreme or dispassionate apology – regretful displeasure acknowledgement of offence or (D) “ľut” as in “zashcho si failure ľuten?” meaning “why are you (D) “prosti” as in “da me angry?” prostish za toa” meaning “my (L) “lut”, apology for that”. (L) “izvinuvanje”. animal – living being other than human appeal – make earnest formal (D) “pravdo” as in “toa pravdo e request kon” meaning “that animal is a (D) “moľba” as in “naprai mu horse”. edna moľba” meaning “make an (L) “zhivotno”. appeal”. (L) “apelatsija”, “molba”, ankle – joint connecting foot “apelira”, “baranje”. with leg (D) “gľuzh” as in “mi se shina appear – become or be visible, gľuzho” meaning “my ankle was give certain indication sprained”. (D) “se javi” as in “kucheto se (L) “gluzhd”. javi” meaning “the dog has appeared”. another – additional, one more (L) “se pojavi”, “se pojavuva”, (D) “drug” as in “ke se vidime vo drug den” meaning “we will see appendix – small tube attached each other another day”. to intestine (L) “drug”, “ushte eden”. (D) “suvo tsereo” as in “suvoto tsereo me boľi” meaning “my answer – something said or done appendix is hurting”. in reaction to a question (L) “slepo tsrevo”. (D) “odgovor” as in “odgovori mi” meaning “answer me”. apple – a round, firm fruit (L) “odgovor”, “reshenje” (D) “jabolko” as in “jabolkoto ima mnogu jabolka ovaa ant – wingless insect godina” meaning “the apple tree (D) “mraa” as in “mraata me has many apples this year”. ksna” meaning “the ant bit me” (L) “jabolko”. 10 (D) “raka” as in “imash dlga approximate – near to the actual raka” meaning “you have a long (D) “pribľizhi” as in “pribľizhi arm”. kilo” meaning “approximately a (L) “raka”. kilogram”. (L) “priblizhuva” around – on every side, all round apricot – orange-yellow stone (D) “okolu” as in “okolu fruit allied to plum and peach kukjata” meaning “around the (D) “kajsija” as in “kajsijata e house”. zhlta” meaning “the apricot is (L) “okolu”. yellow”. (L) “kajsija” arrange – put into required order (D) “naredi” as in “naredigi na April – the fourth month of the ret” meaning “arrange them in year order”. (D) “Apriľ” (modern) or (L) “ureduva”, “doveduva vo “Treven” (old). (See months) red”. (L) “April”. arrive – reach destination apron – garment worn in front (D) “dojde” as in “gostino dojde” of body to protect clothes meaning “the guest has arrived”. (D) “pregatch” as in “tsrven (L) “stasuva”, “doagja”. pregatch” meaning “red apron”. (L) “skutnik”, “utare” ash – residue left after a substance has been burned arable – land suitable for (D) “pepel” as in “drvata izgorea producing crops i se storia pepel” meaning “the (D) “plodna” as in “zemjata e wood burned and has turned to plodna” meaning “the soil is ash”. arable”. (L) “pepel”, “prav”. (L) “orachka”, “plodna”, “obrabotliva” ask – call for an answer (D) “opitaj” as in “opitaj dea odi are – to be ovoj pat” meaning “ask where (D) “si” as in “ti si umen choek” this road is going”. meaning “you are a smart (L) “prashai”, “zamoli”, person”. “navikni”. (L) “si”. ashamed – feeling shame arm – upper limb of human (D) “ustramen” as in “toj e body ustramen ot sho nosi vefti pľachki” meaning “he is

11 ashamed because he is wearing meaning “assure the person that old clothes”. he is right”. (L) “zasramen”. (L) “uveruva”, “garantira”, “osiguruva”. ass – four legged animal with long ears related to a horse at – expressing position (D) “magare” as in “magareto (D) “vo” and “na” as in “vo eden pasi vo ľivadata” meaning “the saato”, meaning “at one o’clock” ass (donkey) is grazing in the and “na vechera” meaning “at meadow”. supper”. (L) “magare”. (L) “vo”, “na”. assembly – group of persons ate – past of eat gathering together (D) “jadu” as in “jadu pret (D) “sobranje” as in “ova e poloina saat” meaning “I ate half golemo sobranje” meaning “this an hour ago”. is a large assembly”. (L) “jade”. (L) “sobir”, “drushtvo”. attack – act against with force asset – possession having value (D) “udri” and “napadni” as in (D) “imot” as in “stokata ti e “udri go so kamen” meaning imot” meaning “your property is “attack him with a stone” and your asset”. “napadni go so lafoj” meaning (L) “imot”. “attack him with words”. (L) “udar”, “napad”. assign – allot as share or responsibility attend – be present at (D) “odredi” as in “odredi mu (D) “poseta” as in “ke o poseta rabota” meaning “assign them brako na komshiata” meaning “I work”. will attend my neighbour’s (L) “naznachuva”, “odreduva”. wedding”. (L) “se zanimava”, assist – help, give help “posluzhuva”, “sledi”, “neguva”, (D) “pomozhi” as in “pomozhi “posetuva”, “prisustuva”. mu da a dostore rabotata” meaning “assist them to finish attention – act or faculty of the job”. applying one’s mind (L) “pomoga”, “pomozhi”. (D) “vnimanje” as in “daj mu vnimanje” meaning “give it assure – convince, tell attention”. confidently (L) “vnimanie”, “obzir”. (D) “osigori” (“sigoren”) as in “osigori go choeko oti toj e praf” attic – space below roof of house

12 (D) “tavan” as in “tavano e pot (L) “budi”, “se budi”, “se chatiata” meaning “the attic is osvetuva”. under the roof”. (L) “mansarda”, “soba na away – to or at a distance from a tavan”, “tavan”. person or place (D) “zamina” as in “zamina vo August – the eighth month of the edna daľechna drzhaa” meaning year “went away to a distant (D) “Avgust” (modern) or country”. “Zhitar” (old) (See months) (L) “ponatamu”, “otstrana”, (L) “Avgust”. “nastrana”, “daleku”.

aunt – sister or sister in law of awful – terrifying, very bad or one’s mother or father poor (D) “strina” (father’s brother’s (D) “strashno” as in “vremeto e wife), “teta” (father’s sister), strashno” meaning “the weather “vujna” (mother’s brother’s is awful”. wife) and “sveska” (mother’s (L) uzhasen”, “uzhasno”. sister). (L) “tetka”, “vujna”. axe – tool for chopping wood (D) “baltia” as in “toj sechi drva average – usual amount, extent so baltia” meaning “he is cutting or rate wood with an axe”. (D) “streden” as in “e streden na (L) “sekira”. visochina” meaning “he is of average height”. (L) “sredina”, “prosek”, B “sreden”. baby – very young child avoid – keep away or refrain (D) “bebe” as in “bebeto plachi” from meaning “the baby is crying”. (D) “odbega” as in “odbegaj ot (L) “bebe”, “dete”. ľuti piperki” meaning “avoid hot peppers”. bachelor - unmarried man (L) “izbegnuva”, “se (D) “nezhenat” as in “najdisi otstranuva”, “ponishtuva”, nezhenat mash” meaning “find “unishtuva”. yourself a bachelor”. (L) “nezhenat”, “ergen”. awake – rouse from sleep, cease to sleep back – rear side (D) “razbuden” as in “sega si (D) “pľeshchi”, “dzadi” and razbuden” meaning “I am now “nazat” as in “pľeshchite me awake”. boľe” meaning “my back is aching”, “dzadi zat kukjata” 13 meaning “back behind the house” and “se vrna nazat” baker– a person who bakes and meaning “has came back”. sells bread (L) “grb”, “plekji”, “zadna (D) “pechar” as in “pecharo strana”, “til”, “nazad”. pechi ľep vo furnata” meaning “the baker is baking bread in the backbone - spine oven”. (D) “shiper” as in “shipero mu (L) “pekar”. se skrshi” meaning “his backbone broke”. balcony – upper floor platform (L) “rbet”, “grbnak”. on outside of building (D) “balkon” as in “balkono e bad – worse, inferior, defective, nad dvoro” meaning “the inadequate balcony is above the yard”. (D) “losh” as in “losho kuche” (L) “balkon”. meaning “bad dog” or “losh choek” meaning “bad man”. bale – bundle of straw (L) “losh”, “nezdrav”, (D) “sfalnitsa” as in “seno “neprijaten”. sfalnitsa” meaning “bale of hay” (L) “denk”, “bala”. badger – grey burrowing mammal of weasel family ball – solid or hollow sphere (D) “jazoets” as in “ima jazoets used for playing games vo dupkata” meaning “there is a (D) “shutka” and “topka” as in badger in the hole”. “frľimia shutkata” meaning (L) “jazoets”. “throw me the ball” and “udria topkata” meaning “kick the bag – receptacle of flexible ball”. material (L) “topka”, “klupche”, “gjule”. (D) “torba” (small bag with handle, carried over the bandit – one of the gang that shoulder) and “vreshche” (large attacks travelers, robber, outlaw bag for storing grain) as in (D) “aramia” as in “toj e “imam jadenie vo torbata” aramia” meaning “he is a meaning “I have food in the bag” bandit”. and “vreshcheto e plno so zhito” (L) “pazboinik”, “aramia”. meaning “the bag is full with grain”. banquet – elaborate and formal (L) “vrekja”, “chanta”, “torba”. dinner (D) “gozba” as in “mnogu bake – cook by dry heat bogata gozba” meaning “very (D) “pechi” as in “pechi ľep” rich banquet”. meaning “bake bread”. (L) “banket”, “se chesti”, (L) “peche”. “piruva”, “limnuva”. 14 “the hay is in the barn” and baptism – rite of admission to “volo e vo auro” meaning “the Christian Church ox is in the barn”. (D) “krstenje” as in “krstenje na (L) “ambar”, “smestuvalishte za deteto” meaning “the boy’s tramvaj”. baptism”. (L) “krstavanje”. barrel – round wooden vessel (D) “bochka” as in “bochka so barefoot – without shoes or vino” meaning “barrel of wine”. stockings (L) “bure”, “valets”. (D) “bos” as in “ne baraj bos” meaning “don’t walk barefoot” basement – lowest floor of (L) “bosonog”. building usually underground (D) “izba” as in “studi vo izbata” bargain – agreement on terms of meaning “it is cold in the sale basement”. (D) “pazar” as in “aide da se (L) “suteren”, “prizemje”, pazarime” meaning “let’s “izba”. bargain”. (L) “spogodba”, “pazar”, “se basil – aromatic herb tsenka” (D) “bosiľok” as in “bosiľok rasti vo gradina” meaning “basil bark – as in bark of a dog, fox, grows in the garden”. etc. (L) “bosilek”. (D) “lae” as in “kucheto lae” meaning “the dog is barking”. basket – container made of (L) “lae”, “kashla”. interwoven cane (D) “sepetka” (round basket for bark – as in tree bark serving) and “koshnitsa” (deep (D) “korupka” as in “drvoto ima basket with handle for carrying) jaka korupka” meaning “the tree as in “sho imash vo sepetkata?” has hard bark”. meaning “what do you have in (L) “kora na drvo”. the basket?” and “sho nosish vo koshnitsata” meaning “what are barley – a grain you carrying in the basket?” (D) “jachmen” as in “zrno ot (L) “koshnitsa”. jachmen” meaning “a grain of barley”. bastard – person born of (L) “jachmen”. unmarried parents (D) “kopiľe” as in “toj e kopiľe” barn – large farm building for meaning “he is a bastard”. storage (L) “melez”, “vonbrachno dete”. (D) “pľemna” and “aur” as in “senoto e vo pľemnata” meaning 15 bat – furry flying mouse-like (D) “pupunets” as in “garvano mammal active at night ima dlk pupunets” meaning “the (D) “ľiľjak” as in “ľiľjako ľita crow has a long beak”. noshjata” meaning “the bat flies (L) “klun”. at night”. (L) “liljak”. bean – leguminous plant (D) “gra” as in “ovaa godina batter – mixture of flour, egg, posadime mnogu gra” meaning milk or water “this year we planted plenty of (D) “testo” as in “testo ot beans”. brashno, jajtsa, mľeko eľi voda” (L) “grav”. meaning “batter from flour, eggs, milk or water”. bear – large heavy mammal with (L) “testo”. thick fur (D) “mechka” as in “mi e stra ot battle – prolonged fight between mechkata” meaning “I am afraid armed forces of the bear”. (D) “borba” as in “borbata (L) “mechka”. zafati” meaning “the battle has begun”. beast – animal, four footed and (L) “borba”, “sudir”, “boi”. wild (D) “dzver” as in “dzvero zhivi bayonet – stabbing blade vo planina” meaning “the beast attachable to muzzle of rifle lives in the mountain”. (D) shtik” as in “me dupna so (L) “dzver”. shtiko” meaning “he stabbed me with the bayonet”. beautiful – having beauty, (L) “baionet”. pleasing to eye, ear or mind (D) “prepno” and “ubavo” as in bead – small rounded piece of “chupito ot Oshchima e mnogu glass prepno” meaning “the girl from (D) “monisto” and “brojnitsi” as Oshchima is very beautiful” and in “belo monisto e biser” “maloto dete ot Oshchima e meaning “a white bead is a ubavo” meaning “the little boy pearl” and “dedo ima brojnitsi” from Oshchima is beautiful”. meaning “grandpa has a string (L) “ubav”, “krasen”, of beads”. “velichestven”. (L) “zrno”, “biser”, “kapka”, “brojnitsi”. because – for the reason that, since beak – bird’s horny projecting (D) “zashcho” as in “ti si umen jaw zashcho peesh mnogu” meaning “you are smart because you read a lot”. 16 (L) “zatoa shto”. (D) “zad” as in “odi zad kukjata” meaning “go behind the house”. bed – base or support to sleep on (L) “odzadi”, “po”, “zad”. (D) “kreve” as in “choeko spie vo kreveto” meaning “the person is believe – accept as true or as sleeping in the bed”. conveying truth (L) “krevet”, “postela”. (D) “verva” as in “taa verva na Gospo” meaning “she believes in bee – winged hairy insect with God”. sting (L) “veruva”, “smeta”, “misli”. (D) “pchela” as in “pchelata praj met” meaning “the bee makes bell – hollow metal object made honey”. to sound a note when struck (L) “pchela”. (D) “dzvonche”, “kľukashka” and “kambana” as in “dzvoncheto before – ahead of, in front of udri vo skoľjeto” meaning “the (D) “pret” as in “jadi pret da se bell rang in school”, “ofchata napiesh rakia” meaning “eat nosi kľukashka ” meaning “the before you drink rakia (alcoholic sheep is wearing a bell” and drink)”. “kambanata bie” meaning “the (L) “pred”, “porano”. church-bell is ringing”. (L) “dzvonets”, “dzvonche”. beg – ask for, seek earnest or humble belly – part of the body below (D) “moľi” as in “toj te moľi da chest ne mu napraish losho” meaning (D) “mej” as in “mejo me boľi” “he begs you not to do him meaning “my belly is aching”. harm”. (L) “mev”. (L) “moli”. belong – be the property of begin – perform first part of (D) “pripadva” as in “toa mi (D) “zafati” as in “zafati da pripadva mene” meaning “that igrash oro” meaning “begin belongs to me”. dancing”. (L) “pripagja”, “se odnesuva”. (L) “pochnuva”, “nastanuva”. belt – strip of leather, etc, worn behave – act or react, show good around waist manners (D) “remen” as in “nosa remen (D) “se odnosi” as in “se odnosi okolu polojnata” meaning “I so arno” meaning “you behaved wear a belt around my waist”. kindly”. (L) “pojas”, “kaish”. (L) “se odnesuva”, “postapuva”. bench – long seat of wood or behind – in or to the rear stone 17 (D) “stoľitsa” as in “sedni so (D) “poaren” as in “ti si poaren mene na stoľitsata” meaning “sit ot mene na lov” meaning “you with me on the bench”. are a better hunter than me”. (L) “klupa”, “tezge”. (L) “oblozhuvach”, “podobar”, “pogolem”. bend – force into curve or angle (D) “sfi” as in “sfi go zheľeznjo between – in, into, along or stap” meaning “bend the iron across the extent or interval rod”. bounded by two or more points (L) “vitka”, “svitkuva”, or lines “iskrivuva”. (D) “megu” as in “megu tebe i mene” meaning “between you beside – at the side of, near and me”. (D) “pokraj” as in “pokraj neo (L) “pomegju”. jas se puľa visok” meaning “beside him I look tall”. beverage – liquid prepared for (L) “pored”, “blizu”. drinking (D) “piachka” as in “ti se moľam best – of most excellent or daimi edna studena piachka” desirable kind meaning “please give me a cold (D) “najaren” as in “ti si najaren beverage”. vo pľivanje” meaning “you are (L) “napitok”. the best in swimming”. (L) “naidobar”. bible – Christian scriptures (D) “vangeľje” as in “popo pee bet – risk sum of money against ot vangeľjeto” meaning “the another’s risk priest is reading from the bible”. (D) “bas” as in “sakash da (L) “biblija”. klaime bas?” meaning “do you want to make a bet?” big – considerable size, amount, (L) “se oblazhuva”. intensity, etc. (D) “goľem” as in “toj e goľem betray – be disloyal to, assist the mash” meaning “he is a big enemy man”. (D) “predava” as in “predatelo (L) “golem”, “shirok”, “krupen”, me predade na Turtskio asker” “vazhen”. meaning “the traitor betrayed me to the Turkish soldiers”. Billy-goat – male goat (L) “izmamuva”, “izneveruva”, (D) “prch” as in “prcho ima “predava”. brada” meaning “the Billy-goat has a beard”. better – of more excellent or (L) “jarets”. desirable kind bin – large box-shaped container 18 (D) “kopanka” as in “bisheto jadi (D) “kuchka” as in “kuchkata e ot kopankata” meaning “the pig trudna” meaning “the bitch is eats from the bin”. pregnant”. (L) “sandak”, “bunker”, “kanta (L) “kuchka”. za gjubre”. bite – cut into or nip with the bind – tie or fasten together teeth (D) “vrzi” as in “venchanjeto ne (D) “ksa” as in “kuchkata me vrza zaedno” meaning “our ksa” meaning “the bitch is biting marriage has bound us me”. together”. (L) “kasa”, “grize”. (L) “vrzuva”, “povrzuva”, “podrzuva”, “obvrzuva”. bitter – having a sharp pungent taste bird – feathered vertebrates with (D) “gorchi” as in “neftasanoto two wings jabolko gorchi” meaning “the (D) “vrapche” as in “vrapcheto unripe apple is bitter”. ľitna” meaning “the bird flew”. (L) “gorchliv”. (L) “ptitsa”. black – reflecting no light, birth – emergence of young colourless from mother’s body (D) “tsrn” as in “nosam tsrn (D) “rodi” as in “taa rodi dete” kustum i tsrni cheľi” meaning “I meaning “she gave birth to a am wearing a black suit and boy”. black shoes”. (L) “ragja”. (L) “tsrn”, “temen”, “mrachen”.

birthplace – place where one blacksmith – smith who works was born in iron (D) “rodno mesto” as in (D) “koach” as in “koacho koe “Oshchima mi e moe rodno plochi” meaning “the blacksmith mesto” meaning “Oshchima is is making horseshoes”. my birthplace”. (L) “kovach”. (L) “rodno mesto”. bladder – sac in body for bishop – senior clergyman in holding liquid charge of diocese (D) “meur” as in “meuro mi e (D) “piskup” as in “piskupo e naduen” meaning “my bladder is goľem vo tsrkvata” meaning “the bloated”. bishop is high-ranking in the (L) “meur”. church”. (L) “episkop”. blade – cutting part of knife (D) “sechilo” as in “rachkata e bitch – female dog za da se drzhi i sechiloto e za da 19 sechi” meaning “the handle is for (L) “mesha”, “smeshuva”, holding and the blade is for “spojuva”. cutting”. (L) “klas”, “sechilo”, “rez”. bless – invoke divine favour on (D) “blosoj” as in “Gospo da te blame – assign fault or blosoj” meaning “God bless responsibility to you”. (D) “kabaet”, as in “kabaeto e (L) “blagoslovuva” moj” meaning “I am to blame”. (L) “ukor”, “prekor”, “vina”. blind – lacking power of sight (D) “sľep” as in “toj sho ne puľi blanket – large woolen or fiber e sľep” meaning “he who could sheet not see is blind”. (D) “veľentse” as in “pokrime so (L) “slep”. veľentseto oti mi studi” meaning “cover me with the blanket blink – move eyelids quickly because I am cold”. down and up (L) “kjebe”, “pokrivka”’ (D) “kľepa” as in “ne i kľepaj “sokriva”. ochite ke osľepish” meaning “don’t blink your eyes you will blaze – large bright flame or fire go blind”. (D) “plamen” as in (L) “trepka”, “svetka”, “zatforva “Oshchimtskite pľemni se vo ochi”. plamen” meaning “the Oshchimian barns are in blazes”. block – large solid piece of (L) “plamen”, “vozbuduvanje”. wood or stone (D) “kalap” as in “kalap praen bleat – sound sheep make ot chimento” meaning “block (D) “bľee” as in “oftsata bľee” made of cement”. meaning “the sheep is bleating”. (L) “trup”, “blok”, “kalap”. (L) “blee”. blonde – having golden or pale bleed – emit blood coloured hair (D) “techi krf” as in “ako se (D) “rus” as in “mladata chupa posechish ke ti techi krf” ima rusa kosa” meaning “the meaning “if you cut yourself you young girl has blond hair”. will bleed”. (L) “rus”, “rusokosa”. (L) “krvari”, “pushta krv”. blood – red liquid circulating in blend – mix into required sort, arteries merge or mingle (D) “krf” as in “Oshchimska krf (D) “mesha” as in “buľudzite se se ľee za Makedonija” meaning zameshaja” meaning “the herds “Oshchimiam blood is spilled for have blended together”. Macedonia”. 20 (L) “krv”. (D) “divo bishe” as in “denes ke lovime divo bishe” meaning bloodsucker – leech, extortionist “today we will hunt boar”. (D) “krvopiets” as in “piajtsata e (L) “diva svinia”. krvopiets” meaning “the leech is a bloodsucker”. boast – declare one’s (L) “pijavitsa”, “krvopiets”. achievements or abilities with indulgent pride bloom – going into flowering (D) “se faľi” as in “toj se faľi za state nemnata nauka” meaning “be is (D) “razvia” as in “tsvekiata se boasting about his education”. razvia” meaning “the flowers (L) falenje”, “se fali”. have bloomed”. (L) “tsutenie”, “tsut”, “pupka”. boat – small vessel propelled on water by oars blossom – flower or mass of (D) chunka” as in “ke odime so flowers chunka preku ezero” meaning (D) “tsut” as in “krushata ima “we will go by boat over the mnogu tsut ovoj proľet” meaning lake”. “the pear tree has plenty of (L) “chun”. blossoms this spring”. (L) “tsutenje”, “tsut”, “tsvet”. body – physical structure of man or animal blow – current of air moving (D) “mrsha” as in “tie ime silni (D) “dua” as in “dua veter” mrshi” meaning “they have meaning “the wind is blowing”. strong bodies”. (L) “duva”. (L) “telo”.

blowpipe – tube for blowing air bog – wet spongy ground on fire (D) “mocharka” as in “trevata e (D) “dualo” as in “duaj so sekogash po zeľena okolu dualoto da se zapaľi ogno” mocharkata” meaning “the grass meaning “blow with the is always greener around the blowpipe to start the fire”. bog”. (L) “duvalka”. (L) “kal”, “mochurishte”.

blue – having the colour of clear boil – bubble up, hot liquid sky giving off vapour (D) “sino” as in “neboto e chisto (D)“vari” as in “vodata se vari” i sino” meaning “the ski is clear meaning “the water is boiling”. and blue”. (L) “vari”. (L) “sin”, “sino”. bone – any hard pieces making boar – male wild pig up skeleton in vertebrates 21 (D) “koska” as in “kucheto ga (L) “voznemiruva”, grizi koskata” meaning “the dog “izmachuva”. is biting on a bone”. (L) “koska”. bottle – container of glass or plastic for storing liquid book – set of printed or written (D) “shishe” as in “dajmi edno sheets bound at one edge with shishe vino” meaning “give me a cover bottle of wine”. (D) “kniga” as in “toj pee pesni (L) “shishe”. ot knigata” meaning “he is reading poems from the book”. bottom – lower part or point, (L) “kniga”. part on which thing rests (D) “dolno” as in “sednigo na boot – outer footwear reaching dolnata strna” meaning “sit him ankle on the bottom side”. (D) “chisma” as in “taa kupi novi (L) “dno”. chismi” meaning “she bought new boots”. boundary – line marking limit (L) “korist”, “kjar”, “chizma”. of land (D) “sinor” as in “tuka e sinoro border – edge or boundary na nivata” meaning “here is the (D) “gradnitsa” as in “Kanada boundary of the field”. ima dlga grednitsa” meaning (L) “granitsa”. “Canada has a long border”. (L) “granitsa”, “kraj”, “megja”. bovine – of or like ox or cow (D) “goendo” as in “vidi, edna born – existing as a result of suria goenda” meaning “look, a birth herd of bovine”. (D) “roden” as in “jas si roden vo Oshchima” meaning “I was bowel – intestine, everything born in Oshchima”. below stomach (L) “roden”. (D) “tsereo” as in “sve pot stomako se vika tserea” meaning both – the two, not only one “everything below the stomach is (D) “jobete” as in “jobete detsa called bowels”. se moi sinoi” meaning “both boys are my sons”. bowl – hollow dish (L) “obata”, “dvajtsa”. (D) “misur” as in “dajmi salata vo misur” meaning “give me bother – give trouble to, worry, salad in a bowl”. disturb (L) “chasha”, “vazna”. (D) “boraj” as in “ne me boraj, si postanat” meaning “don’t box – firm container with flat bother me I am tired”. sides 22 (D) “kutia” as in “vo kutiata ima (D) “tuch” as in “kľuch praen ot alva” meaning “there is halva in tuch” meaning “key made of the box”. brass”. (L) “kutia”, “sandak”, (L) “bakar”, “bronza”. “kovcheg”. bread – food of baked dough boy – male child; young man made of flour. (D) “dete” as in “deteto igra (D) “ľep” as in “si gladen ti se bala” meaning “the boy is moľa dajmi troa ľep” meaning “I playing ball”. am hungry please give me some (L) “dete”, “momche”. bread”. (L) “leb”. brag – talk boastfully (D) “se faľi” as in “toj se faľi oti break – separate into pieces by ima mnogu pari” meaning “he is blow or strain bragging that he has a lot of (D) “se skrshi” as in “ako padni money”. shisheto ke se skrshi” meaning (L) “se fali”, “se due”. “if the bottle falls it will break”. (L) “se skrshi”, “se rushi”. braid – woven band of thread or hair breath – air drawn and expelled (D) “pľetenka” as in “maloto from the lungs chupe ima dlga pľetenka” (D) “dishenje” as in “zhiveenje e meaning “the small girl has a dishenje” meaning “living is long braid”. breathing”. (L) “pletenitsa”, “gajtan”. (L) “dishenje”.

brain – organ inside skull bribe – inducement offered to (D) “mozok” as in “mozoko e za produce illegal or dishonest umenje” meaning “the brain is action in favour of the giver for thinking”. (D) “otkupvanje” as in “otkupigo (L) “mozak”. da te pushchi” meaning “bribe him to let you go”. branch – limb extending from (L) “mito”, “podmituvanje”. tree (D) “vetka” as in “visoko drvo brick – small rectangular block ima dlgi vetki” meaning “a tall of dried clay used for building tree has long branches”. (D) “pľitar” as in “kukjata e (L) “granka”. praena so pľitari praeni ot tsrvena kal” meaning “the house brass – dark yellow alloy made was built with bricks made from of copper and zinc red clay”. (L) “tsigla”.

23 bride – woman about to be (D) “propadna” as in “propadna, married gi zagina tseľi pari” meaning “he (D) “neesta” as in “jobata zeto i is broke, he lost all his money”. neestata se ot Oshchima” (L) “propadnat”, “bez pari”. meaning “both the bride and groom are from Oshchima”. bronze - alloy made of copper (L) “nevesta”. and tin (D) “tuch”, “bronzo” as in bridge – structure carrying way “chezmata e praena ot tuch” over river, road, etc. meaning “the water spout is (D) “most” as in “Oshchimtskio made of bronze” and “zhabitsite most vrvi preku Zheľevtskata se praeni ot bronzo” meaning reka” meaning “the Oshchima “the hinges are made of bronze”. bridge goes over the Zhelevo (L) “bronza”. river”. (L) “most”. broom – long handled brush (D) “metla” as in “baba go meti brine – water saturated with salt dvoro so goľema metla” meaning (D) “soľilo” as in “zeľkite se “baba (grandma) is sweeping the kladeni vo soľilo” meaning “the yard with a large broom”. cabbages have been placed in (L) “metlika”, “gluvarche”. brine”. (L) “rasol”, “solena voda”, broth – thin clear meat or fish “solzi”, “soli”. soup (D) “chorba” as in “ubaa chorba bring – come with or convey praena so meso i luk” meaning (D) “donesi” as in “donesi mi “excellent broth made with meat troa voda” meaning “bring me and garlic”. some water”. (L) “chorba od meso”, “buljon”. (L) “donesuva”, “doveduva”. brother – man or boy in relation brittle – hard but fragile to other sons and daughters of (D) “troshľiv” as in “ľebo e suv i his parents troshľiv” meaning “the bread is (D) “brat” as in “jas imam samo dry and brittle”. eden brat” meaning “I have only (L) “slab”, “troshliv”. one brother”. (L) “brat”. broil – grill on fire (D) “pechi” as in “meseto se brow – eyebrow pechi vo furnata” meaning “meat (D) “vezha” as in “taa ima dve is broiled in the oven”. ubai tsrni vezhi” meaning “she (L) “przhi”. has two beautiful black brows”. (L) “vegja”, “chelo”. broke – having no money 24 brown – having the colour (D) “kobľitsa” as in “donesimi produced by mixing red, yellow voda vo kobľitsata” meaning and black “bring me water in the bucket”. (D) “kaferen” as in “ubaa zemja (L) “vedro”, “lopatka”. e kaferena” meaning “good soil is brown”. buckle – metal clasp with hinged (L) “kafenikav”, “temen”. pin for securing belt (D) koptsalo” as in “zakopsaj go bruise – discolouring of flesh kopsaloto na remeno” meaning caused by injury “buckle your belt buckle”. (D) “posina” as in “nogata dja se (L) “metalno kopche”, udri posina” meaning “the “zakopchuva”. injured leg is bruised”. (L) “modrina”, “razbiva”, bug – any of various flat bodied “razdrobuva”. insects (D) “muva”, “bumbar” as in brush – implement with bristles, “muvata ľita” meaning “the bug hairs, wires, etc, set in block of flies” and “bumbaro lazi” wood meaning “the bug crawls”. (D) “chetka” as in “ischistio (L) “taftabida”, “drvenitsa”. paltoto so chetkata” meaning “clean the coat with the brush”. builder – one who builds (L) “chetka”. (D) “maistor” as in “maistoro stishi stis” meaning “the builder brushwood – cut or broken dry is building a wall”. twigs (L) “dzidar”, “gradach”. (D) “suarki” as in “stopľia furnata so suarki” meaning bull – uncastrated male of ox “warm the oven with family brushwood”. (D) “bik” as in “biko e ľuten” (L) “grmushki”, “chestak”, meaning “the bull is mad”. “rasje”. (L) “bik”.

bubble – globular film of liquid bullet – small round missile fired closing air from a gun (D) “meurche” as in “meurchina (D) “kurshum” as in “kurshumi se prae so voda i sapun” ľite sekade” meaning “bullets are meaning “bubbles are made with flying everywhere”. water and soap”. (L) “kurshum”, “gjule”. (L) “meur”, “se peni”. bun – small soft round sweet bucket – round open container cake with handle (D) “kolache” as in “ti se moľa daimi edno kolache, mi se jadi” 25 meaning “please give me a bun, I (L) “dupka”, “peshtera”, “kopa am hungry”. jama”. (L) “kolach”, “topka”. bury – put in the earth, tomb or bunch – set of things growing or sea tied together (D) “zakopa” as in “treba da se (D) “tufka” as in “dajmi edna zakopa umrenjo” meaning “the tufka pras” meaning “give me a dead must be buried”. bunch of leeks”. (L) “pogrebuva”, “zakopuva”, (L) “grozd”, “kitka”, “snop”. “potonuva”.

