FAHLAVÈYAÚT(sing.: fahlav^ya, Arabicized form of Persian pahlav^, in its original sense of Parthian), an appellation given especially to the quatrains and by extension to the poetry in general composed in the old dialects of the Pahla/Fahla regions. According to Ebn al-Moqaffa¿ (in Fehrest, ed. Tajaddod, p. 15, tr. Dodge, I, p. 24), Fahla consisted of five regions, namely Isfahan, Ray, Hamada@n, Ma@h Neha@vand, and Azerbaijan, that is a region comprising Media (cf. K¨úa@razm^, p. 117, where the word is recorded as bahla). Ebn K¨orda@dòbeh (p. 57) describes it as a region consisting of Ray, Isfahan, Hamada@n, D^navar, Neha@vand, Mehraja@n-qadòaq, Ma@sabadòa@n, and Qazv^n. The use of fahla (< Mid. Pers. pahlaw) for designating Media goes back to late Arsacid times (cf. Henning, "Mitteliranisch," p. 95). The specimens of fahlav^ poems quoted in Persian texts are mostly attributed to the above-mentioned regions. Nevertheless, from the linguistic point of view the Fahla area may have extended to G^la@n. Thus fahlav^ya@t include poems composed in the former dialects of western, central, and northern Persia. There is evidence to suggest that certain popular lyrical quatrains were sung by the Persian Sufis of Baghdad in the 3rd/9th century in the course of their religious musical performances (sama@¿). These quatrains could hardly have been in Arabic, but were in all probability in the local Iranian dialects (ˆaf^¿^ Kadkan^, pp. 2335-39). The oldest extant fahlav^ quatrain, apparently in the dialect of Neha@vand, is attributed to a certain Abu@ ¿Abba@s Neha@vand^ (d. 331/942-43; Fasá^há, II, p. 54, without the appellation fahlav^; see R^a@há^, pp. 1928 f.). The same quatrain is also recorded by Soru@r^ with some minor variant readings (I, p. 300, where the poem is said to have been sung in the mode (tÂar^q) of œarva, see below). Although this quatrain was composed in the 10th century, it has been Persianized to such an extent that in its present form it hardly possesses the archaic characteristics of a 10th-century fahlav^ poem. The fahlav^ya@t were set to melodies (lahán, malháu@na@t) called o@ra@mana@n and were sung (ˆams-al-D^n Ra@z^, Mo¿jam, p. 166; Borha@n-e qa@tÂe¿, ed. Mo¿^n, s.v. o@ra@man). This term seems to be connected with the name of the region Avroman (q.v.) in Kurdistan. A variant of it, o@ra@ma, is sometimes used to designate a fahlav^ poem (¿Ayn-al-Qozμa@t, II, pp. 82, n. 7, 168, 176, 374, 411, 444). Another mode used for singing fahlav^ poetry was called œarva, whose origin in not known (Soru@r^, I, pp. 76, 300: be tÂar^q-e œarva "in the mode of œarva," III, pp. 1104, 1494-95: dar œarva "in (the mode of) œarva"; see K^a@, 1978, pp. 34-37; cf. œarvakòúa@n "one who sings in the œarva mode" juxtaposed with pahlav^gu @ in a Persian verse (Log@at-na@ma, s.v.). Another similar term, also of unknown origin, is recorded in Persian dictionaries as ba@ha@r, defined as "a mode of singing similar to (the singing of) pahlav^ and ra@mand^" (K^a@, 1978, pp. 33, 34, see below). The singing of fahlav^ya@t could also be accompanied by instrumental music (Nezáa@m^, Haft peykar, p. 127, v. 7; idem, K¨osrow o ˆ^r^n, p. 98, v. 7). Besides fahlav^ some other terms were occasionally used to