Diplomarbeit

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Diplomarbeit Diplomarbeit Titel der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit Alfred Hermann Fried. Pazifist im Ersten Weltkrieg. Illusion und Vision. Verfasser Bernhard Tuider angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Mai 2007 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 312 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Geschichte Betreuerin: Univ. Prof. Dr. Mag. Christa Ehrmann-Hämmerle View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES Alfred H. Fried hatte die unschätzbare Gabe des ‚Common sense‘, des geradeaus und nicht in Winkelzügen Denkens, die Gabe der klaren Konzeption, der weiten, durch sachliche Bildung immer vertieften Übersicht. Er war nüchtern ohne Trockenheit, leidenschaftlich ohne jede Übertreibung, seine Ideen komplex, aber immer auf ein einheitliches Zentrum gerichtet und darum sich wechselseitig verstärkend. Dieses Zentrum, dem seine ganze geistige und moralische Leidenschaft sich zuwandte, war die Idee des Weltfriedens. (...) Die Organisation der Völkergemeinschaft, das war seine Tat vor dem Kriege. Sie stellt sein geistiges Werk dar – seine menschliche Tat aber, sie, die ihn uns als Gestalt, als Erscheinung so bewundernswert macht, begann erst mit dem Kriege. Hier hat Alfred H. Fried wirkliche Größe, historische Bedeutsamkeit erreicht. (...) Und niemand wird heute das ‚Tagebuch‘ und die Schriften Alfred H. Frieds mit größerer Beschämung lesen, als eben jene, die damals mit Hohn und Haß hinter ihm hergehetzt haben. (...) Es ist Tragik in seinem Schicksal gewesen, so unendlich viel Tragik, daß sie seine eigentlich bescheidene und vergängliche Gestalt zu wirklicher Größe und zu dauerndem Gedächtnis erhebt. Stefan Zweig, 1921 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort 5 1. Einleitung 7 2. Friedensbewegungen vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg 13 2.1 Friedensbewegungen im 19. Jahrhundert 13 2.2 Alfred Hermann Fried und Bertha von Suttner 17 2.3 Die Österreichische Friedensgesellschaft 30 2.4 Die Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft 35 3. „Die Grundlagen des revolutionären Pacifismus“ – „Die Grundlagen des ursächlichen Pazifismus“ 46 4. Alfred Hermann Fried und Bertha von Suttner: Konvergenzen und Divergenzen – „Adlatus“ oder „Inspirator“? 63 5. Pazifist im Ersten Weltkrieg – Illusion und Vision 82 5.1 Friedensbewegungen während des Ersten Weltkrieges 82 5.2 „Mein Kriegs-Tagebuch“ 91 5.2.1 Kontinuität und Wandel 96 5.2.1.1 Augusterlebnis 96 5.2.1.2 Exil in der Schweiz 100 5.2.1.3 Die Friedens-Warte 105 3 5.2.2 Presse und Propaganda 111 5.2.3 Krieg 127 5.2.4 Frieden 146 6. Resümee 171 7. Appendix 176 7.1 Programm des revolutionären Pacifismus 176 7.2 Programm für den 21. Weltfriedenskongresses in Wien 1914 178 7.3 Zweites Kriegsflugblatt der Deutschen Friedensgesellschaft 182 7.4 Friedensprogramm des Internationalen Friedensbüros, beschlossen in Bern am 7. Januar 1915 186 7.5 Mindestprogramm der Zentralorganisation für einen dauerhaften Frieden, beschlossen in Den Haag am 8. April 1915 188 7.6 Kundgebung des Internationalen Frauenkongresses zum künftigen Frieden (Friedensschluss) 1. Mai 1915 189 8. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis 190 8.1 Ungedruckte Quellen 190 8.2 Gedruckte Quellen 192 8.3 Zeitschriften 194 8.4 Darstellungen 195 9. Abstract 208 4 Vorwort Anlässlich zweier Lehrveranstaltungen zum Thema Der Erste Weltkrieg, die ich im Sommersemester 2004 an der Universität Wien absolvierte,1 las ich unter anderen das Buch Der Tod des Doppeladlers von Manfried Rauchensteiner.2 Durch die Lektüre dieses Buches bin ich erstmals auf den Namen Alfred Hermann Fried aufmerksam geworden. Ich erfuhr, dass Fried im Jahr 1911, als bisher einziger Österreicher nach Bertha von Suttner den