nutrients Article Microbiota and Metabolomic Patterns in the Breast Milk of Subjects with Celiac Disease on a Gluten-Free Diet Katherine L. Olshan 1,2,3,4, Ali R. Zomorrodi 1,2,3,4, Meritxell Pujolassos 5 , Jacopo Troisi 5,6,7 , Nayeim Khan 8, Brian Fanelli 8, Victoria Kenyon 2,4, Alessio Fasano 1,2,3,4,6 and Maureen M. Leonard 1,2,3,4,* 1 Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
[email protected] (K.L.O.);
[email protected] (A.R.Z.);
[email protected] (A.F.) 2 Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02129, USA;
[email protected] 3 Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA 4 Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 5 Theoreo srl, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
[email protected] (M.P.);
[email protected] (J.T.) 6 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy 7 European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. De Renzi, 50, 84125 Salerno, Italy 8 CosmosID Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
[email protected] (N.K.);
[email protected] (B.F.) * Correspondence:
[email protected] Abstract: The intestinal microbiome may trigger celiac disease (CD) in individuals with a genetic disposition when exposed to dietary gluten. Research demonstrates that nutrition during infancy Citation: Olshan, K.L.; Zomorrodi, is crucial to the intestinal microbiome engraftment.