designate dialect poetry. For example, ra@‘^/ra@z^, which was originally used for the poems composed in the dialect of Ray, was later so generalized. Thus it was used for the dialect poems of Azerbaijan, and also applied to the fahlav^ poems of a Shirazi poet. Other terms are œahr^, lit. "relating to the city" (Ad^b T®u@s^, 1956, pp. 240-42; Rezμa@za@da, II, pp. 61-66; R^a@há^, pp. 1321-25, cf. Pers. pahlav "city" in contrast to daœt o ha@mu@n "plain, desert"), and ra@mand^ "relating to Ra@mand, a region of Qazv^n," but used to designate a mode of singing dialect poetry; cf. also ra@‘^da@n "one who knows dialect poetry" and œahr^kòúa@n "one who sings dialect poetry"). The fahlav^ya@t as a means of entertainment of the general populace and as sources of spiritual satisfaction for the elites and intellectuals enjoyed great favor and prestige. In ˆams-al-D^n Ra@z^'s words (Mo¿jam, p. 166), "they were embellished with uncommon ideas (ma¿a@n^-e g@ar^b) and adjusted (p^ra@sta) to subtle (moraqq) and delightful melodies." The contents of the surviving specimens include lyrical and mystical themes as well as colorful and elegant descriptions of nature and satires. It was because of these qualities that they were often quoted by the Persian mystics. Expressions such as lahán-e fahlav^, golba@ng-e fahlav^, g@azal-e pahlav^, bayt-e pahlav^, and soru@d-e fahlav^ signify not only beautiful and elegant but also spiritual and intellectual poetry. Thus Ja@m^ called Ru@m^'s Mat¯naw^ "the Koran in the pahlav^ language" (Rezμa@za@da, p. 60). The fahlav^ya@t have the characteristics of oral literature: the simplicity and vividness of their contents, the anonymity of their poets, and the repetitions and recurrences of more or less the same themes in them. For most of the fahlav^ya@t the name of the poet is not mentioned, and of those which are attributed to a poet, the attribution must be regarded with caution. In some cases they are attributed to people in general or even to a legendary figure, such as a quatrain ascribed to Adam. The fahlav^ poets continued the oral tradition of the Parthian and later minstrels following, in early Islamic times, the principles of Middle Iranian prosody. But with the adoption of the so-called Arabic prosody for Persian poetry, and under the influence of the latter, the fahlav^ya@t were gradually adapted to the rules of the quantitative meters, among which the most popular was hazaj (see ¿ARUÚZ˜), although sometimes with modifications that seemed shocking to strict prosodists such as ˆams-al- D^n Ra@z^ (Mo¿jam, pp. 166-67). Such deviations from the standard rules of Persian prosody were felt because the fahlav^ya@t still partly continued pre-Islamic prosody. These modifications were hardly noticed when the poems were sung, whereas when reading them the prosodist immediately noticed their metrical defects according to ¿aru@zμ (Arabic-based prosody). Although there are linguistic differences between the fahlav^ya@t of different regions, their common morphological and lexical features resulted in their expansion in a vast area extending from west to center and north Persia, they being recited and sung everywhere regardless of their provenance. Thus one quatrain is quoted as