bundle – collection of things bush – shrub or clump of shrubs bound together (D) “chekut” as in “chekuto e (D) “snop”, “sfalnitsa” as in mnogu debel” meaning “the bush “eden snop ot pchenitsa” is very thick”. meaning “a bundle of wheat” and (L) “grmushka”. “edna sfalnitsa ot seno” meaning “a bundle of hay”. bushel – measure of capacity for (L) “bofcha”, “jazol”, “kluchko”. grain, fruit, etc. (D) “cosh” as in “cosh pln so bunny – child’s name for rabbit jabolka” meaning “bushel full (D) “zaeche” as in “mlat zaek se with apples”. vika zaeche” meaning “a young (L) “mera za kolichina”. rabbit is called a bunny”. busy – fully occupied, full of bur – prickly clinging seed-case activity (D) “ľepaets” as in “imash (D) “zafaten” as in “ovva vecher ľepaets na paltoto” meaning si zafaten so neshcho drugo” “you have a bur on your coat”. meaning “tonight I am busy with (L) “botska”. something else”. (L) “zafaten”, “rabotliv”, burn – set on or destroyed by “vreden”. fire (D) “gori” as in “orno gori i ke butcher – one who sells meat te izgori ako go chepnish” (D) “kasap” as in “kasapo sechi i meaning “fire burns and will prodaa meso” meaning “the burn you if you touch it”. butcher cuts and sells meat”. (L) “peche”, “pali”, “gori”. (L) “kasap”, “mesar”. burrow – hole or tunnel dug by butt – push with head like ram fox, rabbit, etc. (D) “butsa” as in “oveno butsa” (D) “dupka” as in “ľisitsata zivi meaning “the ram butts”. vo dupka” meaning “the fox lives (L) “udir so glava”. in a burrow”. 26 butter – edible yellow fatty by – near, beside substance made of milk (D) “pokraj” as in “zastani (D) “mas” as in “jas jada ľep so pokraj mene” meaning “stand by mas” meaning “I eat bread with me”. butter”. (L) “pokraj”, “niz”. (L) “puter”.

butterfly – fly with large and C colourful wings (D) “peperuga” as in “ima cabbage – vegetable with large mnogu peperugi okolu tsvekjata” thick green leaves meaning “there are a lot of (D) “zeľka” as in “ako klash butterflies around the flowers”. zeľka vo solilo ke se stori rasol” (L) “peperuga”. meaning “if you put cabbage in brine it will turn to sauerkraut”. buttermilk – somewhat sour (L) “zelka”. liquid made from milk (D) “bientsa” as in “napise cabin – small shelter or house studena bientsa da se oladish” (D) “kaľiva” as in “koa i pasa meaning “drink cold buttermilk oftsite spia vo kaľivata” to cool off”. meaning “when I take the sheep to graze I sleep in the cabin”. button – small disk or knob (L) “koliba” sewn to garment for fastening (D) “kumbiche” as in cage – structure of bars or wires “zakopsajsigo paltoto so for confining birds or animals kumbicheto” meaning “button (D) “zatfor” as in “noshiata your coat with the button”. oftsite se zatforeni” meaning (L) “petlitsa”, “kopche”, “during the night the sheep are “pupka”. caged”. (L) “kafez”. buy – to purchase goods (D) “kupi” as in “kupi mi eden caldron – large deep vessel for lokum” meaning “buy me a boiling lokum (Turkish sweet)”. (D) “kotel” or “kazan” as in “vo (L) “kupuva”. kotelo se vari voda” or “vo kozano se vari voda” meaning buzzard – a large predatory “water is boiling in the caldron”. hawk (L) “kazan”, “kotel” (D) “orel” as in “chuajse, orelo vrti na visokoto” meaning calf – young cow “watch out, the buzzard is (D) “teľe” as in “teľeto si ga circling up high”. bara majkamu” meaning “the calf is looking for its mother”. 27 (L) “tele”. (D) “teneke” and “kutiche” as in “vo teneketo drzhime nafta” calf – fleshy part of leg below meaning “we keep naphtha in the knee can” and “vo kuticheto ima (D) “kaval” as in “kavalo mi e piachka” meaning “there is drink potechen” meaning “my calf is in the can”. swollen”. (L) “kutia” call – shout, cry, speak out loud candle – cylinder or block of (D) “vika” as in “vikaj go wax with wick for giving light kucheto” meaning “call your when burning dog”. (D) “sfeshcha” as in “zapali edna (L) “vika”, “povikuva”. sfeshcha” meaning “light a candle”. calm – still, tranquil, quiet (L) “svekja”. (D) “krotko”and “mirno” as in “kono si trupa krotko” meaning candy – crystallized sugar, sweet “the horse is galloping calmly” (D) “blago” and “bombon” as in and “deteto sedi mirno” meaning “lafo ‘blago’ dojde ot lafo “the boy is being calm”. ‘blak’” meaning “the word for (L) “miren”, “tivok”. ‘candy’ comes from the word ‘sweet’” and “lafo ‘bombon’ came – past of come dojde of Frantsuskio laf (D) “dojde” as in “dedo dojde ot ‘bonbon’” meaning “the word chuzhina” meaning “grandpa ‘bombon’ comes from the French came from abroad”. word ‘bonbon’”. (L) “slatko”, “pasta”, camp – temporary “karamela”. accommodations for lodging (D) “lager” as in “askero e vo cannon – large heavy gun lagero nadvor ot seloto” (D) “top” as in “topo ke puka” meaning “the soldiers are in the meaning “the cannon will be camp outside of the village”. firing”. (L) “logor”, “tabor”. (L) “top”.

can – be able to canoe – light narrow boat (D) “mozhi” as in “mozhi da si (D) “chunka” as in “vidu chunka odi doma” meaning “he can go vo Prespanchkoto ezero” home”. meaning “I saw a canoe in Lake (L) “mozhe”, “umee”. Prespa”. (L) “lesen chun”. can – metal vessel in which liquid or food is sealed can’t – can not

28 (D) “ne mozhi” as in “toj ne magare” meaning “there is a mozhi da kreni teshki raboti” donkey carcass in the brook”. meaning “he can’t lift heavy (L) “mrsha”, “trup”. things”. card – thick stiff paper cantaloupe – small ribbed melon (D) “karta” is in “zve karta ot (D) “pepon” as in “toj e ftasan moi soi sho zhivee vo Kanada” pepon” meaning “it is a ripe meaning “I received a card from cantaloupe”. my relatives living in Canada”. (L) “bilet”, “kartichka”, “karta”. canvas – strong coarse cloth (D) “platno” as in “platno za care – worry, serious attention, praenje pľachki” meaning caution “canvas for making clothes”. (D) “grizhi” as in “majkati se (L) “platno”. grizhi za tvojto zdravje” meaning “your mother cares about your cap – brimless head covering health”. (D) “kapa” and “shapka” (L) “grizha”, “vnimanje”, meaning “a sho ubaa kapa “pretpazlivost”. imash” meaning “what a nice cap you have” and “shapka za careful - cautious na glaa” meaning “cap for the (D) “grizhľif” as in “bidi grizhľif head”. ne trchai vo temnitsa” meaning (L) “kapa”, “kachket”, “kapisla”. “be careful don’t run in the dark”. captive – person or animal (L) “grizhliv”, “vnimatelen”, confined “pretpazliv”. (D) “faten” and “vo aps” as in “ofcharo e faten” meaning “the careless – lacking attention shepherd is a captive” and (D) “negrizhľif” as in “toj e “oracho e vo aps” meaning “the negrizhľif, ne mu e gajle za farmer is a captive”. nishcho” meaning “he is (L) “plenik”, “rob”. careless, he cares about nothing”. carboy – large globular glass (L) “nevnimatelen”, bottle usually enclosed in frame “bezgrizhen”. (D) “bimblak” as in “bimblako e pln so vino” meaning “the carp – freshwater fish carboy is full with wine”. (D) “krap” as in “vo maloto Prespantsko ezero ima golemy carcass – dead body of animal krapoj” meaning “there are (D) “psojsana mrsha” as in “vo large carp in little Lake Prespa”. trapo ima psojsana mrsha ot (L) “krap”.

29 carpet – thick rug for covering meaning “the cask is full of floors wine”. (D) “kiľim” and “rogozna” as in (L) “malo bure”, “bochva”. “kiľimo e praen so prepni boj” meaning “the carpet is made castle – large fortified building with beautiful colours” and (D) “kuľe” as in “kuľeto na “rogoznata e preana ot Samoil se naodva vo Aiľ” zavitkana slama” meaning “the meaning “Samoil’s castle is at carpet is made from twisted Aiľ” straw”. (L) “zamok”, “kula”. (L) “kijlim”. castrate – remove testicles cart – small strong vehicle, two (D) “skopva” as in “bishinata i or four wheeled for carrying skopve koa se mladi” meaning loads “the pigs are castrated when they (D) “kola” as in “kolata e are young”. toarena so krtuľi” meaning “the (L) “skopuva”. cart is loaded with potatoes”. (L) “kola”, “dvokolka”. cat – small carnivorous soft- furred domesticated animal cartilage – tough flexible tissue (D) “matska” as in “matskata attached to bones fatva gluftsi” meaning “the cat (D) “ruskajtsa” as in catches mice”. “ruskajtsata e zhilaa i teshko se (L) “machka”. dzhvaka” meaning “the cartilage is tough and hard to chew”. catch – capture in hand, in trap (L) “rskavitsa”. etc. (D) “fati” as in “fatigo glufetso cartridge – case containing vo stapitsata” meaning “catch charge or propelling explosive the mouse in a trap”. (D) “fishek” and “gijule” as in (L) “zafat”, “fakjanje”. “fisheko fľegva vo pushka” meaning “the cartridge fits in a cattle – cows, bulls, oxen rifle” and “gijuleto fľefva vo top” (D) “goenda” as in “pushchii meaning “the cartridge fits in a goendata da pase” meaning “let cannon”. the cattle graze”. (L) “kurshum”. (L) “goveda”.

cask - barrel cause – thing that produces an (D) “kache” and “boche” as in effect “klaj zeľki vo kacheto” meaning (D) “kauza” as in “put cabbages in the cask” and “Makedontskata kausa e “bocheto e plno so vino” vazhna” meaning “the Macedonian cause is important”. 30 (L) “kausa”. centipede – a small crawling ceiling – upper interior surface creature with long body and of room many legs (D) “tavan” as in “tavano e (D) “stonogaľka” as in visok” meaning “the ceiling is “stonogaľkata ima farmak” high”. meaning “the centipede is (L) “tavan” poisonous”. celebrate – mark event or century – period of one hundred festival with festivities years (D) “praznuva” as in “denes se (D) “vek” as in “eden vek e sto paznuva bozhik” meaning godini” meaning “a century is a “Christmas is celebrated today”. hundred years”. (L) “slavi”, “praznuva”. (L) “stoletie”, “vek”. cellar – room below ground ceramic – of pottery, porcelain, level or house or other articles of baked clay (D) “keral” as in “vo keralo se (D) “geramidni” as in “chatjata e bochkite so vino” meaning “the posteľena so geramidni plochi” wine casks are in the cellar”. meaning “the roof is laid with (L) “vizba”, “krchma”. ceramic tiles”. (L) “grncharski”. cement – powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, chain – series of rings or links mixed with water to form connected together concrete or mortar (D) “sindzhir” as in “kucheto e (D) “chimento” as in “naprajgo vrzano so sindzhir” meaning stiso so chimento” meaning “the dog is tied with a chain”. “build the wall with cement”. (L) “veriga”, “sindzhir”. (L) “tsement”. chair – movable backed seat for cemetery – burial ground one (D) “grobishcha” as in (D) “stol” as in “sedni na stolo” “grobishchata se zat tsrkvata” meaning “sit on the chair”. meaning “the cemetery is behind (L) “katedra”, “stolitsa”. the church”. (L) “grobishta”. change – making or becoming different center – middle point or part (D) “izmeni” as in “izmeni gi (D) “strede” as in “oroto e vo pľachkite” meaning “change strede selo” meaning “the dance your clothes”. is at the Village center”. (L) “promena”, “izmena”, (L) “tsentar”, “sredina”. “menuvanje”. 31 (D) “eftino” as in “mesoto e chapel – small building or room eftino denes” meaning “the meat used for Christian worship is cheap today”. (D) “tsrkve” as in “tsrkveto ima (L) “eftin”, “beznachaen”. samo edna sfetitsa (ikona)” meaning “the chapel has only cheat – deceive, act fraudulently one icon”. (D) “izmami” as in “me izmami, (L) “capela”, “trkvichka”. ne mi ga kaza vistintskata tsena” meaning “you cheated me, you char – make or become black by did not tell me the real price”. burning (L) “izmama”, “izmamnik”. (D) “glamna” as in “drvoto se story glamna ot gonenje” cheek – side wall of mouth meaning “the wood turned to (D) “obraz” as in “toj te batsi na char from burning”. obrazo” meaning “he kissed you (L) “jaglen”, “kjumur”. on the cheek”. (L) “obraz”, “drskost”. character – collective qualities or peculiarities that distinguish cheese – food made of curds an individual or group (D) “sirenje” as in “sirenje se (D) “haraktir” as in “haraktiro praj ot mleko” meaning “cheese ne mu se menva” meaning “his is made from milk”. character can not change”. (L) “sirenje”. (L) “karakter”, “osobina”, “svojstvo”. cheesecloth – thin loosely woven cloth charcoal – black chunks (D) “tsedilo” as in “tsediloto e remnants of burned wood praeno ot slaba krpa” meaning (D) “kjumur” and “zhar” as in “the cheesecloth is made of thin “kjumuro gori goreshcho” cloth”. meaning “charcoal burns hot” and “drvoto se story zhar” cherry – small soft round stone- meaning “the wood turned to fruit charcoal”. (D) “cheresha” as in (L) “drven-kjumur”. “chereshata ima mnogy chereshi” meaning “the cherry- chat – talk in light and familiar tree is full of cherries”. way (L) “tsresha”. (D) “muabet” as in “ajde da si poprajme troa muabet” meaning chest – large strong box for “let’s have a little chat”. storage or transport (L) “razgovor”, “brborenje”. (D) “senduk” as in “ima sekakvii pľachki vo senduko” meaning cheap – low in price 32 “there are all sorts of clothes in chill – unpleasant cold sensation the chest”. (D) “stut” as in “ke te fati stut” (L) “kutija”, “sandak”. meaning “you will catch a chill”. (L) “stud”. chest – part of body enclosed by ribs, front surface of body chimney – structure by which (D) “grndi” as in “so grndite smoke is carried off from fire napre” meaning “with the chest (D) “odzhak” as in “odzhako forward”. kadi” meaning “the chimney is (L) “gradi” smoking”. (L) “odzhak”. chestnut – a glossy hard brown edible fruit chin – front of lower jaw (D) “kosten” as in “varen eli (D) “brade” as in “rastish brada pechen kosten?” meaning na bradeto?” meaning “are you “boiled or roasted chestnut?” growing a beard on your chin?” (L) “kosten”. (L) “brada”.

chew – work food between the chisel – tool with sharp beveled teeth end for shaping wood or stone (D) “dzhvaka” as in “dzhvakaj (D) “gľeto” as in “gľetoto e za go jadenjeto” meaning “chew tsrpenje drvo” meaning “the your food”. chisel is for shaping wood”. (L) “dzhvaka”. (L) “dleto”.

chick – young bird choke – cause to stop breathing (D) “pile” as in “pile e bebe by blocking windpipe kokoshka” meaning “a chick is a (D) “oplti” as in “ne gltaj brzo ke baby chicken”. se opltish” meaning “don’t (L) “pile”, “pilentse”. swallow so fast you will choke”. (L) “se zadushuva”. chicken – domestic fowl (D) “kokoshka” as in chop – cut with strokes of knife “kokoshkata snese jajtse” or axe meaning “the chicken laid an (D) “tsepi” as in “tsepi so egg”. natochena baltia” meaning (L) “kokoshka”. “chop with a sharp axe”. (L) “rastsep”, “rasekuvanje”. child – young human being (D) “chendo” as in “sho da ti Christian – believing in Christ kazha bre chendo?” meaning and his teaching “what can I tell you my child?” (D) “Risianin” as in “jas si (L) “dete”. Risianin” meaning “I am Christian”. 33 (L) “Hristianin” (D) “chist” as in “kukjata e chista, nema ich pra” meaning Christmas – Christian festival “the house is clean, there is no celebrating the birth of Christ dust”. (D) “Bozhik” as in “Bozhik e (L) “nevin”. roden den na Ristos” meaning “Christmas is Christ’s birthday”. clear – not clowded, spotty or (L) “Bozhik”. murky (D) “chist” as in “vodata e church – building for public chista, ne e mtna” meaning “the Christian worship water is clear, it is not muddy”. (D) “tsrkva” as in “vo Nedeľa ke (L) “jasen”, “chist”. oda vo tsrkva” meaning “on Sunday I am going to church”. clever – skillful, talented, quick (L) “tsrkva”. to understand and learn (D) “umen” as in “toj e umen circle – round plain figure choek” meaning “he is a clever (D) “trkalo” as in “napishi trkalo person”. okolu tebe” meaning “draw a (L) “umen”, “vesht”, “duhoven”. circle around you”. (L) “krug”. cliff – steep rock face (D) “breg” as in “brego e mnogu city – large town strmen” meaning “the cliff is (D) “grat” as in “Lerin e ubaf very sharp”. grat” meaning “Lerin is a (L) “karpa”, “greben”. beautiful city”. (L) “grad”. climb – ascend, mount, go or come claw – pointed nail of animal or (D) “vjaaj”, “vjanise” and bird’s foot “kachise” as in “vjaaj po skala” (D) “noft” as in “sokolo ima meaning “climb the stairs”, goľemi nofti” meaning “the hawk “vjanise na drvoto” meaning has large claws”. “climb the tree” and “kachise na (L) “nokt”. kono” meaning “climb on the horse”. clay – stiff sticky earth (L) “se kachuva”. (D) “kal” as in “kukjata e praena ot plitari ot kal” meaning “the cloak – outdoor overgarment house is made with bricks of (D) “guna” as in “guna praena clay” ot kozina” meaning “cloak made (L) “glina”, “smalnitsa”. with goat’s wool”. (L) “maska”. clean – free from dirt or contaminating matter 34 clock – instrument for measuring (D) “palto” as in “da si clam time palto, mi studi” meaning “I (D) “saat” as in “jas imam saat” should put a coat on, I am cold”. meaning “I have a clock”. (L) “kaput”. (L) “chasovnik”, “saat”. cobbler – one who mends shoes close – situated at short distance (D) “chelar” as in “chelaro ke mi or interval napraj novi cheľi” meaning “the (D) “blizu” as in “sedni blizu cobbler will make me new pokraj mene” meaning “sit close shoes”. beside me”. (L) “blizok”. coffin – box in which corpse is buried cloth – woven or felted fabric (D) “kiur” as in “mrtoetso go (D) “krpa” as in “dajmi edna kladoa vo kiuro” meaning “they krpa da si izbrisham ratsite” put the dead person in the meaning “give me a cloth to wipe coffin”. my hands”. (L) “mrtovechki sandak”. (L) “material”, “shtof”, “pokrivach”. coin – small stamped metallic disc used for money clothes – things worn to cover (D) “para” as in “dajmi edna the body and limbs para za ksmet” meaning “give (D) “pľachki” as in “jas kupi me a coin for good luck”. novi pľachki” meaning “I (L) “metalna para”. bought new clothes”. (L) “obleka”, “kostum”. cold – at low temperature (D) “studen” as in “vecherata mi cloud – visible water vapour e studena” meaning “my supper floating up in the sky is cold”. (D) “oblak” as in “oblako e (L) “stud”. visoko” meaning “the cloud is high”. collapse – falling, tumbling (L) “oblak”, “zampachenost”. down (D) “padna” as in “toj padna ot coal – carbonized plant matter goreshchina” meaning “he (D) “zhar” as in “drvoto izgore i collapsed from heat”. se stori zhar” meaning “the (L) “propagjanje”, “propast” wood burned and turned to coal”. collar - neckband (L) “kamen-kjumur”. (D) “gjerdan” and “alka” as in “chupata nosi prepen gjerdan” coat – outer sleeved garment meaning “the young lady is wearing a beautiful collar” and 35 “klaj mu zheľezna alka na tilo na kucheto da se chua ot vlko” compatriot – fellow countryman meaning “put a metal collar on (D) “sonarodnik” as in “miľi the dog’s neck to protect it from sonarodnitsi, Makedontsi” the wolf”. meaning “dear compatriots, (L) “jaka”, “gjerdan”, “alka”. Macedonians”. (L) “sonarodnik”. collect – bring or come together (D) “soberi” as in “soberi si troa comprehend - understand pari da si kupish kapa” meaning (D) “razbra” as in “razbra sho “collect a bit of money to buy mi veľish” meaning “I yourself a cap (hat)”. comprehend what you are telling (L) “sobira”. me”. (L) “razbira”. colour – various wavelengths of light produced by a prism compress – squeeze together (D) “boja” as in “clai mu troa (D) “stegni” as in “stegni go boja” meaning “put some colour grozieto da napraish vino” into it”. meaning “compress the grapes to (L) “boja”. make wine”. (L) “zgusnuva”. comb – toothed strip of rigid material for tidying and conceal – keep secret or hidden arranging hair (D) “krie” as in “toj go krie (D) “cheshľe” as in “na ti edno zlatoto da ne mu go zeve” cheshľe da si ishcheshľash meaning “he has concealed the kosata” meaning “here is a comb gold so they could not take it”. to comb your hair”. (L) “krie”. (L) “cheshel”. condensation – water on cold come – move towards person window calling (D) “para” as in “studenio (D) “baraj”as in “baraj tuka” pendzher fatfa para” meaning meaning “come here”. “the cold window catches (L) “doagja”. condensation”.

community – body of people Confess – admit living in one place (D) “priznaa” as in “toj si go (D) “seľani” as in priznaa loshoto” meaning “he “Oshchimchkite seľani zhive vo confessed to wrongdoing”. selo Oshchima” meaning “the (L) “priznava”. Oshchimian community lives in the village Oshchima”. conflict – fight, struggle (L) “zaednitsa”, “coodvetnost”. 36 (D) “borba” as in “borbata za (D) “studeno” as in “vremeto e sloboda se zafati” meaning “the studeno denes” meaning “the conflict for freedom has begun”. weather is cool today” (L) “sudir”, “borba”. (L) “stud”, “svezhina”.

congratulation – expressing coop – cage for keeping poultry pleasure at happiness or (D) “kokosharnik” as in excellence “kokoshkite gi drzhime vo (D) “chestit” as in “chestito da ti kokosharnik” meaning “we keep e imeto” meaning the chichens in a coop”. “congratulations on your (L) “kafez”, “kokosharnik”, namesake”. “koshara”. (L) “chestenje”. copper – reddish-brown metallic congregation – gathering of element people (D) “bakar” as in “veftite kotľina (D) “sobranje” as in “ima se praeni ot bakar” meaning “the sobranje vo stretselo” meaning old kettles are made of copper”. “there is a congregation in the (L) “bakar”. village square”. (L) “verski sobir”. cork – bottle-stopper (D) “klkalo” as in “zaklkaj consecrate – make or declare shisheto so klkalo” meaning sacred “plug the bottle with a cork”. (D) “krsti” as in “krstia tsrkvata” (L) “zatka”. meaning “consecrate the church”. corn - maize (L) “posvetuva”. (D) “miser” as in “babo mesimi ľep so miserno brashno” continue – maintain, keep up meaning “babo (granny) make (D) “predlzhi” as in “predlzhi so me bread with corn flour”. prikaznata” meaning “continue (L) “pchenka”. with the story”. (L) “prodolzhuva”. corner – place where converging sides or edges meet cook – prepare by heating (D) “kjosh” as in “pato e okolu (D) “gotvi” as in “gotvi jadenje” kjosho” meaning “the road is meaning “cook food”. around the corner”. (L) “gotvi”. (L) “agol”.

cool – of or at fairly low cornflour – flour made from temperature maize (D) “miserno brashno” as in “ľep praen so miserno brashno” 37 meaning “bread made with cornflour”. count – find numbers (D) “broj” as in “broj do deset” correct – true, accurate, proper meaning “count to ten”. (D) “pravo” as in “toa e pravo” (L) “broj”, “broenje”. meaning “that is correct”. (L) “tochen”, “poprava”, counter – long flat-topped “isprava”. fitment (D) “tezga” as in “klaj alatite nat corrode – wear away by tezgata” meaning “put the tools chemichal action on the counter”. (D) “rzhosa” as in “zheľeznata (L) “tezga”, “tantuz”, “zheton”. plocha rzhosa” meaning “the iron plate is corroded”. country – territory of a nation, (L) “rgjosuva”. state (D) “drzhaa” as in “mojta corrupt – morally depraved drzhaa e Makedonija” meaning (D) “rasipan” as in “toj e “my country is Macedonia”. rasipan choek” meaning “he is a (L) “zemja”, “drzhava”. corrupt person”. (L) “rasipan”, “gnil”, cousin – son or daughter of “nechesen”. one’s uncle or aunt (D) “brachet” (male) and cost – have a price “brachenda” (female) as in “jas (D) “tsena” as in “sho mu e imam brachet i brachenda” tsenata na edno kilo kastitsi?” meaning “I have a male and meaning “what is the cost of a female cousin”. kilo of walnuts?” (L) “bratuchet”, “bratucheda”. (L) “tsena”, “troshok”, “izdatok”. cover – place something over (D) “pokrie” as in “da si se cotton – soft white fibrous pokrie so veľentse” meaning “to substance cover himself with a blanket”. (D) “pambuk” as in “pernitsata e (L) “pokrivach”, “pokrov”, plna so pambuk” meaning “the “pokriv”. pillow is full of cotton”. (L) “pamuk”. cow – fully grown female of any bovine animal cough – expel air or other matter (D) “kraa” as in “kraata ni daa from lungs with a sudden sharp mľeko” meaning “the cow gives sound us milk”. (D) “kashľa” as in “toj kashľa” (L) “krava”. meaning “he is coughing”. (L) “kashlitsa”, “kashla”. coward – fearful person 38 (D) “strashlif” as in “toj e (D) “kľech” as in “nogata mi fati strashlif, mu e stra ot noshjata” kľech” meaning “I have a cramp meaning “he is a coward, he in my leg”. fears the night”. (L) “grch”. (L) “strashlivko”. crash – fall or impact cowherd – person who looks (D) “se udri” as in “padna ot after cows at pasture kono i se udri na stiso” meaning (D) “voloar” and “goendar” as in “he fell off the horse and crashed “voloaro i beri voloite” meaning into the wall”. “the cowherd is rounding up the (L) “udar”. oxen” and “goendaro i pasi goendata” meaning “the crave - desire cowherd is taking the bovine to (D) “ores” as in “trudnata zhena pasture”. ga fati ores za piperki turshia” (L) “kravar”, “govedar”. meaning “the pregnant woman craves pickled peppers”. crack – partially broken (L) “kopnee za neshto”, “moli”. (D) “tresna” and “pukna” as in “tresna ot stut” meaning “it crawl – progress with body on or cracked from the cold” and close to ground “pukna ot stiskanje” meaning “it (D) “lazi” as in “bebeto zafati da cracked from pressure”. lazi” meaning “the baby has (L) “puknatina”. begun to crawl”. (L) “lazi”, “polzi”. cradle – small bed or cot for a baby crazy – insane, foolish (D) “kroshna” as in “krľao (D) “ulaf” as in “toj e ulaf, bebeto vo kroshnata” meaning neznae sho praj” meaning “he is “rock the baby in the cradle”. crazy, doesn’t know what he is (L) “lulka”. doing”. (L) “lud”, “umoboden”, craftsman – skilled person “budala”. (D) “maistor” as in “maistoro pokaza aren maistorlak” create – bring into existence meaning “the craftsman showed (D) “praj” as in “toj praj golemo his excellent craftmanship”. chudo” as in “he is creating a (L) “veshtak”, “umetnik”. miracle”. (L) “sozdava”, “pravi”, cramp – sudden painful “proizveduva”. involuntary contraction of muscle creature – created being (D) “zhivotno” as in “mnogu zhivotni zhivee vo ormano” 39 meaning “many creatures live in (L) “krst”. the forest”. (L) “sustestvo”. crossroad – intersection of two roads creek – short arm of a river (D) “ruskrsnitsa” as in “vo (D) “trap” as in “trapo vrvi krs Oshchima nema rasksnitsa, Oshchima” meaning “the creek seloto e mnogu malo” meaning passes through Oshchima”. “there is no crossroad in (L) “mal zaliv”, “potok”. Oshchima, the village is very small”. crib – child’s bed (L) “raskrsnitsa”. (D) “kroshna” as in “bebeto spie vo kroshnata” meaning “the crow – large black bird baby sleeps in the crib”. (D) “garvan” as in “garvano (L) “lulka”. grachi vo drvata” meaning “the crow is crowing in the woods”. cripple – person permanently (L) “chavka”. lame (D) “sakat” as in “choeko e crowd – large number of people sakat, nogata me e posechena” gathered together without orderly meaning “the person is crippled, arrangement his leg has been severed”. (D) “surja” as in “edna surja (L) “topal”, “sakat chovek”. ľuge se sobrani” meaning “a crowd of people has gathered”. crock – earthware pot (L) “mnoshtvo”, “tolpa”, (D) “grne” as in “gra se vari vo “narod”. grneto” meaning “beans are boiling in the crock pot”. cruel – indifferent to or gratified by another’s suffering crop – produce of cultivated (D) “dsverstvo” as in “toj pokaza plants goľemo dzvertsvo pokraj nashio (D) “bereket” as in “vo esen se narot” meaning “he showed beri bereketo” meaning “crops great cruelty towards our are harvested in the fall”. people”. (L) “zhetva”. (L) “svirep”, “nemilosrden”.

cross – upright post with crumb – small fragment of bread transverse post (D) “trolinka” as in “nemam nito (D) “krst” as in “vo edna trolinka ľep da jada” Oshchimtskata tsrkva nat meaning “I don’t have a single kambanata ima golem krst” crumb of bread to eat”. meaning “in the Oshchima (L) “troshka”. church above the church bell is a large cross”. crust – hard outer part of bread 40 (D) “korichka” as in “ovoj peshnik ľep ima debela curse – utterance wishing person korichka” meaning “this loaf of to suffer bread has a thick crust”. (D) “kľetva” as in “te zaklna so (L) “korka”, “korichka”. losha kľetva” meaning “he cursed you with a bad curse”. cry – express pain, make loud or (L) “kletva”. shrill sound (D) “plachi” as in “bebeto custom – usual way of behaving plachi” meaning “the baby is or acting crying”. (D) “adet” as in “toj e nash adet” (L) “plach”, “povik”. meaning “that is our custom”. (L) “obichaj”. cuckoo – migratory bird with characteristic cry cut – divide with knife (D) “kukajtsa” as in “kukajtsata (D) “posechi” as in “posechi so kuka vo Avgust” meaning “the nozho” meaning “cut with the cuckoo is singing in August”. knife”. (L) “kukavitsa”. (L) “presek”.

cucumber – long green fleshy Cyrillic – alphabet used by fruit Slovanic speaking people (D) “krastajtsa” as in (D) “Kiriľitsa” as in “krastajtsata e ubaa vo salata” “Makedontsite pishe po meaning “the cucumber is good Kiriľitsa” meaning in salad”. “Macedonians write in Cyrillic”. (L) “krastavitsa”. (L) “Kirilitsa”.

cure – restore to health Czar – variation of tsar (D) “ľek” and “uzdraj” as in “ke (D) “Tsar” as in “Aleksandar e se najdi ľek za tebe” meaning “a Tsar Makedontski” meaning cure will be found for you” and “Alexander is a Macedonian “ke uzdrajsh po nekolku dena” King”. meaning “you will be cured in a (L) “Tsar”. few days”. (L) “lek”, “lechenje”, “ozdrabuvanje”. D curly – having coiled lock of daddy – father, oldest or most hair important person (D) “krľudzhaf” as in “ti imask (D) “tate” as in “ajde tate kupimi kurľudzhaa kosa” meaning “you shekerche” meaning “Oh daddy have curly hair”. buy me a candy”. (L) “kadrav”. (L) “tatko”, “tate”. 41 (D) “den” as in “sho den e dairy – place for processing and denes” meaning “what is the date distributing milk and its products today?” (D) “bachilo” as in “vo bachiloto (L) “datum”. prae mas, sirenje i kasher” meaning “in the dairy they make daughter – female child in butter, feta and hard cheese”. relation to her parents (L) “mlekarna”. (D) “kjerka” as in “taa e kjerka na toj choek” meaning “she is damage – injury or impairing the daughter of that person”. value or usefulness of something (L) “kjerka”. (D) “pakos” as in “burata napraj goľem pakos” meaning “the dawn – day break flood caused a great deal of (D) “zora” as in “zora se krshi damage”. rano rano” meaning “dawn (L) “oshtetuvanje”, “povreda”, breaks early in the morning”. “gubinok”. (L) “zora”.

damp – diffused moisture day – time between sunrise and (D) “vlazhno” as in “vremeto e sunset vlazhno denes” meaning “the (D) “den” or “denja” as in weather is damp today”. “denja e ot koga ke izlezi do (L) “vlaga”, “magla”, “para”. koga ke zajdi sntseto” meaning “day is from sunrise to sunset”. dance – move rhythmically (L) “den”. (D) “igra oro” as in “mi se igra oro” meaning “I want to dance”. days – as in of the week (L) “igra”, “ples”, “tantsuva”. (D) “Pondelnik, Ftornik, Streda, Chetfortok, Petok, Sabota, danger – exposure to harm “Nedeľa” meaning “Monday, (D) “opas” as in “toj e opasen” Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, meaning “he is dangerous”. Friday, Saturday, Sunday”. (L) “opasen”, “opasnost”. dead – no longer alive dark – with little or no light (D) “umren” and “mrtoets” as in (D) “temnitsa” as in “koa nema “choeko e umren” meaning “the sfetlo e temnitsa” meaning person is dead” and “mrtoetso ke “when there is no light it is go zakope utre” meaning “they dark”. will bury the dead tomorrow”. (L) “mrak”, “temnitsa”. (L) “pokojnits”, “mrtvets”.

