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Building an Unwanted Nation: the Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository BUILDING AN UNWANTED NATION: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN PARTNERSHIP AND AUSTRIAN PROPONENTS OF A SEPARATE NATIONHOOD, 1918-1934 Kevin Mason A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Konrad Jarausch Reader: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Reader: Dr. Michael Hunt Reader: Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Kevin Mason ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Mason: Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934 (Under the direction of Dr. Christopher Browning) This project focuses on American and British economic, diplomatic, and cultural ties with Austria, and particularly with internal proponents of Austrian independence. Primarily through loans to build up the economy and diplomatic pressure, the United States and Great Britain helped to maintain an independent Austrian state and prevent an Anschluss or union with Germany from 1918 to 1934. In addition, this study examines the minority of Austrians who opposed an Anschluss . The three main groups of Austrians that supported independence were the Christian Social Party, monarchists, and some industries and industrialists. These Austrian nationalists cooperated with the Americans and British in sustaining an unwilling Austrian nation. Ultimately, the global depression weakened American and British capacity to practice dollar and pound diplomacy, and the popular appeal of Hitler combined with Nazi Germany’s aggression led to the realization of the Anschluss . -
Trianon 1920–2020 Some Aspects of the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1920
Trianon 1920–2020 Some Aspects of the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1920 TRIANON 1920–2020 SOME ASPECTS OF THE HUNGARIAN PEACE TREATY OF 1920 Edited by Róbert Barta – Róbert Kerepeszki – Krzysztof Kania in co-operation with Ádám Novák Debrecen, 2021 Published by The Debreceni Universitas Nonprofit Közhasznú Kft. and the University of Debrecen, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of History Refereed by Levente Püski Proofs read by Máté Barta Desktop editing, layout and cover design by Zoltán Véber Járom Kulturális Egyesület A könyv megjelenését a Nemzeti Kulturális Alap támomgatta. The publish of the book is supported by The National Cultural Fund of Hungary ISBN 978-963-490-129-9 © University of Debrecen, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of History, 2021 © Debreceni Universitas Nonprofit Közhasznú Kft., 2021 © The Authors, 2021 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy- ing, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Printed by Printart-Press Kft., Debrecen Managing Director: Balázs Szabó Cover design: A contemporary map of Europe after the Great War CONTENTS Foreword and Acknowledgements (RÓBERT BARTA) ..................................7 TRIANON AND THE POST WWI INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS MANFRED JATZLAUK, Deutschland und der Versailler Friedensvertrag von 1919 .......................................................................................................13 -
A Monumental Debate in Budapest: the Hentzi Statue and the Limits of Austro-Hungarian Reconciliation, 1852–1918
A Monumental Debate in Budapest: The Hentzi Statue and the Limits of Austro-Hungarian Reconciliation, 1852–1918 MICHAEL LAURENCE MILLER WO OF THE MOST ICONIC PHOTOS of the 1956 Hungarian revolution involve a colossal statue of Stalin, erected in 1951 and toppled on the first day of the anti-Soviet uprising. TOne of these pictures shows Stalin’s decapitated head, abandoned in the street as curious pedestrians amble by. The other shows a tall stone pedestal with nothing on it but a lonely pair of bronze boots. Situated near Heroes’ Square, Hungary’s national pantheon, the Stalin statue had served as a symbol of Hungary’s subjugation to the Soviet Union; and its ceremonious and deliberate destruction provided a poignant symbol for the fall of Stalinism. Thirty-eight years before, at the beginning of an earlier Hungarian revolution, another despised statue was toppled in Budapest, also marking a break from foreign subjugation, albeit to a different power. Unlike the Stalin statue, which stood for only five years, this statue—the so-called Hentzi Monument—had been “a splinter in the eye of the [Hungarian] nation” for sixty-six years. Perceived by many Hungarians as a symbol of “national humiliation” at the hands of the Habsburgs, the Hentzi Monument remained mired in controversy from its unveiling in 1852 until its destruction in 1918. The object of street demonstrations and parliamentary disorder in 1886, 1892, 1898, and 1899, and the object of a failed “assassination” attempt in 1895, the Hentzi Monument was even implicated in the fall of a Hungarian prime minister. -
Living War, Thinking Peace (1914-1924)