being both by a native of Ray and a native of Azerbaijan, a g@azal of Homa@m Tabr^z^ is cited in the D^va@n of ¿Obayd Za@ka@n^, S®a@÷en-al-D^n Torka of Isfahan quoted a bayt by Ba@ba@ T®a@her of Hamada@n, and even the Shirazi poet Bosháa@q At¿ema (q.v.) has fahlav^ya@t. The fahlav^ya@t, being survivals of the Median dialects, have certain linguistic affinities with Parthian, although in their existing forms they have been much influenced by Persian. It is impossible to discuss here all the common linguistic features of the fahlav^ya@t and the points in which they differ. The most noticeable linguistic characteristics may, however, be mentioned: they are, the use of the ergative construction for the past transitive verbs, the existence of two forms for the first person singular pronoun, namely az "I" (direct form, cf. Parth. az) and ma/mo "me" (oblique form, cf. Parth./Mid. Pers. man), the use of jï-/cä- before the inverted determinant in the ezμa@fa (q.v.) construction, the existence of the possessive adjectives jäman/cäman "my," jäta/cäta/aœta "your," jäma@n/cäma@n "our," the preverb ha @ (< fra- ), and the development of far- and xar- to har- (e.g., harsu@dan "wear out," har^dan "buy"). The following is a selective list of words deserving mention: ahna@m "love," aj/a‘/ja "from, of," a@la@va "flame," asr "tear," ava/@ va @ "with," az "I," bar "door" (Parth. bar), baœn "stature," b^œ "pain, sorrow" (cf. Mid. Pers. be@œ), d^l/del "heart," d^m "face" (Mid. Pers./Parth. de@m), ge@ha@n "world," gya@n/ga@n/ya@n "soul," han^ "other" (Mid. Pers./Parth. any), herz- "leave, let" (Parth. hirz-), kar- "do" (Parth. kar-), k^j/k^‘ "anybody, somebody" (Parth. ke@‘), kova@m "which" (interrog. adj. Parth./Mid. Pers. kada@m), la@v "agitation," ma@ng "moon," na@d/na@dò "beloved," o@ "to, at, in" (Parth./Mid. Pers.), r^j- "pour," ru@j/ru@‘/ru "day" (Parth. ro@z), sa@(y) "shadow," tahra "dark" (cf. Av. ta…pμra-), vad/vadò/vay "bad," va@tan, va@‘- "say, tell" (Parth. wa@xtan, wa@‘-), vaz- "move" (Parth. waz-), va@‘a@r "market" (Parth. wa@‘a@r), vel "rose, beloved," v^n- "see," (Mid. Pers./Parth. we@n-), xa@ "earth, soil, dust," xúa@ "god," xúa@v "sleep," xúa@z- "want, wish" (Parth. wxa@z-), ya@ "place" (Parth. wya@g), ya@n "soul" (cf. gya@n/ga@n), za@n- "know" (Parth. za@n- ), and ‘^vanda "living" (Parth. ‘^wandag). EXTANT SPECIMENS OF FAHLAVÈYAÚT Ardab^l. Eleven quatrains attributed to Shaikh S®af^-al-D^n Ardab^l^ (d. 735/1334) are recorded by P^rza@da under the title "Ra@j^-e T®a@leœ^ poems"; out of the four quatrains recorded by Ebn Bazza@z (q.v.), two are attributed to Shaikh S®af^-al-D^n (p. 68 with the appellation pahlav^, and p. 135) and two to his associates (p. 191 and p. 220 with the appellation fahlav^; see Kasraw^, 1938, pp. 41-51; idem, 1973, pp. 343-52; Ad^b T®u@s^, 1955; Yarshater, 1975; D¨oka@÷). H®amada@n. 1. Attributed to Ba@ba@ T®a@her of Hamada@n (5th/11th century, q.v.) are the most popular fahlav^ quatrains, which have mostly been Persianized due to their popularity. There are, however, specimens quoted in Persian texts or anthologies of peoms (jong/saf^na) that have more or less preserved the characteristics of the original (e.g., two qet¿as and eight quatrains attributed to him