date – day of the month deaf – without hearing

42 (D) “gluf” as in “toj e gluf ot decent – respectable, good edno ushe” meaning “he is deaf enough from one ear”. (D) “aren” as in “toj e aren msh” (L) “gluv”. meaning “he is a decent man”. (L) “prostoen”, “skromen”, dear – beloved “umeren”, “dobar”. (D) “miľen” as in “toj mi e moj miľen brat” meaning “he is my decide – come to a resolution dear brother”. (D) “reshi” as in “reshi, sho ke (L) “dag”, “mil”, “skap”. bidi?” meaning “decide, what will it be?” death – event which ends life (L) “reshava”. (D) “umirachka” and “smrt” meaning “nema odbega ot deep – extending far down umirachka” meaning “there is (D) “glmbok” as in “bunaro e no escape from death” and glmbok” meaning “the well is “sloboda eľi smrt” meaning deep”. “freedom or death”. (L) “dlambina”. (L) “smrt”, “kraj”. deer – four-footed ruminant debt – money, etc that is owed animal (D) “borch” as in “imam golem (D) “eľen” meaning “eľenite borch” meaning “I have a big shive vo planina” meaning “the debt”. deer live in the mountain”. (L) “dolg”, “obvrska”. (L) “elen”.

decay – rot, decompose defeat – overcome in battle or (D) “skapa” as in “jabolkoto other contest skapa” meaning “the apple has (D) “pobedi” as in “Partizanite decayed”. ga pobedia borbata” meaning (L) “gnienje”. “the Partisans were defeated in the struggle”. deceive – make a peron believe (L) “poraz”, “pobeduva”. what is false (D) “izmami” as in “ti me defend – resist attack made on, izmami” meaning “you deceived protect me”. (D) “brani” as in “bori se i (L) “izmamuva”. branisiga famiľiata” meaning “fight back and defend your December – twelfth month family”. (D) “Dekemvri” (new) and (L) “se brani”, “se zashtituva”. “Snezhnik” (old). (See months) (L) “Dekemvri”. delete – cross out or remove

43 (D) “brishi” as in “pishi i brishi” (D) “viľitsa” as in “baba nosi meaning “write and delete”. viľitsi” meaning “baba (L) “brishe”. (grandma) wears dentures”. (L) “vilitsa”. demand – urgent claim, stern request deny – declare untrue (D) “bara” as in “toj si gi bara (D) “odbiva” as in “toj odbiva, pravata” meaning “he is kazhva sho ne go napraj” demanding his rights”. meaning “he denies it, says he (L) “bara”. did not do it”. (L) “odbiva”, “ne priznava”. demolish - pull or knock down (D) “urnisa” as in “zemno depart – go away tresenje mu a urnisa kukjata” (D) “zamina” as in “zamina i meaning “the earthquake ojde na stranstvo” meaning “he demolished his house”. departed and went abroad”. (L) “rasurniva”. (L) “zaminuva”. demon – evil spirit, cruel person depend – determined by (D) “demon” as in “ne mnogu (D) “zavisi” as in “sfe zavisi ot poveke verve na postoenjeto na tebe” meaning “everything demoni” meaning “not many any depends on you”. longer believe in the existence of (L) “zavisi”. demons”. (L) “demon”. deport – remove and send to another country den – small private room (D) “protera” as in “choeko e (D) “odajche” as in “vo proteran ot nemnata zemia” odajcheto daskalo pee knigi i meaning “the person was pishi pisma” meaning “in the den deported from his own soil”. the teacher reads books and (L) “proteruva”, “progonuva”. writes letters”. (L) “sobichka”. descent – lineage, family origin (D) “rod” as in “toj e roden ot denounce – inform against Makedontsi” meaning “his (D) “otkazhi” as in “toj ne saka descent is from Macedonians”. da se otkazhi ot negovata vera” (L) “sleguvanje”, “spushtanje”, meaning “he does not want to “rod”, “poteklo”. denounce his faith”. (L) “otkazhuva”, “objavuva”. design – outline for something to be made denture – set of artificial teeth (D) “namera” as in “ima namera da napraj nescho goľemo”

44 meaning “he has designs to make (L) “se vloshuva”, “se rasipuva”. something grand”. (L) “namera”. detest – hate, loathe (D) “pizmi” as in “tie ne pizme desirable – worth having zashcho sme siromasi” meaning (D) “sakan” as in “toj e sakan “they detest us because we are choek” meaning “he is a poor”. desirable person”. (L) “se gnasi”, “se gadi”. (L) “pozhelen”, “sakan”. devil – Satan, demon desk – furniture with flat or (D) “djaol” as in “djaolo e sloped surface used for writing mnogu losh” meaning “the devil (D) “masa za pishenje” as in is very bad”. “naprajsia rabotata na masata (L) “gjavol”. za pishenje” meaning “do your work at your desk”. devour – eat hungrily or greedily (L) “masa za pishenje”. (D) “lapa” as in “jadi, lapaj go brzo da ne ti go zeve” meaning desperate - leaving little or no “eat, devour it fast before they room for hope take it”. (D) “ochaen” as in “toj glamen (L) “lapa”, “golta”. choek e ochaen” meaning “that poor person is desperate”. dew – vapour condensing in (L) “ochaen”, “beznadezhen”. small drops (D) “rosa” as in “ima rosa nat destroy – pull or break down trevata” meaning “there is dew (D) “urnisa” as in “toj e losh, sve on the grass”. urnisa” meaning “he is mean, he (L) “rosa”. destroyed everything”. (L) “unishtuva”, “razrushuva”. dialog - conversation (D) “razgovor” as in detain – keep under restraint or “kodzhobashiata i jas imame confined razgovor” meaning “the mayor (D) “zadrzhi” as in “zadrzhigo and I had a dialog”. da ne izbega” meaning “detain (L) “dijalog”, “razgovor na him so that he can’t escape”. dvajtsa”. (L) “zadrzuva”. diaper – linen or cotton fabric deteriorate – make or become used on babies bottoms worse (D) “peľenche” as in “menimu go (D) “se rasipa” as in “zheľeznata peľencheto na bebeto” meaning lamarina rzhosa is se rasipa” “change the baby’s diaper”. meaning “the iron sheet of metal (L) “platno”. has rusted and deteriorated”. 45 diarrhea – very loose bowel (L) “izvalkan”, “mrsen”, movement “nechist”. (D) “drisnik” as in “bebeto go fati drisnik” meaning “the baby dinner – chief meal of the day has diarrhea”. (D) “ruchok” and “vechera” as in “ke dojda na gosti za ruchok i die – cease to live, expire vechera” meaning “I will be your (D) “umri” as in “ke umrish ot guest for dinner (lunch and stut” meaning “you will die of supper)”. cold”. (L) “vechera”, “ruchok”. (L) “umira”. dip – immerse bread into liquid different – unlike, of another (D) “makni” as in “makni troa nature chorba” meaning “dip into some (D) “inakov” as in “toj e inakov soup”. ot nas” meaning “he is different (L) “vddabnatina”. from us”. (L) “razlichen”, “poinakov”. direct – extending in a straight line difficult – troublesome, not easy (D) “prav” as in “zevajgo pato (D) “tesko” as in “tesko e, ne e sho odi napravo” meaning “take kolaj” meaning “it’s difficult, it’s the direct route”. not easy”. (L)”prav”, “najkratok”, (L) “tezhok”. “neposreden”.

dig – break up or remove ground dirt – unclean matter that soils (D) “kopa” as in “toj kopu (D) “pra” and “kal” as in dupka” meaning “he is digging a “veľentseto e plno so pra” hole”. meaning “the bed cover is full of (L) “kopa”, “rie”. dirt” and “cheľite ti se invaľkani so kal” meaning “your shoes are dignity – being worthy of soiled with dirt”. honour or respect (L) “nechistotija”, “gjubre”, (D) “ches” as in “toj umre so “gadost”. ches” meaning “he died with dignity”. dirty - soiled (L) “dostoinstvo”. (D) “vaľkan” as in “ratsite ti se vaľkani so graso” meaning dingy – drab, dirty looking “your hands are dirty with (D) “izvaľkan” as in “pľachkite grease”. na toj choek se izvaľkani” (L) “blutkav”, “valkan”, meaning “that person’s clothing “nechist”. is dingy”. disabled – deprived of ability 46 (D) “osakaten” as in “toj e disease – unhealthy condition of osakaten, bumba pukna i mu ga body or mind skrshi nogata” meaning “he is (D) “boles” as in “tie ime boles disabled, a bomb blew up and sho ne se lekva” meaning “they broke his leg”. have an untreatable disease”. (L) “ne sposoven”. (L) “bolest”.

disagree – hold different opinion disgrace – loss of favour or (D) “ne se soglasva” as in “toj ne respect se soglasva so toa sho veľish ti” (D) “stramota” as in “je meaning “he disagrees with what stramota ka se odnosva” you say”. meaning “it is a disgrace how (L) “”ne se soglasuva”, “ima how he conducts himself”. drugo mislenje”. (L) “gubenje na chest”, “sramota”. disappear – pass from sight or existence dish – flat bottomed container (D) “go nema” as in “go nema, for holding food neznam dja ojde” meaning “he (D) “plaa” as in “plaata e disappeared, I don’t know where potrebna za jadenje” meaning he went”. “the dish is used for eating”. (L) “izchusnuva”, “go snemuva”. (L) “vagan”.

disband – disperse, break up dishonest – insincere, fraudulent (D) “se raspushchi” as in (D) “nechesen” as in “toj e “askero se raspushchi” meaning nechesen choek” meaning “he is “the army has disbanded”. a dishonest person”. (L) “se raspushta”. (L) “nechesen”.

discard - give something up, disloyal – unfaithful, lacking throw it away loyalty (D) “frľigo” as in “frľigo toa ne (D) “neveren” as in “toj e chini” meaning “discard it it’s no neveren choek” meaning “he is a good”. disloyal person”. (L) “otfrla”, “napushta”. (L) “neveren”, “nelojalen”, “verolomen”. discharge – fire a rifle (D) “pľusna” as in “toj pľusna distance – extent of space so pushkata i so chifteto” between two points meaning “he discharged the rifle (D) “daľechina” as in “od and the shotgun”. Oshchima do Lerin e dlga (L) “istovaruva”, “puka”. daľechina” meaning “from Oshchima to Lerin is a long distance”. 47 (L) “rasojanie”. do – produce, make, bring about distillery – place where (D) “praj” as in “praj neshcho” alcoholic liquor is distilled meaning “do something”. (D) “kazanche” as in “vo (L) “pravi, “vrshi”. kazancheto se vari rakija” meaning “in the distillery Rakija doctor – physician is distilled”. (D) “ľekar” as in “ľekaro mi ga (L) “mesto kade se vari rakija”. zakrpi ranata” meaning “the doctor stitched up my wound”. distinguish – observe or identify (L) “doktor”, “lekar”. a difference (D) “razľika” as in “dali mozhish dog – four legged carnivorous da vidish razľika megu toj i animal related to the wolf taa?” meaning “can you (D) “kuche” as in “kucheto lae” distinguish between him and meaning “the dog is barking”. her?” (L) “kuche”, “pes”. (L) “se razlikuva”. dogwood – shrub with dark red distrust – lack of trust branches (D) “nedoverba” as in “ima (D) “dren” as in “drvoto ot dren nedoverba megu nimu” meaning e mnogu jako” meaning “the “there is distrust between them”. wood from dogwood is very (L) “nedoverba”, “somnenje”. hard”. (L) “dren”. ditch – long narrow excavated channel done - complete (D) “doazha” and “jaz” as in (D) “dostori” as in “rabotata ga “doazhata e vo gornata maala” dostori” meaning “I have done meaning “the ditch is in the the job”. upper neighbourhood” and “jazo (L) “od do”. e vo dolnata maala na Oshchima” meaning “the ditch is donkey – domestic ass in the lower neighbourhood of (D) “magare” as in “magareto Oshchima”. pasi vo livadata” meaning “the (L) “jaz”, “okop”. donkey is grazing in the meadow”. divide – separate into parts (L) “magare”. (D) “deľi” as in “deľiga stokata megu dvata brakja” meaning door – closing to entrance “divide the property between the (D) “vrata” as in “zatforia two brothers”. vratata” meaning “close the (L) “deli”, “se raziduva”, “se door”. oddeluva”. (L) “vrata”. 48 (L) “dremi”, “lesen son”. dot – small round mark or spot (D) “tochka” as in “claj tochka dream – what a person sees na dostoroko” meaning “place a when sleeping dot at the end”. (D) “son” as in “koa spie ime (L) “tochka”. aren son” meaning “when I slept I had a good dream”. double - twofold (L) “son”. (D) “dvojno” as in “mi bordzhish dvojno” meaning “you owe me dress – put on or wear clothes double”. (D) “obľeka” and “fustan” (L) “dvokratno”, “dvojnik”. meaning “si kupi ubaa obľeka” meaning “I bought myslelf a nice dove – bird with short legs and dress” and “zhenata si kupi small head fustan” meaning “the woman (D) “prľitsa” as in “prľitsata e bought herself a dress”. simbol za mir” meaning “the (L) “obleka”, “fustan”. dove is a symbol of peace”. (L) “gulab”. dribble – allow saliva to flow from the mouth down – towards a lower place (D) “se ľigae” as in “bebeto se (D) “dolu” as in “jas zhivam ľigae” meaning “the baby is tamo dolu” meaning “I live down dribbling”. there”. (L) “se ligavi”. (L) “dolu”. drift – mass of snow or sand downpour – heavy fall of rain driven along or heaped by wind (D) “turva dosh” as in “tsel den (D) “namet” as in “vetro go dua turva dosh” meaning “it is snego i praj namet” meaning downpouring all day”. “the wind is blowing the snow (L) “poroen dozhd”. into a drift”. (L) “struja”, “tok”, “pravets”. dowry – property or money brought by a bride to her drink – swallow liquid husband (D) “napise” as in “napise voda” (D) “prikja” as in “neestata ima meaning “drink water”. bogata prikja” meaning “the (L) “napiva”. bride has a rich dowry”. (L) “miraz”, “prirodna darba”. drip – fall of drops (D) “kapi” as in “voda kapi ot doze – sleep light chatiata” meaning “water is (D) “dremi” as in “na babata mu dripping from the roof”. se dremi” meaning “grandma is (L) “kapi”, “teche”. dozing”. 49 drop – small round portion of is drunk from drinking too much liquid wine”. (D) “kapka” as in “kapka po (L) “pijan”. kapka kobľitsata se plni so voda” meaning “drop by drop the dry – not wet, without moisture bucket is being filled with (D) “suvo” as in “olnisheto e water”. suvo” meaning “the field is dry”. (L) “kapka”. (L) “sushi”. drought – prolonged spell duck – swimming bird female without rain (D) “patka” as in “edna patka, (D) “susha” as in “susha ne fati, dve patki” meaning “one duck, sfe ke izgori” meaning “drought two ducks”. has caught us, everything will (L) “pajka”, “shatka”. burn”. (L) “susha”, “zhed”, “nedostig”. dumb – unable to speak (D) “nem” as in “toj e nem, ne drown – suffocate by mozhi da zborva” meaning “he is submersion in water dumb, he cannot speak”. (D) “se udaj” as in “deteto se (L) “nem”. udaj, ne znaeshe ka da pľiva” meaning “the boy drowned, he dung - manure did not know how to swim”. (D) “lepeshka” and (L) “se davi”. “papareshka” as in “lepeshki i papareshki se arni za gnoenje drug – medicine, narcotic gradinjeto” meaning “dung is (D) “biľka” as in “ľekaro mu good for fertilizing the gardens”. dade biľka” meaning “the doctor (L) “lepeshka”, “gjubre”. gave him a drug”. (L) “lek”, “lekarstvo”. dusk – darkness stage of twilight (D) “mrak” as in “padna mrak, drum – musical instrument brzo ke se stemni” meaning consisting of stretched skin over “dusk has fallen, it will soon be cylinder dark”. (D) “tapan” as in “tapano se (L) “samrak”. shchuka ot daľeku” meaning “the drum can be heard from far”. dust – fine powder of earth or (L) “tapan”. other substence (D) “duman” and “pra” as in drunk – under the influence of “vetro krea mnogu duman” alcohol meaning “the wind is raising a (D) “pijan” as in “toj e pijan ot lot of dust” and “ima mnogu pra pienje mnogu vino” meaning “he vo kukjata” meaning “there is a lot of dust in the house”. 50 (L) “prav”, “prashok”. east – point of horizon where dwarf – below normal size sun rises person, animal or plant (D) “istok” as in “sntseto ugre ot (D) “dzhudzhe” as in “eden istok i zajde na zapat” meaning mnogu niski choek e dzhudzhe” “the sun rose from the east and meaning “a very short person is set to the west”. a dwarf”. (L) “istok”. (L) “kepets”, “dzhudzhe”. Easter – Christian festival in dye – substance used to change spring colour of fabric (D) “Veľivden” as in “Veľivden (D) “boja” as in “boja za e goľem praznik” meaning vapsvanje platno” meaning “dye “Easter is a grand holiday”. for colouring a fabric”. (L) “Veligden”. (L) “boja”. easy – not difficult (D) “kolaj” as in “e kolaj da E zborvash” meaning “it’s easy to talk”. each – everyone of two or more (L) “lesen”, “udoben”, (D) “sekoj” as in “sekoj ima “spokoen”. pravo da zborva” meaning “each has the right to speak”. eat – take into the mouth, chew (L) “sekoj”. and swallow (D) “jadi” as in “ajde jadi troa eagle – a large bird of prey po brzo” meaning “lets go eat a (D) “sokol” as in “chuaj little faster”. kokoshkite ot sokolo” meaning (L) “jade”. “protect the chickens from the eagle”. edible – fit to be eaten (L) “orel”. (D) “se jadi” as in “ako ne gorchi i ne e kiselo se jadi” ear – organ of hearing meaning “if it’s not bitter or sour (D) “ushe” as in “usheto e za it is edible”. shchukanje” meaning “the ear is (L) “se jade”. for hearing”. (L) “uvo”, “sluh”. education – systematic instruction early – before the due (D) “nauka” as in “odi na skoľje (D) “rano” as in “stigname da dobiesh nauka” meaning “go mnogu rano” meaning “we to school to get an education”. arrived very early”. (L) “vospituvanje”, (L) “ran”, “preran”, “rano”. “obrazovanje”, “odgleduvanje”. 51 eleven – one more than ten effort – strenuous physical or (D) “edinajse” as in “edinajse mental activity godini” meaning “eleven years”. (D) “obid” as in “obidise i (L) “edinaeset”. krenigo” meaning “put some effort into it and lift it”. eliminate – remove, get rid of (L) “napor”, “trud”, “obid”. (D) “isfrľi” as in “isfrľigo ne chini za nishcho” meaning egg – oval body produced by “eliminate it it’s worthless”. female of birds (L) “isfrla”, “izostava”. (D) “jajtse” as in “kokoshkata snese jajtse” meaning “the ember – small piece of live coal chicken layed an egg”. (D) “jagľen” as in “jagľen e (L) “jajtse”. eden zapalen zhar” meaning “an ember is a single lit charcoal”. eight – one more than seven (L) “iskra”, “zhiv zhar”. (D) “osom” as in “osom, edno pojke ot sedom” meaning “eight, embrace – hold closely in the one more than seven”. arms (L) “osum”. (D) “zgrabi” as in “zgrabigo deteto i kazhi mu sho go eighteen – one more than milvash” meaning “embrace the seventeen boy and let him know that you (D) “osomnajse” as in love him”. “osomnajse, edno po troa ot (L) “pregratka”, “pregrbuvanje”. devetnajse” meaning “eighteen, one less than nineteen”. embroider – decorate cloth with (L) “osumnaeset”. needlework (D) “vezi” as in “baba vezi elbow – joint between forearm shamiche” meaning “grandma is and upper arm embroidering a handkerchief”. (D) “lako” meaning “lakoto e (L) “veze”. megu ramoto i rakata” meaning “the elbow is between the empire – extensive group of shoulder and the hand”. states under single authority (L) “lakot”. (D) “imberija” as in “imberijata na Aleksander Makedontski” elder – senior, of greater age meaning “the empire of (D) “postar” as in “dedomi e Alexander the Macedonian”. postar ot tatkomi” meaning “my (L) “tsarevina”, “imperija”. grandfather is elder to my father”. employee – person employed for (L) “postar”. wages

52 (D) “rabotnik” as in “toj e rabotnik vo Oshchimtskio enemy – hostile state or person dukian” meaning “he is an (D) “dushman” as in “toj e employee at the Oshchimian dushman na drzhaata” meaning store”. “he is an enemy of the state”. (L) “sluzhbenik”. (L) “nepriatel”, “protivnik”.

empty – containing nothing energy – capacity for activity (D) “prazno” as in “kotleto e (D) “sila” and “energija” as in prazno, nema nishcho vo neo” “toj ima mnogu sila” meaning meaning “the kettle is empty, “he has a lot of energy” and there is nothing in it”. “letrichna energija” meaning (L) “prazen”, “pust”. “electrical energy”. (L) “energija”, “sila”. enclosure – enclosed space or area English – as in language (D) “ograda” as in “stisojte se (D) “Angľitski” as in “nie ograda na dvoro” meaning “the sborvame Angľitski” meaning walls are the yard’s enclosure”. “we speak English”. (L) “ogradenost”, “ograda”, (L) “Angliski”. “opkruzhuvanje”. Englishman – one who is end – furthest point English (D) “dostorok” and “kraj” as in (D) “Angľichanets” as in “eden “odvaj dojde dostorok” meaning msh ot Angľija e Angľichanets” “finely the end came” and meaning “a man from England is “dojdome do kraj” meaning “we an Englishman” came to the end”. (L) “Anglichanets” (L) “kraj”, “zavrshetok”. enough – as much or as many as endless – without end required (D) “bez dostorok” as in “ovaa e (D) “dosta” as in “ajde dosta ne rabota bez dostorok” meaning ti treba pojke” meaning “that’s “this is an endless job”. enough you don’t need any (L) “vechen”, “beskraen” more”. (L) “dovolno”, “dosta”. endure – undergo, tolerate (D) “trae” and “trpi” as in “neka entire – whole, complete trae ushche troa” meaning “let (D) “tsel” as in “ti go izede tsel him endure a little longer” and peshnik lep?” meaning “you ate “trpia boleata ushche troa” the entire loaf of bread?”. meaning “endure the pain a little (L) “potpoli”, “tsel”. longer”. (L) “podnesuva”, “trpi”, “trae”. entrance – place for entering 53 (D) “vlez” as in “vlezo e tuka” (L) “bega”, “pobegnuva”. meaning “the entrance is here”. (L) “vlez”, “vleguvanje”. estimate - approximate (D) “ottseni” as in “aide envelope – folded paper for ottsenigo, kazhimi kolku e?” letters meaning “let’s go estimate it, tell (D) “pľik” as in “klajgo pismoto me how much it is”. vo pľiko” meaning “put the (L) “otsenuva”, “presmetuva”. letter in the envelope”. (L) “kovert”, “obvivka”, European – from Europe “chaura”. (D) “Evropeets” as in “choek ot Evropa se vika Evropeets” equal – the same in number, meaning “a person from Europe size, merit, etc. is called European”. (D) “tokmu” and “isti” as in (L) “Evropeets”. “tokmu se na visochina” meaning “they are equal in even – level, smooth, uniform height” and “isti se na tsena” (D) “ramen” as in “stiso e ramen meaning “they are equal in na jobete strni” meaning “the value”. wall is even on both sides”. (L) “ist”, “ednakov”. (L) “ramen”, “ednakov”. erase – rub out evening – from sunset to (D) “izbrishi” as in “izbrishi toa bedtime, late in the day sho pisa” meaning “erase that (D) “vecher” as in “vecher ke which you wrote”. ojme na kino” meaning “this (L) “izbrishuva”, “brishe”. evening we are going to a cinematographic show”. erect – upright, vertical (L) “vecher”. (D) “prostum” as in “sedi prostum” meaning “stand erect”. event – thing that takes place (L) “isprava”, “osnovuva”. (D) “nastan” as in “vo Sabota Oshchima ke ima eden nastan” error - mistake meaning “on Saturday Oshchima (D) “greshka” as in “ne se will have an event”. sakaldisfaj, sekoj eden praj (L) “sluchaj”, “nastan”. greshki” meaning “don’t get upset, everyone makes mistakes”. every – each single (L) “greshka”. (D) “sekoj” as in “sekoj den jas oda na rabota” meaning “every escape – get free of restriction day I go to work”. (D) “pobegna” as in “mu (L) “sekoj”, “sje”. pobegna ot apsanata” meaning “he escaped from prison”. everything – all things 54 (D) “sfe” as in “toj ima sfe sho pass by” and “prostime, ne mu treba” meaning “he has trebashe da go recha toa” everything he needs”. meaning “excuse me I shouldn’t (L) “sje”, “seshto”. have said that”. (L) “izvinuvanje”, evil – morally bad, wicked, “oravduvanje”. harmful (D) “losho” as in “toa sho go exhale – breathe out prajsh e losho” meaning “that (D) “se izdishi” as in “toj se which you are doing is evil”. izdishi koga tezheata mu (L) “zlo”, “nevola”, “grev”, opadna” meaning “he exhaled as “losh”. the weight lessened”. (L) “izvetruva”, “izdishuva”. exact – accurate, correct (D) “tokmu” as in “toa vlegva exit – going out tokmu” meaning “it is an exact (D) “izlez” as in “tuka e izlezo” fit”. meaning “here is the exit”. (L) “tochen”, “odreden”. (L) “izlez”. example – thing characteristic of expensive – costing much its kind (D) “skpo” as in “toa e skpo ke (D) “primer” as in “tuka e eden mi treba mnogu pari da go kupa” primer” meaning “here is an meaning “that is expensive I will example”. need a lot of money to buy it”. (L) “primer”, “primerok”. explain – make clear or excavate – dig out intelligible (D) “iskopa” as in “go iskopae (D) “dokazhi” as in “dokazhimi goľemio kamen” meaning “they sho se stori” meaning “explain to excavated the big rock”. me what happened”. (L) “iskopuva”. (L) “objasnuva”, “tolkuva”. exchange – giving one thing and extend – lengthen in space or receiving another time (D) “premeni” as in “sakam do (D) “istegni” as in “istegnigo go premena kaferenjo kustum za troa da stigni do kraj” meaning sif” meaning “I want to exchange “extend it a little to reach the my brown suit for gray”. end”. (L) “menuvanje”, “promena”. (L) “rastegnuva”, “pazvlekuva”. excuse – try to lessen blame external – situated on the (D) “izvini” and “prosti” as in outside “izvinime, sakam da pomina” meaning “excuse me, I want to 55 (D) “nadvoreshno” as in “e fade – lose colour nudvoreshno drushtvo” meaning (D) “ovena” as in “tsveketo “it is an external organization”. ovena” meaning “the flower has (L) “nadvoreshen”, “stranski”. faded”. (L) “ovenuva”, “bledi”, “gubi eye – organ of sight boja”. (D) “oko” as in “edno oko, dve ochi” meaning “one eye, two fair – just, equitable eyes”. (D) “chesen” as in “toj e mnogu (L) “oko”. chesen choek” “meaning “he is a very fair person”. eyebrow – fringe of hair (L) “redoven”, “spravedliv”, growing above eye “chesen”. (D) “vezha” as in “zhenata ima ubaj vezhi” meaning “the woman faith – complete trust has nice eyebrows”. (D) “vera” as in “taa e ot (L) “vegja”. Risjantska vera” meaning “she is of the Christian faith”. eyelash – hair on edge of eyelid (L) “vera”, “poverba”, “riligija”. (D) “kľepka” as in “chupata ima dlgi kľepki” meaning “the young fake – thing or person that is not lady has long eyelashes”. genuine (L) “klepka”. (D) “mamen” as in “parcheto e mameno” meaning “the little coin is fake”. F (L) “odmana”, “trik”, “falsifikat”. fabric – woven material (D) “platno” as in “pľachki se fall - descend prae ot platno” meaning “clothes (D) “padna” as in “ke padnish ot are made from fabric”. kono” meaning “you will fall off (L) “gradba”, “sklop”, “sostav”. the horse”. (L) “pad”, “napagjanje”. face – front of head from forehead to chin false – wrong, incorrect (D) “ľitse”, “obras” and (D) “lazhen” as in “lafo nemni e “muchka” as in “imash prepno lazhen” meaning “his word is ľitse” meaning “you have a false”. pretty face”, “izmisi go obrazo” (L) “lazhen”, “pogreshen”, meaning “wash your face” and “lazhliv”. “ne praj mutska” meaning “don’t make a face”. family – set of parents and (L) “litse”, “izraz”. children

56 (D) “fameľija” as in “jas imam (L) “mast”, “salo”. goľema fameľija” meaning “I have a big family”. father – male parent (L) “semejstvo”. (D) “tatko” as in “sekoj eden ima tatko i majka” meaning famous – well known “everyone has a father and (D) “poznat” as in “toj e poznat mother”. vo site sela” meaning “he is (L) “tatko”. famous in all the villages”. (L) “slaven”, “prochuen”, fear – emotion coused by “odlichen”. exposure to danger (D) “stra” as in “na neo mu e far – a great distance away stra ot vlko” meaning “he fears (D) “daľeku” as in “ke odam the wolf”. daľeku” meaning “I am going (L) “strav”, “uplav”. far”. (L) “daleku”. feast – large meal (D) “gozba” as in “na Bozhik ke farm – area for growing crops imame golema gozba” meaning (D) “zemiodel” as in “ovoj e moj “at Christmas we will have a zemiodel” meaning “this is my great feast”. farm”. (L) “gozba”. (L) “polski imot”, “farma”. feather – appendage growing fast – rapid, quick moving from a bird’s skin (D) “brs” as in “mojo kon e po (D) “perduf” as in “ovoj e perduf brs ot tfojo” meaning “my horse ot sokol” meaning “this is an is faster than yours”. eagle feather”. (L) “brz”. (L) “pero”.

fat – containing much fat fee – sum payable to (D) “debel” and “zgoen” as in (D) “naplata” as in “dajmiga “jas si po debel ot tebe ama i ti si naplatata” meaning “give me my dosta zgoen” meaning “I am fee”. fatter than you but you are fat (L) “naplata”, “chlanarina”. enough yourself”. (L) “debel”, “zgoen”. feed – put food in mouth (D) “rani” as in “rani me so ľep” fat – oily or greasy substance meaning “feed me with bread”. found in animal bodies (L) “hrani”. (D) “loj” as in “mesoto ima mnogu loj, ke go naprajme salo” feed – food for animals meaning “the meat has a lot of fat we will make it into lard”. 57 (D) “rana” as in “claj rana za “during the festival we will have pravdata” meaning “put feed for a feast”. the animals”. (L) “praznik”, “svechenost”, (L) “krma”, “hrana”. “gozba”

female – of the sex that can bear fever – abnormal high body offspring temperature (D) “zhentska” as in “bebeto e (D) “treska” as in “bebeto go fati zhentsko” meaning “the baby is treska” meaning “the baby has female”. caught a fever”. (L) “zhena”, “zhenski”. (L) “treska”.

fence - barrier few – not many, small number, (D) “ograda” as in “kotaro e several ograden so trnje” meaning “the (D) “nekolku” and “troa” as in corral has been fenced with “dajmi nekolku domati i troa thorn trees”. piperki” meaning “give me a few (L) “ograda”, “plot”. tomatoes and a few peppers”. (L) “malu”, “nekolku”. fern – a kind of flowerless plant (D) “papra” as in “papra rasti vo field – area of open land Slafkoa Padina” meaning “ferns (D) “niva”, “olnishche” and grow in Slafkoa Padina”. “ornitsa” as in “vo nivata sadime (L) “papra”. rsh, vo olnisheto sadime krtuľi, i vo ornitsata ne samide nishcho fertile – producing abundance of za toa se vika ornitsa” meaning vegetation or crops “in the field we plant rye, in the (D) “plodno” as in “zemata vo field we plant potatoes, and in Oshchima e mnogu plodna” that field we plant nothing that is meaning “the soil in Oshchima is why it is called a fallow field”. very fertile”. (L) “ramnina”, “livada”, “pole”. (L) “ploden”, “plodoroden”. fig – soft pear shaped fruit fertilize – make soil fertile (D) “smokva” as in “smokvata e (D) “ognoj” as in “gradinata se mnogu blaga” meaning “the fig ognojva so gnoj” meaning “the is very sweet”. garden is fertilized with (L) “smokva”. manure”. (L) “nagjubruva”. fight – physical struggle, war, battle, combat festival - celebration (D) “boj” and “borba” as in (D) “praznik” as in “vo prazniko “starite vele ke ima boj, ke e ke imame gozba” meaning golema borba” meaning “the old