Friedensnobelpreis erhalten hatte, und dass beide gemeinsam in den Jahren 1913/14 an den Vorbereitungen für den 21. Weltfriedenskongress in Wien arbeiteten, der im September 1914 tagen sollte, jedoch auf Grund der Kriegsereignisse abgesagt wurde. Diese ersten Informationen über Alfred Hermann Fried weckten mein Interesse, weshalb ich mich eingehender über ihn informieren wollte, zunächst über seine Arbeit als Pazifist und über die Begründung für die Verleihung des Friedensnobelpreises. Während meiner Recherchen im Frühjahr 2004 stellte ich fest, dass noch keine Monographie zur Biographie Alfred Hermann Frieds vorlag und, dass seine Lebensgeschichte bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt lediglich in biographischen Lexika in Form von kurzen Angaben thematisiert wurde, die sich im Wesentlichen auf die Nennung biographischer Daten und literarischer Hauptwerke beschränken.3 Ebenso wird Fried in Biographien über Bertha von Suttner nur en passant erwähnt und primär als ihr „Adlatus“ genannt.4 1 Bei den Lehrveranstaltungen handelte es sich um eine Exkursion geleitet von Professorin Christa Ehrmann-Hämmerle zu dem Thema Der Erste Weltkrieg im Gebirge. Exkursion zu Kriegsmuseen an der ehemaligen Dolomitenfront und eine Vorlesung von Professor Wolfdieter Bihl mit dem Titel Der Erste Weltkrieg: Die politischen, sozioökonomischen, militärischen, geistes-, kultur- und mentalitätsgeschichtlichen Faktoren des 1. Weltkrieges. 2 Vgl. Manfried RAUCHENSTEINER: Der Tod des Doppeladlers. Österreich Ungarn und der Erste Weltkrieg, Sonderausgabe Graz/Wien/Köln 1997. 3 Vgl. Hans WEHBERG: Alfred Hermann Fried. In: Die Führer der deutschen Friedensbewegung. 1890 bis 1923, Leipzig 1923, 19-23. O. A.: Alfred Hermann Fried. In: Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon, Bd. 1, Graz/Köln 1957, 361f. Hans WEHBERG: Alfred Hermann Fried. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie, Bd. 5, Berlin 1961, 441f. Adolf GASSER: Alfred Hermann Fried. In: Donat Helmut, Karl Holl (Hrsg.): Die Friedensbewegung. Organisierter Pazifismus in Deutschland, Österreich und in der Schweiz, Düsseldorf 1983, 135-137. Roger CHICKERING: Alfred Hermann Fried. In: Josephson Harold u.a. (Hrsg.): Biographical Dictionary of Modern Peace Leaders, Westport/London 1985, 303- 305. 4 Vgl. Gisela BRINKER-GABLER (Hg.): Kämpferin für den Frieden. Bertha von Suttner. Lebenserinnerungen, Reden und Schriften (= Die Frau in der Gesellschaft. Texte und Lebensgeschichten), Frankfurt am Main 1986. Beatrix KEMPF: Bertha von Suttner. Das Lebensbild einer großen Frau. Schriftstellerin, Politikerin, Journalistin, Wien 21965, 94ff. Brigitte HAMANN: Bertha von Suttner. Ein Leben für den Frieden, München 1991. Harald STEFFAHN: Bertha von Suttner, Reinbek 1998, 101. 5 Zusätzlich intensivierten zwei kontradiktorische Texte mein Interesse an Fried, die den Impuls gaben, sein pazifistisches Konzept genauer zu fokussieren. Der erste Text, ein Artikel in der Tageszeitung Die Presse vom Juli 2004, war gemeinsam mit Texten über österreichische NobelpreisträgerInnen abgedruckt, die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt den Preis erhalten hatten. Der Artikel über Alfred Hermann Fried lautet wie folgt: „Alfred Hermann Fried 1864 Wien - 4.5.1921 ebenda. Wahrscheinlich der unbekannteste österreichische Nobelpreisträger. Fried bekam 1911 den Friedensnobelpreis. Zunächst Buchhandlungsgehilfe in Berlin, gab er mit Bertha von Suttner 1892-1899 die Zeitschrift ‚Die Waffen nieder‘ heraus. 1892 gründete er die ‚Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft‘, bemühte sich um internationale Verständigung und war aktiv in der Esperantobewegung tätig; während des 1. Weltkrieges lebte und arbeitete er in der Schweiz. Seine These: Die weltweit zunehmende ökonomische Verflechtung mache Kriege ökonomisch sinnlos und immer weniger wahrscheinlich. Eine Illusion, wie die Geschichte zeigt.