in an anthology of poems, copied in 848/1444-45 and now kept at the Mevlana Müze Kütüphanesi in Konya, MS. 2546; see M^nov^, pp. 54-58; Ad^b T®u@s^, 1958, pp. 1-11; Baha@r). Another jong (MS. Tehran, Majles Library, no. 900, copied in the 8th/14th century; see K^a@, 1948, pp. 19-22; Ad^b T®u@s^, loc. cit.) also contains under the title fahlav^ya@t (without attributing them to any particular poet) four qet¿as and ten quatrains, some of which are identical with those preserved in the Konya jong. Two verses (bayts) belonging to one of these qet¿as are also quoted by ¿Abd-al-Qa@der Mara@g@^ (d. 838/1434- 35; II, pp. 139-42; see ¿A. S®a@deq^). Another bayt attributed to Ba@ba@ T®a@her is also quoted by S®a@÷en-al–D^n Torka (d. 835/1431-32). 2. ¿Ayn al-Qozμa@t Hamada@n^ (k. 525/1131, q.v.) quoted a few verses apparently in his own dialect (I, pp. 314, 330, where it is called fahlav^; bayt-e pahlav^ in a manuscript variant, p. 370; see also idem, II, pp. 168, 176, 374, 411, 444, where all specimens are called owra@ma, see below). 3. An anonymous Persian Sufi text contains three quatrains and two qet¿as each containing three bayts, all similar to those attributed to Ba@ba@ T®a@her. They seem to belong to the 5-6th/11-12th century, since, according to Da@neœpa‘u@h (1958), the language of the text resembles that of ¿Ayn- al-Qozμa@t's. 4. Two quatrains and a single bayt quoted by Moháammad Ra@vand^ (pp. 45-46; see Ad^b T®u@s^, 1958, pp. 11-12). 5. A bayt by a certain Qa@zμ^ of Saja@s (a town between Hamada@n and Abhar), cited by Ta@j-al-D^n H®ala@w^ (p. 90) on the authority of ˆams Saja@s^ (d. 602/1205-06; see Mostawf^, p. 736), a poet and collector of Z®ah^r Fa@rya@b^'s d^va@n. According to H®ala@w^, this bayt was composed before a similar verse by Z®ah^r Fa@rya@b^ (d. 598/1201-02), which makes Qa@zμ^ of Saja@s florish in the 6th/12th century or earlier. 6. A @gazal of six lines by Ka@f^-al-D^n Karaj^ (d. early 7th/13th cent.) cited by H®amd-Alla@h Mostawf^ (pp. 746-47); one of the lines is also quoted by ¿AtÂa@-Malek Jovayn^ (p. 47). The poet was apparently from Karaj-e Abu@ Dolaf, a town between Hamada@n and Neha@vand. 7. Some fahlav^ poems by Raœ^d al-D^n Fazμl-Alla@h Hamada@n^, the famous vizier of the Mongol Il-khans (d. 718/1318), apparently in his native dialect: a hemistich called zaba@n-e fahlav^ (1976, I, p. 290), a quatrain with the appellation bayt-e fahlav^, and another hemistich titled zaba@n-e pahlav^ (1992, I, pp. 57-58). 8. A qet¿a consisting of three bayts described as pahlav^ and apparently in the dialect of Hamada@n (Mostawf^, pp. 739-40) by ¿Ezz al-D^n Hamada@n^, a poet contemporary of H®amd-Alla@h Mostawf^ (d. after 740/1339-40). 9. A quatrain with the appellation pahlav^ in an undated manuscript of Moháammad Nakòjava@n^'s S®eháa@há al-fors (p. 73). The occurrence of the name of Alvand mountain may indicate that it was composed in the dialect of Hamada@n. Two other fahlav^ quatrains with the same meter and rad^f and somewhat similar content are preserved in a manuscript copied in 980/1572-73 in Trebizond (Afœa@r, 1982, p. 823; cf. ¿Ema@d^, pp. 140-42, who considers the two last quatrains as belonging to Deylama@n). All these quatrains are in an old language similar to