58 are saying there will be a fight, it will be a big fight”. fir – evergreen coniferous tree (L) “borba”, “bitka”, “sudir”, (D) “cham” as in “toj cham e “tepanitsa”. visok i zelen” meaning “that fir tree is tall and green”. fill – to make full (L) “elka”. (D) “naplna” as in “cheshata se naplna so voda” meaning “the fire – process of combustion glass got filled with water”. (D) “ogan” as in “ogan gori” (L) “napolnuva”. meaning “fire burns”. (L) “ogan”, “plamen”, “zhar”. filth – extreme dirt (D) “nechista” as in “kukjata ti e fireplace – grate or hearth for nechista” meaning “your house domestic use is filthy”. (D) “ognishche” as in “ogan gori (L) “nechistotija”. vo ognishcheto” meaning “fire burns in the fireplace”. final – at the end (L) “ognishte”, “kamin”. (D) “posleden” as in “toj e posleden pat sho ke ti recha” first – foremost in time meaning “this is the final time (D) “prf” as in “ti si prf vo that I will tell you”. nauka” meaning “you are first in (L) “posleden”, “kraen”. learning”. (L) “prv”, “preden”. find - discover (D) “najdi” as in “najdi neshcho fish – vertebrate cold blooded ubao” meaning “find something animal with gills and fins living good”. in water (L) “naogja”, “otkriva”. (D) “riba” as in “ima ribi vo rekata” meaning “there are fish finger – any of the five terminal in the river”. members of the hand (L) “riba”. (D) “prst” as in “imam pet prsti vo rakata” meaning “I have five fist – closed hand fingers on my hand”. (D) “tupantsa” as in “zatforia (L) “prst”. rakata i napraj tupantsa” meaning “close your hand and finish – bring to an end make a fist”. (D) “dostori” and “sfrshi” as in (L) “tupantsa”. “musikata dostori” meaning “the music is finished” and “sfrshigo flag – material used as a jadenjeto” meaning “finish your country’s emblem meal”. (L) “kraj”, “zavrshetok”. 59 (D) “zname” as in “znameto se soft between the skin and bones vee” meaning “the flag is is called flesh”. waving”. (L) “meso”, “telo”. (L) “zname”. float – rests on surface of liquid flame – ignited gas (D) “plovi” as in “drvo plovi nat (D) “plamen” as in “pľemnite se voda” meaning “wood floats on vo plamen” meaning “the barns water”. are in flames”. (L) “plivka”, “plovi”. (L) “plamen”. flock – number of sheep, goats flash – sudden short blaze or or birds flame (D) “buľug” as in “vidi, eden (D) “lsna” as in “sfetlina lsna i buľug oftsi” meaning “look, a rofja udri” meaning “light flock of sheep”. flashed and lightning hit”. (L) “jato”, “tolpa”, “grupa”. (L) “sjaj”, “bolskot”. flood – overflowing of water flat – horizontal, level, spread (D) “bura” as in “rekata isteche, out se stori bura” meaning “the river (D) “ramno” as in “mestoto e is running, it is becoming a ramno” meaning “the place is flood”. flat”. (L) “poplava potol”, “tek”, (L) “ramnina”, “kat”. “navodnuva”.

flavour – mingled sensation of flour –powder made by milling smell and taste grain (D) “fkus” as in “nema ich fkus” (D) “brashno” as in “ľep se braj meaning “it has no taste”. ot brashno” meaning “bread is (L) “vkus”. made from flour”. (L) “brashno”. flea – small winged jumping insect feeding on blood flow – moving liquid (D) “voshka” as in “taa ima (D) “techi” as in “voda techi” voshki vo kosata” meaning “she meaning “water flows”. has fleas in her hair”. (L) “tek”, “techenje”. (L) “bolva”. flower – part of plant from flesh – soft substance between which fruit or seed is developed skin and bones (D) “tsvekje” as in “edno prepno (D) “meso” as in “toa sho e meko tsvekje za edna prepna moma” megu kozhata i koskite se vika meaning “a pretty flower for a meso” meaning “that which is pretty lady”. (L) “tsvekje”. 60 food – nourishment fly – move through the air by (D) “jadenje” and “rana” as in means of wings “dajmu jadenje da jade, ima (D) “lita” as in “vrapcheto mozhi rana za site” meaning “give them da lita” meaning “the bird can food to eat, there is food for fly”. everyone”. (L) “let”, “polet”. (L) “hrana”, “jadenje”.

fog – thick cloud of water fool – person who thinks and droplets or smoke near earth’s acts unwisely surface (D) “budala” as in “aide, ne se (D) “mngla” as in “ima mngla raspraaj so nego, toj e budala” sekade” meaning “there is fog meaning “let’s go, don’t debate everywhere”. with him, he is a fool”. (L) “magla”. (L) “glupav”, “budala”.

fold – bend or close over upon foot – end part of leg itself (D) “noga” and “pacha” as in (D) “vitka” as in “ne mia vitkaj “edna noga, dve nodzi” meaning koshuľata” meaning “don’t fold “one foot, two feet” and “pachite my shirt”. mi se vodeni” meaning “my feet (L) “prevoj”, “pregib”. are wet”. (L) “noga”, “taban”. folk – people of specific class or people in general for – in defence, support, or (D) “ľuge” as in “tie se moj favour of ľuge” meaning “they are my (D) “za” as in “eden za site i site folk”. za eden” meaning “one for all (L) “narod”, “luge”. and all for one”. (L) “za”, “poradi”, “dokolku”. folklore – traditional beliefs (D) “prikazni” as in “prikazni se forbid – order not to do things kazve so zbor” meaning “folklore (D) “zabrani” and “sprechi” as is told orally”. in “sprechigo neo i zabrania nea (L) “prikaski”. da ne mozhe da si ode” meaning “forbid him and borbid her so follow – go or come after person they can’t leave”. or thing preceeding ahead (L) “zabranuva”, “sprechuva”. (D) “odi po” as in “odi po toj choek” meaning “follow that force – strength, power, imetus person”. (D) “sila” as in “treba sila (L) “predruzhiva”, “odi po goľema da go turnish kameno” nekogo”, “sledi”. meaning “great force is required to push the stone”. 61 (L) “sila”, “mokj”. (D) “napre” as in “samo napre kamo fronto” meaning “only foreign – of a country or forward towards the front”. language other than own (L) “preden”. (D) “chuzh” as in “toj e chuzh choek, ne go znam” meaning “he fox – four legged animal from is foreign person, I don’t know the dog family him”. (D) “ľisitsa” as in “ľisitsata ne (L) “tugj”, “stranski”. chua kokoshki” meaning “the fox does not guard chickens”. forest – large area covered with (L) “lisitsa”. trees (D) “orman” as in “vo ormano freckle – light brown spot on ima mnogu drva” meaning “in skin the forest there are a lot of (D) “damka” as in “chupeto e trees”. plno so damki” meaning “the (L) “shuma”. girl is full of freckles”. (L) “pega”, “damka”. forget – not remember (D) “zaboraj” as in “da me free – not a slave or under prostish, zaboraj sho mi reche” control of another meaning “forgive me, I forget (D) “sloboden” as in “toj e what you said”. sloboden da bega” meaning “he (L) “zaborava”, “zapostavuva”. is free to go”. (L) “sloboden”, “nezavisen”. forgive – cease to feel angry or resentful towards someone freeze – turn into ice or other (D) “prosti” as in “da me solid by cold prostish, ne shchukna sho reche” (D) “zamrzna” as in “zamrzna ot meaning “forgive me, I didn’t stut” meaning “I froze from the hear what you said”. cold”. (L) “prostava”, “izvinuva”. (L) “mrzne”. fork – pronged implement used fresh – newly made or obtained for eating (D) “presen” as in “baba pechi (D) “viľushka” as in “meso se presen ľep” meaning “grandma jadi so viľusjka” meaning “meat is baking fresh bread”. is eaten with a fork”. (L) “svezh”, “presen”, “chist”. (L) “vila”, “viljuska”. friend – person with whom one forward – onwards or towards enjoys mutual affection and the front regard (D) “priateľ” as in “ti imash eden priateľ i edna priateľka” 62 meaning “you have a friend meaning “you will need a funnel (male) and a friend (female)”. to pour wine into the bottle”. (L) “priatel”. (L) “oluk”, “inka”. frog – small smooth-skinned funny – amusing, comical leaping amphibian without tail (D) “smeshno” as in “toa sho mi (D) “zhaba” as in “enda zhaba, kaza e smeshno” meaning “that dve zhabi” meaning “one frog, which you told me is funny”. two frogs”. (L) “smeshen”. (L) “zhaba”. fur – hair of certain animals, from – expressing separation of animal skin origin, followed by person, (D) “kozha” and “vlna” as in place, time, etc. “kozha ot koza i vlna ot oftsa” (D) “ot” meaning “ot tuka do meaning “goat’s fur (skin) and tamo” meaning “from here to sheep’s fur (wool)”. there”. (L) “krzno”, “vlakno”. (L) “od”. further – more far in space fry – cook in hot fat (D) “po daľeku” as in “odi po (D) “przhi” as in “baba przhi daľeku” meaning “go further”. ribi vo tigano” meaning (L) “podalechen”, “kraen”. “grandma is frying fish in the pan”. (L) “przhi”. G

full – holding all its limit will gain – obtain or secure allow (D) “kjari” as in “kjari pojke (D) “plno” as in “tendzhereto e pari” meaning “I gained more plno so jadenje” meaning “the money”. pot is full with food”. (L) “dobivka”, “zarabotka”. (L) “poli”. game – form of play or sport funeral – burial or cremation (D) “igra” as in “ovaa e (D) “zakop” as in “denes se detintska igra” meaning “this is zakopa dedomi” meaning “today a children’s game”. is my grandfather’s funeral”. (L) “igra”, “shega”, “razonoda”. (L) “pogreb”, “zakop”. gap – breach in fence or wall, funnel – narrow tube widening empty space at the top (D) “treskotina” as in “ima (D) “inka” as in “ke ti treba inka treskotina megu stiso i vratata” da turish vino vo shisheto” meaning “there is a gap between the wall and the door”. 63 (L) “puknatina”, “prodor”, “jaz”. (D) “zeva” as in “zevaj pari ot bankata” meaning “get money garlic – plant with pungent bulb from the bank”. used in cooking (L) “dobiva”, “prima”. (D) “luk” as in “ako jadish luk ke ti smrdi duho” meaning “if you gift - present eat garlic your breath will stink”. (D) “dar” and “podarok” as in (L) “luk”. “ovoj dar e ot mene ti go davam tebe ko podarok” meaning “this garment – article of dress gift is from me I am giving it to (D) “pľachka” as in “koshulata e you as a gift”. pľachka” meaning “the shirt is a (L) “dar”, “podarok”. garment”. (L) “obleka”. girl – female child, young wouman gas – air like (D) “chupe” as in “malo (D) “gas” as in “vetro e gas sho chupale, stredno chupe i goľema dishime” meaning “the air is a chupa” meaning “small, girl, gas we breathe”. medium girl and big girl”. (L) “gas”. (L) “devojka”. gate – barrier used to open or give – transfer possession close an entrance or exit (D) “daj” as in “daj me voda da (D) “porta” as in “portata e se napija” meaning “give me otforena” meaning “the gate is water to drink”. open”. (L) “dava”. (L) “porta”, “premnik”, “vlez”. glad - pleased gather – bring or come together (D) “radosen” as in “si radosen (D) “soberi” as in “odi soberi date vida” meaning “I am glad to eden kosh jabolka” meaning “go see you”. gather a bushel of apples”. (L) “radosen”, “zadovolen”, (L) “sobira”. “vesel”.

gentle – not rough or severe, glance – look briefly kind (D) “ispuľi” and “dzirna” as in (D) “krotok” as in “toj e krotok “taa se ispuľi kamo mene i me choek” meaning “he is a gentle dzirna so losho oko” meaning person”. “she glanced my way and (L) “otmen”. glanced at me with her evil eye”. (L) “brz pogled”. get - receive

64 glass – hard transparent God – worshiped supernatural substance made by fusing sand being with soda (D) “Gosp” as in “Gospo da go (D) “dzham” as in “ima dzham prosti” meaning “may God vo pendzhero” meaning “there is forgive him”. glass in the window”. (L) “Bog”. (L) “staklo”. gold – precious yellow metallic gloat – look or ponder with element greedy or malicious pleasure (D) “zlato” as in “zemata vo (D) “se due” as in “vidigo ka se Oshchima e plna so zlato” due” meaning “look at him meaning “the ground in gloat”. Oshchima is full of Gold”. (L) “gleda btrencheno”. (L) “zlato”. glory – renown, honourable good – worthy, adequate, proper fame (D) “dobro” and “arno” as in “ne (D) “slava” as in “slava na beri dert, napraj dobro” meaning Gospo” meaning “glory to God”. “don’t wory, you did good” and (L) “slava”. “e arno toa sho go napraj” meaning “it’s good that which glove – hand-covering you did”. (D) “narakfitsa” an in “klajsi (L) “dobro”, “korist”. narakfitsa ako ti studi vo rakata” meaning “put on a glove if your goose – webfooted bird larger hand is cold”. than duck (L) “narakfitsa”. (D) “gska” as in “vo Kanada ima mnogu gski” meaning “in glow – emit flameless light Canada there are many geese”. (D) “sfeti” as in “zharta vo ogno (L) “guska”. sfeti” meaning “the coals in the fire glow”. grab – seize suddenly (L) “sveti”, “bleska”. (D) “drpna”, “chapna” and “grabna” as in “mi a drpna go – start moving torbata, mi a chapna kapata i mi (D) “odi” as in “odi doma” a grabna koshnitsata” meaning meaning “go home”. “he grabbed my bag, he grabbed (L) “odi”, “patuva”, “minuva”. my hat and he grabbed my basket”. goat – small horned ruminant (L) “sfakja”, “zgabuva”. (D) “koza” as in “edna diva koza” meaning “one wild goat”. grain – fruit of seed or cereal (L) “koza”. (D) “zhito” and “zrno” as in “so zhito se praj brashno” meaning 65 “with grain flour is made” and meaning “there are many “edno zrno jachmen” meaning grasshoppers in the grass”. “a grain of barley”. (L) “skakulets” (L) “zrno”, “seme”. gratful - thankful grandfather – male grandparent (D) “blagodaren” as in “si (D) “dedo” as in “dedo mi mnogu blagodaren za pomoshta” kazhva prikazni” meaning “my meaning “I am grateful for the grandfather tells me stories”. help”. (L) “dedo”. (L) “blagodaren”, “priaten”. grandmother – female grave – hole dug for burial grandparent (D) “grop” as in “grop e dupka (D) “baba” as in “baba praj vo zemata” meaning “a grave is zelnik” meaning “my a hole in the ground”. grandmother is making zelnik”. (L) “grob”. (L) “baba”. gravel – coarse sand and small grandson – male grandchild stones (D) “mnuk” as in “baba ima dve (D) “ajľik” as in “zameshaj mnuchina, mnuk i mnuka” pesok, ajľik i chimento” meaning “grandma has two meaning “mix sand, gravel and grandchildren, a grandson and a cement”. granddaughter”. (L) “krupen pesok”. (L) “vnuk”. gravestone – stone marking grape – green, purple or black grave fruit growing on vine (D) “pametnik” as in “nat grobo (D) “grozje” as in “vino se praj ima pametnik” meaning “on the ot grozje” meaning “wine is grave there is a gravestone”. made from grapes”. (L) “nadgrobna plocha”. (L) “grozje”, “grozd”. graze – eat grass grass – any group of wild low (D) “pasi” as in “magareto pasi lying plants with green blades vo gradinata” meaning “the (D) “treva” as in “oftsite pase donkey is grazing in the garden”. treva” meaning “the sheep graze (L) “pase”. on grass”. (L) “treva”. great – of size or amount (D) “goľem” as in “toj e goľem grasshopper – jumping insect choek” meaning “he is a great (D) “skakuľets” as in “ima person”. mnogu skakuľtsi vo trevata” (L) “golem”, “slaven”, “znachaen”. 66 grind – crush to small particles, greed – excessive desire produce flour (D) “lakomstvo” as in “toj ima (D) “meľi” as in “brashno se golemo lakomstvo” meaning “he meľi vo vodentsata” meaning has much greed”. “flour is ground in the mill”. (L) “alchnost”, “kopnezh”. (L) “mele”, “drobi”, “chkrta”.

greedy – showing greed grip – grasp tightly (D) “lakom” as in “toj e lakom (D) “stegni” as in “stegni mi ga choek” meaning “he is a greedy rakata” meaning “grip my person”. hand”. (L) “alchen”. (L) “stisok”, “drzhenje”.

Greek – of Greece groom - bridegroom (D) “Grk” as in “toj e Grk, taa e (D) “zet” as in “toj e zet, Grkina, tie se Grtsi” meaning mladozhents” meaning “he is a “he is Greek, she is Greek, they groom, newly wed”. are Greek”. (L) “mladozhenets”. (L) “Grk”. ground – surface of the earth green – a colour between blue (D) “zemja” as in “zemjata e and yellow zamrznata” meaning “the ground (D) “zeleno” as in “trevata i is frozen”. ľisjeto se zeleni” meaning “the (L) “zemja”. grass and leaves are green”. (L) “zeleno”, “zelena boja”. group – number of people or things close together greet – address politely (D) “sobrani zaedno” as in “ľuge (D) “pozdravi” as in “pozdravi gi sobrani zaedno” meaning “a mojte priateli za mene” meaning group of people”. “greet my friends for me”. (L) “grupa”, “sobira”. (L) “pozdravuva”. grouse – game bird with grey – a colour between black feathered feet and white (D) “jarembitsa” as in (D) “sivo” as in “kosata na starjo “jarembitsata se lovi” meaning mu e siva” meaning “the old “the grouse is hunted”. man’s hair is grey”. (L) “erebitsa”.

grief – deep or intense sorrow grow – increase in size (D) “zhaľ” as in “mu e mnogy (D) “rasti” as in “drvoto rasti” zhaľ” meaning “grief striken”. meaning “the tree grows”. (L) “bol”, “taga”, “zhalost”. (L) “raste”.

67 growl – natural sound of anger gypsum – mineral used to make (D) “grti” as in “kucheto grti” plaster meaning “the dog growls”. (D) “gipso” as in “stiso e mazhen (L) “rzhi”, “mrmori”. so gipso” meaning “the wall is coated with gypsum”. guess - estimate (L) “gips”. (D) “protseni” as in “aide, protseni, kazhimi kolku e?” gypsy – member of a wondering meaning “let’s go, guess, tell me dark-skinned people how much is it?”. (D) “gjuptin” as in “toj e (L) “protsena”, “zakluchok”. gjuptin” meaning “he is a gypsy”. guest – person invited to visit (L) “gjuptin”. (D) “gostin” as in “toj mi e moj gostin” meaning “he is my guest”. H (L) “gostin”. hail – pellets of frozen rain guilt – feeling of culpability (D) “grat” as in “vrni losh grat” (D) “grej” as in “go fati grej meaning “it is raining bad hail”. zashcho e krif” meaning “he feels (L) “grad”. guilt because he is guilty”. (L) “vina”, “grev”. hair – fine thread-like strands growing from skin gun – any kind of missile firing (D) “kosa”, “vlakno” and “vlna” weapon as in “imash ubaa kosa na (D) “pushka” as in “askero nosi glaata” meaning “you have nice pushki” meaning “the soldiers hair on your head”, “najdu edno carry guns”. vlakno” meaning “I found a (L) “pushka”, “top”, “revolver”. strand of hair” and “oftsite ime krľudzhaa vlna” meaning “sheep gunpowder – explosive powder have curly hair”. (D) “barut” as in “barut gori (L) “kosa”, “vlakno”. brzo” meaning “gunpowder burns fast”. half – one part of something (L) “barut”. divided in two (D) “polojna” as in “toj ti e gut – intestines, bowels polojna brat” meaning “he is (D) “mej” as in “imam golem your half brother”. mej i me boli” meaning “I have a (L) “polovina”. big gut and it hurts me”. (L) “tsrevo”, “utroba”. hammer – tool with heavy end for pounding

68 (D) “chekan” as in “ke ti treba “I am very happy to have met chekan da koesh shajki” you”. meaning “you will need a (L) “srekjen”, “zadovolen”, hammer to nail nails”. “vesel”. (L) “chekan”. hard - firm hand – end part of human arm (D) “jak” as in “kastitsata ima beyond wrist jaka ľupka” meaning “the walnut (D) “raka” as in “edna raka, dve has a hard shell”. ratsi” meaning “one hand, two (L) “tvrd”. hands”. (L) “raka”. harm - damage (D) “zian” as in “ne jadi divi handle – part by which thing is pechurki, ke ti naprae zian” held meaning “don’t eat wild (D) “rachka” as in “fatio mushrooms, they will cause you chekano za rachkata” meaning harm”. “take the hammer by the (L) “shteta”, “povreda”, “zlo”. handle”. (L) “rachka”. harvest – gathering in of crops (D) “soberva” as in “vo esen se handsome – good-looking soberva plodo” meaning “in the (D) “ubaf” as in “a sho ubaf si” fall the crops are harvested”. meaning “oh how handsome you (L) “zhetva”, “berva”, “plod”. are”. (L) “ubav”, “priaten”, hat – cover for the head “blagoroden”. (D) “shapka” and “kapa” as in “jas imam mnogu shapki i kapi” hang – cause thing to be meaning “I have many hats and supported from above caps (hats)”. (D) “visi” and “obesi” as in (L) “sheshir”, “palarija”. “obesigo da visi” meaning “hang it so it will hang”. hate – dislike greatly (L) “obesuva”, “visi”. (D) “pizma” as in “jas ne te pizma” meaning “I don’t hate happen - occur you”. (D) “se stori” as in “toa sho se (L) “omraza”, “mrazi”. stori, se stori” meaning “that which happened, happened”. have – hold in possession (L) “se sluchuva”. (D) “ima” as in “jas imam, ti imash, toj ima, nie imame, vie happy – showing pleasure imate, tie ime” meaning “I have, (D) “radosen” as in “si mnogu you have, he has, we have, you radosen sho te stretna” meaning have, they have”. 69 (L) “ima”. (D) “kup” as in “imam eden kup krtuľi” meaning “I have a heap haven’t – have not of potatoes”. (D) “nema” as in “jas nemam (L) “tolpa”. nishcho” meaning “I have nothing”. hear – listen, perceive with the (L) “nema”. ear (D) “shchuka” as in “toj shchuka hawk – bird of prey with sho velish” meaning “he hears rounded wings what you are saying”. (D) “orľe” as in “orľeto lita brzo (L) “slusha”. i nisko” meaning “the hawk flies fast and low”. heart – organ maintaining blood (L) “sokol”. circulation (D) “srtse” as in “srtseto mi bie” he – male, man, boy, etc. meaning “my heart is pounding”. (D) “toj” as in “toj e aren choek” (L) “srtse”. meaning “he is a good person”. (L) “toj”. heartburn – burning sensation in chest head – upper part of human (D) “zhegojna” as in “me gori body above neck zhegojna” meaning “I have a (D) “glaa” as in “toj ima golema burning heartburn”. glaa” meaning “he has a big head”. heat – being hot (L) “glava”. (D) “goreshchina” as in “na utro e toplo a na ruchok e heal – become healthy goreshchina” meaning “in the (D) “uzdraj” and “ľekva” as in morning it’s warm and at noon “boľata uzdraj” meaning “the it’s hot”. wound healed” and “boľata se (L) “zheshtina”, “toplina”. izľekva so biľka” meaning “the wound is healed with medicine”. heavy – of great weight (L) “lekuva”, “se izlekuva”. (D) “teshko” as in “ne mozha da o krena e teshko” meaning “I health – state of being well can’t lift it, it’s heavy”. (D) “zdravje” as in “zdravjeto e (L) “tezhok”. mnogu vazhno na zhivotta” meaning “health is very hedgehog – small mammal with important to life”. thick coat of spines (L) “zdravje”. (D) “ezh” as in “ezho e pokrien so trnje” meaning “the hedgehog heap – number of things lying is covered with spines”. on one another (L) “ezh”. 70 (D) “tuka” as in “ke me najdish heel – back part of foot below tuka” meaning “you will find me ankle here”. (D) “peta” as in “chorapo mi e (L) “ovde”, “tuka”, “vamu”, dupen na petata” meaning “my “ovdeka”, “ete”, “eve”. sock has a hole at the heel”. (L) “petitsa”. hide – put or keep out of sight (D) “krie” as in “toj se krie” height – measurement from base meaning “he is hiding”. to top (L) “krie”. (D) “visochina” as in “megu koreno i vro drvoto ima dosta high – of great upward extent visochina” meaning “between (D) “visok” as in “planinata e the root and the top the tree has visoka” meaning “the mountain considerable height”. is high”. (L) “visina”. (L) “visok”, “golem”.

hell – place or state of misery hill – natural elevation of ground (D) “pekol” as in “goreshchi leta (D) “rit” as in “nema drva na se pekol” meaning “hot summers rido” meaning “there are no are hell”. trees on the hill”. (L) “pekol”. (L) “rid”, “ritche”.

help – provide with assistance hip – projection formed by (D) “pomosh” as in “mi treba pelvis pomosh” meaning “I need help”. (D) “klk” as in “klko me boľi” (L) “pomosh”. meaning “my hip is hurting”. (L) “bedor”, “kolk”. hen – female bird (D) “kokoshka” as in history – continuous record of “kokoshkata snese jajtse” events meaning “the hen layed an egg”. (D) “istorija” as in “istorija na (L) “kokoshka”. Makedonija” meaning “history of Macedonia”. herd – a number of sheep or (L) “istorija”. other animals together (D) “buľug” and “surja” as in hit – strike with blow or missile “eden buľug oftsi i enda surja (D) “udri” as in “udri go so voloj” meaning “a herd of sheep stapo” meaning “hit him with the and a herd of oxen”. stick”. (L) “stado”, “surija”. (L) “udar”.

here – in or at this place hive – box for housing bees

71 (D) “uľishche” as in “vo (D) “met” as in “ovoj e mnogu uľishcheto ima met” meaning blak met” meaning “this is very “in the hive there is honey”. sweet honey”. (L) “koshnitsa”, “roj”. (L) “med”.

hog – castrated male pig honour – nobleness of mind (D) “sfinja” as in “taa e debela (D) “ches” as in “dajte mu ches sfinja” meaning “that’s a fat na toj choek” meaning “honour hog”. that person”. (L) “svinja”, “vepar”, “brav”. (L) “chest”, “pochituvanje”.

hold – keep fast in one’s hands, hope – expectation and desire arms, etc, grasp (D) “nadesh” as in “se nadevam (D) “drzhi” as in “drzhi go da ne oti ke ga naprajsh rabotata” padni” meaning “hold him so meaning “I hope you will do the that he will not fall”. job”. (L) “drzhenje”, “fakjanje”. (L) “nadesh”.

hole – cavity in solid body horn – hard out growth, often (D) “dupka” as in “dupi enda curved and pointed, from head of dupka” meaning “poke a hole”. animal (L) “dupka”, “jama”. (D) “rok” as in “toj vol ima samo eden rok” meaning “that ox has holy – belonging to or devoted to only one horn”. God (L) “rog”, “horna”. (D) “posfeten” as in “posfetena majka na Gospo” meaning “holy horse – large animal used for mother of God”. riding or pulling cart (L) “svetina”, “svet”, “posveten”. (D) “kon” as in “kono trcha brzo” meaning “the horse runs home – place where one lives fast”. (D) “doma” as in “ojsi doma” (L) “konj”. meaning “go home”. (L) “kukja”, “dom”, “tatkovina”. hot – high temperature (D) “goreshcho” as in “sntseto e honest – fair and sincere in toplo na utro i goreshcho na character and behaviour ruchok” meaning “the sun is (D) “chesen” as in “toj e chesen warm in the morning and hot at choek” meaning “he is an honest noon”. person”. (L) “zhezhok”, “topol”. (L) “chesen”, “prav”, “iskren”. hot – spice causing sensation of honey – sweet sticky fluid made heat by bees 72 (D) “ľuto” as in “piperkite se (D) “glados” as in “ke umra ot ľuti” meaning “the peppers are glados” meaning “I will die of hot”. hunger”. (L) “luto”. (L) “glad”.

hour – sixty minutes hunt – pursue wild game for (D) “saat” as in “eden saat ima sport or food sheese minuti” meaning “an hour (D) “lof” as in “utre ke ojme po has sixty minutes”. lof” meaning “tomorrow we will (L) “chas”, “saat”. go hunting”. (L) “lov” house – building for human habitation hunter – one who hunts (D) “kukja” as in “mojta kukja” (D) “lovdzhija” as in meaning “my house”. “lovdzhijata odi po lof” meaning (L) “dom”, “kukja”. “the hunter is going hunting”. (L) “lovets”. how – in what way (D) “ka” as in “ka se mozhi hurry – great haste taka?” meaning “how can that (D) “vjasaj se” and “brzaj se” be?”. meaning “vjasaj se da oime po (L) “kako”, “na koj nachin”. rano” meaning “hurry so we can go earlier” and “brzaj se napraj howl – cry of a dog or wolf ruchok po brzo” meaning “hurry (D) “vie” as in “vlko vie kucheto make lunch faster”. se krie” meaning “the wolf is (L) “itanje”, “brzanje”. howling, the dog is hiding”. (L) “vie”, “zaviva”. husband – married man (D) “msh” as in “toj e msh na hug – hold closely in one’s arms taa zhena” meaning “he is (D) “zgrabi” as in “zgrabi go ti e husband to this woman”. brat” meaning “hug him he is (L) “mazh”, “soprug”. your brother”. (L) “pregrnuva”. hut – small, simple, crude house (D) “kaľiva” as in “letoto humid – damp air ofcharo spie vo kaliva” meaning (D) “vlazhno” as in “denes “in the summer the shepheard vremeto e vlazhno” meaning sleeps in a hut”. “today the weather is humid”. (L) “koliba”, “baraka”. (L) “vlazhen”, “voden”.

hunger – pain caused by want of I food I – of first person singular 73 (D) “jas” as in “jas si choek” ill - sick meaning “I am a person”. (D) “boľen” as in “e boľen, go (L) “jas”. boľi glaata” meaning “is sick, has a headache”. ice – frozen water (L) “bolen”. (D) “mras” as in “rekata zamrzna i vodata se stori mras” illness – ill health meaning “the river froze and the (D) “boľes” as in “taa ima losha water turned to ice”. boľes” meaning “she has a bad (L) “mraz”. illness”. (L) “boles”. icon – sacred painting (D) “ikona” as in “ima mnogu immature – not mature, unripe ikoni vo tsrkvata” meaning (D) “nerazvien” as in “ne ftasani “there are many icons in the jabolka se nerazvieni” meaning church”. “unripe apples are immature”. (L) “lik”, “kip”, “ikona”. (L) “nezrel”, “nerazvien”, “nesovrshen”. idea – plan or scheme formed by thinking important – of great effect (D) “misľa” as in “imam edna (D) “vazhno” as in “toa za mene golema misľa za sfadba” e vazhno” meaning “that for me meaning “I have a great idea for is important”. a festival”. (L) “vazhen”, “znachaen”. (L) “misla”, “ideja”. impossible – not possible identical – one and the same (D) “nemozhi” as in “toa (D) “ednakov” as in “nie imame nemozhi da se stori” meaning ednakov krľuk” meaning “we “that is impossible to happen”. have an identical staff”. (L) “nemozhen”. (L) “identichen”, “ist”. impoverish – make poor ignite – set fire to (D) “se osiromashi” as in “se (D) “zapaľi” as in “zapaľi go osiromashi ot daanje” meaning ogno” meaning “ignite the fire”. “became impoverished from (L) “zapaluva”, “se zharuva”. giving”. (L) “osiromashuva”. ignorant – lacking knowledge, uninformed improve – make or become (D) “neuchen” as in “toj e better neuchen, znae nishcho” meaning (D) “se podobri” as in “se “he is ignorant, knows nothing”. podobri so znaenje” meaning (L) “neuk”. “improved with knowledge”. (L) “se podobruva”. 74 (L) “lichen”, “individualen”, in – expressing inclusion “zaseben”. (D) “vo” “ke se vrna vo edna nedeľa” meaning “I will return infant – child during early in a week”. period in life (L) “vnatre”, “megju”, “sred”, (D) “detentse” as in “toa e mlado “na”, “od”, “za”. detentse” meaning “that is a young infant”. include – put in certain category (L) “dete”. (D) “vkľuchi” as in “ke te vkľucha i tebe vo istata rabota inflate – distend with air so nego” meaning “I will include (D) “naduj” as in “naduj go you in the same job with him”. trkaloto na bajsiko” meaning (L) “vkluchuva”, “sodrzhi”. “inflate the bicycle tire”. (L) “naduva”. increase – become or make greater or more inhabit - occupy (D) “zgoľemi” as in “ka ke (D) “zhivi” as in “toj zhivi vo mozha da gi zgoľema parite?” golema kukja” meaning “he meaning “how can I increase my inhabits a big house”. money?”. (L) “zhivee”, “naseluva”. (L) “porast”, “zlolemuvanje”. inhale – breathe in incubate – hatch eggs by sitting (D) “zadishi” as in “zadishi i on them izdishi” meaning “inhale and (D) “kfachi” as in “kokoshkata exhale”. kfachi jajtsa” meaning “the hen (L) “vdishuva”. is incubating eggs”. (L) “lezhi na jajtsa”. ink – black or coloured fluid used for writing and printing indicate – point out, make (D) “murege” as in “pishi pismo known so perduf i murege” meaning (D) “najavi” as in “najavi koj e “write a letter with a feather and toj choek” meaning “indicate ink”. which one is the person”. (L) “mastilo”. (L) “najavuva”, “inditsira”, “ukazhuva”. in-laws – relatives by marriage (D) “sfekor” and “sfekrva” as in individual – single, particular “sfekor i sfekrva” meaning (D) “zasebe” as in “sekoj eden si “father-in-law and mother-in- beri gajle zasebesi” meaning law”. “everyone is worried for their (L) “svekor”, “svekorva”. individual self”. inn – house providing lodging 75 (D) “an” as in “vo ano” meaning “in the inn”. instruct - teach (L) “gostilnitsa”. (D) “uchi” as in “uchi gi dechinata da pee” meaning insane – not sane, mad “instruct the boys to read”. (D) “lut” as in “toj e lut, jadi (L) “uchi”, “pouchuva”, mnogu ľut luk” meaning “he is “upatuva”. insane, he eats very hot garlic”. (L) “lud”, “nerazbran”. insult - offend (D) “navreda” as in “ne go inside – inner side or part navredvaj choeko” meaning (D) “vnatre” as in “vnatre i “don’t insult the person”. nadvor” meaning “inside and (L) “navreda”. out”. (L) “vnatre”, “odnatre”. intelligent – quickness of understanding insist - demand (D) “umen” as in “toj e umen, (D) “nastojava” as in “toj znae mnogu raboti” meaning “he nastojava ne go napraj” is intelligent, knows many meaning “he insists he didn’t do things”. it”. (L) “razumen”, “umen”. (L) “nastojava”, “tvrdi”, “insistira”. interest – concern or curiosity (D) “vnimanje” as in “ne mu inspect - examine dava vnimanje” meaning “has (D) “pregledva” as in “toj ga no interest”. pregledva mashinata ushche (L) “vnimanje”, “korist”. ednash” meaning “he is inspecting the machine one more interpret – explain foreign time”. words (L) “pregleduva”, “ispituva”. (D) “prevedi” as in “prevedi Makedontski na Anglitski” instant - immediate meaning “interpret Macedonian (D) “sega” as in “sakam jadenje to English”. sega” meaning “I want my food (L) “tolkuva”, “protolkuva”, this instant”. “preveduva”. (L) “segashen”, “moment”, “chas”. intersection – place where two roads cross instead – in place of (D) “raskrsnitsa” as in “dva (D) “na mesto” as in “dajmio toa patoj grede na raskrsnitsa” na mesto ot ova” meaning “give meaning “two roads come to an me that instead of this”. intersection”. (L) “na mesto”. (L) “raskrsnitsa”. 76 (D) “japi” as in “rakata me japi, intestine – lower part of ke zevam pari” meaning “my alimentary canal hand is itchy, I will receive (D) “tsereo” as in “tsereata se vo money”. mejo” meaning “the intestines (L) “jade”, “jadezh”, are in the abdomen”. “cheshanje”. (L) “tsreva”, “utroba”.