Living War, Thinking Peace (1914-1924) Living War, Thinking Peace (1914-1924): Women’s Experiences, Feminist Thought, and International Relations Edited by Bruna Bianchi and Geraldine Ludbrook Living War, Thinking Peace (1914-1924): Women’s Experiences, Feminist Thought, and International Relations Edited by Bruna Bianchi and Geraldine Ludbrook This book first published 2016 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2016 by Bruna Bianchi, Geraldine Ludbrook and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-8684-X ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-8684-0 CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................................. viii Bruna Bianchi and Geraldine Ludbrook Part One: Living War. Women’s Experiences during the War Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2 Women in Popular Demonstrations against the War in Italy Giovanna Procacci Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 26 Inside the Storm: The Experiences of Women during the Austro-German Occupation -
Empress Elisabeth ('Sisi') of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism
VanDemark, Christopher. “Empress Elisabeth (‘Sisi’) of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism.” Hungarian Cultural Studies. e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association, Volume 9 (2016): http://ahea.pitt.edu DOI: 10.5195/ahea.2016.254 Empress Elisabeth (‘Sisi’) of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism Christopher M. VanDemark Abstract: In this article, Christopher VanDemark explores the intersections between nationalism, fashion, and the royal figure in Hungary between 1857 and the Compromise of 1867. Focusing on aesthetics as a vehicle for feminine power at a critical junction in Hungarian history, VanDemark contextualizes Empress Elisabeth’s role in engendering a revised political schema in the Habsburg sphere. Foreseeing the power of emblematic politics, the young Empress adeptly situated herself between the Hungarians and the Austrians to recast the Hungarian martyrology narrative promulgated after the failed revolution of 1848. Eminent Hungarian newspapers such as the Pesti Napló, Pester Lloyd, and the Vasárnapi Újság form the backbone of this article, as publications such as these facilitated the dissemination of patriotic sentiment while simultaneously exulting the efficacy of symbolic fashions. The topic of study engages with contemporary works on nationalism, which emphasize gender and aesthetics, and contributes to the emerging body of scholarship on important women in Hungarian history. Seminal texts by Catherine Brice, Sara Maza, Abby Zanger, and Lynn Hunt compliment the wider objective of this brief analysis, namely, the notion that the Queen’s body can both enhance and reform monarchical power within a nineteenth-century milieu. Keywords: Empress Elisabeth, Habsburg Monarchy, fashion and politics, fashion and nationalism, 1867 Compromise Biography: Christopher VanDemark received his B.A in History and Political Science from the University of Florida, Gainesville. -
The European Utopia in Zweig's Brazil. a Land of the Future
The European Utopia in Zweig’s Brazil. A Land of the Future David Fontanals ADHUC, Universitat de Barcelona Abstract: The publication in 1941 of Stefan Zweig’s Brazil. A Land of the Future (Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft) was met both with great enthusiasm and harsh criticisms. Many re- viewers thought that Zweig’s view of the country was too exotic, naive, idealistic, utopian, and even the result of the propaganda efforts carried out by the Vargas administration. In an attempt to understand and bridge the gap between Zweig’s idea of Brazil and the coun- try’s «reality», this article analyzes the text hand in hand with Zweig’s memoirs and other of his non-fiction works from the perspective of his utopian thinking and ethical commitment to the notions of freedom, peace, cosmopolitanism, tolerance, and common understanding. Keywords: Stefan Zweig; ethical commitment; Europe; utopia; Brasilien. Ein Land der Zu- kunft. A utopia europeia em O Brasil: país do futuro de Zweig Resumo: A publicação em 1941 de Brazil, um país do futuro (Brasilien. Ein Land der Zu- kunft), de Stefan Zweig, foi recebida com um grande entusiasmo e com as críticas mais duras. Muitos críticos pensaram que a visão que Zweig tinha do país era exótica, ingênua, idealista e utópica demais, refletindo até o resultado dos esforços de propaganda realizados pelo governo Vargas. Na tentativa de compreender e preencher o vazio entre a ideia que Zweig tinha do Brasil e a «realidade» do país, este artigo analisa o texto junto com as me- mórias de Zweig e outros trabalhos de não-ficção a partir da perspetiva do seu pensamento utópico e do compromisso ético das noções de liberdade, paz, cosmopolitismo, tolerância e entendimento comum. -
Document 2-15 (PDF)
■ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies Documenting Life and Destruction Holocaust Sources in Context SERIES EDITOR Jürgen Matthäus CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Jan Lambertz HHungary_3rd.indbungary_3rd.indb i 77/22/13/22/13 55:53:53 AAMM DOCUMENTING LIFE AND DESTRUCTION HOLOCAUST SOURCES IN CONTEXT Th is groundbreaking series provides a new perspective on history using fi rst- hand accounts of the lives of those who suff ered through the Holocaust, those who perpetrated it, and those who witnessed it as bystanders. Th e United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies pres- ents a wide range of documents from diff erent archival holdings, expanding knowledge about the lives and fates of Holocaust victims and making these resources broadly available to the general public and scholarly communities for the fi rst time. Books in the Series 1 . Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume I, 1933–1938, Jürgen Matthäus and Mark Roseman (2010) 2. Children during the Holocaust, Patricia Heberer (2011) 3. Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume II, 1938–1940, Alexandra Garbarini with Emil Kerenji, Jan Lambertz, and Avinoam Patt (2011) 4. Th e Diary of Samuel Golfard and the Holocaust in Galicia, Wendy Lower (2011) 5. Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume III, 1941–1942, Jürgen Matthäus with Emil Kerenji, Jan Lambertz, and Leah Wolfson (2013) 6. The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide, Zoltán Vági, László Csősz, and Gábor Kádár (2013) HHungary_3rd.indbungary_3rd.indb iiii 77/22/13/22/13 55:53:53 AAMM A project of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Sara J. -
Between Emancipation and Antisemitism: Jewish Presence in Parliamentary Politics in Hungary 1867–1884
BETWEEN EMANCIPATION AND ANTISEMITISM: JEWISH PRESENCE IN PARLIAMENTARY POLITICS IN HUNGARY 1867–1884 Árpád Welker THE PERIOD UNDER STUDY The early 1880s were both difficult and extraordinary from the point of view of Hungarian Jewry. Political antisemitism had been present for half a decade, but it became violent and influential during these years, though only for these years. In other words, this was a time of crisis within the ‘Golden Era’ of the Hungarian Jewry, as some researchers of Hungarian Jews call the period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1867–1918. [1] Besides antisemitism ‘normal’ political debate took place in parliament simultaneously, namely that related to the bill on Jewish–Christian marriages, which was also decisive from a Jewish point of view. The ‘antisemitic wave’ started with the attempts to establish a nation-wide movement, the Central Association of Non-Jewish Hungarians, following the example of Wilhelm Marr’s Antisemitenliga in Germany. [2] This period of virulent antisemitic activity culminated in the events related to the infamous Tiszaeszlár blood libel case, including a series of riots threatening the safety of Jews in numerous counties, and the foundation of the National Antisemitic Party in 1883. After the clear defeat of the antisemites in the elections of 1884, antisemitism practically became insignificant. [3] It took ten years until a political party incorporated antisemitism in its programme again, but the antisemitism of the Catholic People’s Party was ‘less virulent’, [4] and neither their only nor even their main goal. THE ‘DOUBLE PROGRAMME OF EMANCIPATION AND ASSIMILATION’ András Kovács in an article about the relationship between politics and Hungarian Jews argues that ‘independent Jewish politics has no tradition in the history of Hungarian Jewry’. -
My Campaign for Hungary
MY CAMPAIGN FOR HUNGARY BY VISCOUNT ROTHERMERE (Author of “Warnings and Predictions “) MCMXXXIX EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE LONDON DEDICATED WITH DEVOTION AND GRATITUDE TO HIS SERENE HIGHNESS THE REGENT OF HUNGARY ADMIRAL HORTHY AND HIS PATIENT AND COURAGEOUS PEOPLE rmere FOREWORD by FERENC HERCZEG THAT Lord Rothermere enjoys immense popularity in Hungary is so well known as to be almost proverbial. It is not with the higher social circles of the country alone that he is connected by this tie of sentiment. It unites him just as strongly with the hearts of the masses. Millions who have never set eyes on him,—who perhaps cannot even pronounce his name aright,—nevertheless revere and love him. In the whole history of Hungary there has never been a similar bond between the nation as a whole and any individual foreigner. The only parallel for Lord Rothermere’s popularity was that accorded to the heroes of the Hungarian War of Independence. He is known throughout the country as “The Little Father of Hungary “. This title has a deep psychological significance. It was forged spontaneously in the soul of the people. It is a unique expression of the passionate warmth of Hungarian national feeling. There is no surer foundation for human friendship than generous sympathy displayed in times of suffering and misery. Amid all the struggles of her troublous past, Hungary never knew such wretchedness as in the years that followed the Peace Treaty of Trianon. Her people were conscious that they had done their duty on the battlefield, and that they had behaved magnanimously towards those of their adversaries who fell into their hands. -
