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ROMANIAN MILITARY THINKING Journal of Military Science and Security Studies Published by the Defence Staff Founded in 1864 under the name �România Militară� – new series, year XVII – ISSN Print: 1841-4451 ISSN Online: 1842-824X Romanian Military Thinking is a scientific journal with acknowledged prestige in the field of �Military Science, Intelligence and Public Order”, in keeping with the evaluation carried out by the National Council for Titles, Diplomas and Certificates (CNATDCU) in 2011 (http://www.cnatdcu.ro/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/reviste-militare1.pdf) Romanian Military Thinking Journal is included in the Journal Master List of the INDEX COPERNICUS INTERNATIONAL, CEEOL, EBSCO�s, International Security & Counter-Terrorism Reference Center databases, and ROAD Catalogue Authors assume full intellectual responsibility for the articles submitted to the editorial staff, under Law no. 206 on 27.05.2004 COPYRIGHT: articles may be reproduced free of any charge, on condition that appropriate credit is given by making mention of the number and date of the journal issue. A LEGACY SINCE 1864 The Romanian Armed Forces road to modernity started in 1859, once the United Principalities General Staff Corps, currently the ROMANIAN Defence Staff, was established. MILITARY Soon after it, in 1864, a group of nine captains, graduates of the first THINKING series of the Officer Cadet School in Bucharest, took the initiative to develop a “military science, art and history journal” named “România Militară/Military Romania”. The initiators of the publication – G. Slăniceanu (Captain, Chief of the Engineer Battalion), A. Gramont (Staff Captain), G. Borănescu (Engineer Captain), G. Anghelescu (Staff Captain), A. Anghelescu E. Pencovici (Artillery Captain), E. Arion (Artillery Captain), E. Boteanu (Staff (Staff Captain) Captain), E. Pencovici (Staff Captain) andC. Barozzi (Engineer Captain) –, educated not only in Romania but also abroad, were inspired by the necessity to develop a substantial theoretical activity in the Romanian C. Barozzi E. Boteanu Army too. (Engineer Captain) (Staff Captain) The journal manifesto1, included in the first issue, which appeared on 15 February 1864, contained innovative ideas and approaches that were meant to: �- contribute to the organisation of our military system the Legislative Chamber is about to decide upon soon; - assemble and examine the Country old military institutions that had made for the glory of Romania for several centuries and ensured our existence; - explore, in the absence of any military study, all the aspects related to the Army training, the most solid basis of the armed forces; - get the Romanian Troops well-informed about the military events in the world; G. Anghelescu - join efforts to work concertedly and whole-heartedly to develop (Staff Captain) and strengthen the edifice that is meant to ensure the future of our country�2. G. Borănescu G. Slăniceanu “România Militară” was an independent publication, under the aegis (Engineer Captain) (Captain, Chief of the War Ministry, and it ceased to appear in 1866 as there were no sufficient funds and subscribers. The publication was resumed in 1891, of the Engineer about a quarter of a century later, also as the result of the initiative of Battalion) a group of officers in the Great General Staff who intended to “reproduce the serious studies on the organisation, strategy and art of commanding troops under any circumstances”3. Shortly after it, by the Royal Decree no. 3663 issued on 8 December 1897, “România Militară” became the “Great General Staff official publication”. 1 Din trecutul României Militare cu prilejul aniversării a 75 de ani de la apariția ei în viața armatei. 1864-1939, București, 1939, p. 31. 2 Ibidem, p. 32. E. Arion A. Anghelescu 3 România Militară, no. 1, 1981, p. 6. English version by Diana Cristiana LUPU. (Artillery Captain) (Artillery Captain) No. 2/2021 2 3 The GÂNDIREA MILITARĂ ROMÂNEASCĂ CONTENTS Journal Awards are yearly bestowed, by the Romanian Armed Forces Defence Staff, Dorin Corneliu PLEȘCAN 6 MILITARY EDUCATION EDITORIAL – THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MILITARY LEADERSHIP on the most valuable works in the field AND CIVILIAN LEADERSHIP IN THE FIELD OF SECURITY – of military science, published in the previous year Brânduşa-Oana NICULESCU 12 INNOVATION – END STATE OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE Isabela-Anda DRAGOMIR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN A MILITARY UNIVERSITY Valentin-Marian IORDACHE 30 CULTURAL INFLUENCES AND INTERACTIONS MILITARY WITHIN AERONAUTICAL ORGANISATIONAL SYSTEMS THEORY AS PREREQUISITES FOR OPERATIONAL PROCESSES AND ART Zbigniew NOWAK 46 POLISH SPECIAL FORCES IN THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND: THE LEGAL ASPECTS Alin PREDA 66 SOCIAL MEDIA – INSTRUMENT OF THE INFORMATION Dănuţ Mircea CHIRIAC WARFARE. FROM INFORMATION TO INFLUENCING – Carol-Teodor PETERFI 88 ARE THE IMPROVISED CHEMICAL WEAPONS INTELLIGENCE AS EFFICIENT AS MEDIA CLAIMS THEY ARE? AND SCURITY CASE STUDY: THE SYRIAN WAR “Brigadier General “Division General Mădălina PREDA (DAVIDOIU) 116 RESTRICTIONS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS Constantin Hîrjeu” Ştefan Fălcoianu” AND FREEDOMS DURING THE STATE OF EMERGENCY Award Award GENERATED BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Valentin VASILE 128 PRESS ACCREDITATION IN WARTIME DURING THE 19TH CENTURY OPINIONS Marian NICULAE 168 THE MILITARY INSTRUMENT OF POWER IN THE 21ST CENTURY – THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE MILITARY STRATEGY OF THE STATES IN THE WIDER BLACK SEA REGION – “Lieutenant Colonel Petre OTU 184 COMPETITION FOR THE LEADERSHIP Mircea Tomescu” OF THE GREAT GENERAL STAFF DURING THE BALKAN