“5 Eine Interpretation von Frieds pazifistischer Theorie durch den Historiker Karl Holl divergiert von dieser Aussage in der Presse. Holl argumentiert, dass Fried während des Ersten Weltkrieges sein pazifistisches Konzept bestätigt gesehen habe, und dass der Erste Weltkrieg nicht bedeute, dass Frieds Denkansatz falsch gewesen sei.6 Karl Holl zieht folgendes Fazit: „Die Geschichte des älteren Pazifismus hält immer noch eine Fülle von Anliegen und unerledigt gebliebener Aufgaben für den gegenwärtigen Pazifismus, für seine Theorie und seine Praxis bereit.“7 Beide Texte gaben den Impuls und bilden den Ausgangspunkt für die grundlegende Fragestellung der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit. Das Erkenntnisinteresse liegt im Spannungsfeld der beiden zitierten Texte – zwischen Illusion und Vision – und fokussiert die Theorie Frieds primär im Kontext mit dessen Erfahrungen während des Ersten Weltkrieges. 5 O. A.: Alfred Hermann Fried 1864 Wien - 4.5.1921 ebenda. In: Die Presse, 10.07.2004, R4. 6 Vgl. Karl HOLL: Scheitern und lernen. Der Pazifismus und die Zäsur des Ersten Weltkrieges. In: Dominikowski Thomas, Regine Mehl (Hrsg.): Dem Humanismus verpflichtet. Zur Aktualität pazifistischen Engagements. Festschrift für Karlheinz Koppe (= Agenda Frieden, Bd. 14), Münster 1994, 65f. 7 HOLL: Scheitern und lernen, 69. 6 1. Einleitung Alfred Hermann Fried ist von der Historiographie lange Zeit vernachlässigt worden. Außer einer Arbeit, die kurz nach seinem Tod publiziert wurde,8 liegen erst seit kurzem zwei umfangreiche Monographien zur Biographie Alfred Hermann Frieds vor.9 Als Begründung für dieses Forschungsdefizit können mehrere Ursachen genannt werden. In der Vergangenheit erwies sich das Thema Pazifismus im Vergleich zu anderen Forschungsfeldern als wenig attraktiv, einer Vielzahl an Arbeiten über den Imperialismus vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg stehen nur relativ wenige Arbeiten über die Friedensbewegungen vor 1914 gegenüber. Erst ab dem Ende der 1960er Jahre intensivierte sich das Interesse an pazifistischen Themen, und HistorikerInnen haben begonnen, sich zunehmend mit den pazifistischen Bewegungen vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg auseinanderzusetzen.10
Recommended publications
  • The Nobel Peace Prize
    TITLE: Learning From Peace Makers OVERVIEW: Students examine The Dalai Lama as a Nobel Laureate and compare / contrast his contributions to the world with the contributions of other Nobel Laureates. SUBJECT AREA / GRADE LEVEL: Civics and Government 7 / 12 STATE CONTENT STANDARDS / BENCHMARKS: -Identify, research, and clarify an event, issue, problem or phenomenon of significance to society. -Gather, use, and evaluate researched information to support analysis and conclusions. OBJECTIVES: The student will demonstrate the ability to... -know and understand The Dalai Lama as an advocate for peace. -research and report the contributions of others who are recognized as advocates for peace, such as those attending the Peace Conference in Portland: Aldolfo Perez Esquivel, Robert Musil, William Schulz, Betty Williams, and Helen Caldicott. -compare and contrast the contributions of several Nobel Laureates with The Dalai Lama. MATERIALS: -Copies of biographical statements of The Dalai Lama. -List of Nobel Peace Prize winners. -Copy of The Dalai Lama's acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize. -Bulletin board for display. PRESENTATION STEPS: 1) Students read one of the brief biographies of The Dalai Lama, including his Five Point Plan for Peace in Tibet, and his acceptance speech for receiving the Nobel Prize for Peace. 2) Follow with a class discussion regarding the biography and / or the text of the acceptance speech. 3) Distribute and examine the list of Nobel Peace Prize winners. 4) Individually, or in cooperative groups, select one of the Nobel Laureates (give special consideration to those coming to the Portland Peace Conference). Research and prepare to report to the class who the person was and why he / she / they won the Nobel Prize.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacifists During the First World War