Hungary After a Thousand Years
HUNGARY AFTER A THOUSAND YEARS by Imre Josika-Herczeg Edited by Andrew L. Simon Copyright © by Andrew L. Simon, 2000 Original Copyright by Dr. Imre de Jó sika-Herczeg 1934 Originally published in 1936 by American Hungarian Daily, Inc. New York, NY and printed in the United States by J.J. Little and Ives Company, New York ISBN 0-9665734-5-5 Library of Congress Card Number: 00-101927 Published by Simon Publications, P.O. Box 321, Safety Harbor, FL 34695 Printed by Lightning Print, Inc. La Vergne , TN 37086 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction by Andrew L. Simon 1 Preface by Count Albert Apponyi 7 1. HUNGARY IN 1934 AS SEEN BY THE TRAVELLER 9 2. THE BEGINNINGS OF HUNGARY 19 3. FROM THE HUNYADIS TO THE HABSBURGS 31 4. REACTION, REPRESSION, REVOLUTION 51 5. REVENGE AND REFORM UNDER FRANCIS JOSEPH 79 6. THE WORLD WAR AND AFTER 93 7. THE COLLAPSE OF THE HABSBURG MONARCHY 101 8. SOME PRELIMINARIES TO THE WORLD WAR 113 9. THE ARMISTICE AND THE “FOURTEEN POINTS” 121 10. HUNGARY AFTER THE WAR 129 11. THE HUNGARIAN CONSTITUTION 141 12. EDUCATION IN HUNGARY 153 13. HUNGARIAN ART AND LITERATURE 167 14. ECONOMICS AND FINANCE IN POST-WAR HUNGARY 177 15. THE FOREIGN POLICY OF HUNGARY 189 16. GREAT BRITAIN AND MODERN HUNGARY 211 17. HUNGARIANS IN AMERICA 235 18. REVISION AND REVISIONISM 281 APPENDICES: General Harry H. Bandholtz 289 Lt. Col. Charles à Court Repington 292 Graham Hutton 311 John F. Montgomery 315 In tro duc tion by An drew L. Simon This book is quite unique. -
Hungary and the Hungarians
S.J. MAGYARÓDY Hungary and the Hungarians MATTHIAS CORVINUS PUBLISHERS Editor: Szabolcs J. Magyarody Principal translators: Péter Csermely, István Hegedűs Dr. Csaba Horváth, Judit Jókay Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-882785-23-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012947893 All expenses were contributed by North-American Hungarians No governments or government supported organizations contributed a single penny to the publication of this book and CD 2 CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................ 5 WHO ARE WE? ........................................................................................... 7 C. A. Macartney D. Litt. HUNGARY – A SHORT HISTORY * .................... 9 Fritz-Konrad Krüger HUNGARY AND WORLD WAR I. .......................... 18 László Gulyás A SHORT HISTORY OF THE TREATY OF TRIANON ..... 26 Yves De Daruvar THE TRAGIC FATE OF HUNGARY ............................ 33 John Flournoy Montgomery OPINION OF AN AMERICAN DIPLOMAT 38 J. F. Montgomery HUNGARIAN DECLARATION OF WAR ..................... 42 S.J. Magyaródy THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN SYNDROME .................... 47 RECOVERY OF LOST TERRITORIES ...................................................... 50 Dr. Edward Chászár THE FIRST VIENNA AWARD ................................. 52 RETAKING SUBCARPATHIA ................................................................... 54 THE SECOND VIENNA AWARD .............................................................. 56 TERRITORY CEDED BY ROUMANIA -
Romanian Military Thinking
ROMANIAN MILITARY THINKING Journal of Military Science and Security Studies Published by the Defence Staff Founded in 1864 under the name �România Militară� – new series, year XVII – ISSN Print: 1841-4451 ISSN Online: 1842-824X Romanian Military Thinking is a scientific journal with acknowledged prestige in the field of �Military Science, Intelligence and Public Order”, in keeping with the evaluation carried out by the National Council for Titles, Diplomas and Certificates (CNATDCU) in 2011 (http://www.cnatdcu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/reviste-militare1.pdf) Romanian Military Thinking Journal is included in the Journal Master List of the INDEX COPERNICUS INTERNATIONAL, CEEOL, EBSCO�s, International Security & Counter-Terrorism Reference Center databases, and ROAD Catalogue Authors assume full intellectual responsibility for the articles submitted to the editorial staff, under Law no. 206 on 27.05.2004 COPYRIGHT: articles may be reproduced free of any charge, on condition that appropriate credit is given by making mention of the number and date of the journal issue. A LEGACY SINCE 1864 The Romanian Armed Forces road to modernity started in 1859, once the United Principalities General Staff Corps, currently the ROMANIAN Defence Staff, was established. MILITARY Soon after it, in 1864, a group of nine captains, graduates of the first THINKING series of the Officer Cadet School in Bucharest, took the initiative to develop a “military science, art and history journal” named “România Militară/Military Romania”. The initiators of the publication – G. Slăniceanu (Captain, Chief of the Engineer Battalion), A. Gramont (Staff Captain), G. Borănescu (Engineer Captain), G. Anghelescu (Staff Captain), A. Anghelescu E.