CRISIS Award AND THE NEUTRALITY PERIOD (1912-1916) MILITARY Ion RÎȘNOVEANU 204 LEGISLATIVE MEASURES TAKEN DURING THE RULE HISTORY OF ALEXANDRU IOAN I REGARDING THE ORGANISATION OF THE ROMANIAN MILITARY SYSTEM – CASE STUDY: PERMANENT ARMY AND TERRITORIAL ARMY – “Army Corps “Marshal General Alexandru Averescu” Ioan Sichitiu” Award Award No. 2/2021 4 5 CONTENTS Military Education – The Connection between Military Leadership and Civilian Leadership in the Field of Security – ROMANIAN MILITARY THINKING MILITARY EDUCATION n the military, leadership is defined as the leader’s ability – THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MILITARY Ito organise and conduct the assigned missions, aiming to LEADERSHIP AND CIVILIAN LEADERSHIP accomplish them in an efficient and effective manner. IN THE FIELD OF SECURITY – In terms of the military organisation efficiency, it is the leadership that makes the difference between the standard performance and the Brigadier General Dorin Corneliu PLEȘCAN desired end state, considering the complex, volatile and ambiguous Commander (Rector) of “Carol I” National Defence University, Bucharest security environment. How can leadership be provided at the level of the entire military organisation so that it can meet the challenges posed by such a constantly changing security environment and an unprecedented technological revolution? Theoretically, through the continuous education and training of leaders at tactical and operational levels. How can military leadership be exported at the level of strategic decision-makers, at the level of civilian leaders? This development is started and cultivated through military education, training and experience. It requires the understanding of what military leaders do and why they do so, through permanent institutional collaboration in the field of security culture. The Need for Military Education Broadly defined, the mission of the military education network is to educate, train, specialise and perfect military leaders for the tactical level. It is about direct leadership, face-to-face leadership, which is generally functional in the military structures where subordinates and leaders are in direct contact all the time such as teams, sections, platoons, companies. Numerically, the range of influence of the direct leader can vary from a few to dozens of people. At the level of “Carol I” National Defence University – NDU, this mission is continued by educating and training leaders for operational and strategic levels. At the operational level, we refer to the organisational leaders who exercise leadership through subordinate leaders, responsible No. 2/2021 6 7 EDITORIAL Brigadier General Dorin Corneliu PLEȘCAN Military Education – The Connection between Military Leadership and Civilian Leadership in the Field of Security – for leading the various entities that make up the larger organisation. Imbalances occur when there is lack of confidence in the political- As for strategic leaders, this category includes military and civilian military decision at different levels. The values of military education, leaders who provide command at the level of the Defence Staff and expressed through rigour, sacrificial spirit, traditions, flexibility in ROMANIAN at the level of the Ministry of National Defence. Strategic leadership thinking, analysis of several courses of action under conditions of stress MILITARY THINKING guides and integrates several organisational-level units that perform a and fatigue, critical and multidisciplinary thinking, can be transmitted wide range of functions. It influences several thousand to hundreds of to civilian leaders through the study programmes organised by thousands of people. These leaders allocate resources, communicate the “Carol I” National Defence University. strategic vision and prepare both the decisions and the armed forces for future missions. Strategic leaders shape the Armed Forces culture, Military Leaders Education ensuring that the directives, policies,
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    Joint Doctrine Publication 0-10 UK Maritime Power Fifth Edition Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Joint Doctrine Publication 0-10 UK Maritime Power Joint Doctrine Publication 0-10 (JDP 0-10) (5th Edition), dated October 2017, is promulgated as directed by the Chiefs of Staff Director Concepts and Doctrine Conditions of release 1. This information is Crown copyright. The Ministry of Defence (MOD) exclusively owns the intellectual property rights for this publication. You are not to forward, reprint, copy, distribute, reproduce, store in a retrieval system, or transmit its information outside the MOD without VCDS’ permission. 2. This information may be subject to privately owned rights. i Authorisation The Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre (DCDC) is responsible for publishing strategic trends, joint concepts and doctrine. If you wish to quote our publications as reference material in other work, you should confirm with our editors whether the particular publication and amendment state remains authoritative. We welcome your comments on factual accuracy or amendment proposals. Please send them to: The Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre Ministry of Defence Shrivenham SWINDON Wiltshire SN6 8RF Telephone: 01793 31 4216/4217/4220 Military network: 96161 4216/4217/4220 E-mail: [email protected] All images, or otherwise stated are: © Crown copyright/MOD 2017. Distribution Distributing Joint Doctrine Publication (JDP) 0-10 (5th Edition) is managed by the Forms and Publications Section, LCSLS Headquarters and Operations Centre, C16 Site, Ploughley Road, Arncott, Bicester, OX25 1LP. All of our other publications, including a regularly updated DCDC Publications Disk, can also be demanded from the LCSLS Operations Centre.