the specimens of 11th-12th-century fahlav^ verses of Hamada@n. 10. Two quatrains recorded by ¿Abd-al-Qa@der Mara@g@^ (II, 139-42; ¿A. S®a@deq^) and designated in the dialect of Hamada@n (be zaba@n-e hamada@n^). Isfahan. Awháad^ Mara@g@a÷^ (ca. 673-738/1274-1338, q.v.) has three g@azals in the dialect of Isfahan, arranged under the title of "in the language of Isfahan" (f^ lesa@n al-esáfaha@n^ya; pp. 431-32; Ad^b T®u@s^, 1963, pp. 15, 387- 400). Ka@œa@n. Taq^-al-D^n Ka@œ^ quotes a quatrain by ¿Ena@yat Ka@œa@n^ in his K¨ola@sáat-al-aœ¿a@r (MS. Tehran, Majles, no. 334, copied in 1013, p. 226; see Ra@vand^, ed. Moháaddet¯, p. 62 n.; R^a@há^, p. 1929). It is not called fahlav^, however. Kena@r-a@b. Two g@azals by Badr ˆ^rva@n^ (789-854/1387-1450) quoted under the title "zaba@n-e Kena@r-a@b," probably a region in northern Azerbayjan (pp. 665-66; D¨oka@÷, 1986, pp. 76-80). Qazv^n. 1. The oldest specimen in the dialect of Qazv^n is a bayt attributed to the people of Qazv^n at the time of the siege of the city by the Muslims in the 7th century (cited in Mostawf^, p. 776). 2. Next is a bayt recorded by the 12th-century author ¿Abd-al-Kar^m Ra@fe¿^, as recited by Esfand@uya (Esfand^a@r) Ja@l^zba@n^ (Ra@fe¿^, II, p. 286; R^a@há^, p. 1930). 3. A bayt by Jama@l-al-D^n of Rostoq al-QotÂn (a quarter of the city of Qazv^n), who was a contemporary of the Il-khan Abaqa (r. 663-80/1265- 82), cited in Mostawf^ (pp. 47, 725). 4. A quatrain by Abu'l-Ma@jed (or Abu'l-Maj^d) of Ra@yaga@n (a village near Qazv^n), also a contemporary of Abaqa, cited by Mostawf^ (p. 720). 5. Another poet of the same period named Am^r Ka@ (or Ka@ka@) of K¨^a@raj (a village in the district of Ra@mand) was said to have composed poetry in the dialect of Qazv^n (Mostawf^, p. 720), but none of his poems has survived. 6. Two single fahlav^ bayts in the dialect of Qazv^n are quoted in Nozhat al-qolu@b (comp. 740/1339-40; ed. Le Strange, p. 195, ed. M. Malek-al- Kotta@b, Bombay, 1311/1893, p. 204; for the other bayt in the Bombay edition, p. 87, see also Da@neœpa‘u@h, 1979, p. 301). 7. A single fahlav^ bayt by ¿Obayd Za@kan^ (d. 771/1368-69) is in his published collected works (p. 232). Besides, seven quatrains under the title of dar bahlav^ya@t (on the Pahlav^s) are preserved in some old manuscripts of his d^va@n (information from the late M.-J. Maháju@b, who was preparing a new edition of his collected works). 8. Abd-al-Qa@der Mara@g@^ mentions a quatrain under the general title of fahlav^ya@t and a single bayt with the appellation zaba@n-e qaza@vena "the language of the Qazvinis" (II, p. 142; ¿A. S®a@deq^, pp. 56, 63). 9. A single line by an anonymous Qazv^n^ poet quoted by the 14th- century author Ta@j-al-D^n H®ala@w^ (p. 11). From the 16th-century Qazv^n^ poet H®a@fez S®a@bu@n^ a few bayts are preserved (S®a@deq^ Keta@bda@r, pp. 179- 80, Haft eql^m III, p. 187; ¿A. S®a@deq^, p. 63). 