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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sectionswith small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. u·rvi·i University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800:521-0600 Order Number 9129664 The chigger mites (Acari:Trombiculidae) of the Philippine Islands Brown, Wayne Allen, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1991 V·M·I 300N.ZeebRei. AnnArbor,MI 48106 ~~-------- -- ------------ _._~-- THE ClllGGER MITES (ACARI: TROMBICULIDAE) OF THE PlllLIPPINE ISLANDS. A DISSERTATION SUBMITIED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR TIlEDEGREE OF OOCTOR OFPHILOSOPHY INENTOMOLOGY MAY 1991 By Wayne A. Brown Dissertation Committee: M. Lee Goff, Chairman John W. Beardsley D. Elmo Hardy Wallace C. Mitchell Christopher Womersley ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was made possible by the assistance and encouragement of many individuals; my gratitude and thanks are extended to all. Foremost was my major professor and committee chairman Dr. M. Lee Goff. Special thanks are extended to him for his guidance and encouragement. Thanks are also given to the other members of my graduate committee: Dr. John W. Beardsley, Dr. D. Elmo Hardy, Dr. Wallace C. Mitchell, Dr. Christopher Womersley and Dr. F. DeWolfe Miller for their suggestions and aid, additionally I thank Dr. Arthur Kodama for acting as proxy, for Dr. Womersley, during the oral defense of this dissertation. I am also indebted to Dr. JoAnn Tenorio and Mr. Gordon Nishida of the Department of Entomology, Bishop Museum, and to Dr. Barry O'Conner of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology for loaning the ectoparasite collection material from the Philippine Islands for processing and study. To my family I extend special thanks for assisting In many ways. Facilities for this study were provided by the Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 111 ABSTRACf Examination of chiggers (larval Trombiculidae) from the Philippine Islands in the collections of the B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, and the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology has revealed the presence of 33 genera or subgenera and 60 species of which one genus and 24 species are new. Hosts include species of Rattus, which was the predominant genus, other rodents, bats, insectivores, deer, primates, birds, and reptiles. One genus, Octasternala is described as new. Twenty-four of the species are described as new: 4 in the genera Gahrllepia, Leptotrombidium, Microtrombicula; 2 in the genera Cheladonta and Myotrombicula; and 1 each in the genera Chiroptella, Diplectria, Octasternala, Rudnicula, Sasatrombicula, Schoengastia, Siseca and Trombigastia. Five previously described species; Ascoschoengastia tafia.Diplectria calva, Neoschoengastia posekanyi, Parascoshoengastia monticola, and Sasatrombicula keechongi are new records for the Philippine Islands. Four previously described species are of medical importance; Leptotrombidium deliense and L. fletcheri as vectors of scrub typhus and Eutrombicula wichmanni, and Blankaartia acuscutellaris as eitiological agents of scrub itch. L. deliense, E. wichmanni, and B. acuscutellaris are widespread throughout the archipelago. New host records and distribution by island and by elevation and terrain, where available, are given. Range of the genera occurring in the Philippine Islands and a key to the genera and species is provided. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSlRACT iv LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ILLUSlRAnONS ix IN1RODUCTION 1 MAlERIALS AND METHODS 9 ACCOUNTS OFTIffi TAXA 13 Family Trombiculidae 13 Subfamily Leeuwenhoekiinae 14 Genus Odontacarus 15 Genus Whartonia. 18 Subfamily Trombiculinae 20 Genus Ascoschoengastia 21 Genu's Blankaartia 28 Genus Cheladonta 33 (Susa) 33 Genus Chiroptella '" 38 (Chiroptella) 39 (Neosomia) 41 v ACCOUNTS OF THE TAXA Cont.} Genus Diptectria 46 Genus Doloisia 55 Genus Eutrombicula 57 Genus Gahrliepia 60 (Ripiaspichia) 61 (Scrobiculata) 76 (Walchia) 80 Genus Guntheria 82 Genus Heaslipia 83 Genus Helenicula 84 Genus Leptotrombidium ,. 