introduce – make known by J name to another (D) “zapozna” as in “ostajme da Jackass – male ass te zapoznam so gostite” meaning (D) “magare” as in “magareto e “let me introduce you to the aren pomozhnik za nosenje drva” guests”. meaning “the jackass is a good (L) “voveduva”, “pretstavuva”, helper in carrying loads of “zapoznava”, “iznesuva”. wood”. (L) “magare”. invite – ask person to come (D) “pokani” as in “pokani go jacket – sleeved short outer priateľo” meaning “invite your garment friend”. (D) “kuso palto” as in “vo esen (L) “povikuva”. se nosi kuso palto” meaning “in the fall one wears a jacket”. iron – metallic element (L) “navlaka”. (D) “zheľezo” meaning “jako ko zheľezo” meaning “hard like jaw – bone containg the teeth iron”. (D) “vilitsa” as in “ima gorna i (L) “zhelezo”. dolna vilitsa” meaning “there is an upper and a lower jaw”. island – piece of land surrounded (L) “vilitsa”. by water (D) “ostrof” as in “ima ostrof vo jay – noisy European bird maloto Prespantsko ezero” (D) “sojka” as in “sojkata zhivi meaning “there is an island in vo drvata” meaning “the jay lives little Prespa lake”. in the trees”. (L) “ostrov”. (L) “sojka”.

it – the thing jelly – soft stiffish semi- (D) “toa” as in “toa e moe” transparent food made from meaning “it is mine”. boiling pig’s feet (L) “toa”, “ona”. (D) “piftia” as in “piftia se praj ot varanje bishkoj pachi” itch – irritation in skin meaning “jelly is made by boiling pig’s feet”. 77 (L) “peljte”, “pacha”. (L) “skoka”. job – piece of work just – acting or doing in (D) “rabota” as in “naprajmi accordance with what’s morally edna mala rabota” meaning “do right a small job for me”. (D) “tokmu” as in “toa sho go (L) “sluzhba”, “rabota”. napraj e tokmu” meaning “that which you did is just”. joint – place at which two things (L) “tokmu”, “pravelen”. join (D) “gľuzh” as in “gľuzhojte na prstite me boľe” meaning “the K joints on my fingers hurt”. (L) “sostav”, “mesto na keep – retain possession spojuvanje”. (D) “drzhi” as in “drzhi go, e tfoe” meaning “keep it, it’s joke - jest yours”. (D) “smeshka” as in “kazhini (L) “drzhi”, “chuva”. edna smeshka” meaning “tell us a joke”. keg – small kask or barrel (L) “shega”. (D) “boche” as in “dedo drzhi vino vo bocheto” meaning joy - gladness “grandpa keeps wine in the keg”. (D) “rados” as in “mi donese (L) “burentse”, “bochventse”. rados” meaning “you brought me joy”. kerchief – square cloth used to (L) “radost”, “veselba”. cover head (D) “shamija” as in “zhenata jug – vessel with handle for nosi shamija na glaata” meaning holding and pouring liquid “the woman wears a kerchief on (D) “grne” as in “naplnio grneto her head”. so vino” meaning “fill the jug (L) “shamivche”. with wine”. (L) “grne”, “bokal”. kettle – vessel with handle for boiling water juice – liquid content of fruit (D) “kotľe” as in “voda se vari (D) “sok” as in “sok ot portokal” vo kotľeto” meaning “water is meaning “orange juice”. boiling in the kettle”. (L) “sok”. (L) “lonets”, “kotel”.

jump – move up off ground key – instrument for moving bolt (D) “skokni” as in “skokni ot of lock kamen na kamen” meaning “jump from rock to rock”. 78 (D) “kľuch” as in “otkľuchi vratata so kľucho” meaning king – male sovereign “unlock the door with a key”. (D) “tsar” as in “Aleksandar (L) “kluch”. beshe tsar na Makedonija” meaning “Alexander was king of kick – thrust out with foot or Macedonia”. hoof (L) “kral”. (D) “klotsni” as in “chuajse kono da ne te klotsni” meaning kiss – touch given with lips “protect yourself so the horse (D) “batsi” as in “batsi me” doesn’t kick you”. meaning “kiss me”. (L) “udar so noga”, “klotsanje”. (L) “baknezh”. kid – young goat kitten – young of cat (D) “jare” as in “jare e mlada (D) “matse” as in “edno malo koza” meaning “a kid is a young matse” meaning “a small kitten”. goat”. (L) “mache”. (L) “jare”. knee – joint between thigh and kidney – glandular organ in lower leg abdominal cavity (D) “koľeno” as in “si go udri (D) “bubreg” as in “eden koľenoto” meaning “I bumped bubreg, dva bubredzi” meaning my knee”. “one kidney, two kidneys”. (L) “koleno”. (L) “bubreg”. knife – cutting instrument kill – deprive of life (D) “nosh” as in “se poseku so (D) “umori” as in “chuajse da ne nozho” meaning “I cut myself te umori nekoj” meaning with the knife”. “protect yourself so that (L) “nosh”. someone doesn’t kill you”. (L) “ubiva”, “koli”, “unishtuva”. knitting – work being knitted (D) “pleti”, “vezi” as in “baba kin – one’s relative or family pleti chorapi i majka vezhi (D) “rodnina” as in “tie ľuge mi shamiche” meaning “grandma is se rodnina” meaning “those knitting socks and mother is people are my kin”. knitting a bandanna”. (L) “rodnina”. (L) “plete”, “veze”. kind – gentle or benevolent knock – strike with audible (D) “dobar” as in “toj e dobar sharp blow tatko” meaning “he is a good (D) “chuka” and “ropa” as in father”. “ropa poleka i setne chuka so (L) “dobar”. 79 sila” meaning “knocks slowly lady – woman of good social and then knocks hard”. standing (L) “chuka”, “udira”, “tepa”. (D) “gospodja” as in “gospodjata nosi kozheno palto” knot – to fasten together rope or meaning “the lady is wearing a string fur coat”. (D) “gresh” as in “vrzi ga (L) “dama”, “gospogja”. fortomate in napraj gresh” meaning “tie the rope and make lake – extra large expance of a knot”. water (L) “jazol”, “klopche”, “vrzuva”. (D) “ezero” as in “Prespantskoto ezero ima ostrof” meaning know – have learnt “Prespa Lake has an island”. (D) “znam” as in “jas zmam, ti (L) “ezero”. znaesh, toj znae, nie znaeme, vie znaete, tie znae” meaning “I lamb – young of sheep know, you know, he knows, we (D) “jagne” as in “oftsata rodi know, you know, they know”. jagne” meaning “the sheep gave (L) “znae”, “razbira”. birth to a lamb”. (L) “jagne”.

L lame – disabled, unable to walk (D) “kuts” and “sakat” as in “toj labour - work e kuts nogata ne mu rabota” (D) “rabota” as in “rabotam tsel meaning “he is lame, his leg den” meaning “I labour all day”. doesn’t work” and “toj e sakat, (L) “rabota”, “trud”, “napor”. se ranosa vo bojo” meaning “he is lame, he was wounded in the ladder – used for climbing up war”. and down on things (L) “sakat”, “kriv”. (D) “skaľe” as in “vjani na chatiata po skaľeto” meaning lamp – device or vessel for “climb to the roof on the ladder”. giving light (L) “skala”. (D) “lamba” and “kandilo” as in “lambata mu dava sfetlo na tsela ladle – deep long handled spoon odaa” meaning “the lamp lights (D) “lajtsa za tsrpenje” as in up the entire room” and “turisi chorba sa lajtsa za “kandiloto dava troa sfetlo za tsrpenje” meaning “pour koga nekoj bara neshcho yourself soup with a ladle”. noshiata” meaning “the lamp (L) “meshalka”, “golema gives little light for when lazhitsa”. someone is looking for something in the night”. (L) “lamba”, “svetilka”. 80 (L) “golem”. land – solid part of earth’s surface last – after all others (D) “zemija” and “kraj” as in (D) “posľeden” as in “toj e “ovaa e moja zemija” meaning posľeden da bega” meaning “he “this is my land” and “jas si is last to leave”. dojden ot daľechen kraj” (L) “posleden”, “zaden”, meaning “I have come from a far “minat”. away land”. (L) “zemja”, “kopno”, “suvo”, latch – bar with catch and lever “kraj”, “tatkovona”. as fastening of gate (D) “klapa” as in “klajga klapata language – words and their use na vratata” meaning “apply the (D) “jazic” as in “toj sborva eden latch to the door”. jazik, taa sborba dva jazitsi” (L) “kvaka”, “reze”, “rachka na meaning “he speaks one vrata”. language, she speaks two languages”. laugh – expressing lively (L) “jazik”, “govor”. amusement by sound (D) “se smee” as in “ne znam lantern – transparent case zashcho toj se smee” meaning “I holding a light and shielding it don’t know why he is laughing”. (D) “fener” as in “fenero se nosi (L) “smea”, “veselost”, “se va raka” meaning “the lantern is smee”. carried in hand”. (L) “fener”, “lamba”. lavatory – receptacle for urine and faeces lap – front from waist to knees (D) “aľe” as in “vo Oshchima (D) “skut” as in “imam kuche vo aľinata se nadvor” meaning “in skuto” meaning “I have a dog in Oshchima the lavatories are my lap”. outside”. (L) “skut”. (L) “nuzhnik”, “peralna”. lard – pig fat law – rule enacted (D) “salo” as in “baba przhi (D) “zakon” as in “za sfe ima krtuľi vo salo” meaning zakon” meaning “for everything “grandma is frying potatoes in there is a law”. lard”. (L) “zakon”. (L) “mast”. lawn – piece of grass kept mown large – considerable or relatively and smooth great size or extent (D) “treva” as in “aide odi (D) “goľem” as in “goľem ogan” poadia trevata” meaning “go meaning “large fire”. water the lawn”. 81 (L) “ledinska”, “zelena treva”. (D) “uchi” as in “uchi se da pishish” meaning “learn to lazy – doing little work write”. (D) “ajľas” as in “toj e aiľas, ne (L) “uchi”, “nauchuva”. mu se rabota” meaning “he is lazy, doesn’t want to work”. leave – go away (L) “mrza”. (D) “begaj” as in “begaj ot tuka” meaning “leave from here”. lead – a heavy gray soft metallic (L) “zaminuva”. element (D) “oloo” as in “e teshko ko leek – vegetable of onion family oloo” meaning “is heavy like (D) “pras” as in “majka pechi lead”. zelnik so pras” meaning “mother (L) “olovo”. is baking zelnik with leeks”. (L) “praz”. leader – person or thing that leads left – on or towards the west side (D) “vodach” as in “vodacho go of the human body when facing vodi askero na vojna” meaning north “the leader is leading the (D) “ľevo” as in “na soldiers to war”. raskrsnitsata sfrti na ľevo” (L) “rakovoditel”, “vodach”. meaning “at the crossroad turn left”. leaf – green part of plant (L) “lev”. (D) “ľist” as in “ľisto e zelen, ľisieto padve na esen” meaning left - departed “the leaf is green, the leaves fall (D) “izbega” as in “izbega ot in the fall”. doma” meaning “left home”. (L) “list”. (L) “zamina”.

leak – hole through which liquid leg – each of the limbs on which passes a person or animal stands or (D) “techi” as in “voda techi ot walks edno malo dupche” meaning (D) “noga” as in “edna noga, “water leaks from a small hole”. dve nodzi” meaning “one leg, (L) “teche”. two legs”. (L) “noga”. lean – thin not fat (D) “slap” as in “toj e slap a taa length – measurement of extent e po slaba” meaning “he is lean end to end and she is leaner”. (D) “dlzhina” as in “meria (L) “suv”, “slab”. dlzhinata, kolku e dlgo?” meaning “measure the length, learn – gain knowledge of how long is it?” 82 (L) “dolzhina”, “dalechina”. liberate – release, set at liberty (D) “oslobodi” as in “da leper – person with leprosy oslobodime Makedonija” (D) “krastaf” as in “se repa ko meaning “to liberate krastaf” meaning “is scraching Macedonia”. himself like a leper”. (L) “osloboduva”. (L) “gubavets”, “krastav”. lick – pass tongue over less – smaller in size (D) “ľizni” as in “aide ľizni troa (D) “po troa” as in “dajmu po met, medo e za ľizhenje” troa” meaning “give him less”. meaning “go ahead lick some (L) “pomal”. honey, the honey is for licking”. (L) “lizhe”. let – allow or enable (D) “pushchi” as in “pushchio lie – assume horizontal position neka bega” meaning “let him go (D) “ľegni” as in “ľegni dolu da he can leave”. ne padnish” meaning “lie down (L) “pushta”. so you won’t fall”. (L) “legnuva”. letter – any of the symbols representing sounds lie – make false statement (D) “bukva” as in “ ‘a’ e bukva” (D) “mami” as in “toj ne e veren, meaning “ ‘a’ is a letter”. mnugu mami” meaning “he is (L) “bukva”. not reliable, he lies a lot”. (L) “lazhe”. letter – inscription as in inscribe letters on life – capacity for growth, state (D) “pismo” as in “zve pismo ot of existance bratmi” meaning “I received a (D) “zhivot” as in “ima ushche letter from my brother”. dosta zhivot vo gradinata” (L) “pismo”. meaning “there is still plenty of life in the garden”. level – horizontal line or plane (L) “zhivot”. (D) “ramnina” as in “ramnina i strmnina” meaning “level and lift – raise to higher position incline”. (D) “kreni” as in “kreni go po (L) “prav”, “nivo”, “ramnina”. visiko” meaning “lift him higher”. liar – person who tells lies (L) “kreva”. (D) “mameľedzhja” as in “toj e mameľedzhia” meaning “he is a light – appearance of brightness, liar”. stimulates sight and makes (L) “lazhlivets”. things visible

83 (D) “sfetlo” as in “vidu edno (D) “ľinija” as in “taa e dlga sfetlo vo neboto” meaning “I saw ľinija” meaning “that is a long a light in the sky”. line”. (L) “svetlost”. (L) “linija”

light – of little weight linen – cloth woven from flax, (D) “ľesen” as in “toaro e ľesen articles made of linen mozha da go nosa” meaning “the (D) “platno” as in “toa e teshko load is light I can carry it”. platno” meaning “that is heavy (L) “lesen”. linen”. (L) “platno”. lighter – device to light cigarettes lion – large powerful (D) “chakmak” as in “da ne carnivorous animal of cat family imash chakmak?” meaning “do (D) “urshlan” as in “urshlano you have a lighter?” zhivi vo Afrika” meaning “the (L) “zapalka”. lion lives in Africa”. (L) “lav”. lightning – flash of bright light produced by electric discharge lip – either of the fleshy parts (D) “rofija” as in “udri rofija” forming opening of mouth meaning “lightning struck”. (D) “buza” as in “buzata mi e (L) “molnja”. potechena” meaning “my lip is swollen”. like – similar to (L) “usna”, “rab”. (D) “ko” as in “omjasfa ko tebe” meaning “looks like you”. listen – make effort to hear (L) “kako”. something (D) “shchuka” as in “taa like - admire shchuka sho mu veľish” (D) “milva” as in “site nego go meaning “she listens to what you milve” meaning “everyone likes say”. him”. (L) “slusha”. (L) “saka”. little – small in size limp – walk lamely (D) “malo” as in “edno malo (D) “kutsa” as in “kutsa zash dete” meaning “a little boy”. nogata go biľi” meaning “he has (L) “malo”. a limp because his leg hurts”. (L) “krivi”. live – have life (D) “zhif” as in “e ranosan ama e line – long narrow mark traced zhif” meaning “is wounded but on surface he lives”. (L) “zhiv”, “postoj”. 84 (D) “mesto” as in “na koe mesto liver – large granular organ in da te chekam?” meaning “at abdomen what location should I wait?” (D) “dzhiger” as in “dzhigero mu (L) “mesto”, “polozhaj”. pozhlti” meaning “his liver turned yellowish”. lock – mechanism for fastening (L) “dzhiger”. door (D) “kľuch” as in “klaj kľuch na living – being alive vratata” meaning “place a lock (D) “zhivot” as in “toj zhivee on the door”. zhivot” meaning “he is living (L) “brava”, “katanets”. life”. (L) “zhivot”. log – any large piece of wood (D) “trumbuk” as in “posechi go lizard – reptile with legs having trumbuko” meaning “cut the long body and tail log”. (D) “gushcher” as in “gushchero (L) “dibek”, “trup”, “glup”. ima chetiri nodzi” meaning “the lizard has four legs”. lonely – lacking friends or (L) “gushcher”. company (D) “sam” as in “toj e sam nema load – what is carried or to be priateli” meaning “he is lonely, carried has no friends”. (D) “toar” as in “ima toar za (L) “osamen”, “pust”, “sam”. magare i za kon” meaning “there is a load for a donkey and for a long – measuring much from end horse”. to end (L) “tovar”. (D) “dlg” as in “pato ot tuka do tamo e dlg” meaning “the road loaf – quantity of bread baked from here to there is long”. alone (L) “dolg”. (D) “peshnik” as in “eden peshnik ľep” meaning “a loaf of look – use one’s sight bread”. (D) “puľi” as in “puľi tamo (L) “parche”, “vekna”, “somun”. dolu” meaning “look down there”. local – in regard to place (L) “gleda”. (D) “tuashen” as in “ovoj e tuashen choek” meaning “this is lord – master or ruler a local person”. (D) “gospodin” as in “zdravo (L) “mesten”, “lokalen”. gospodin Filipe” meaning “greetings lord Philip”. location – particular place (L) “gospodin”, “gospodar”, “lord”. 85 lost – unable to find M (D) “zaginat” as in “toj e zaginat vo sfeto” meaning “he is lost in mad - insane the world”. (D) “lut” as in “toj e lut” (L) “izguben”. meaning “he is mad” (L) “lud”, “besen”. loud – strongly audible (D) “visok glas” as in “ne vikaj made – built or formed so visok glas” meaning “don’t (D) “praen” as in “praen vo yell so loud”. Makedonija” meaning “made in (L) “glasen”. Macedonia”. (L) “formiran”, “praven”, love – deep affection “projsvoden”. (D) “ľubov” as in “tie se padnati vo ľubov” meaning “they have magpie – kind of crow with fallen in love”. black and white plumage (L) “ljubov”. (D) “strachka” as in “strachkata pupa” meaning “the magpie low – not high or tall pecks”. (D) “nisko” as in “vrapcheto lita (L) “strachka”. nisko” meaning “the bird is flying low”. majority – greater number or (L) “nizok”. part (D) “pogolem broj” as in lower – reduce height “pogolem broj ot ľugeto sake da (D) “po nisko” as in “ne mozhi si ode doma” meaning “the da odi po nisko” meaning “it majority of the people want to go can’t go any lower”. home”. (L) “ponizhuva”. (L) “pogolem broj”.

luck – good fortune make – construct, create (D) “ksmet” as in “toj sho kjari (D) “praj” as in “kazhimi, sho parata ke ima aren ksmet” praj toj?” meaning “tell me, meaning “he who won the coin what is he making?”. will have good luck”. (L) “pravi”. (L) “srekja”, “sluchaj”. male – of the sex that can lunch – midday meal perform the fertilizing for (D) “ruchok” as in “aide da begetting offspring jajme ruchok” meaning “let’s (D) “mshko” as in “kucheto e eat lunch”. mshko” meaning “the dog is (L) “ruchek”. male”. (L) “mashki”. 86 mark – stain, spot or other man – adult human male visible sign (D) “msh” as in “toj e visok msh” (D) “beleg” as in “ofcharo mu meaning “he is a tall man”. klaa beleg na oftsite” meaning (L) “chovek”, “mazh”, “soprug”. “the shepherd has placed a mark on his sheep”. manure – dung, fertilizer (L) “znak”, “beleg”. (D) “gnoj” as in “gnoj ot oftsi” meaning “sheep manure”. market – gathering of people for (L) “gjubre”, “gnoj”. the purpose of purchasing and selling many – greater in number (D) “pazar” as in “vo pazaro se (D) “mnogu” as in “ima mnogu prodae mnogu raboti” meaning Oshchimtsi vo Toronto” meaning “in the market are sold many “there are many Oshchimians in things”. Toronto”. (L) “pazar”. (L) “mnozinstvo”, “mnogu”. marriage – man and woman map – diagram of landscape legally united for the purpose of (D) “karta” as in “karta ot living together Makedonija” meaning “map of (D) “venchanje” as in “mladite Macedonia”. se gotoj za venchanje” meaning (L) “mapa”, “geografska karta” “the young are ready for marriage”. maraschino cherry (L) “zhenodba”, “brak”, (D) “vishna cheresha” as in “ima “svadba”. vishni chereshi vo Oshchima” meaning “there are maraschino martin – bird of swallow family cherries in Oshchima”. (D) “lastojchka” as in “lastojchkite grede na prolet” marble – kind of limestone meaning “the martins arrive in (D) “mermer” as in “skalata e the spring”. praena od mermer” meaning (L) “lasitsa”. “the stairs are made from marble”. mast – long upright post (L) “mermer”, “mramor”. (D) “stedzher” as in “stedzhero e vo strede na gumnoto” meaning mare – female of equine (horse) “the mast is in the center of the (D) “kobila” as in “zhentski kon threshing field”. se vika kobila” meaning “a (L) “jarbol”, “zhir”. female horse is called a mare”. (L) “kobila”. mat – piece of material for floor covering

87 (D) “rogozna” as in “postelia rogoznata na zema” meaning meet – come into the company “lay the mat on the ground”. of (L) “ruguzina”. (D) “se streti” as in “ke se streti so priatelite” meaning “he will mayor – head of council meet with his friends”. (D) “kodzhobashija” as in (L) “se stekjuva”. “kodzhobashijata e odgovoren za seloto” meaning “the mayor is melon – sweet fruit of various responsible for the village”. gourds (L) “pretsedatel na opshtina”. (D) “pepon” as in “peponi raste vo Voden” meaning “melons meadow – piece of grassland grow in Voden”. (D) “ľivada” as in “vo ľivadata (L) “dinija”. rasti treva” meaning “in the meadow grows grass”. member – person belonging to a (L) “livada”. society or group (D) “chkľen” as in “jas si chkľen meal – occasion when food is vo mnogu drushtva” meaning “I eaten am a member of many (D) “jadenje” as in “majka praj organizations”. jadenje” meaning “mother is (L) “chlen”. making a meal”. (L) “jadenje”. memorize – learn by heart (D) “pametfaj” as in “pametfaj measure – size and quantity sho te nauku” meaning found by measuring “memorize what I taught you”. (D) “meri” as in “merio, kolku (L) “pameti”. dlgo e?” meaning “measure it, how long is it?”. memory – faculty by which (L) “mera”, “merilo”. things are recalled (D) “pamet” as in “ti imash aren meat – animal flesh as food pamet” meaning “you have good (D) “meso” as in “krtuli so memory”. meso” meaning “potatoes with (L) “pamet”. meat”. (L) “meso”. mention – refer to briefly (D) “spomena” as in “spomeni medicine – art of restoring and mi da ne zaboraa” meaning preserving health “mention to me so I will not (D) “ľek” as in “ľek za arno forget”. zdravije” meaning “medicine for (L) “spomnuva”. good health”. (L) “lek”, “meditsina”. 88 mess – dirty or untidy state of meaning “in the mill flour is things ground”. (D) “brkan” as in “abre sho si (L) “vodenitsa”, “fabrika”. taka brkan?” meaning “ah why are you in a mess like that?” mind – seat of consciousness (L) “brkotija”. (D) “um” as in “umo e za misľenje i pametvanje” meaning message - communication “the mind is for thinking and (D) “poraka” as in “imash remembering”. poraka od daskalo” meaning (L) “um”, “pamet”, “mislenje”. “you have a message from the teacher”. mine – belongs to me (L) “vest”, “poraka”, “naredba”. (D) “moe” as in “toa e moe” meaning “that is mine”. middle – at equal distance from (L) “moj”. ends, in between (D) “streden” as in “si streden mimimum – least amount megu golemjo brat i malata possible sestra” meaning “you are in the (D) “najmalo” as in “dva komati middle between your bigger e najmalo sho se prodaa” brother and your small sister”. meaning “two pieces is the (L) “sreden”. minimum sold”. (L) “najmalo”. midnight – 12 o’clock at night (D) “polnosh” as in “e temnitsa mink – small stoatlike animal na polnosh” meaning “it’s dark (D) “kunatka” as in “zhenata ima at midnight”. kozheno palto ot kunatka” (L) “polnokj”. meaning “the woman has a mink fur coat”. midsummer – 24 of June (L) “vizon”. (D) “stredeľeto” as in “e nogu toplo vo stredeľeto” meaning minority – smaller number of “it’s very warn in midsummer”. part (D) “malchenstvo” as in “ima milk – fluid secreted by female Makedontsko malchestvo vo mammals Kanada” meaning “there is a (D) “mľeko” as in “mľeko od Macedonian minority in oftsa” meaning “sheep’s milk”. Canada”. (L) “mleko”. (L) “maltsinstvo”.