    PACIFISTS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR Nº 24 - SEPTEMBER 2015 nº 24 - SEPTEMBER 2015 PACIFISTS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR INDEX Editorial - An essential factor and actor In Depth - Rosa Luxemburg: anticapitalism to get to the pacifst eutopia - Conscription and Conscience in Great Britain - “The whole world is our homeland”: Anarchist antimilitarism - Illusion and vision: the scientifc pacifsm of Alfred H. Fried - The Practical Internationalism of Esperanto Interview - Interview with Joan Botam, Catalan priest and Capuchin friar Recommendations - Materials and resources recommended by the ICIP Platform - 100 years after the genocide: Armenia at the crossroads - A bold statement About ICIP - News, activities and publications about the ICIP nº 24 - SEPTEMBER 2015 PACIFISTS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR EDITORIAL An essential factor and actor Rafael Grasa President of the International Catalan Institute for Peace The present issue deals with some of the peace and anti-militarist movements linked, chronologically or thematically, to World War I, marking the culmination of the com- memoration of its centennial. We specifcally take a look at the more political move- ments, such as those linked to anarchism (First International) or to the main leader of the Spartacus League, Rosa Luxemburg, the anti-draft groups and the pioneering work in the academic world of Albert Fried, one of the creators of the epistemic com- munity that is behind the most radical perspectives of international relations and pe- ace research. In addition, Joan Botam, a priest and ecumenist, refects on the legacy of the Great War and opposition to it among the various peace movements inspired by religious beliefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Building an Unwanted Nation: the Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository BUILDING AN UNWANTED NATION: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN PARTNERSHIP AND AUSTRIAN PROPONENTS OF A SEPARATE NATIONHOOD, 1918-1934 Kevin Mason A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Konrad Jarausch Reader: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Reader: Dr. Michael Hunt Reader: Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Kevin Mason ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Mason: Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934 (Under the direction of Dr. Christopher Browning) This project focuses on American and British economic, diplomatic, and cultural ties with Austria, and particularly with internal proponents of Austrian independence. Primarily through loans to build up the economy and diplomatic pressure, the United States and Great Britain helped to maintain an independent Austrian state and prevent an Anschluss or union with Germany from 1918 to 1934. In addition, this study examines the minority of Austrians who opposed an Anschluss . The three main groups of Austrians that supported independence were the Christian Social Party, monarchists, and some industries and industrialists. These Austrian nationalists cooperated with the Americans and British in sustaining an unwilling Austrian nation. Ultimately, the global depression weakened American and British capacity to practice dollar and pound diplomacy, and the popular appeal of Hitler combined with Nazi Germany’s aggression led to the realization of the Anschluss .