86 (Leptotrombidium) 87 (Trombicultndus] 103 Genus Microtrombicula 107 (Eltonella) 107 (Microtrombicula) 116 Genus Myotrombicula 124 Genus Neoschoengastia 135 Genus Octasternala 140 VI ACCOUNTS OF TIIE TAXACont.) Genus Parascoschoengastia 145 Genus Rudnicula 150 Genus Sasatrombicula 156 Genus Schoengastia 162 Genus Schoengastiella 168 Genus Siseca 171 Genus Toritrombicula 177 Genus Trombicula 179 Genus Trombigastia 180 Genus Walchiella 185 PARASITE DISTRIBUTION MAPS ANDTABLES 191 KEY TOTHE GENERA ANDSPECIES 213 DISCUSSION 226 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 234 LIlERATURE CITED 236 Vll LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Parasite distribution table 203 Table 2 Parasite host table 207 Table 3 Chigger genera and subgenera distribution 211 V111 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Major collection sites in the Philippine Islands 12 Figure 2 Ascoshoengastia tafia 26 Figure 3 Blankaartia acuscutellaris 32 Figure 4 Cheladonta (Susa) n. sp. A 36 Figure 5 Chiroptella (Neosomia) n. sp. A 45 Figure 6 Diplectria n. sp. A 50 Figure 7 Diplectria calva 54 Figure 8 Gahrliepia (Ripiaspichia) n. sp. A 65 Figure 9 Gahrliepia (Ripiaspichia) n. sp. B 69 Figure 10 Gahrliepia (Ripiaspichia) n. sp. B. Idiosoma 71 Figure 11 Gahrliepia (Ripiaspichia) serrata 75 Figure 12 Gahrliepia (Scrobiculata) n. sp. A. 79 Figure 13 Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) n. s. A....... 90 Figure 14 Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidiumt n. sp. B..... 94 Figure 15 Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) n. sp. C ..... 98 Figure 16 Leptotrombidium (Trombiculindus) n. sp. A..... 106 Figure 17 Microtrombicula (Eltonella) n. sp. A............. ..... .... 111 Figure 18 Microtrombicula (Eltonella) n.sp.B....................... 115 ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont.) Figure 19 Microtrombicula (Microtrombicula) n. sp. A 119 Figure 20 Microtrombicula (Microtrombicula) n. sp. B 123 Figure 21 Myotrombicula n. sp. A 128 Figure 22 Myotrombicula n, sp. AJdiosoma........................... 130 Figure 23 Myotrombicula n. sp. B 134 Figure 24 Neoschoengastia posekanyi 138 Figure 25 Octasternala taphozousa...... 144 Figure 26 Parascoschoengastia monticola........... 149 Figure 27 Rudnicula n. sp. A 154 Figure 28 Sasatrombicula n.. sp. A 160 Figure 29 Schoengastia baguioensis 167 Figure 30 Siseca n. sp. A .. ............ 175 Figure 31 Trombigastia n. sp. A 184 Figure 32 Collection sites, elevations and genera of chiggers of Luzon Island, Mindoro Island and Busuanga Island 193 Figure 33 Collection sites, elevations and genera of chiggers of Negros Island, Cebu Island and Bohol Island 195 x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont.) Figure 34 Collection sites, elevations and genera of chiggers of Samar Island, Biliran Island and Leyte Island.. 197 Figure 35 Collection sites, elevations and genera of chiggers of Palawan Island and Balabac Island 199 Figure 36 Collection sites, elevations and genera of chiggers of Mindanao Island 201 Xl IN1RODUCfION HISTORY. Human involvement with the Trombiculid mites began with the appearance of the genus Homo. Vercammen Grandjean (1976) cites the historical pathogenies of trombiculosis and trombityphosis, recorded in old papyri, wall paintings and carvings, clay tablets, Indian "Vedas" and Chinese books, which are referred to as skin diseases, scabies and ill humors. These records antedate the Christian era. In the modern recordings of human involvement, a description of what could be Neotrombicula inopinata (Oudemans, 1909) was given in 1552 in Europe, and the first description of attack on humans by the potato louse, later established as N. autumnalis, was reported in 1718 in America. That same potato louse, then referred as Trombicula autumnalis was subsequently named by Linnaeus (1758) in the tenth edition of Systema Naturae, along with about 35 other Acarus species. From China, a treatise of natural history circa 1590, gives a precise account of a "red sand-louse" burrowing into the skin of man, dating back to the third century A. D. While in Japan the "akamushi" or red bug, the "kedani" or small tick, and the "tsutsugamushi" or dangerous insect have been graphically represented for two to three centuries (Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976). 1 Ewing (1944) proposed the family Trombiculidae for those acariform mites commonly