mill – machine for grinding mirror – looking glass grains (D) “oglendalo” as in “vidise vo (D) “vodentsa” as in “vo oglendaloto” meaning “look at vodentsata se meľi brashno” yourself in the mirror”. 89 (L) “ogledalo”. moisture – liquid diffused in small quantities mist – water vapour near ground (D) “vlaga” as in “se izvodenae, in small droplets mu vleze vlaga” meaning “they (D) “rosa” as in “noshiata padva become wet, moisture got into rosa” meaning “mist falls during them”. the night”. (L) “vlaga”, “vlazhnost”. (L) “magla”. molar – back teeth mistake – incorrect idea or (D) “ktnik” as in “ktniko me opinion boľi” meaning “my molar hurts”. (D) “greshka” as in “napraj (L) “zab katnik”. greshka” meaning “I made a mistake”. mole – small burrowing mammal (L) “greshka”. (D) “krt” as in “krto rie pot zema” meaning “the mole digs mistrust – be suspicious of underground”. (D) “nema doverba” as in “toj (L) “krtitsa”. nema doverba na tebe” meaning “he mistrusts you”. money - currency (L) “nedoverba”, “somnenje”. (D) “pari”as in “raboti se kupfe so pari” meaning “things are misunderstand – understand in bought with money”. wrong sense (L) “pari”. (D) “zgreshno razbra” as in “zgreshno razbra sho me reche” monkey – member of primates meaning “I misunderstood what (D) “majmun” an in “ima suriji you told me”. majmuni vo Afrika” meaning (L) “pogreshno razbira”. “there are herds of monkeys in Africa”. mix – more substances put (L) “majmun”. together (D) “se mesha” as in “maslo ne monster – large and frightening se mesha so voda” meaning “oil imaginary creature doesn’t mix with water”. (D) “dzver” as in “ima losh (L) “se mesha”. dzver pot kreveto” meaning “there is a mean monster under moan – long murmur expressing the bed”. discomfort (L) “chudovishte”. (D) “steni” as in “steni zash go boli mejo” meaning “he moans month – any of 12 periods of because his belly aches”. time forming a year (L) “stenka”. (D) “mesets” as in “ima dvanajse mesetsi vo godinata” meaning 90 “there are twelve months in a (D) “mushichka” as in “ima year”. mnogu mushichki okolu drvata” (L) “mesets”. meaning “there are many mosquitoes around the trees”. months – the twelve months of (L) “komarets”. the year (D) “Januari (Kolozheg), most – greatest in quantity or Fevruari (Sechko), Mart (Tsitar), degree Apriľ (Treven), Maj (Kosar), (D) “najveke” as in “jas te sakam Juni (Zhetvar), Juľi (Zlatets), najveke” meaning “I like you the Avgust (Zhitar), Septemvri most”. (Grozdober), Oktomvri (L) “najgolem del”. (Ľistopad), Noemvri (Studen), Dekamvri (Snezhnik)”. mother – female parent (D) “majka” as in “site ime moon – the largest natural majka i tatko” meaning satellite orbiting the earth “everyone has a mother and (D) “mesechina” as in “ovaa father”. vecher mesechinata e plna” (L) “majka”. meaning “tonight the moon is full”. mould – furry growth of fungi (L) “mesechina”. (D) “muľia” as in “ľebo ima muľia” meaning “the bread has more – greater in quantity or mould”. degree (L) “muvla”. (D) “pojke” as in “dajmi pojke” meaning “give me more”. mountain – large high natural (L) “poveke”. elevation of earth (D) “planina” as in “taa e visoka morning – early part of day planina” meaning “that is a tall (D) “utro” as in “sntseto ugrea mountain”. na utro” meaning “the sun rises (L) “planina”. in the morning”. (L) “utro”, “pretpladne”. mourn – feel deep sorrow (D) “zhaľi” as in “go zhaľi Moslem – of Islamic faith dedomu sho umre” meaning “he (D) “Musulman” as in “toj e mourns his dead grandfather”. Musulman ot Islamtskata vera” (L) “zhali”, “oplakuva”. meaning “he is a Moslem from the Islamic faith”. mouse – small rodent (L) “Musliman”. (D) “glufets” as in “glufetso se fati vo stapitsata” meaning “the mosquito - gnat mouse got caught in the trap”. (L) “glushets”. 91 (D) “mnozhi” as in “se mnozhe, mousetrap – trap for catching ot dva se prae chetiri” meaning mice “they multiply, from two they (D) “stapitsa” as in “stapitsata become four”. go fati glufetso” meaning “the (L) “mnozhi”. trap caught the mouse”. (L) “gluvcharnitsa”. mushroom – edible fungus (D) “pechurka” as in “site mouth – external orifice in head pechurki ne se jade” meaning (D) “usta” as in “otforia ustata” “all mushrooms are not edible”. meaning “open your mouth”. (L) “pechurka”. (L) “usta”. must – expressing obligation move – change position or (D) “treba” as in “treba da si posture oda doma” meaning “I must go (D) “mrdni” as in “mrdnise da home”. pominam” meaning “move so I (L) “mora”. can pass”. (L) “menuvanje mesto”, “se mute - silent dvizhi”, “poteg”. (D) “nem” as in “toj e nem nemozhi da zborva” meaning “he much – existing in greater is mute he can’t speak”. quantity (L) “nem”. (D) “mnogu”as in “ima usche mnogu da se napraj” meaning “there is much more to do”. N (L) “mnogu”, “moshne”. nail – horny covering of upper mud – wet soft earth surface of finger or toe (D) “kal” as in “imash kal nat (D) “noft” as in “imam deset cheľite” meaning “you have mud prsti so nofti” meaning “I have on your shoes”. ten fingers with nails”. (L) “kal”. (L) “nokt”. mule – an offspring of horse and nail – small metal spike donkey (D) “shajka” as in “zakoj edna (D) “mska” as in “mskata e shajka” meaning “nail a nail”. rodena od kon i magare” (L) “klinets”. meaning “the mule is born of horse and donkey”. naked – nude, unclothed (L) “mule”, “mazga”. (D) “gol” as in “ne baraj gol, ke te fati stut” meaning “don’t walk multiply – increase in number around naked, you will catch a cold”. 92 (L) “gol”. (D) “igla” an in “iglata e za krpenje” meaning “the needle is name – individual or thing called for sewing”. by (L) “igla”. (D) “ime” as in “sho tie imeto?” meaning “what is your name?”. neighbour – person who lives (L) “ime”. next door or nearby (D) “komshia” as in “toj mi e nap – short period of light sleep komshia” meaning “he is my (D) “dremka” as in “me fati neighbour”. dremka” meaning “I caught a (L) “sosedstvo”. nap”. (L) “kratok son”, “dremenje”. neither – not either (D) “nito” as in “nito eden” narrow – of small width meaning “neither one”. (D) “tesen” as in “sokako e (L) “nitu eden”. tesen” meaning “the street is narrow”. nephew – one’s brother’s or (L) “tesen”, “mal”. sister’s son (D) “mnuk” as in “toj mi e mnuk near – to or at or within a short ot brat” meaning “he is my space or time nephew from my brother”. (D) “bľizu” as in “sedi bľizu do (L) “vnuk”. mene” meaning “stand near me”. (L) “blizok”, “intimen”. net – meshed fabric (D) “mrezha” as in “mrezhata e neck – part of body connecting za fatfanje ribi” meaning “the net head with shoulders is for catching fish”. (D) “til” as in “tilo e megu glaata (L) “mrezha”. i ramenata” meaning “the neck is between the head and nettle – plant covered with shoulders”. stinging hairs (L) “vrat”. (D) “koprija” as in “zelnik so kopriji” meaning “zelnik with need – requirement or want nettles”. (D) “treba” as in “dajmi go mi (L) “kopriva”. treba” meaning “give it to me I need it”. never – at no time (L) “nuzhba”, “potreba”. (D) “nikojpat” as in “nikojpat ne ti reku takfo neshcho” meaning needle – long slender piece of “I never told you such a thing”. polished steel pointed at one end (L) “nikogash”. with an eye on the other new – of recent 93 (D) “nov” as in “denes kupi nova (D) “nikoj” as in “nikoj ne dojde kniga” meaning “today I bought na pazar” meaning “none came a new book”. to the market”. (L) “nov”. (L) “nieden”, “nikoj”. news – information about recent noon – mid day events (D) “pladne” as in “ke se vime po (D) “novini” as in “dobri novini” pladne” meaning “see you in the meaning “good news”. afternoon”. (L) “novini”. (L) “pladne”. next – nearest in order or time north – opposite of south (D) “potoj” as in “potoj si ti” (D) “sever” as in “sever, istok, meaning “you are next”. zapat i jug” meaning “north, (L) “sleden”, “iden”, “potoa”. east, west and south”. (L) “sever”. niece – brother’s or sister’s daughter not – expressing negation (D) “mnuka” as in “taa mi e (D) “ne” as in “ne jas” meaning mnuka ot sestra” meaning “she “not I”. is my niece from my sister”. (L) “ne”, “ni”. (L) “vnuka”. nothing – no thing night – period of darkness (D) “nishcho” as in “ne sakam between one day and the next nishcho” meaning “I want (D) “noshja” as in “po mrak nothing”. gredi noshja” meaning “after (L) “nishto”. dusk comes night”. (L) “nokj”, “mrak”. now – at the present time (D) “sega” as in “go sakam no – as negative answer to sega” meaning “I want it now”. question (L) “sega”. (D) “ne” as in “odgovoro mi e ne!” meaning “my answer is no!” nowhere – in or to no place (L) “ne”. (D) “nikade” as in “ne mozhish da go nash nikade” meaning nobody – no person “you will find it nowhere”. (D) “nikoj” as in “nikoj ne e (L) “nigde”. doma” meaning “nobody is home”. nude - naked (L) “nikoj”. (D) “gol” as in “ne baraj gol ke te fati stut” meaning “don’t walk none – not any around naked you will catch cold”. 94 (L) “gol”. occupation – profession or employment number – count, sum, or (D) “zanaat” as in “vo kakov aggregate of persons or things zanaat rabotash?” meaning “in (D) “broj” as in “sho broj what kind of occupation do you imash?” meaning “what number work?” do you have?” (L) “zanimanje”. (L) “broj”. odour – smell or fragrance numbers – various numbers as (D) “merizmo” as in “sho e toa described merismo?” meaning “what is (D) “1=eden, edno, 2=dva, dve, that odour?” 3=tri, 4=chetiri, 5=pet, 6=shes, (L) “miris”, “aroma”. 7=sedom, 8=osom, 9=devet, 10=deset, 11=edinajse, of – expressing origin or cause 12=dvanajse, 13=trinajse, (D) “ot” as in “ot koja familija si 14=chetirnajse, 15=petnaise, ti?” meaning “of what family are 16=sheshnajse, 17=sedomnajse, you?” 18=osomnajse, 19=devetnajse, (L) “od”, “za”, “po”. 20=dvajse, 21=dvaise i eden, 30=triese, 40=chetiriese, offer – present for acceptance 50=peese, 60=sheese, (D) “daa” as in “ti daa dobar 70=sedomdese, 80=osomdese, pazar” meaning “he is offering 90=deveese, 100=sto, you a good deal”. 200=dveste, 300=trista, (L) “nudi”, “predlaga”, “dava”. 400=chetiri stotini, 500=pet stotini, 1000=iljada, 2000=dve oil – any of various thick, iljadi”. viscous inflammable liquids insoluable in water (D) “maslo” as in “maslo se praj O ot masľinki” meaning “oil is made from olives”. oak – forest tree with hard wood (L) “zejtin”, “nafta”. (D) “dmb” as in “pot dmbo ima zhirije” meaning “under the oak ok – all right are acorns”. (D) “dobro” as in “dobro togaa, (L) “dab”. sfe e vo ret” meaning “ok then, everything is in order”. oath – solemn declaration (L) “tochno”, “dobro”, “vo red”. (D) “kľetva” as in “ke zevam kľetva” meaning “I will take an old – advanced in age oath”. (D) “star” as in “toj e star (L) “zakletva”. choek” meaning “he is an old person”. 95 (L) “star”. (D) “misľenje” as in “toa e moe misľenje” meaning “that is my olive – small oval hard-stoned opinion”. fruit (L) “mislenje”. (D) “masľinka” as in “ot masľinki se praj maslo” oppose – place in opposition meaning “oil is made from (D) “protif” as in “toj e protif olives”. ideata” meaning “he opposes the (L) “maslinka”. idea”. (L) “e protiv”, “sprotivstavuva”. once – on one occasion only (D) “ednash” as in “samo or – introducing alternative ednash” meaning “only once”. (D) “eli” as in “eden eli dva?” (L) “ednash”, “nekogash”. meaning “one or two?” (L) “ili”, “inaku”. one - single (D) “edno” as in “edno, dve, tri” orange – reddish yellow juicy meaning “one, two, three”. citrus fruit (L) “eden”, “broj eden”, “nekoj”. (D) “portokal” as in “portokalite raste vo Florida” meaning “the onion – vegetable with edible oranges grow in Florida”. bulb and pungent smell (L) “portokal.” (D) “kromit” as in “baba przhi meso so kromit” meaning orchard – land planted with fruit “grandma is frying meat with trees onions”. (D) “bashcha” as in “bashcha (L) “luk”. plna so jabolka” meaning “an orchard full of apple trees”. only – existing alone (L) “rasadnik”, “ovoshtarnik”. (D) “samo” as in “samo eden” meaning “only one”. order – state of regular (L) “edinstven”, “edinets”, arrangement “samo”. (D) “ret” as in “sfe e vo ret” meaning “everything is in open – not closed or locked order”. (D) “otforen” as in “dukjano e (L) “red”, “naredba”. otforen” meaning “the store is open”. orphan – child with dead parents (L) “chistina”, “otvoren”. (D) “sirache” as in “deteto e sirache” meaning “the boy is an opinion – what one thinks about orphan”. something (L) “sirache”.

other – not the same as one 96 (D) “drugo” as in “ne toa, meaning “I will come home drugoto” meaning “not that one, overnight”. the other one”. (L) “prekunokj”, “snoshchi”. (L) “drugiot”, “inakov”. oversleep – sleep beyond our – belonging to us intended time (D) “nash” meaning “toa e (D) “prespa” as in “trebashe da nashe kuche” meaning “that is stana rano ama prespa” meaning our dog”. “I needed to wake up early but I (L) “nash”. overslept”. (L) “prespiva”. out – not at home (D) “nadvor” as in “izlezi owl – nocturnal bird of prey nadvor” meaning “come out”. (D) “buf” as in “bufo lita (L) “nadvor”, “izlezen”. noshjata” meaning “the owl flies at night”. outside – external side or surface (L) “buf”. (D) “nadvor” as in “ke oda nadvor” meaning “I am going owner - possessor outside”. (D) “stopan” as in “toj e stopano (L) “nadvor”. na kukjata” meaning “he is the owner of the house”. over – above and beyond (L) “sopstvenik”. (D) “preku” as in “ke oda preku planina” meaning “I will go over ox – large horned animal the mountain”. (D) “vol” as in “dva voloi prae (L) “preku”, “nad”. dzegvar” meaning “two oxen make a pair”. overcast - cloudy (L) “vol”. (D) “soblachno” as in “denes neboto e soblachno” meaning “today the sky is overcast”. P (L) “naoblachen”, “temen”. page – leaf of book overflow – flow over (D) “strna” as in “na sedom (D) “prebľikna” as in “kotleto strna” meaning “on page seven”. prebľikna” meaning “the kettle (L) “strana”. overflowed”. (L) “preplavuva”. pain – suffering or distress of body overnight – during the course of (D) “boľea” as in “imam boľea the night vo nogata” meaning “I have pain (D) “preku vecher” as in “ke in my leg”. dojda doma preku vecher” (L) “bol”, “maka”, “stradanje”. 97 (D) “pomina” as in “sho imashe pale – whitish or ashen pomina” meaning “what you had appearance has passed”. (D) “obeľen” as in “obeľen si vo (L) “premin”. litseto” meaning “you are pale in the face”. past – gone by in time (L) “temnee”. (D) “pominato” as in “pominatoto” meaning “the pan – wide vessel used for past”. cooking (L) “minato”. (D) “tigan” as in “baba przhi ribi vo tigano” meaning “grandma is pastry – dough of flower, fat and frying fish in the pan”. water (L) “tava”. (D) “zelnik (with greens, onions or leeks), vialnik (twisted in a paper – thin sheets made from spiral with sugar or honey), pulp of wood mľechnik (with milk and eggs), (D) “kniga” as in “dajmi kniga burek (with feta cheese and da pisha pismo” meaning “give eggs), maznik (with butter)”. me paper to write a letter”. (L) “hartija”. pasture – land suitable for grazing parent – father or mother (D) “mesto za pasenje” as in “toe (D) “majka i tatko” as in “imam e ubao mesto za pasenje oftsi” majka i tatko” meaning “I have meaning “that is a good pasture parents (mother and father)”. for sheep”. (L) “roditel”. (L) “pasishte”.

part – some but not all path – way or track laid down (D) “del” as in “toj e moj del” for walking meaning “that’s my part”. (D) “pt” as in “ovoj pt vlegva vo (L) “del”, “kraj”. ormano” meaning “this path leads into the forest”. partner – one who shares or (L) “pateka”. takes part with other in business or sport pavement – paved surface or (D) “ortak” as in “ovoj mi e path ortak” meaning “this is my (D) “kaldarma” as in “pt stisan partner”. so kaldarma” meaning “paved (L) “ortak”, “partner”. road”. (L) “plochnik”, “kaldrma”. pass – move onward pay – hand over money to discharge debt 98 (D) “plati” as in “plati mi sho mi (D) “seľiak” as in “toj seľjak e bordzhish” meaning “pay me siroma” meaning “that peasant what you owe me”. is poor”. (L) “plata”. (L) “selanets”. peace – quiet, tranquility, peck – nip or pick up with beak freedom from war (D) “pupa” as in “kokoshkata (D) “mir” as in “mir e po dobar pupa” meaning “the chicken ot boj” meaning “peace is better pecks”. than war”. (L) “kolva”. (L) “mir”. pee - urinate peach – yellowish-reddish round (D) “se mochka” as in “kucheto juicy fruit se mochka” meaning “the dog is (D) “praska” as in “praskite ot peeing”. Voden se naj ubaj” meaning “the peaches from Voden are the peel – remove outer coating best”. (D) “ľupi” as in “baba ľupi (L) “praska”. krtuli” meaning “grandma is peeling potatoes”. peak – top of mountain or any (L) “lupi”. edge (D) “vr” as in “vr na planinata” penalty – punishment for breach meaning “the mountain peak”. of law (L) “vrv”. (D) “kazna” as in “ke te kazna” meaning “I will give you a pear – yellowish-greenish fleshy penalty”. fruit (L) “kazna”, “globa”. (D) “krusha” as in “krushata ima pet turlii krushi” meaning “the pencil – instrument for writing pear tree has five varieties of or drawing pears”. (D) “moľif” as in “mi treba (L) “krusha”. moľif da pisha” meaning “I need a pencil to write”. pearl – smooth lustrous mass (L) “moliv”. usually formed inside oyster (D) “biser” as in “Makedonija e people – persons biser Balkntski” meaning (D) “ľuge” as in “Oshchima ima “Macedonia is the pearl of the troa ľuge” meaning “Oshchima Balkans”. has few people”. (L) “biser”. (L) “narod”, “lugje”. peasant – worker on land pepper – pungent aromatic condiment 99 (D) “piper” as in “tsrven eli tsrn piper?” meaning “red or black pimple – small hard inflamed pepper?”. spot on skin (L) “piper”. (D) “boľche” as in “imash boľche na noso” meaning “you permission - consent have a pimple on your nose”. (D) “pravo” as in “ti daam (L) “prisht”. pravo” meaning “I give you permission”. pin - needle (L) “dozvola”. (D) “igľe” as in “zakopsajo so igľe” meaning “tie it with a pin”. pick - select (L) “igla”. (D) “odberi” as in “odberisi kolku sakash” meaning “pick for pinch – squeeze tightly between yourself as many as you want”. two surfaces (L) “ubor”. (D) “shchipni” as in “shchipni mu go noso” meaning “pinch his pick – tool used for digging nose”. (D) “kopachka” as in “kopa (L) “shtipe”. endek so kopachka” meaning “digging a ditch with a pick”. pipe - tube (L) “kopachka”. (D) “kjung” as in “voda techi ot kjungo” meaning “water is piece – detached portion dripping from the pipe”. (D) “komat” as in “eden komat (L) “tsevka”, “lule”. za tebe i eden za mene” meaning “a piece for you and one for me”. piss - urinate (L) “parche”. (D) “mochkaj” as in “mochkaj moch” meaning “piss urine”. pig - pork (D) “bishe” as in “meso od bishe place – particular part of space eli bishkoo meso” meaning (D) “mesto” as in “toa e moe “meat of pork or pork meat”. mesto” meaning “that’s my (L) “prase”. place”. (L) “mesto”. pigeon – bird of dove family (D) “gulap” as in “dif gulap” plank – long flat piece of timber meaning “wild pigeon”. (D) “shchitsa” as in “shchitsi se (L) “gulab”. prae ot drvo” meaning “planks are made of wood”. pile – heap of things (L) “shtitsa”. (D) “kup” as in “eden kup pari” meaning “a pile of money”. plant – to place seeds in soil (L) “tolpa”, “klada”. 100 (D) “sadi” as in “sadi seme” (D) “siroma” as in “toj sho nema meaning “plant seeds”. pari e siroma” meaning “he who (L) “sadi”. has no money is poor”. (L) “siromashen”. plate – shallow circular vessel from which food is eaten poplar – tall slender tree (D) “plaa” as in “klaj mi jadenje (D) “topola” as in “topolata rasti vo plaata” meaning “put food in visoko” meaning “the poplar my plate”. grows high”. (L) “topola”. play – occupy or amuse oneself, game pork – of pig used for food (D) “igra” as in “deteto si igra (D) “bishkoo meso” as in igrachki” meaning “the boy is “lukantsi se prae so bishkoo playing games”. meso” meaning “sausages are (L) “igra”. made with pork”. (L) “svinsko meso”. pliers - pincers (D) “kľeshchi” as in “drzhi go so portion – part or share kľeshchite” meaning “hold it (D) “del” as in “dajmi eden with the pliers”. maľetski del” meaning “give me (L) “kleshta”. a small portion”. (L) “del”. plough – implement for turning soil possible – capable of (D) “plug” as in “oraj so plug” (D) “mozhi” as in “dali se meaning “till with a plough”. mozhi?” meaning “is it (L) “plug”. possible?”. (L) “mozhen”. pocket – small bag sewn onto clothing pot – rounded vessel for cooking (D) “dzhep” as in “sho imash vo (D) “tendzhere” as in “vo dzhepo?” meaning “what do you tendzhereto se vare krtuľi i vo have in the pocket?”. grneto se vari gra” meaning “in (L) “dzheb”. the pot are boiling potatoes and in the earthware pot are boiling poison – substance when eaten beans”. causes death (L) “lonets”, “grne”, (D) “farmak” as in “go otruja so “tendzhere”. farmak” meaning “they poisoned him with poison”. potato – plant with starchy (L) “otrov”. tubers (D) “krtuľ” as in “krtuľite se poor – lacking wealth or money jade vareni, pecheni i przheni” 101 meaning “potatoes are eaten (D) “ubaf” as in “taa e ubava” boiled, baked and fried”. meaning “she is pretty”. (L) “kompir”. (L) “ubav”, “mil”.

powder – mass of fine dry prevent – stop from happening particles (D) “prechi” as in “ne go ostaaj (D) “pra” as in “ima pra po da te prechi” meaning “don’t let sekade” meaning “there is him prevent you”. powder everywhere”. (L) “prechi”, “sprechuva”. (L) “prav”, “pudra”, “barut”. price – amount it costs power – vigour, energy (D) “tsena” as in “sho e (D) “sila” as in “toj sho e vo sila tsenata?” meaning “what is the e tsar” meaning “he who is in price?” power is king”. (L) “tsena”. (L) “sila”. priest – minister of church pray - worship (D) “pop” as in “popo e vo tsrva” (D) “moľi” as in “se moľi na meaning “the priest is in Gospo” meaning “is praying to church”. God”. (L) “sveshtenik”. (L) “moli”. prison – place where one is kept pregnant – with child before in captivity birth (D) “apsana” as in “go pushchia (D) “trudna” as in “zhenata e vo apsana” meaning “they sent trudna” meaning “the woman is him to prison”. pregnant”. (L) “zatfor”, “apsana”. (L) “trudna”. problem – difficult matter prepare – make or get ready requiring decision (D) “zgotvi” as in “zgotvi (D) “prechka” as in “sho e jadenje” meaning “prepare prechkata?” meaning “what is food”. the problem?” (L) “prigotvuva”, “se sprema”. (L) “problem”. present - gift proof – establish fact (D) “dar” as in “dajmi dar” (D) “dokazhi” as in “dokazhi, meaning “give me a present”. sho e vistinata?” meaning “give (L) “dar”, “podarok”. proof, what is the truth?” (L) “dokaz”. pretty – attractive in a delicate way property – thing owned

102 (D) “stoka” as in “imam stoka vo (D) “narot” as in “ke te vida vo Oshchima” meaning “I have narodno mesto” meaning “I will property in Oshchima”. see you in a public place”. (L) “imot”, “sopstvenishtvo”, (L) “javnost”, “publika”, “svoina”. “narod”.

protect – defend or keep safe puddle – small pool (D) “chua” and “brani” as in “se (D) “vir” as in “chuajse da ne chua od dozho” meaning “he is stpnish vo vir” meaning “watch pretecting himself from the rain” out so you don’t step in a and “go brani lozjeto od puddle”. vraptsite” meaning “he is protecting the viniard from the pull – move to oneself birds”. (D) “trni” as in “trni kamo tebe” (L) “brani”, “zashtituva”. meaning “pull towards yourself”. (L) “vlechenje”. proud – showing pride (D) “gord” as in “e gord so sinoj pumpkin – large orange squash mu” meaning “he is proud of his (D) “tikva” as in “baba praj sons”. zelkik so tikva” meaning (L) “gord”. “grandma is making zelnik with pumpkin”. prove – demonstrate to be true (L) “tikva”. (D) “dokazhi” as in “dokazhi, e vistina eli ne?” meaning “prove punch – strike with fist it, is it the truth or not?” (D) “udri so tupantsa” as in (L) “dokazhuva”, “uveruva”. “udrigo so tupantsa” meaning “punch him”. prune – trim by cutting branches (L) “udar so tupantsa”. (D) “rezhi” as in “rezhi go lozjeto” meaning “prune the punish – cause to suffer for vinyard”. offense (L) “kastri”. (D) “kazni” as in “kazni go” meaning “punish him”. prune – dried plum (L) “kaznuva”. (D) “oshafka” as in “oshafka e suva sliva” meaning “a prune is puppy – young dog a dried plum”. (D) “kutale” as in “tatko mi (L) “suva sliva”. donese kutale” meaning “my father brought me a puppy”. public – concerning the people (L) “kuchentse”. as a whole purchase - buy

103 (D) “kupi” as in “jas kupi palto” (D) “brs” as in “toj e brs vo meaning “I purchased a coat”. nodzite” means “he is quick on (L) “kupuva”. his feet”. (L) “brz”. pure - unmixed (D) “chist” as in “chist miser” quiet – with little or no sound meaning “pure corn”. (D) “mlchi” as in “mlchi ne (L) “chist”. zborvaj” meaning “quiet don’t talk”. push – move it away from self (L) “tishina”. (D) “turga” as in “toj turga kola” meaning “he is pushing a quit – give up wagon”. (D) “se ostaj” as in “se ostaj ot (L) “turka”. rabotata” meaning “he quit his job”. put – move to specific place (L) “napushta”. (D) “claj” as in “claj si gi cheľite” meaning “put on your shoes”. R (L) “stavi”. rabbit – mammal of hare family (D) “zaek” as in “zaeko skokna” Q meaning “the rabbit jumped”. (L) “zajak”. quail – bird related to partridge (D) “jarembitsa” as in rabid – furious, raging, fanatical “jarembitsata lita nisko” or affected by rabies meaning “the quail flies low”. (D) “besno” as in “trcha ko (L) “prepelitsa”. besno kuche” meaning “he is running like a rabid dog”. quarter – one of four (L) “besen”. (D) “edno chetforto” as in “edno chetforto za mene” meaning rabies – contagious virus disease “one quarter for me”. of dogs (L) “chetfortina”. (D) “bes” as in “zbesna, go fati bes” meaning “became rabid, he queen – female sovereign caught rabies”. (D) “tsaritsa” as in “Tsaritsa (L) “besnilo”. Elizabeta” meaning “Queen Elizabeth”. race – division of mankind (L) “kralitsa”. (D) “ratsa” as in “ratsa e delenje na narodo” meaning “race is a quick – taking a short time to do, divison of mankind”. moving fast (L) “rasa”, “pleme”, “rod”. 104 (D) “griblo” as in “seno se beri race – contest of speed so griblo” meaning “hay is (D) “trcha” as in “taa ke se trcha collected with a rake”. so neo” meaning “she will race (L) “greblo”. with him”. (L) “trka”. ram – male sheep (D) “oven” as in “oveno ima rag – torn or frayed piece of rogoj” meaning “the ram has material horns”. (D) “partal” as in “sho e toj (L) “oven”. partal sho go nosish?” meaning “what is that rag you are rank – position in hierarchy wearing?” (D) “chin” as in “sho ti e (L) “krpa”, “partal”. chino?” meaning “what is your rank?” rain – moisture falling in drops (L) “chin”, “klasa”, “katigorija”. from the sky (D) “dosh” as in “vrni dosh” rape – forcible sexual meaning “rain is falling”. intercourse (L) “dozhd”, “vrne”. (D) “nasili” as in “toj ga nasili nea” meaning “he raped her”. rainbow – arch of colours (L) “siliva”. formed in sky (D) “vinozhito” as in rash – eruption of spots on skin “vinozhitoto e prepno” meaning (D) “sipantsa” as in “ga fati “the rainbow is pretty”. sipantsa” meaning “she got a (L) “vinozhito”. rash”. (L) “isfrli”. raise – put or take into higher position rat – large mouse (D) “kreni” as in “kreni raka” (D) “staor” as in “staoro se fati meaning “raise your hand”. vo stapitsa” meaning “the rat got (L) “kreva” caught in a trap”. (L) “staorets”. raisin – partially dried grape (D) “stafida” as in “stafida e raven – large crow suvo grozje” meaning “raisins (D) “garvan” as in “garvano are dried grapes”. grachi” meaning “the raven (L) “suvo grozje”. crows”. (L) “gavran”. rake – tool with toothed cross- bar and long handle for drawing raw - uncooked together hay

105 (D) “zhivo” as in “zhivo meso ne rebellion – open resistance to se jadi” meaning “can’t eat raw authority meat”. (D) “vastanje” as in (L) “surovo”. “Makedontskoto vastanje” meaning “the Macedonian razor – sharp instrument used rebellion”. for shaving (L) “vostanje”, “buna”. (D) “brich” as in “obrichia bradata so brich” meaning receive – take or accept “shave your beard with a razor”. (D) “dobi” as in “dobi pismo” (L) “brich”. meaning “I received a letter”. (L) “prima”, “dobiva”. reach – stretch out or extend (D) “stigni” as in “stigni so red – colour ranging from that of rakata” meaning “reach with blood to pink your hand”. (D) “tsrven” as in “tsrveno (L) “dostignuva”. tsveke” meaning “red flower”. (L) “tsrven”. read – reproduce verbally the words in a book reduce – make or become (D) “pee” as in “deteto ga pee smaller knigata” meaning “the boy is (D) “omaľe” as in “go omaľe reading the book”. kupo” meaning “he reduced the (L) “chita”. pile”. (L) “smaluva”. ready – with preparation complete refuse – indicate unwillingness (D) “gotof” as in “gotof je da si (D) “odbie” as in “se odbie, ne odi doma” meaning “he is ready saka da go napraj” meaning “he to go home”. refuses, does not want to do it”. (L) “spremin”. (L) “odbiva”, “ne prima”.

real – actually existing reject – refuse to accept (D) “vistintski” as in “toj e (D) “otfrľi” as in “ga otfrľi vistintski priateľ” meaning “he is ideata” meaning “he rejects the a real friend”. idea”. (L) “vistinski”. (L) “odbiva”, “prekratuva”, “otfrla”. rear – back of anything (D) “dzadi” as in “dzadi vo relative – person connected by gradinata” meaning “at rear in blood or marriage the garden”. (D) “soj” as in “to mi e soj” (L) “zaden”. meaning “he is my relative”. (L) “rodnina”. 106 (D) “poftori” as in “poftori release – liberate, unfasten ushche ednash” meaning “repeat (D) “pushchi” as in “pushchi go” one more time”. meaning “release him”. (L) “poftoruva”, “poveke pati”. (L) “osloboduvanje”, “pushta na sloboda”. replace – put back in place (D) “izmeni” as in “izmenigi site religion – belief in a personal so novi” meaning “replace all of God them with new ones”. (D) “vera” as in “sho ti e (L) “zamenuva”. verata?” meaning “what is your religion?” reply – make answer (L) “vera”, “religia”. (D) “odgovori” as in “odgovori na sho te opitva” meaning “reply remember – not forget to what he is asking you”. (D) “pametfaj” as in “pametfaj (L) “odgovora”. sho ti reku” meaning “remember what I told you”. rescue – save or set free (L) “pomin”, “potsetuva”, (D) “spasi” as in “spasi go od “zapamenuva”. vodata” meaning “rescue him from the water”. remind – cause to remember (L) “spasuva”. (D) “spomeni” as in “spomenimi da ne zaboraa” meaning “remind respect – heed or regard for me so I won’t forget”. (D) “odnos” as in “pokazhi troa (L) “potsetuva”. odnos” meaning “show a little respect”. remove – take off or away (L) “vrska”, “pochituvanje”. (D) “izvadi” as in “izvadii cheľite” meaning “remove your respond – make answer shoes”. (D) “odgovori” as in “odgovori (L) “premestuva”, “preseluva”. na sho te opitva” meaning “respond to what he is asking repair – restore to good you”. condition (L) “odgovora”. (D) “potpraj” as in “potraj go pleto” meaning “repair the responsible – accountable for fence” action (L) “potpravka”, “odnova”. (D) “odgovoren” as in “ti si odgovoren za rabotata” meaning repeat – say or do or provide “you are responsible for the over again job”. (L) “odgovoren”.

107 rest – cease from exertion or (D) “pushka” as in “pľusni so action pushkata” meaning “fire with (D) “pochini” as in “mnogu the rifle”. rabotash, pochini troa” meaning (L) “pushka”. “you work too much, take a little rest”. right – just, correct, true (L) “ostatok”, “odmor”. (D) “praf” as in “toj e praf, ti si krif” meaning “he is right, you return – come or go back are wrong”. (D) “se vrna” as in “se vrna od (L) “pravo”. chuzhina” meaning “returned from abroad”. rigid – not flexible, cannot be (L) “se vrakja”. bent (D) “zdrven” as in “se zdrvi ko reverse – travel backwards drvo” meaning “became rigid (D) “nazumgzum” as in “kolata like wood”. odi nazumgzum” meaning “the (L) “vkochanet”, “zdrven”. wagon is going in reverse”. (L) “prevrtuva”. ring – circlet worn on finger (D) “prsten” as in “nosi prsten rib – each of the curved bones in na prsto” meaning “is wearing a chest connected to spine of body ring on the finger”. (D) “rebro” as in “rebro e koska (L) “prsten”. okolu grndite” meaning “a rib is a bone around the chest”. rinse – wash out with clean (L) “rebro”. water (D) “isplakni” as in “isplaknii rice – seeds of grass grown in pľachkite so studena voda” marshes meaning “rinse the clothes with (D) “oris” as in “oris rasti vo cold water”. mocharki” meaning “rice grows (L) “plaknenje”, in marshes”. “isplaknuvanje”. (L) “oriz”. rip – tear out or cut rich – having much wealth (D) “isparaj” as in “isparaj edno (D) “bogat” as in “toj sho ima komache” meaning “rip out a mnogu pari e bogat” meaning small piece”. “he who has a lot of money is (L) “para”, “rasporuva”. rich”. (L) “bogat”. ripe – mature fruit or grain (D) “ftasan” as in “domato e rifle – gun with long rifled barrel ftasan” meaning “the tomato is ripe”. (L) “zred”, “izrasten”, “razvien”. 108 rise – come or go up root – part of plant under ground (D) “stani” as in “stani da te (D) “koren” as in “mľechkata vime” meaning “rise so we can ima dlk koren” meaning “the see you”. dandelion has a long root”. (L) “krevanje”. (L) “koren”. road – way or route rope – stout cord made of hemp (D) “pt” as in “toj e dlk pt” (D) “fortoma” as in “vrzio meaning “that is a long road”. magareto so fortomata” meaning (L) “pat”. “tie the donkey with the rope”. (L) “jazhe”. rob – take unlawfully from (D) “kradi” as in “chuajse od rose – prickly shrub bearing neo, toj ke te kradi” meaning fragrant flowers “watch out for him, he will rob (D) “trendafiľ” as in “trendafiľo you”. merisa ubao” meaning “the rose (L) “pljachkosuva”. has a nice aroma”. (L) “ruzha”. rock – hard part of earth’s crust (D) “kamen” as in “golem kamen rot – natural decomposition se vika stena” meaning “a large (D) “skapano” as in “jabolkoto e rock is called a boulder”. skapano” meaning “the apple is (L) “karpa”. rotten”. (L) “gniezh”. roof – upper covering of building round – shaped like a circle or (D) “chatia” as in “kukjata ima sphere tsrvena chatia” meaning “the (D) “trkalesto” as in “trkaloto e house has a red roof”. trkalesto” meaning “the wheel is (L) “pokriv”. round”. (L) “krug”. room – part of house enclosed by walls row – line of things or persons (D) “odaa” as in “vo odaata ke (D) “ret” as in “naprajte ret” spie gostite” meaning “in the meaning “make a row”. room will sleep the guests”. (L) “red”. (L) “soba”, “stan”. rub – move one’s hands or rooster – male chicken object over surface with firm (D) “petel” as in “petelo kika na pressure utro” meaning “the ruster crows (D) “tri” as in “tri damu izvash in the morning”. kalta” meaning “rub to remove (L) “petel”. the dirt”. 109 (L) “trienje”. (D) “rzha” as in “zheľezoto ima rzha, e rzhosano” meaning “the rubber – elastic substance iron has rust, is rusted”. (D) “lastik” as in “trkaloto e (L) “rgja”. praeno ot lastik” meaning “the tire is made of rubber”. rye – a grain (L) “guma”. (D) “irsh” as in “brashno ot irsh” meaning “rye flour”. rug – floor mat (L) “rzh”. (D) “kiľim” as in “a sho ubaf kiľim imash” meaning “what a nice rug you have”. S (L) “kjlim”. sad - unhappy ruin – wrecked or destroyed (D) “nazhaľen” as in “e state nazhaľen, kutaľeto mu zagina” (D) “rasipa” as in “ga rasipa meaning “he is sad, he lost his igrachkata” meaning “you puppy”. ruined the toy”. (L) “nazhalen”, “tazhen”. (L) “propast”. saddle –seat fastened on horse rule – standard, law (D) “samar” as in “klaj mu o (D) “zakon” as in “ne gi krshi samaro na magarto” meaning zakonite” meaning “do not break “put the saddle on the donkey”. the rules”. (L) “sedlo”. (L) “pravilo”. sag – sink or subside run – go at faster pace than walk (D) “visi” as in “kozhata pot tilo (D) “trchaj” as in “trchaj brzo” mu visi” meaning “the skin under meaning “run fast”. his neck is sagging”. (L) “trchanje”. (L) “se spushta”. rush – go or move with great saint – canonized person in speed Christian Church (D) “vjasa” as in “toj se vjasa da (D) “sfetets” as in “ima ikona ot si odi doma” meaning “he is sfetets vo tsrkva” meaning “there rushing to go home”. is an icon of a saint in the (L) “naval”. church”. (L) “svetets”. rust – corrosive substance formed of iron or steel due to sale – exchange of commodity oxidation for money