10. A quatrain by another 16th-century Qazv^n^ poet, cited by S®a@deq^ Keta@bda@r (pp. 266-67). Ray. 1. The oldest fahlav^ specimens from Ray are attributed to Bonda@r (or Penda@r) Ra@z^, who florished in the 10th century and early years of the 11th century: a single line (¿Ayn al-Qozμa@t, II, p. 82), three single lines and a quatrain (ˆams-al-D^n Ra@z^, Mo¿jam, pp. 119, 167; K^a@, 1945, p. 14); a qet¿a consisting of three bayts, a quatrain, and three bayts from his poem called Ùamu@œ-na@ma (Mostawf^, pp. 723-24), a qasá^da (Ja@jarm^, II, pp. 487-94; K^a@, loc. cit.); three bayts of a g@azal, two quatrains and a qetá¿a consisting of two bayts (Haft eql^m III, pp. 21-23; Majma¿-al-fosáaháa@÷ I, p. 439; K^a@, loc. cit.); a qet¿a of four bayts quoted by ¿Abd-al-Qa@der Mara@g@^ (II, p. 142; ¿A. S®a@deq^, pp. 56, 61); a hemistich recorded by Ta@j-al-D^n H®ala@w^ (p. 89). 2. A quatrain attributed to Adam and quoted by Najm-al-D^n Da@ya Ra@z^ (d. 654/1256, p. 95) seems to belong to the dialect of Ray. The same quatrain, however, is found in an anthology of poems copied in 1125/1713, where it is attributed to Meha@n Kaœf^ of Nam^n (in Ardab^l), who lived in the 8th/14th century. It is also recorded in another anthology of poems found in T®a@leœ (see R^a@há^, p. 1930 with references). 3. A bayt titled Ra@z^ is quoted by ¿Obayd Za@ka@n^ (p. 236), but in some manuscripts it is attributed to the people of Hamada@n. 4. The poems of Molla@ Sehár^ T®ehra@n^, who lived in the 17th century (Nasára@ba@d^, pp. 409-10; see K^a@, 1945, pp. 20-21) belong to the Ray region. Tabr^z. 1. Four quatrains titled fahlav^ya@t are attributed to K¨úa@ja Moháammad Kojja@n^ (d. 677/1278-79; Kojja@n or Koroja@n is a village near Tabr^z) by ¿Abd-al-Qa@der Mara@g@^ (II, pp. 140-41; ¿A. S®a@deq^, pp. 56, 59- 61). Attributed to Homa@m Tabr^z^ (d. 714/1314-15) is a macaronic g@azal apparently in the dialect of Tabr^z (D^va@n, pp. 62-63; Ad^b T®u@s^, 1955, pp. 460 ff.). The same g@azal with some minor variant readings is also quoted under the name of Homa@m in the d^va@n of ¿Obayd Za@ka@n^ (p. 167). Homa@m has also a macaronic verse in a Persian g@azal, in which he quoted a hemistich probably from another poet or from the popular oral tradition. It is also quoted by ¿Obayd (p. 184). 2. A g@azal and fourteen quatrains under the title of fahlav^ya@t by Mag@reb^ (d. 809/1406-7; D^va@n, pp. 255-63; Ad^b T®u@s^, 1956). 3. Two single fahlav^ bayts by the 14th-century poet ˆaraf-al-D^n Ra@m^ Tabr^z^ (p. 19). 4. A quatrain from Ma@ma@ ¿Esámat (9th/15th century) titled ra@‘^ (or œahr^ according to the popular usage, see below) is cited by Ebn Karbala@÷^ (II, p. 50; Ad^b T®u@s^, 1956, pp. 240-43). 5. Two qet¿as quoted by ¿Abd-al-Qa@der Mara@g@^ in the dialect of Tabr^z (d. 838/1434-35; II, p. 142), where the editor reads Tarmadò^ instead of Tabr^z^ (¿A. S®a@deq^, pp. 57, 63). T®a@leœ. 1. A collection of quatrains is attributed to Sayyed ˆaraf-al-D^n known as ˆarafœa@h of Du@la@÷ or Du@la@b (i.e., T®a@leœ), who probably lived in the 13th century (1979, intro.; 1982, pp. 7-33). 2. The dialect poems of Qa@sem-e Anwa@r (d. 837/1433-34) may belong to the fahlav^ genre (Koll^ya@t, pp. 342-44, 347; Browne, Lit. Hist. Persia III, pp. 473-87; Dawlata@ba@d^, pp. 553-56). Zanja@n. 1. A qetá¿a consisting of nine bayts by a certain 13th-century poet called UÚta@ya± (var. Oya@nahá, etc.), probably in his own dialect (Mostawf^, pp. 721-22; Ad^b T®@us^, 1955a, pp. 255-59, who reads the name as Èna@nj). 