    [Show full text]
  • Alfred Hermann Fried Papers, 1914-1921
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9q2nb3vj No online items Register of the Alfred Hermann Fried Papers, 1914-1921 Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] © 1999 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Register of the Alfred Hermann XX300 1 Fried Papers, 1914-1921 Register of the Alfred Hermann Fried Papers, 1914-1921 Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California Contact Information Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] Prepared by: Keith Jantzen Date Completed: November 1981 © 1999 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Alfred Hermann Fried Papers, Date (inclusive): 1914-1921 Collection number: XX300 Creator: Fried, Alfred Hermann, 1864-1921 Collection Size: 5 manuscript boxes(2 linear feet) Repository: Hoover Institution Archives Stanford, California 94305-6010 Abstract: Diaries, correspondence, clippings, and notes, relating to the international peace movement, particularly during World War I, pacifism, international cooperation, and the World War I war guilt question. Language: German. Access Collection open for research. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Archives. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Alfred Hermann Fried Papers, [Box no.], Hoover Institution Archives. Access
    [Show full text]
  • Rusztem Vambã©Ry Papers
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf3v19n6cs No online items Register of the Rusztem Vambéry papers Finding aid prepared by Hoover Institution Library and Archives Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 1999 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Rusztem Vambéry 75089 1 papers Title: Rusztem Vambéry papers Date (inclusive): 1887-1948 Collection Number: 75089 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: In Hungarian and English Physical Description: 9 manuscript boxes, 1 oversize box(5.75 Linear Feet) Abstract: Correspondence, speeches and writings, reports, and printed matter, relating to criminology, Hungarian domestic and foreign affairs, Hungarian- American relations, and Hungarian emigres in the U.S. Creator: Vámbéry, Rusztem, 1872- Access The collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 1975. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Rusztem Vambéry Papers, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives. 1872 Born, Budapest, Hungary 1897 Admitted to the Bar of Budapest 1899-1913 Judge to the Court of Appeals and attached to the Department of Bill Drafting at the Ministry of Justice 1902
    [Show full text]
  • A Monumental Debate in Budapest: the Hentzi Statue and the Limits of Austro-Hungarian Reconciliation, 1852–1918
    A Monumental Debate in Budapest: The Hentzi Statue and the Limits of Austro-Hungarian Reconciliation, 1852–1918 MICHAEL LAURENCE MILLER WO OF THE MOST ICONIC PHOTOS of the 1956 Hungarian revolution involve a colossal statue of Stalin, erected in 1951 and toppled on the first day of the anti-Soviet uprising. TOne of these pictures shows Stalin’s decapitated head, abandoned in the street as curious pedestrians amble by. The other shows a tall stone pedestal with nothing on it but a lonely pair of bronze boots. Situated near Heroes’ Square, Hungary’s national pantheon, the Stalin statue had served as a symbol of Hungary’s subjugation to the Soviet Union; and its ceremonious and deliberate destruction provided a poignant symbol for the fall of Stalinism. Thirty-eight years before, at the beginning of an earlier Hungarian revolution, another despised statue was toppled in Budapest, also marking a break from foreign subjugation, albeit to a different power. Unlike the Stalin statue, which stood for only five years, this statue—the so-called Hentzi Monument—had been “a splinter in the eye of the [Hungarian] nation” for sixty-six years. Perceived by many Hungarians as a symbol of “national humiliation” at the hands of the Habsburgs, the Hentzi Monument remained mired in controversy from its unveiling in 1852 until its destruction in 1918. The object of street demonstrations and parliamentary disorder in 1886, 1892, 1898, and 1899, and the object of a failed “assassination” attempt in 1895, the Hentzi Monument was even implicated in the fall of a Hungarian prime minister.