110 (D) “prodazhba” as in “ima (L) “kolbas”. prodazhba vo pazaro” meaning “there is a sale in the market”. save – rescue or preserve from (L) “prodazhba”. danger (D) “spasi” as in “spasi me od saliva – liquid produced by vlko” meaning “save me from the glands in the mouth wolf”. (D) “pľunka” as in “toj pľuna (L) “spasuva”. pľunka” meaning “he spit saliva”. saw – tool with toothed metal (L) “liga”, “plukanitsa”. blade (D) “prion” as in “posechia salt – sodium chloride shchitsata so priono” meaning (D) “soľ” as in “klaj si soľ vo “cut the board with the saw”. salatata” meaning “put salt in (L) “poslovitsa”, “pila”. your salad”. (L) “sol”. say – speak words (D) “rechi” and “veľi” as in same – the identical “rechi sho imash da veľish” (D) “ist” as in “ti si ist ko neo” meaning “say what you have to meaning “you are the same as say”. him”. (L) “rech”, “tvrdenje”. (L) “ist”, “neizmenet”. scab – crust formed over sore sand – fine rock found on (D) “korichka” as in “ranata ti beaches fati korichka” meaning “your (D) “pesok” as in “ima pesok vo wound has developed a scab”. rekata” meaning “there is sand (L) “krasta”. in the river”. (L) “pesok”. scale – instrument used for weighing mass satisfy – fulfill expectations or (D) “kntar” as in “trgao so desires kntaro” meaning “weigh it with (D) “zadovolen” as in “si the scale”. zadovolen so jadenjeto” meaning (L) “razmernik”. “I am satisfied with the meal”. (L) “zadovoluva”. scar – mark on skin left by damage sausage – minced meat seasoned (D) “luzna” as in “imash luzna and stuffed into thin membrane ot ranata” meaning “you have a (D) “lukanik” as in “eden scar from your wound”. lukanik, mnogu lukantsi” (L) “beleg”, “reska”, “luzna”. meaning “one sausage, many sausages”. scare – sudden outburst of fear 111 (D) “upla” as in “te fati upla” (D) “repaj” as in “ne se repaj ke meaning “you became scared”. izvash krf” meaning “don’t (L) “strav”. scratch you will bleed”. (L) “grebanje”. scent – characteristic odor (D) “merizmo” as in “merizmo ot scream – emit piercing cry tsfekja” meaning “scent of (D) “vreskaj” as in “ne vreskaj flowers”. tolku” meaning “don’t scream so (L) “miris”, “parfem”. much”. (L) “vreskanje”. school – institution for educating people scrub – rub hard so as to clean (D) “skoľje” as in “dechinata ode (D) “tri” as in “tri jako do go na skoľje” meaning “the boys ischistish” meaning “scrub hard are going to school”. to clean it”. (L) “shkola”, “uchilishte”. (L) “struzhe”.

scissors – a two pivoting blade sea – expanse of salt water cutting instrument (D) “morje” as in “ke se pľivame (D) “nozhichki” as in “posechi vo Soluntsko morje” meaning ga krpata so nozhichkite” “we will be swimming in the meaning “cut the cloth with the Solun sea”. scissors”. (L) “more”, “okean”. (L) “nozhitsi”. search – look for scorch – burn or discolour (D) “bara” as in “toj bara da surface with dry heat” najdi neshcho” meaning “he is (D) “izgori” as in “si gi izgori searching to find something”. cheľite vo zharta” meaning “he (L) “baranje”. scorched his shoes in the ambers”. season – each of the divisions of (L) “izgoruva”. the year (D) “vreme” as in “ľeto vreme” scrape – clean or smooth by meaning “summer season”. scratching with hard edged (L) “godishno vreme”. instrument (D) “struzhi” as in “ga struzhi seat – thing used for sitting on kalta pot chelite” meaning “he is (D) “stol” as in “dajmuo stolo na scraping the mud from under his babata” meaning “give your seat shoes”. to the grandmother”. (L) “struzhenje”. (L) “sedishte”, “stol”. scratch – score surface of with second – next after first nails or sharp or pointed thing 112 (D) “ftor” an in “prf, ftor, tret, (D) “prodaa” as in “prodaa chetfort, pett” meaning “first, kastitsi” meaning “is selling second, third, fourth, fifth”. walnuts”. (L) “vtor”. (L) “prodava”. secret – hidden from all send – be conveyed (D) “taen” as in “toj e taen (D) “pushchi” as in “pushchi go korofilak” meaning “he is a doma” meaning “send him secret policeman”. home”. (L) “tajna”. (L) “prakja”, “prati”. sediment – matter that settles at separate – physically bottom of liquid disconnected (D) “tinja” as in “vinoto ima (D) “se odeľi” as in “toj se odeľi tinja” meaning “the wine has ot zhenata mu” meaning “he sediment”. separated from his wife”. (L) “talog”. (L) “se oddeluva”.

see – use of the eyes serve – do service for (D) “vidi” as in “vidi se sho (D) “sluzhi” as in “mu sluzhi ko praea?” meaning “see what they rob” meaning “he serves him like were doing?” a slave”. (L) “gleda”. (L) “servira”, “koristi”, “sluzhi”. seed – unit of production of plant settle – become established in (D) “seme” as in “semeto se sadi abode or place na prolet” meaning “the seeds (D) “se naseľi” as in “seloto se are sown in the spring”. naseľi so ľuge” meaning “the (L) “seme”, “zrno”. village is settled with people”. (L) “se smestuva”. select - choose (D) “odberi” as in “odberisi sho sever – divide or break or make sakash” meaning “select what separate you want for yourself”. (D) “skini” as in “skini eden (L) “odbira”. komat” meaning “sever a piece”. (L) “oddeluva”, “kine”, “seche”. self – person’s or thing’s own individuality several – a few, more than two, (D) “sam” as in “go napraj sam” not many meaning “I did it myself”. (D) “nekolku” as in “se napi (L) “sam”. nekolku cheshi vino” meaning “I drank several glasses of wine”. sell – dispose of in exchange for (L) “nekolku”. money 113 sew – mend shape – external form or (D) “krpi” as in “baba mi gi krpi appearance chorapite” meaning “grandma is (D) “kalap” as in “kalapo e sewing my socks”. trkalest” meaning “the shape is round”. shack – hut or cabin (L) “forma”, “kalap”. (D) “kaľiva” as in “kaľiva plna so seno” meaning “shack full of share – portion given or received straw”. (D) “del” as in “ovoj e moj del” (L) “koliba”. meaning “this is my share”. (L) “del”, “udel”. shade – shelter from direct sun light shave – cut hair from face (D) “senka” as in “pochini pot (D) “brichi” as in “si a brichi senka” meaning “rest under bradata” meaning “he is shaving shade” his beard”. (L) “senka”. (L) “brichi”. shadow - shade she - her (D) “senka” as in “senkata ti (D) “taa” as in “taa e zhena” gredi po tebe” meaning “your meaning “she is a woman”. shadow follows you”. (L) “taa”. (L) “senka”. sheep – animal with thick wooly shake – move violently coat (D) “tresi” as in “se tresi ko (D) “oftsa” as in “edna oftsa ľiľjak” meaning “is shaking like mnogu oftsi” meaning “one a bat”. (Macedonian expression). sheep many sheep”. (L) “trese”. (L) “ovtsa”. shallow – of little depth shelf – horizontal board (D) “plitko” as in “ezeroro e projecting from wall plitko pokraj kameno” meaning (D) “politsa” as in “klaja knigata “the lake is shallow near the nat politsata” meaning “put the rock”. book on the shelf”. (L) “plitko”. (L) “politsa”, “greben”.

shame – feeling of humiliation shell – outer casing of nut (D) “stram” as in “mu e stram da (D) “ľupka” as in “kastitsata opita” meaning “he is ashamed ima jaka ľupka” meaning “the to ask”. walnut has a hard shell”. (L) “sram”. (L) “luspa”.

114 shepherd – person who tends shop – place for retail sale of sheep goods or services (D) “ofchar” as in “ofcharo pasi (D) “dukjan” as in “kupi neshcho oftsi” meaning “the shepherd ot dukjano” meaning “buy grazes sheep”. something from the shop”. (L) “ovchar”. (L) “dukjan”. shine – emit or reflect light short – measuring little from end (D) “sfeti” as in “sftloto sfeti” (D) “kus” as in “toj e kus ne meaning “the light is shining”. stiga dur gore” meaning “he is (L) “sjaja”, “sveti”. short won’t reach all the way up”. ship – large seagoing vessel (L) “kus”. (D) “pampur” as in “pampuro nosi ľuge preku morje” meaning shotgun – gun for firing small “the ship carries people shot overseas”. (D) “chifte” as in “pľusni so (L) “brod”. chifteto” meaning “shoot with the shotgun”. shirt – loose sleeved garment (D) “koshuľa” as in “koshuľa so shoulder – part of body to which gravata” meaning “shirt with arm is attached tie”. (D) “ramo” as in “ramoto me (L) “koshula”. boľi” meaning “my shoulder hurts”. shiver - tremble (L) “ramo”. (D) “se tresi” as in “se tresi zash mu studi” meaning “he shivers shove – push vigorously because he is cold”. (D) “turga” as in “toj turga (L) “se trese”. mnogu” meaning “he shoves a lot”. shoe – outer foot covering (L) “turka”. (D) “chel” as in “eden chel, dva cheľi” meaning “one shoe, two shovel – tool to move or mix shoes”. soil, etc. (L) “chevel”. (D) “lopata” as in “kopa dupka so lopatata” meaning “is digging shoot – cause weapon to a hole with the shovel”. discharge (L) “lopata”. (D) “pľusni” as in “pľusni so pushka” meaning “shoot with a show – allow to be seen rifle”. (D) “pokazhi” as in “pokazhi sho (L) “puka”. imash” meaning “show what you have”. 115 (L) “pokazhuvanje”. (D) “boľes” as in “ako ne jash ke fatish boľes” meaning “if you shrink – become smaller don’t eat you will get sick”. (D) “namaľe” as in “ka mi se (L) “bolest”. puľish ko da si namaľen” meaning “you look to me as if side – any of the surfaces you have shrunk”. (D) “strna” as in “na koja strna (L) “se sobira”, “se smaluva”. ke ojme?” meaning “to which side are we going?” shrug – slightly raise shoulders (L) “strana”. (D) “gi krea ramenata” meaning “koa ne znae sho da rechi gi sieve – utensil with small holes krea ramenata” meaning “when through which fine particles can he doesn’t know what to say he pass shrugs his shoulders”. (D) “sito” as in “brashno se vee (L) “gi kreva ramenitsite”. so sito” meaning “flour is sifted with a sieve”. shut – move door to closed (L) “sito”. position (D) “zatfori” as in “zatfori sight – faculty of seeing vratata” meaning “shut the (D) “puľenje” as in “puľenjeto door”. mi se podobri” meaning “my (L) “zatvora”. sight has improved”. (L) “vid”, “pogled”. shy – uneasy in company (D) “stramľif” as in “toj e sign – thing indicative of stramľif” meaning “he is shy”. quantity or state (L) “plashliv”. (D) “beľeg” as in “klaj mu beľeg da go poznaash” meaning “put a sick - ill sign on it so you can recognize (D) “boľen” as in “e boľen go it”. boľi srtseto” meaning “is sick his (L) “znak”, “beleg”, “symbol”. heart hurts”. (L) “bolen”. signature – act of signing (D) “potpiska” as in “dali e ovaa sickle – tool with curved blade tfojta potpiska?” meaning “is (D) “srp” as in “pchenitsa se beri this your signature?” so srp” meaning “wheat is (L) “potpis”. harvested with a sickle”. (L) “srp”. silence – absence of sound (D) “mlchenje” as in “ima samo sickness – being ill mlchenje” meaning “there is only silence”. (L) “molchenje”, “tishina”. 116 singe – burn lightly silt – sediment deposited by (D) “opaľi” as in “si gi opaľi water vezhite” meaning “I singed my (D) “tinja” as in “tinja se beri ot eyebrows”. matna voda” meaning “silt (L) “izgorena”. collects from muddy water”. (L) “tinja”. single – one only (D) “sam” as in “si sam, nemam silver – white lustrous precious zhena” meaning “I am single, I metallic element have no wife”. (D) “strebro” as in “pari praeni (L) “sam”, “eden”, ot strebro” meaning “coins made “ednokraten”. of silver”. (L) “srebro”. sink – fall or come slowly downwards similar – alike, of same kind (D) “potoni” as in “ke potoni vo (D) “ednakov” as in “mojo saat e valtoto” meaning “he will sink in ednakov ko tfojo” meaning “my the swamp”. watch is similar to yours”. (L) “tone”. (L) “slichen”. sister – female sibling simmer – boiling gently (D) “sestra” as in “imam sestra i (D) “vrie” as in “mandzhata brat” meaning “I have a sister vrie” meaning “the stew is and a brother”. simmering”. (L) “sestra”. (L) “vrie”. sit – place in sitting position simple – easily understood or (D”sedni” as in “sedni dolu” done meaning “sit down”. (D) “kolajno” as in “e kolajno” (L) “sedi”. meaning “it is simple”. (L) “ednostaven”, “prost”. size – relative bigness (D) “goľemina” as in “kazhi mi a since – at what point in goľeminata” meaning “show me (D) “ot” as in “ot kaa?” meaning the size”. “since when?” (L) “golemina”, “obem”. (L) “od”, “pred”. skill – practical ability sing – utter musical sounds with (D) “zanaat” as in “sho zanaati voice imash?” meaning “what skills do (D) “pee” as in “pee pesna” you have?” meaning “singing a song”. (L) “veshtina”. (L) “pee”.

117 skin – covering of human or (L) “rob”. animal body (D) “kozha” as in “bishinata ime sledge-hammer – large heavy debeli kozhi” meaning “pigs hammer have thick skins”. (D) “varia” as in “varia e eden (L) “kozha”. teshki chekan” meaning “a sledge-hammer is a heavy skip – move along by taking two hammer”. steps with one foot (L) “kovachki chekan”. (D) “skokaj” as in “skokaj po brzo” meaning “skip faster”. sleep – resting with eyes closed (L) “poskok”. and consciousness suspended (D) “spie” as in “bebeto spie sky – upper region of the noshja i denja” meaning “the atmoshere baby sleeps night and day”. (D) “nebo” as in “neboto e sino” (L) “spienje”. meaning “the sky is blue”. (L) “nebo”. sleeve – part of garment that encloses arm slant - slope (D) “rakaf” as in “rakao mi e (D) “vaľi” as in “stiso vaľi” vaľkan” meaning “my sleeve is meaning “the wall is on a slant”. dirty”. (L) “valuva”. (L) “rakav”.

slap – strike with inside of open slice – thin shaped piece cut hand from something (D) “shlapni” as in “ke te (D) “felka” as in “posechi me shlapna” meaning “I will slap edna felka ľep” meaning “cut me you”. a piece of bread”. (L) “slakanitsa”. (L) “tanko parche”.

slaughter – killing of animals slide – move or go smoothly for food (D) “ľizga” as in “taa se ľizga na (D) “zakoli” as in “vo Dekemvri mrazo” meaning “she is sliding ke go zakolime bisheto” meaning on the ice”. “in December we will slaughter (L) “slizganje”. the pig”. (L) “kolenje”. slip – slide unintentionally (D) “sľizna” as in “taa se sľizna slave – person owned by another na mrazo” meaning “she slipped (D) “rob” as in “rob e toj sho on the ice”. rabota bes platka” meaning “a (L) “sliznuvanje”. slave is he who works without pay”. 118 slipper – light soft shoe for (D) “mal” as in “toj ne e goľem indoors nito visok, toj e mal” meaning (D) “shlapka” as in “edna “he is not big or tall, he is shlapka dve shlapki” meaning small”. “one slipper two slippers”. (L) “mal”. (L) “vlechka”. smart – clever, ingenious slippery – lack of grip due to (D) “umen” as in “umni ľuge se smoothness or wetness of surface uche od nemnite greshki” (D) “se ľizga” an in “se ľizga meaning “smart people learn koa e vodeno” meaning “slippery from their own mistakes”. when it is wet”. (L) “umen”, “pameten”. (L) “slizgav”. smash – break into pieces sliver – thin piece of wood (D) “skrshi” as in “go skrshi (D) “spitsa” and “delanchka” as shisheto na komati” meaning “he in “mi vľeze spitsa vo prsto” smashed the bottle into pieces”. meaning “I got a sliver in my (L) “krshenje”. finger” and “rastsepigo drvoto na delanchki” meaning “split the smell – unpleasant odor wood into slivers” (D) “smrdea” as in “sho e taa (L) “delachka”. smrdea?” meaning “what is that smell?” slope – inclined position (L) “miris”, “smrdea”. (D) “strmno” as in “ne e ramno e strmno” meaning “it is not flat it smile – act of smiling is on a slope”. (D) “se smee” as in “se smee (L) “strmnina”. zash je radosen” meaning “he is smiling because he is happy”. slow – taking a relatively long (L) “se smee”. time (D) “poľeka” as in “zheľkata smoke – visible vapour from mrda poľekachki” meaning “the burning substance turtle moves slowly”. (D) “kadesh” as in “dea ima (L) “usporuva”, “sopira”. kadesh ima ogan” meaning “where there is smoke there is slug – snail-like without shell fire”. (D) “ľigaets” as in “ľigaetso e (L) “chad”. plshok bes korupka” meaning “the slug is a snail without a smooth – free from roughness shell”. (D) “mazen” as in “stapo e mazen” meaning “the stick is small – not large or big smooth”. (L) “mazni”. 119 (D) “taka” as in “taka mi veľish” snail – slow-moving mollusk meaning “so you tell me”. with spiral shell (L) “taka”, “na ovoj nachin”. (D) “plshok” as in “plshoko se ľizga koa mrda” meaning “the soak – saturate in liquid snail slides when it moves”. (D) “kisni” as in “ostaj go neka (L) “polshav”. se kisni” meaning “let it soak”. (L) “natopuva”. snake – long limbless reptile (D) “zmia” as in “zmiata ima soap – cleaning substance farmak” meaning “the snake has (D) “sapun” as in “isperi gi poison”. pľachkite so sapun” meaning (L) “zmia”. “wash the clothes with soap”. (L) “sapun”. sneeze – sudden involuntary expulsion of air from nose and sock – short stocking mouth (D) “chorap” as in “eden (D) “kiva” as in “kiva, ke o fati chorap, dva chorapi” meaning stut” meaning “he is sneezing, he “one sock, two socks”. will catch a cold”. (L) “chorap”. (L) “kiva”. soft – not hard sniffle – sniff repeatedly (D) “mek” as in “mek ľep” (D) “smrka” as in “vezden smrka meaning “soft bread”. ne mozhi da zastani” meaning (L) “mek”. “continuously sniffles he can’t stop”. soggy – saturated with liquid (L) “shmrka”. (D) “voden” as in “ľebo e voden” meaning “the bread is soggy”. snout – projecting nose from (L) “natopenje”. animal (D) “surla” as in “bishkoa surla” soil – upper layer of earth meaning “pig snout”. (D) “zemja” as in “tsrna zemja” (L) “mutska”, “rilo”. meaning “dark soil”. (L) “zemja”. snow – frozen vapour falling to earth as flakes soldier – member of army (D) “snek” as in “vo zimata (D) “askerľija” as in “askrľijata padva snek” meaning “in the ima pushka” meaning “the winter snow falls”. soldier has a rifle”. (L) “sneg”. (L) “vojnik”.

so – in this or that way some – an unspecified amount or number 120 (D) “nekolku” as in “nekolku meaning “soon I will be going dechina ojdoa kamo rekata” home”. meaning “some boys went (L) “skoro”, “rano”, “brzo”. towards the river”. (L) “nekolku”. sore – painful from injury or disease something – some unspecified (D) “rana” as in “se poseku i or unknown thing sega imam rana” meaning “I cut (D) “neshcho” as in “neshcho e myself and now I have a sore”. po dobro ot nishcho” meaning (L) “rana”. “something is better than nothing”. sorrel – sour-leaved herb (L) “neshto”. (D) “kiseľets” as in “klaj troa kiseľets vo salatata” meaning sometime – at some time “put a little sorrel in the salad”. (D) “nekogash” as in “nekogash (L) “kiselitsa”. oda vo odmor” meaning “sometimes I go on vacation”. sorrow – mental distress (L) “nekogash”. (D) “zhaľ” as in “mi e zhaľ” as in “I feel sorrow”. somewhere – some place (L) “zhalost”. (D) “nekade” as in “nekade vo planinata ima zlato” meaning sort – group of things with “somewhere in the mountain common attributes there is gold”. (D) “naredi” as in “naredi gi na (L) “nekade”. ret” meaning “sort them in order”. son – male child in relation to (L) “odbira”. parents (D) “sin” as in “dali imash sin?” soup – liquid food meaning “do you have a son?” (D) “chorba” as in “chorba ot (L) “sin”. kokoshka” meaning “chicken soup”. song – vocal music (L) “supa”. (D) “pesna” as in “peacho pee pesna” meaning “the singer is sour – having acid taste or smell singing a song”. (D) “kisel” as in “limono e kisel” (L) “pesna”. meaning “the lemon is sour”. (L) “kisel”, “skisnat”. soon – after no long interval of time south – 90 degrees clockwise (D) “vo brzo vreme” as in “vo from east brzo vreme ke si oda doma”

121 (D) “jug” as in “sever, istok, spill – allow liquid to fall or run zapat i jug” meaning “north, (D) “isturi” as in “ga isturi tsela east, west and south”. voda” meaning “he spilled all the (L) “jug”. water”. (L) “se istura”. sow – put seed in the earth (D) “sadi” as in “sadi seme” spin – turn rapidly meaning “sowing seeds”. (D) “se vrti” as in “vrtaleshkata (L) “see”. se vrti” meaning “the propeller is spinning”. spark – fiery particle thrown (L) “vrtenje”, “suchenje”. from burning substance (D) “iskra” as in “iskra se frľi ot spine - backbone ogno” meaning “a spark was (D) “shiper” as in “shipero gi thrown from the fire”. drzhi rebrata na mesto” meaning (L) “iskra”. “the spine holds the ribs in place”. speak – utter words in ordinary (L) “rbet”, “grb”. voice (D) “zborva” as in “zborvaj, sho spirit – person’s soul imash da veľish?” meaning (D) “dusha” as in “mu e mila “speak, what do you have to dushata” meaning “he loves his say?” spirit”. (L) “govori”. (L) “duh”, “dusha”.

speed – quick motion spit – eject from the mouth (D) “brzina” as in “trcha vo (D) “pľunka” as in “pľuna goľema brzina” meaning “he is pľunka” meaning “spitting spit”. running at great speed”. (L) “plunka”. (L) “brzina”. splash – to throw water spend – pay out (D) “pľiska” as in “pľiska voda” (D) “istroshi” as in “kolku pari meaning “splashing water”. istroshi?” meaning “how much (L) “prska”. money did you spend?” (L) “istroshuva”. split – break lengthwise (D) “rastsepi” as in “rastsepi go spider – eight-legged arthropod drvoto na maľi komachina” which spins web meaning “split the wood into (D) “paek” as in “paeko tkae small pieces”. paezhina” meaning “the spider is (L) “rstsep”, “tsepenje”. weaving a web”. (L) “pajak”. spoil – make useless

122 (D) “se rasipa” as in “mesoto se spring – season after winter rasipa” meaning “the meat (D) “proľet” as in “proľet, leto, became spoiled”. esen i zima” meaning “spring, (L) “se rasipuva”. summer, fall and winter”. (L) “prolet”. spool – reel on which something is wound spring – source of water (D) “makarche” as in “vo (D) “izvor” as in “od izvoro makarcheto ima konets” izľegva chista voda” meaning meaning “on the spool there is “from the spring comes out clean thread”. water”. (L) “kalem”. (L) “izvor”.

spoon – oval utensil for eating spy – secretly collecting and liquids reporting information (D) “lajtsa” as in “jas jada so (D) “shpion” and “kodosh” as in lajtsa” meaning “I eat with a “toj e shpion gi kodoshi lugeto” spoon”. meaning “he is a spy he spies on (L) “lazhitsa”. people”. (L) “shpion”. spot - mark (D) “damka” as in “imash damka squeeze – exert pressure na litseto” meaning “you have a (D) “stiska” as in “mi a stiska spot on your face”. rakata” meaning “is squeezing (L) “damka”. my hand”. (L) “stiska”. spray – water or other liquid flying in small drops squirrel – bushy-tailed arboreal (D) “prska” as in “prska voda” rodent meaning “is spraying water”. (D) “ververitsa” as in (L) “prska”. “ververitsata ima vlneshkaa pashka” meaning “the squirrel spread – cause to cover large has a hairy tail”. surface (L) “ververitsa”. (D) “shiri” as in “oblako se shiri” meaning “the cloud is stab – pierce or wound with spreading”. pointed tool or weapon (L) “se shiri”, “shirenje”. (D) “dupna” as in “si go dupna prsto so igla” meaning “I spring – rise rapidly stabbed my finger with a (D) “stana” as in “stana brzo” needle”. meaning “he sprang fast”. (L) “ubod”. (L) “skok”.

123 stable – building in which large (D) “zafati” and “trgna” as in animals are kept “zafati da bara” meaning (D) “aur” as in “ima koni vo “started to walk” and “trgna za auro” meaning “there are horses vo grado” meaning “started for in the stable”. the city”. (L) “stala”. (L) “trgnuva”. stain – discoloured by liquid starve – die of hunger sinking in (D) “umre ot glados” as in “ako (D) “damka” as in “imash damka ne jadish ke umrish ot glados” na gravatata” meaning “you meaning “if you don’t eat you have a stain on your tie”. will starve”. (L) “fleka”, “damka”, “boja”. (L) “umiranje od glad”. stair - step stay – continue to be in same (D) “skala” as in “vjani po place skala” meaning “climb the (D) “sedi” as in “sedi tuka” stairs”. meaning “stay here”. (L) “skala”. (L) “stoj”.

stake – stick pointed for driving steal – take another’s property into ground illegally (D) “kol” as in “kol za drzhenje (D) “kradi” as in “kradi sho gra” meaning “pole for propping mozhish” meaning “steal beans”. whatever you can”. (L) “kolets”. (L) “krade”.

stand – maintain upright steam – gas formed from boiling position water (D) “sedi” as in “sedi tamo” (D) “para” as in “voda se vari da meaning “stand there”. praj para” meaning “water is (L) “stoj”. boiled to create steam”. (L) “para”. star – celestial body appearing as a luminous point in the night steel – alloy of iron sky (D) “cheľik” as in “jak ko (D) “dzvezda” as in “ima ilijadi cheľik” meaning “strong like dzvezdi vo neboto” meaning steel”. “there are thousands of stars in (L) “chelik”. the sky”. (L) “dzvezda”. steep – sloping sharply (D) “strmnina” as in “ot rido start – begin, set in motion udolu e strmnina” meaning

124 “from the hilltop downwards it is steep”. stone - rock (L) “strmnina”. (D) “kamen” as in “vo rekata ima mnogu kamenje” meaning step – unit of movement “in the river there are a lot of (D) “chekar” as in “dva chekari stones”. na metro” meaning “two steps to (L) “kamen”. a meter”. (L) “chekor”. stop – put an end to progress (D) “zastani” as in “zastani, ne stepbrother – male child of praj pojke gjurultia” meaning different parent “stop, don’t make any more (D) “parabrat” as in “ima eden trouble”. brat i eden parabrat” meaning (L) “zastoj”. “he has a brother and a stepbrother”. stork – white wading bird with (L) “polubrat”. long legs (D) “shtrk” as in “shtrko fatfa stew – cook by long simmering zmii” meaning “the stork catches in closed vessel with liquid snakes”. (D) “mandzha” as in “mandzha (L) “shtrk”. so meso” meaning “stew with meat”. storm – violent atmospheric (L) “meso vareno so para”. disturbance (D) “bura” as in “losha bura” stick – short slender piece of meaning “bad storm”. wood (L) “bura”, “ataka”. (D) “stap” as in “ke te udra so stapo” meaning “I will hit you story – narrative tale with the stick”. (D) “prikazna” as in “kazhimi (L) “stap”, “shipka”. edna prikazna” meaning “tell me a story”. stinger – organ of bee or wasp (L) “prikaska”, “raskaz”. (D) “strshen” as in “me ksna pchela i mi ostaj strshen” stove – closed apparatus for meaning “a bee bit me and left burning fuel the stinger in me”. (D) “soba” as in “soba sho gori (L) “zhilo”. drva” meaning “stove that burns wood”. stir – move spoon round (L) “pechka”. (D) “boraj” as in “boraj go grao” meaning “keep stirring the straight – without curves beans”. (L) “meshaj”. 125 (D) “praf” as in “barash na praf (D) “konets” as in “zakrpimio pt” meaning “you are walking on paltoto so konets” meaning “sew a straight road”. my coat with string”. (L) “prav”, “ramen”, “mazen”. (L) “jazhe”, “vrvtsa”. strange – unusual, peculiar strong – having power of (D) “chuden” as in “toj e chuden resistance choek” meaning “he is a strange (D) “silen” as in “toj e silen person”. mozhi da kreni kon” meaning “he (L) “tugj”, “chuden”. is strong he can lift a horse”. (L) “jak”, “silen”, “mokjen”. strangle – squeeze neck (D) “oplti” as in “ke te oplti so stubborn – inflexible, intractible ratsi” meaning “he will strangle (D) “inadzhja” as in “toj e you with his hands”. inadzhja choek” meaning “he is (L) “zadavuva”. a stubborn person”. (L) “tvrdoglav”. straw – dry cut stalks of grain (D) “slama” as in “pernitsa stupid – unintelligent, foolish plnata so slama” meaning (D) “budala” and “prost” as in “pillow stuffed with straw”. “toj e budala za toa prosto (L) “slama”. neshcho sho napraj” meaning “he is stupid for that stupid thing strawberry – pulpy red fruit he did”. (D) “planuchka” as in “divi (L) “glup”. planuchki raste vo planina” meaning “wild strawberries subtract - deduct grow on the mountain”. (D) “izvaj” as in “izvaj dve ot tri (L) “jagoda”. ke imash edno” meaning “subtract two from three you will stream – flowing body of water have one”. (D) “trap” as in “trap e maľetska (L) “odzemi”. reka” meaning “a stream is a small river”. suck – draw liquid into mouth (L) “potok”, “reka”, “struja”. (D) “muska” as in “muska mľeko” meaning “sucking milk”. stretch – pull to greater length (L) “tsitsa”, “upiva”. (D) “tegni” as in “se tegni lastiko” meaning “stretching a sugar – sweet crystalline rubber band”. substance (L) “rastegnuva”. (D) “sheker” as in “sheker e mnogu blak” meaning “sugar is string – twine or narrow cord very sweet”. (L) “shekjer”. 126 surrender – relinquish suit – set of clothes for wearing possession together (D) “se predava” as in “toj se (D) “kustum” as in “ke nosa predava na askero” meaning “he kustum na brako” meaning “I is surrendering to the soldiers”. am goint to wear a suit at the (L) “se predava”. wedding”. (L) “kostum”. surround – be all round (D) “ovrti” as in “askero gi sulphur – pale yellow non overti” meaning “the soldiers metallic element surrounded them”. (D) “skľifur” as in “skľifuro (L) “opashuva”. smrdi koa gori” meaning “sulfur stinks when it burns”. survive – continue to live (L) “sulfur”. (D) “prezhivi” as in “ga prezhivi burata” meaning “he survived summer – warmest season the storm”. (D) “ľeto” as in “ľetoto ima (L) “prezhivuva”. pojke sntse” meaning “in the summer there is more sun”. swallow – pass down the throat (L) “leto”. (D) “glta” as in “gltaj ga vodata poľeka” meaning “swallow the sun – the star around which the water slowly”. earth travels (L) “golta”. (D) “sntse” as in “sntseto sfeti” meaning “the sun is shining”. swallow – migratory bird (L) “sontse”. (D) “lastojchka” as in “lastojchkite bege na esen” support – keep from falling or meaning “the swallows leave in sinking the fall”. (D) “potkrepi” as in “potkrepise (L) “lastovitsa”. da ne padnish” meaning “support yourself so that you will swear – take oath not fall”. (D) “kľetfa” as in “zve kľetfa da (L) “potkepa”, “pomosh”, bidi dobar” meaning “he swore “izdrshka”. to be nice”. (L) “kletva”. surprise – unexpected thing (D) “se zachudi” as in “se sweat – moisture exuded through zachudi od kolku kjari” meaning pores of skin “he was surprised by how much (D) “potni” as in “potni ot mka” he won”. meaning “is sweating from (L) “chudenje”. duress”. (L) “poti”. 127 tailor– maker of clothes sweep – clean with broom (D) “terzia” as in “terziata ke mi (D) “meti” as in “baba go meti soshie nof kustum” meaning “the dvoro” meaning “grandma is tailor will stitch me a new suit”. sweeping the yard”. (L) “krojach”, “shivach”. (L) “mete”. take – get hold of sweet – tasting like sugar or (D) “zevaj” as in “zevaj samo honey edno” meaning “take only one”. (D) “blago” as in “shekercheto e (L) “zemaj”, “premaj”. blago” meaning “the candy is sweet”. tale – narrative or story (L) “slatko”. (D) “prikazna” as in “kazhimi edna prikazna” meaning “tell me swim – propel body through a tale”. water (L) “raskaz”, “prikaska”. (D) “pľiva” as in “letoto se pľivame vo rekata” meaning “in talk - converse the summer we swim in the (D) “zborva” as in “toj zborva river”. mnogu” meaning “he talks too (L) “pliva”. much”. (L) “govori”. sword – weapon with long blade (D) “shtik” as in “ke te dupni so tall – more than average height shtiko” meaning “he will poke (D) “visok” as in “toj e visok a ti you with the sword”. si po visok” meaning “he is tall (L) “sabja”. but you are taller”. (L) “visok”.