2. Four bayts with the appellation pahlav^ by Ju@la@ha Abhar^, who lived in the 13th century (Mostawf^, pp. 726-27; Ad^b T®u@s^, 1955a, pp. 253-55). Fahlav^ specimens not attributed to a particular region or date. 1. A quatrain cited by Nasá^r-al-D^n T®u@s^ (597-672/1201-74; p. 51). 2. Three quatrains written on the margin of the manuscript of Montakòab- e rawnaq al-maja@les (fols. 100-101); they may date back to the 13th century (Afœa@r, 1983; see ¿Ema@d^, pp. 142-46, who attributed them to the Deylama@n region). 3. A bayt with the appellation pahlav^ quoted by Mostawf^ (p. 291). 4. A bayt in a manuscript of Asad^'s Log@at-e fors (copied in 1332; ed. Horn, p. 34). 5. Two quatrains designated as fahlav^ya@t, quoted by Bosháa@q At¿ema (d. 827/1423 or 830/1427; D^va@n, p. 113). Bibliography (for cited works not given in detail, see "Short References"): ¿Abd-al-Qa@der Mara@g@^, Ja@me¿-al-alháa@n, ed. T. B^neœ, 2 vols., Tehran 1366-72 ˆ./1987-93. "AÚdòar^," in DMBE I, Tehran, 1367 ˆ./1988, pp. 259- 62. M.-A. Ad^b T®u@s^, "Fahlav^ya@t-e al-Mo¿jam," NDA Tabr^z 6, 1333 ˆ./1954, pp. 471-78. Idem, "Nemu@na-^ az fahlav^ya@t-e Qazv^n o Zanja@n o Tabr^z dar qarn-e haftom," NDA Tabr^z 7, 1334 ˆ./1955a, pp. 251-73. Idem, "Fahlav^ya@t-e zaba@n-e a@dòar^ dar qarn-e haœtom o nohom," NDA Tabr^z 7, 1334 ˆ./1955b., pp. 460-82. Idem, "Fahlav^ya@t-e Mag@reb^ Tabr^z^," NDA Tabr^z 8, 1335 ˆ./1956, pp. 121-37. Idem, "Fahlav^ya@t-e Ma@ma@ ¿Esámat wa Kaœf^ be zaba@n-e a@dòar^: EsátÂela@há-e ra@‘^ ya@ œahr^," ibid., pp. 240-57. Idem, "Fahlav^ya@t-e lor^," NDA Tabr^z 10, 1337 ˆ./1958, pp. 1-16. Idem, "Se g@azal–e esáfaha@n^ az Awháad^ Mara@g@^," NDA Tabr^z 15, 1342 ˆ./1963, pp. 387-400. È. Afœa@r, "Fahlav^," AÚyanda 7/11-12, 1360 ˆ./1982, p. 823. Idem, "Fahlav^ha@-ye noskòa-ye movarrakò-e 543-e Berl^n," AÚyanda 8/12, 1361 ˆ./1983, pp. 932-34; 9/2, 1362 ˆ./1983, p. 157. Asad^ T®u@s^, Log@at-e fors, ed. P. Horn, Berlin, 1897. Awháad^ Esáfaha@n^ (Mara@g@^), Koll^ya@t-e Awháad^ Esáfaha@n^, ed. S. Naf^s^, Tehran, 1340 ˆ./1961. ¿Ayn-al- Qozμa@t ¿Abd-Alla@h Hamada@n^, Na@maha,@ ed. ¿A.-N. Monzaw^ and ¿A. ¿Osayra@n, 2 vols., Tehran, 1347-50 ˆ./1968-71. Badr ˆ^rva@n^, D^va@n, ed. Abu'l-Fazμl Rahá^mov, Moscow, 1958. M. 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Ta@j-al-D^n ¿Al^ b. Moháammad H®ala@w^, Daqa@÷eq al- œe¿r, ed. M.-K. Ema@m, Tehran, 1341 ˆ./1962. J. Homa@÷^, "Eœteba@h-e sáa@háeb-e al-Mo¿jam dar awza@n-e awra@ma@n," in Z˜ Sajja@d^, ed., Jaœn-na@ma- ye Modarres Razμaw^, Tehran, 1356 ˆ./1977, pp. 489-513. Homa@m Tabr^z^, D^va@n, ed. R. ¿Aywazμ^, Tabr^z, 1351 ˆ./1972. Moháammad b. Badr Ja@jarm^, Mo÷nes-al-ahára@r f^ daqa@÷eq al-aœ¿a@r, ed. M.-S®. T®ab^b^, 2 vols., Tehran, 1350 ˆ./1971. ¿Ala@÷-al-D^n ¿AtÂa@-Malek Jovayn^, Tasl^at al- ekòwa@n, ed. ¿A. Ma@hya@r, Tehran, 1361 ˆ./1982. Abu@ ¿Abd-Alla@h Moháammad b. Ahámad K¨úa@razm^, Mafa@t^há al-¿olu@m, ed. G. van Vloten, Leiden, 1895. A. Kasraw^, AÚdòar^ ya@ zaba@n-e ba@sta@n-e AÚdòarba@yga@n, 2nd ed., Tehran, 1317 ˆ./1938; publ. in idem, Ka@rvand-e Kasraw^, ed. Y. D¨oka@÷, Tehran, 1352 ˆ./1973, pp. 317-74. S®. K^a@, "Ya@dda@œt-^ dar ba@ra-ye zaba@n-e ra@z^," Èra@n-ku@da 3, 1314 Y./1945, pp. 14- 22. Idem, "Fahlav^ya@t wa nayr^z^ya@t," Èra@n-ku@da 10, 1317 Y./1948, pp. 19- 25. 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(Ahámad Tafazμzμol^)