    [Show full text]
  • Living War, Thinking Peace (1914-1924)
    Living War, Thinking Peace (1914-1924) Living War, Thinking Peace (1914-1924): Women’s Experiences, Feminist Thought, and International Relations Edited by Bruna Bianchi and Geraldine Ludbrook Living War, Thinking Peace (1914-1924): Women’s Experiences, Feminist Thought, and International Relations Edited by Bruna Bianchi and Geraldine Ludbrook This book first published 2016 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2016 by Bruna Bianchi, Geraldine Ludbrook and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-8684-X ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-8684-0 CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................................. viii Bruna Bianchi and Geraldine Ludbrook Part One: Living War. Women’s Experiences during the War Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2 Women in Popular Demonstrations against the War in Italy Giovanna Procacci Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 26 Inside the Storm: The Experiences of Women during the Austro-German Occupation
    [Show full text]
  • The International Peace Movement 1815-1914: an Outline
    The international peace movement 1815-1914: an outline Script of an online lecture given by Guido Grünewald on 9 June 2020* I will try to give an outline of the emergence and development of an international peace movement during its first 100 years. Since English is not my mother tongue and I haven’t spoken it for a longer time I will follow a written guideline in order to finish the job in the short time I have. The first peace organisations emerged in America and in Britain. This was no coincidence; while on the European continent after the end of the Napoleonic Wars restoration took over there were evolving democracies in the anglo-Saxon countries and a kind of peace tradition as for example carried by the quakers who renounced any kind of war. For those early societies the question if a war could be defensive and therefore justified was from the beginning a thorny issue. The New York Peace Sciety founded by merchant David Low Dodge followed a fundamental pacifism rejecting all kind of wars while the Massachussets Peace Society (its founder was unitarian minister Noah Worcester) gathered both fundamental pacifists and those who accepted strictly defensive wars. With about 50 other groups both organisations merged to become the American Peace Society in 1828. The London Peace Society had an interesting top-tier approach: its leadership had to pursue a fundamental pacifist course while ordinary members were allowed to have different ideas about defensive wars. On the European continent some short-lived peace organisations emerged only later. The formation of those first societies occured under the influence of Quakers (one of the 3 historic peace churches which renounced violence) and of Christians who were convinced that war was murderous and incompatible with Christian values.
    [Show full text]
  • Empress Elisabeth ('Sisi') of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism
    VanDemark, Christopher. “Empress Elisabeth (‘Sisi’) of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism.” Hungarian Cultural Studies. e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association, Volume 9 (2016): http://ahea.pitt.edu DOI: 10.5195/ahea.2016.254 Empress Elisabeth (‘Sisi’) of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism Christopher M. VanDemark Abstract: In this article, Christopher VanDemark explores the intersections between nationalism, fashion, and the royal figure in Hungary between 1857 and the Compromise of 1867. Focusing on aesthetics as a vehicle for feminine power at a critical junction in Hungarian history, VanDemark contextualizes Empress Elisabeth’s role in engendering a revised political schema in the Habsburg sphere. Foreseeing the power of emblematic politics, the young Empress adeptly situated herself between the Hungarians and the Austrians to recast the Hungarian martyrology narrative promulgated after the failed revolution of 1848. Eminent Hungarian newspapers such as the Pesti Napló, Pester Lloyd, and the Vasárnapi Újság form the backbone of this article, as publications such as these facilitated the dissemination of patriotic sentiment while simultaneously exulting the efficacy of symbolic fashions. The topic of study engages with contemporary works on nationalism, which emphasize gender and aesthetics, and contributes to the emerging body of scholarship on important women in Hungarian history. Seminal texts by Catherine Brice, Sara Maza, Abby Zanger, and Lynn Hunt compliment the wider objective of this brief analysis, namely, the notion that the Queen’s body can both enhance and reform monarchical power within a nineteenth-century milieu. Keywords: Empress Elisabeth, Habsburg Monarchy, fashion and politics, fashion and nationalism, 1867 Compromise Biography: Christopher VanDemark received his B.A in History and Political Science from the University of Florida, Gainesville.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Utopia in Zweig's Brazil. a Land of the Future
    The European Utopia in Zweig’s Brazil. A Land of the Future David Fontanals ADHUC, Universitat de Barcelona Abstract: The publication in 1941 of Stefan Zweig’s Brazil. A Land of the Future (Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft) was met both with great enthusiasm and harsh criticisms. Many re- viewers thought that Zweig’s view of the country was too exotic, naive, idealistic, utopian, and even the result of the propaganda efforts carried out by the Vargas administration. In an attempt to understand and bridge the gap between Zweig’s idea of Brazil and the coun- try’s «reality», this article analyzes the text hand in hand with Zweig’s memoirs and other of his non-fiction works from the perspective of his utopian thinking and ethical commitment to the notions of freedom, peace, cosmopolitanism, tolerance, and common understanding. Keywords: Stefan Zweig; ethical commitment; Europe; utopia; Brasilien. Ein Land der Zu- kunft. A utopia europeia em O Brasil: país do futuro de Zweig Resumo: A publicação em 1941 de Brazil, um país do futuro (Brasilien. Ein Land der Zu- kunft), de Stefan Zweig, foi recebida com um grande entusiasmo e com as críticas mais duras. Muitos críticos pensaram que a visão que Zweig tinha do país era exótica, ingênua, idealista e utópica demais, refletindo até o resultado dos esforços de propaganda realizados pelo governo Vargas. Na tentativa de compreender e preencher o vazio entre a ideia que Zweig tinha do Brasil e a «realidade» do país, este artigo analisa o texto junto com as me- mórias de Zweig e outros trabalhos de não-ficção a partir da perspetiva do seu pensamento utópico e do compromisso ético das noções de liberdade, paz, cosmopolitismo, tolerância e entendimento comum.