T tame – domesticated, not wild or shy table – piece of furniture with (D) “pitom” as in “zaeko e flat top with four legs pitom” meaning “the rabbit is (D) “masa” as in “sedni pokraj tame”. masata” meaning “sit near the (L) “pitom”, “krotok”. table”. (L) “masa”. tar – dark thick inflammable liquid tail – hindmost part of animal (D) “katran” an in “volo e tsrn (D) “pashka” as in “matskata ko katran” meaning “the ox is ima dlga pashka” meaning “the black like tar”. cat has a long tail”. (L) “katran”. (L) “opashka”.

128 taste – sensation caused in the than – introducing second tongue element in comparison (D) “fkus” as in “jabolkoto ima (D) “ot” as in “toj e po golem ot ubaf fkus” meaning “the apple tebe” meaning “he is bigger than tastes good”. you”. (L) “vkus”. (L) “od”, “tuku”.

tea – evergreen shrub grown in thank – express gratitude India and China (D) “spolaj” as in “spolajti” (D) “chaj” as in “planintski meaning “thank you”. chaj” meaning “mountain tea”. (L) “blagodaram”. (L) “chaj”. that – the person or thing teach – give instruction indicated or named (D) “uchi” as in “uchi se da (D) “toa” as in “ti si choek a toa pishish” meaning “teach yourself e neshcho” meaning “you are a to write”. person and that is a thing”. (L) “uchi”. (L) “toa”.

tear – pull apart theft - stealing (D) “skini” as in “skini go na (D) “kradba” as in “kradba e mali komachina” meaning “tear protif zakono” meaning “theft is it to small pieces”. against the law”. (L) “kini”, “korni”. (L) “krazhba”.

teeth – more than one tooth their – of or belonging to them (D) “zmbi” as in “imam chisti (D) “nemni” as in “tie se nemni zmbi” meaning “I have clean detsa” meaning “they are their teeth”. children”. (L) “zabi”. (L) “nivni”.

tell – relate or narrate in speech them – case of they or writing (D) “tie” as in “tie se moj kjerki” (D) “kazhi” as in “kazhi mi sho meaning “them, they are my veľi toj” meaning “tell me what daughters”. he says” . (L) “niv” (L) “veli”, “kazhuva”. there – in or at or at that place tender – easily cut or chewed (D) “tamo” as in “tamo dolu” (D) “mek” as in “tlchenoto meso meaning “down there”. e meko” meaning “pounded meat (L) “tamu”, “onamu”. is tender”. (L) “mek”, “nezhen”. thick – of specified or great depth between opposite surfaces 129 (D) “debel” as in “debel remen” (L) “ovoj”, “ovaa”, “ova”. meaning “thick belt”. (L) “debel”, “gust”. thorn – sharp pointed projection on plant thief – one who steals (D) “trn” as in “stpna na trn i mi (D) “aramia” as in “aramiata mi vleze vo nogata” meaning “I gi ukradi parite” meaning “the stepped on a thorn and it entered thief stole my money”. my foot”. (L) “aramia”, “kradets”. (L) “trn”.

thin – having opposite surfaces thread – thin cord of twisted close together yarn (D) “slap” as in “tfojo remen e (D) “konets” as in “zakrpio so slap” meaning “your belt is konets i vrzio se vrftsa” meaning thin”. “mend it with string and tie it (L) “slab”, “redok”. with a string”. (L) “konets”, “kitka”, “vrska”. thing – an inanimate object (D) “neshcho” as in “igrachka e throat – windpipe, gullet neshcho” meaning “a toy is a (D) “grlo” as in “nemozha da thing”. gltam, grloto me boľi” meaning (L) “stvar”, “predmet”. “I can’t swallow, my throat is sore”. think – be of opinion, judge or (L) “grlo”, “grklan”. consider (D) “misli” as in “misli se sho ke through – from end to end mu rechish” meaning “think (D) “krs” as in “pomini krs neo what you are going to say to ot kraj na kraj” meaning “pass him”. through it from end to end”. (L) “misli”, “smeta”. (L) “niz”.

thirsty – having a desire or need throw – propel with some force to drink (D) “frľi” as in “frľio nadvor” (D) “kapnat” as in “si kapnat mi meaning “throw it out”. se pie voda” meaning “I am (L) “frla”. thirsty I need to drink water”. (L) “zhed”, “kopnezh”. thunder – loud noise heard after lightning this – person or thing close at (D) “grmi” as in “vrni i grmi” hand meaning “raining and (D) “ovoj”, “ovaa” and “ova” as thundering”. in “ovoj msh, ovaa zhena i ova (L) “grmi”. kuche” meaning “this man, this woman and this dog”. 130 tickle – produce laughter by (D) “vreme” as in “vreme e za exciting nerves vechera” meaning “it’s time for (D) “gjuchka” as in “taa go supper”. gjuchka bebeto i toa se smee” (L) “vreme”. meaning “she is tickling the baby and it is laughing”. tired – weary, exhausted (L) “skokotka”. (D) “postanat” as in “si postanat ne mozha da rabotam pojke” tie – attach or fasten with string meaning “I am tired I can’t work or cord any more”. (D) “vrzi” as in “vrzio magarto (L) “umoren”. so fortoma” meaning “tie the donkey with rope”. today – this day (L) “vrska”, “vrvtsa”. (D) “denes” as in “denes ke bidi ubaf den” meaning “today will tight – closely held or drawn be a beautiful day”. (D) “stegnat” as in “drzhigo (L) “denes”. stegnato” meaning “hold him tightly”. toe – any of the five terminal (L) “tsvrst”, “napnat”. members on foot (D) “prst na noga” as in “prst na tile – thin slab raka i prst na noga” meaning (D) “plocha” as in “dedo go “finger and toe”. posla dvoro so plochi” meaning (L) “prst na noga”. “grandpa laid the yard with tiles”. together – in company of (L) “plocha”. (D) “zaedno” as in “zaedno ke ga oslobodime Makedonija” till – cultivate land meaning “together we will free (D) “rabota zemja” as in “ga Macedonia”. rabota zemjata so lopata” (L) “zaedno”. meaning “he is tilling the soil with a shovel”. toilet - lavatory (L) “obrabotuva zemja”. (D) “aľe” as in “vo starite dena aľina bea nadvor” meaning “in timber – wood prepared for the old days the toilets were building outside”. (D) “grendi” as in “ni trebe (L) “toaleta”. grendi za chatiata” meaning “we need timber for the roof”. tolerate – allow occurrences (L) “gradechno drvo”. without interference (D) “trpi” as in “trpia boľeata time – point of time, measure of brzo ke pomini” meaning time 131 “tolerate the pain it will soon (L) “zab”. pass”. (L) “trpi”. top – highest point or part (D) “vr” as in “vrro e naj visoko tomato – red pulpy edible fruit mesto ot drvoto” meaning “the (D) “domat” as in “baba beri top is the highest place of the domati ot gradinata” meaning tree”. “grandma is picking tomatoes (L) “vrv”. from the garden”. (L) “patlidzhan”, “domat”. torture – infliction of severe bodily pain tomorrow – the day after today (D) “mchi” as in “ti se moľa ne (D) “utre” as in “utre ke ojme po me mchi pojke” meaning “please ribi” meaning “tomorrow we are don’t torture me any more”. going fishing”. (L) “maki”, “machi”. (L) “utre”. total – the whole sum tongue – fleshy muscular organ (D) “tselokupno” as in “kazhimi in mouth kolku e tselokupno” meaning (D) “jazik” as in “jaziko e za “tell me how much is the total”. zborvanje i gltanje” meaning (L) “zbir”, “tsel”, “vkupen”. “the tongue is for speaking and swallowing”. touch – put one’s hand on (L) “jazik”. someone or something (D) “giba” as in “ne go gibaj” tonight – the present night meaning “don’t touch it”. (D) “vecher” as in “vecher ke (L) “dopir”, “vrska”. ojme da vime kino” meaning “tonight we are going to see a tough – hard to break or cut movie”. (D) “zhilaf” as in “mesoto e (L) “vecherva”. zhilao, ne se dzhvaka” meaning “the meat is tough, can’t be tool – mechanical implement chewed”. (D) “alat” as in “dedo i drzhi (L) “zhilav”, “traen”. alatite vo keralo” meaning “grandpa keeps his tools in the towards – in the direction of cellar”. (D) “kamo” as in “baraj kamo (L) “alat”. mene” meaning “come towards me”. tooth – each of white hard bony (L) “kon”. structures in jaw (D) “zmb” as in “puli baba, zmbo towel – absorbent cloth or paper mi padna” meaning “look grandma, my tooth fell out”. 132 (D) “riza” as in “izbrishise so meaning “can you translate this rizata” meaning “dry yourself letter?”. with the towel”. (L) “preveduva”. (L) “krpa”, “peshkir”. transport – take persons or tower – tall structure goods from one place to another (D) “kuľe” as in “ima kuľe vo (D) “prenosi” as in “prenosio Ajľ” meaning “there is a tower in zhitoto ot Oshchima vo Lerin” Ail”. meaning “transport the grain (L) “kula”, “kube”. from Oshchima to Lerin”. (L) “prevoz”, “prenesuva”. town – large concentration of dwellings trap – device for catching (D) “gratche” as in “gratche e animals mal grat” meaning “a town is a (D) “stapitsa” as in “glufets se small city”. fati vo stapitsata” meaning “a (L) “grad”. mouse was caught in the trap”. (L) “jamka”, “klopka”. toy – thing to play with (D) “igrachka” as in “koj ti a tree – perennial plant dade taa ubaa igrachka?” (D) “drvo” as in “drvoto e meaning “who gave you that cheresha” meaning “the tree is a beautiful toy?” cherry tree”. (L) “igrachka”. (L) “drvo”, “steblo”.

trade – skill trick – things done to fool or (D) “zanaat” as in “na sho outwit zanaat rabotash?” meaning “at (D) “itrina” as in “itrina za itari” what skill are you employed?” meaning “trick for the clever”. (L) “zanaet”, “znanje”, “struka”. (L) “trik”, “itrina”.

transfer – hand over from one to trip – stumble or cause to another stumble (D) “premesti” as in “toj go (D) “sopni” as in “puľi da ne se premesti ot edno mesto na sopnish” meaning “watch that drugo” meaning “he transfered it you don’t trip”. from one place to another”. (L) “propust”. (L) “prenos”, “premestuvanje”. true – accurately confirming translate – give meaning in (D) “vistintski” as in “odgovoro e another language vistintski” meaning “the answer (D) “prevedi” as in “ke mozhish is true”. da go prevedish ova pismo?” (L) “veren”, “predan”.

133 truth – what is true (L) “bliznak”, “dvojnik”. (D) “vistina” as in “vistinata ke te oslobodi” meaning “the truth twist – change the form by will set you free”. rotating one end but not the other (L) “vistina”. (D) “vie” and “suchi” as in “drvoto se vie ot vetro” meaning try – make effort to success “the tree is twisting from the (D) “obid” as in “obidise da go wind” and “baba suchi vialkik” krenish” meaning “try to lift it”. meaning “grandma is twisting a (L) “proba”, “obid”. vialnik”. (L) “zavoj”, “suche”. tub – open flat bottomed vessel (D) “kopanka” as in “izmise vo kopankata” meaning “wash U yourself in the tub”. (L) “vedro”, “kobel”, “katsa”. ugly – unpleasant or repulsive to see and hear turn – move around to point of (D) “grt” as in “toj volo e mnogu axis grt” meaning “that ox is very (D) “vrti” as in “vrtise da ne go ugly”. udrish stiso” meaning “turn so (L) “grd”, “grozen”. you will not hit the wall”. (L) “vrti”. unbutton – open shirt, etc. (D) “otkopsa” as in “otkapsaj si turtle – reptile with horney shell go paltoto” meaning “unbutton (D) “zheľka” as in “zheľkata ima your coat”. palto ot koska” meaning “the (L) “otkopsuva”. turtle has a coat of bone”. (L) “zhelka”. uncle – brother or brother-in-law of one’s father or mother twig – small branch or shoot (D) “striko” (father’s brother), (D) “vetche” and “kľechka” as in “vujko” (mother’s brother), “vetche e mala vetka” meaning “tetin” (aunt’s husband from “a twig is a small branch” and both sides). “kľechka e malo stapche” (L) “vujko”. meaning “a twig is a small stick”. uncover – remove cover (L) “stapche”, “granche”. (D) “otkriva” as in “go otkriva kreveto” meaning “he is twin – pair born at the same time uncovering the bed”. from same mother (L) “otkriva”. (D) “bľiznak” as in “tie dvata se bľiznatsi” meaning “those two under – in or at a lower position are twins”. 134 (D) “pot” as in “nema dzver pot uneven – not level or smooth kreve” meaning “there is no (D) “neramen” as in “ptto e monster under the bed”. neramen” meaning “the road is (L) “pod”, “podolu”. uneven”. (L) “neramen”. undercover – spying by working among those observed unfold – open folds (D) “taen” as in “toj e taen (D) “rashiri” as in “rashirigo korofilak” meaning “he is an veľentseto” meaning “unfold the undercover policeman”. blanket”. (L) “razviva”, “rashiruva”. underground – beneath the earth or into hiding unfreeze – thaw (D) “potzema” as in “toj se skri (D) “odmrzni” as in “odmrznigo potzema” meaning “he hid mesoto pret da go varish” underground”. meaning “unfreeze the meat (L) “podzemen”, “taen”. before you boil it”.

understand – perceive meaning unlock – release lock (D) “razberva” as in “taa (D) “otkľuchi” as in “otkľuchiga razberva sho mu veľish” vratata” meaning “unlock the meaning “she understands what door”. you are telling her”. (L) “otkluchuva”. (L) “razbira”. until – when its underwater – situated under (D) “do koa” or “do koga” as in water “do koa ke se vidime pa” (D) “potvoda” as in “toj se pľiva meaning “until we see each other potvoda” meaning “he is again”. swimming underwater”. (L) “do”, “dodeka”, “dokade”.

undress – take off one’s clothes up – towards a higher place (D) “se otsľeche” as in “toj se (D) “gore” as in “gore i dolu” otsľeche pred da spie” meaning meaning “up and down”. “he undressed before sleeping”. (L) “gore”, “visochina”. (L) “se slekuva”. uphold - support unemployed – temporarily out (D) “potkrepfa” as in “go of work pokrepfa zakono” meaning “is (D) “bes rabota” as in “taa e bes upholding the law”. rabota” meaning “she is (L) “potkrepuva”. unemployed”. (L) “bez raboten”. upper – situated above another part 135 (D) “gorna” as in “gorna i dolna maala” meaning “upper and value – worth lower neighbourhood”. (D) “tsena” as in “ovoj saat e ot (L) “pogoren”, “povisok”. visoka tsena” meaning “this watch is of high value”. upright – erect vertical (L) “tsena”. (D) “prostum” as in “sedi prostum” meaning “stand vapour - moisture upright”. (D) “para” as in “para staa ot (L) “prav”. varena voda” meaning “vapour rises from boiling water”. uprising - insurrection (L) “para”, “magla”, “chad”. (D) “bunt” as in “stava bunt” meaning “an uprising is taking veal – calf’s flesh as food place”. (D) “teľeshko meso” as in (L) “vastanje”, “bunt”. “pechime teľeshko meso” meaning “we are roasting veal”. upset - disrupt (L) “teleshko meso”. (D) “mu prechi neshcho” as in “toj ne e tokmu, mu prechi vein – any of the tubes in the neshcho” meaning “he is not body that carry blood to the heart right, he is upset”. (D) “zhila” as in “zhilite nose krf (L) “se voznemiruva”. na srtseto” meaning “the vein carries blood to the heart”. upstairs – to or on upper floor (L) “vena”, “zhila”. (D) “gore po skaľi” as in “odi gore po skaľi” meaning “go verify – establish truth upstairs”. (D) “proveri” as in “proveri oti (L) “nagore”, “pos kali”. toa e vistina” meaning “verify that it is true”. (L) “proveruva”. V very – in a higher degree vacation - holiday (D) “mnogu” as in “mnogu (D) “pochifka” as in “ke odi na visoko” meaning “very high”. pochifka” meaning “he is going (L) “mozhne”, “sosema”, on vacation”. “mnogu”. (L) “odmor”. view – inspection by eye or mind valuable – of great value (D) “vid” as in “a sho ubaf vid” (D) “skp” as in “toj e skp saat” meaning “ah what a beautiful meaning “that is a valuable view”. watch”. (L) “vid”, “izgled”. (L) “skapochen”. 136 village – group of houses (D) “selo” as in “Oshchima e vomit – eject matter from moe selo” meaning “Oshchima is stomach through mouth my village”. (D) “bľua” as in “mu se meli (L) “selo”. umo i bľua” meaning “feels dizzy and vomits”. vine – climbing plant (L) “blue”. (D) “lozinka” as in “nie imame lozinka vo dvoro” meaning “we have a vine in the yard”. W (L) “loza”. wage – pay for work vinegar – sour liquid (D) “platka” as in “kolku ti e (D) “kiseľina” as in “jas pram platkata?” meaning “how much kiseľina ot vino” meaning “I is your wage?” make vinegar from wine”. (L) “plata”. (L) “kiselina”. wagon – four wheeled vehicle vineyard – plantation of grape- (D) “kola” as in “koni ga trge vines kolata” meaning “horses are (D) “lozje” as in “lozjeto e plno pulling the wagon”. so grozje” meaning “the (L) “vagon”, “kola”. vineyard is full of grapes”. (L) “lozje”. waist – middle of human body (D) “polojna” as in “dedo nosi visit – go or come to see person pojas okolu popojnata” meaning or place “grandpa is wearing a sash (D) “poseta” as in “sakam da a around his waist”. poseta baba” meaning “I want to (L) “pojas”. visit grandma”. (L) “poseta”, “posetuva”. wait – don’t leave (D) “cheka” as in “chekaj, ne voice – sound formed in larynx begaj” meaning “wait, don’t (D) “glas” as in “taa ima ubaf leave”. glas” meaning “she has a (L) “cheka”. beautiful voice”. (L) “glas”. wake – sleep no more (D) “se razbudi” as in volunteer – person who takes up “razbudise” meaning “wake up”. task of one’s free will (L) “e buden”. (D) “dobrovoľets” as in “toj e dobrovoľets askerľia” meaning walk – move by the power of “he is a volumteer soldier”. legs (L) “dobrovolets”. 137 (D) “bara” as in “bara po nodzi” eating than warm bread with meaning “walking on foot”. cheese”. (L) “odi”, “se sheta”, “odi (L) “topol”. peshki”. wart – small harsh roundish wall – narrow upright structure growth on skin (D) “stis” as in “dedo shishi stis” (D) “bradajtsa” as in “toa chupe meaning “grandpa is building a ima bradajtsa na prsto” meaning wall”. “that girl has a wart on her (L) “dzid”. finger”. (L) “bradavitsa”. wallet – case for holding notes (D) “kese” as in “jas imam pari was - be vo mojto kese” meaning “I have (D) “be” as in “jas be doma, dja money in my wallet”. beshe ti?” meaning “I was home, (L) “kjese”. where were you?” (L) “be”, “bev”, “beshe”. walnut – kernel in a shell, of tree bearing kernels in shell wash – clean with liquid (D) “kastitsa” and “orev” as in (D) “se mie” and “peri” as in “orevo ima mnogu kastitsi ovaa “peri pľachki i si o mie litseto” godina” meaning “the walnut meaning “is washing clothes and tree has plenty of walnuts this washing her face”. year”. (L) “se mie”, “pere”. (L) “orev”, “oreovo drvo”. wasp – stinging insect want – have desire for (D) “osa” as in “chuaj osata da (D) “saka” and “bara” as in “toj ne te ksni” meaning “watch the saka pojke pari, jas baram wasp doesn’t bite you”. potroa” meaning “he wants more (L) “osa”. money, I want less”. (L) “bara”, “saka”. waste – use to no purpose (D) “ardzhi” as in “ne a ardzhi war – strife between nations vodata” meaning “don’t waste (D) “boj” as in “boj se vrshi the water”. daľeko ot tua” meaning “a war is (L) “izardzhuva”. conducted far from here”. (L) “borba”, “boj”, “vojna”. watch - observe (D) “puli” as in “sedi na strazha warm – at moderate temperature i puli, bidi dabar strazhach” (D) “topol” as in “nema po arno meaning “stay on guard and jadenje ot topol ľep so sirenje” watch, be a good guard”. meaning “there is no better (L) “strazha”.

138 watch – portable time piece (D) “vreme” as in “vremeto e (D) “saat” as in “toj e dobar vrnlivo” meaning “the weather is saat” meaning “that is a good rainy”. watch”. (L) “vreme”. (L) “saat”. weave – making fabric water – liquid in rivers and lakes (D) “tkae” as in “baba tkae (D) “voda” as in “mi se pie basmo” meaning “grandma is voda” meaning “I need to drink weaving a cloth”. water”. (L) “tkae”. (L) “voda”. wedding – marriage ceremony wave – water moving to and fro (D) “brak” as in “vo nedeľa ke near shore odam na brak” meaning “on (D) “val” as in “toj e goľem val, Sunday I am going to a ke a prevrni chunkata” meaning wedding”. “that is a big wave, it will (L) “venchanje”, “svadba”. overturn the boat”. (L) “bran”. weigh – find weight (D) “trga” as in “go trga, kolku wax – material made by bees to tezhi?” meaning “you weighed it, hold honey how heavy is it?”. (D) “vosok” as in “sfeshchi se (L) “trga”, “meri”. prae ot vosok” meaning “candles are made from wax”. welcome – of greeting (L) “vosok”. (D) “dobrodojde” as in “dobrodojde, dobrodojdote” weak – deficient in strength meaning “welcome (one), (D) “slap” and “skapan” as in “ti welcome (many)”. si mnogu slap i toj e po skapan (L) “dobrodojde”. ot tebe” meaning “you are very weak and he is weaker than well – in right and satisfactory you”. way (L) “slab”, “mlitav”. (D) “aren” and “dobar” as in “aren si, dobar si spolaj mu na wear – clothing one puts on Gospo” meaning “I am well, I (D) “nosi” as in “taa nosi ľetni am well thank God”. pľachki” meaning “she is (L) “dobar”. wearing summer clothes”. (L) “nosi”, “nosija”. well – shaft sank into ground (D) “bunar” as in “izvaame voda weather – state of atmosphere ot bunaro” meaning “we get our water from the well”. (L) “bunar”, “izvor”. 139 west – direction in which sun which – asking from choice from sets set (D) “zapat” as in “sntseto zaodva (D) “koe”, “koj” and “koja” as in vo zapat” meaning “the sun sets “koe dete, koj msh i koja zhena” in the west”. meaning “which boy, which man (L) “zapad”. and which woman”. (L) “koj”, “koja”, “koe”. wet – soaked in water (D) “voden” as in “nodzite mi se whip – lash attached to stick vodeni” meaning “my feet are (D) “kamshik” as in “ne me wet”. mavaj so kamshiko” meaning (L) “vlaga”, “vlazhen”. “don’t hit me with the whip”. (L) “kamshik”. what – asking for choice (D) “sho” as in “sho sakash?” whisper – use breath instead of meaning “what do you want?” vocal cords to speak (L) “shto”. (D) “shepti” as in “baba mu shepti na dedo ama toj ne ga wheat – cereal type shchuka” meaning “grandma is (D) “pchenitsa” as in “brashno whispering to grandpa but he se praj ot pchenitsa” meaning can’t hear her”. “flour is made from wheat”. (L) “sheptuva”. (L) “pchenitsa”. whistle – clear shrill sound or wheel – disc instrument making such sound (D) “trkalo” as in “kolata ima (D) “sfiri” and “sfiralo” as in chetiri trkala” meaning “the “dedo sfiri so sfiralo” meaning wagon has four wheels”. “grandpa is whistling with a (L) “trkalo”. whistle”. (L) “sviri”. when – at what time (D) “koga” or “koa” as in “koa white – colour reflecting all light ke dosh da me vish?” or “koga ke (D) “bel” as in “imame eden bel i dojdish da me vidish?” meaning eden tsrn vol” meaning “we have “when are you coming to see one white and one black ox”. me?” (L) “bel”. (L) “koga”. whitewash – solution of lime where – to what place (D) “var” as in “vo Oshchima (D) “deka” or “dja” as in “dja varosfame so var” meaning “in si?” or “deka si?” meaning Oshchima we painted with “where are you?” whitewash”. (L) “kade”. (L) “belilo”, “var”. 140 (D) “vrba” as in “ima mnogu why – for what reason vrbi pokraj Oshchimtskata reka” (D) “zoshcho” or “za oshcho” as meaning “there are many in “kazhimi zoshcho si ľuten?” willows near the Oshchima meaning “tell me why are you river”. mad?” (L) “vrba”. (L) “zashto”. wilt - wither wick – thread feeding flame with (D) “ovena” as in “tsfeketo mi fuel ovena” meaning “my flower (D) “fitiľ” as in “lambata ima wilted”. fitiľ” meaning “the lamp has a (L) “ovenuva”, “kopnee”. wick”. (L) “fitilj”. win – be victorious or gain from chance wide – having sides far apart (D) “kjari” as in “jas kjari eden (D) “shirok” as in “pato tuka e dolar” meaning “I won a dollar”. shirok” meaning “the road here (L) “dobiva”. is wide”. (L) “shirok”. wind – air in nature (D) “veter” as in “nadvor dua widow – woman who has lost veter” meaning “the wind blows her husband outside”. (D) “vdojtsa” as in “taa e vdojtsa (L) “vetar”. na moj priateľ” meaning “she is my friend’s widow”. window – opening in wall (L) “vdovitsa”. (D) “pendzher” as in “odaata ima dva pendzheri” meaning wife – married woman in relation “the room has two windows”. to her husband (L) “prozorets”. (D) “zhena” “majta zhena e dobra zhena” meaning “my wife wine – fermented grape juice is a good woman”. (D) “vino” as in “dedo pie vino” (L) “zhena”, “sopruga”. meaning “grandpa drinks wine”. (L) “vino”. wild – in original natural state (D) “dif” as in “toj e dif zaek i wing – one of the limbs by taa e diva patka” meaning “that which flying is effected is a wild rabbit and that is a wild (D) “krilo” as in “vrapcheto ima duck”. dve kriľja” meaning “the bird (L) “div”. has two wings”. (L) “krilo”. willow – waterside tree wink – close and open one eye 141 (D) “namigna” as in “taa mi wolf – wild animal related to dog namigna, ke da ima neshcho da (D) “vlk” as in “mene mi e stra ot mi kazhi” meaning “she winked vlko” meaning “I am afraid of at me, she must have something the wolf”. to tell me”. (L) “volk”. (L) “namignuva”. woman – adult human female winner – one who wins (D) “zhena” as in “zhenata nosi (D) “kjarľia” as in “toj e kjarľia fustan” meaning “the woman is na skambiľ” meaning “he is wearing a dress”. lucky in cards”. (L) “zhena”. (L) “pobeditel”. wood – hard substance of tree winter – coldest season (D) “drvo” as in “suvo drvo e (D) “zima” as in “ovaa e zima so dobro za gorenje vo ogno” snek” meaning “this is a winter meaning “dry wood is good for with snow”. burning in the fire”. (L) “zima”. (L) “drvo”.

wire – metal drawn out into wool – hair from fleece of sheep slender cord (D) “vlna” as in “naj ubaata vlna (D) “teľ” as in “vrzio so teľ” e vlna ot oftsi” meaning “the best meaning “tie it with wire”. wool is sheep’s wool”. (L) “telj”. (L) “volna”.

wish – say one hopes for, to word – meaningful element of happen speech (D) “zheľba” as in “zheľba mi e (D) “laf” as in “zborni samo da uzdrajsh” meaning “my wish eden laf” meaning “speak only is for you to get well”. one word”. (L) “zhelba”. (L) “zbor”.

with – expressing means work – application of physical or (D) “so” as in “ke odam so tebe” mental effort to a purpose meaning “I am going with you”. (D) “rabota” as in “jas trba da (L) “so”, “pokraj”, “kon”. oda na rabota” meaning “I need to go to work”. witness – having seen something (L) “rabota”. or giving testimony (D) “martir” as in “toj ke bidi worker – person doing work martir vo sudo” meaning “he (D) “rabotnik” as in “toj e dobar will be a witness in the court”. rabotnik” meaning “he is a good (L) “svedok”. worker”. (L) “rabotnik”. 142 wrestle – two opponents grapple world – the earth with each other for sport (D) “sfet” as in “ovoj e nash sfet” (D) “se bori” as in “toj vezden se meaning “this is our world”. bori so drugite dechina” (L) “svet”, “zemia”. meaning “he always wrestles with the other boys”. worm – any of the invertebrate (L) “se bori”. animals with long slender bodies and no limbs write – put letters and words to (D) “tsrvets” as in “ribite jade paper tsrvie” meaning “the fish eat (D) “pishi” as in “dedo ne e worms”. uchen, ne znae da pishi” (L) “tsrv”. meaning “grandpa is not educated, he doesn’t know how worry – give way to anxiety to write”. (D) “beri dert” and “se grizhi” as (L) “pishuva”. in “koj chekash da beri dert za tebe?” meaning “who do you wrong – not true, mistaken expect to worry for you?” and (D) “krivo” as in “toa ne e pravo, “majkati se grizhi za tebe” toa e krivo” meaning “that is not meaning “your mother worries right, that is wrong”. about you”. (L) “nepravda”. (L) “grizha”. worse – more bad X (D) “polosh” as in “toj e polosh ot nea” meaning “he is worse xenophobia – dislike of than her”. foreigners (L) “polosh”. (D) “pizma za chuzhi” as in “nikoj Makedonets nema pizma worst - most bad za chuzhi” meaning “no (D) “najlosh” as in “toj e najlosh Macedonian has xenophobia”. ot site” meaning “he is the worst (L) “omraza kon strantsi”. of all of them”. (L) “najlosh”.

wound – injury done to living Y tissue (D) “rana” as in “ot sho ti e taa yard – piece of enclosed ground rana?” meaning “what is your (D) “dvor” as in “kucheto spie vo wound from?” dvoro” meaning “the dog sleeps (L) “rana”. in the yard”. (L) “dvor”.

143 yarn – spun thread “yesterday I was visiting my (D) “prendeno” as in “baba pleti brother”. chorapi so prendeno” meaning (L) “vchera”. “grandma is knitting socks with yarn”. yoghurt – sourish semi-solid (L) “predeno”. food prepared from milk (D) “potkfas” as in “potkfas se year – time taken by one earth praj so vareno mľeko” meaning revolution “yoghurt is made with boiled (D) “godina” as in “ovaa godina milk”. i vgodina” meaning “this year and next year”. yoke – wooden cross-piece (L) “godina”. fastened over the necks of two oxen and attached to plough yeast – fungus substance (D) “jarem” as in “pregnii obtained from fermenting malt volojte so jaremo” meaning “fit liquor the oxen with the yoke”. (D) “kfas” as in “ľebo se krea so (L) “jarem”. kfas” meaning “the bread rises with yeast”. yolk – yellow internal part of (L) “kvasets”. egg (D) “zhlchka” as in “zhlchkata e yell – sharp cry vo strede jajtse” meaning “the (D) “vika” as in “ne vikaj tolku yolk is in the center of the egg”. visoko” meaning “don’t yell so (L) “zholchka”. loud”. (L) “vreska”. you – of second person (D) “ti” as in “ti si samo eden yellow – colour of lemons choek” meaning “you are only (D) “zhlto” as in “zhltata boja e one person”. Makedostska boja” meaning “the (L) “vie”, “ti”, vas”, “tebe”, yellow colour is a Macedonian “vam”. colour”. (L) “zholto”. young – not far advanced in life (D) “mlat” as in “ti si ushche yes – affirmative answer to mlat” meaning “you are still question young”. (D) “da” as in “da, toa e pravo” (L) “mlad”. meaning “yes, that is correct”. (L) “da”. your – belonging to you (D) “tfoj” as in “toj e tfoj dedo” yesterday – the day before today meaning “he is your grandpa”. (D) “fchera” as in “fchera bef na (L) “vash”, “tvoj”. gosti vo brat mi” meaning 144 (L) “nula”. Z zero – figure 0, not one (D) “nula” as in “numeroto nula” meaning “the number zero”.

145 Bibliography

Allen, R. E., ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Drysdale, Patrick, Canadian ed., Collins Pocket Reference English Dictionary Canadian Edition. Toronto: Collins, 1989.

Koviloska, Ivanka, ed., The Standard Dictionary, English-Macedonian, Macedonian-English. Skopje, 1993.

Rényi Picture Dictionary Macedonian and English. Toronto: Ėditions Rényi Inc., 1990.

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