    [Show full text]
  • Document 2-15 (PDF)
    ■ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies Documenting Life and Destruction Holocaust Sources in Context SERIES EDITOR Jürgen Matthäus CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Jan Lambertz HHungary_3rd.indbungary_3rd.indb i 77/22/13/22/13 55:53:53 AAMM DOCUMENTING LIFE AND DESTRUCTION HOLOCAUST SOURCES IN CONTEXT Th is groundbreaking series provides a new perspective on history using fi rst- hand accounts of the lives of those who suff ered through the Holocaust, those who perpetrated it, and those who witnessed it as bystanders. Th e United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies pres- ents a wide range of documents from diff erent archival holdings, expanding knowledge about the lives and fates of Holocaust victims and making these resources broadly available to the general public and scholarly communities for the fi rst time. Books in the Series 1 . Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume I, 1933–1938, Jürgen Matthäus and Mark Roseman (2010) 2. Children during the Holocaust, Patricia Heberer (2011) 3. Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume II, 1938–1940, Alexandra Garbarini with Emil Kerenji, Jan Lambertz, and Avinoam Patt (2011) 4. Th e Diary of Samuel Golfard and the Holocaust in Galicia, Wendy Lower (2011) 5. Jewish Responses to Persecution, Volume III, 1941–1942, Jürgen Matthäus with Emil Kerenji, Jan Lambertz, and Leah Wolfson (2013) 6. The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide, Zoltán Vági, László Csősz, and Gábor Kádár (2013) HHungary_3rd.indbungary_3rd.indb iiii 77/22/13/22/13 55:53:53 AAMM A project of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Sara J.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Emancipation and Antisemitism: Jewish Presence in Parliamentary Politics in Hungary 1867–1884
    BETWEEN EMANCIPATION AND ANTISEMITISM: JEWISH PRESENCE IN PARLIAMENTARY POLITICS IN HUNGARY 1867–1884 Árpád Welker THE PERIOD UNDER STUDY The early 1880s were both difficult and extraordinary from the point of view of Hungarian Jewry. Political antisemitism had been present for half a decade, but it became violent and influential during these years, though only for these years. In other words, this was a time of crisis within the ‘Golden Era’ of the Hungarian Jewry, as some researchers of Hungarian Jews call the period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1867–1918. [1] Besides antisemitism ‘normal’ political debate took place in parliament simultaneously, namely that related to the bill on Jewish–Christian marriages, which was also decisive from a Jewish point of view. The ‘antisemitic wave’ started with the attempts to establish a nation-wide movement, the Central Association of Non-Jewish Hungarians, following the example of Wilhelm Marr’s Antisemitenliga in Germany. [2] This period of virulent antisemitic activity culminated in the events related to the infamous Tiszaeszlár blood libel case, including a series of riots threatening the safety of Jews in numerous counties, and the foundation of the National Antisemitic Party in 1883. After the clear defeat of the antisemites in the elections of 1884, antisemitism practically became insignificant. [3] It took ten years until a political party incorporated antisemitism in its programme again, but the antisemitism of the Catholic People’s Party was ‘less virulent’, [4] and neither their only nor even their main goal. THE ‘DOUBLE PROGRAMME OF EMANCIPATION AND ASSIMILATION’ András Kovács in an article about the relationship between politics and Hungarian Jews argues that ‘independent Jewish politics has no tradition in the history of Hungarian Jewry’.
    [Show full text]