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Trianon 1920–2020 Some Aspects of the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1920

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Trianon 1920–2020 Some Aspects of the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1920 Trianon 1920–2020 Some Aspects of the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1920 TRIANON 1920–2020 SOME ASPECTS OF THE HUNGARIAN PEACE TREATY OF 1920 Edited by Róbert Barta – Róbert Kerepeszki – Krzysztof Kania in co-operation with Ádám Novák Debrecen, 2021 Published by The Debreceni Universitas Nonprofit Közhasznú Kft. and the University of Debrecen, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of History Refereed by Levente Püski Proofs read by Máté Barta Desktop editing, layout and cover design by Zoltán Véber Járom Kulturális Egyesület A könyv megjelenését a Nemzeti Kulturális Alap támomgatta. The publish of the book is supported by The National Cultural Fund of Hungary ISBN 978-963-490-129-9 © University of Debrecen, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of History, 2021 © Debreceni Universitas Nonprofit Közhasznú Kft., 2021 © The Authors, 2021 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy- ing, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Printed by Printart-Press Kft., Debrecen Managing Director: Balázs Szabó Cover design: A contemporary map of Europe after the Great War CONTENTS Foreword and Acknowledgements (RÓBERT BARTA) ..................................7 TRIANON AND THE POST WWI INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS MANFRED JATZLAUK, Deutschland und der Versailler Friedensvertrag von 1919 .......................................................................................................13 ANSSI HALMESVIRTA, Hungary and Finland in interwar years: A Comparative Survey ....................................................................................31 ÉVA MATHEY, Trianon, the Question of Hungarian Revisionism and the United States of America .....................................................................45 RÓBERT BARTA, A British Critic of Trianon: Carlile Aylmer Macartney ......61 KRZYSZTOF KANIA, Polish efforts in the international area in the formative years 1919–1921 ...................................................................75 HOME POLICY EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES RÓBERT KEREPESZKI, Deviance in Budapest before and after the “Great War”. Major tendencies and general features ....................................87 LÁSZLÓ BERNÁT VESZPRÉMY, Events of the white terror in Baranya and Western Hungary in 1921 ......................................................................101 KINGA CZECHOWSKA, As Everyone Expected It to Be? Reborn Poland and Her Jewish Minority ..............................................................................117 TRIANON IN CHURCH HISTORY, CARTOGRAPHY AND ETHNOGRAPHY RICHÁRD HÖRCSIK, Trianon and the Hungarian Reformed Church .......133 MAARTEN J. AALDERS, The Dutch churches and Trianon .......................153 RÓBERT KEMÉNYFI, Consequences of the Paris Peace Conference in Hungarian Cartography ...........................................................................169 SZILVIA TÖMÖRI, The Tangible Heritage of Trianon ................................195 CHILD PROTECTION AND HUMANITARIAN ACTIONS AFTER TRIANON RÉKA BOZZAY, Das Andenken an die Kinderrettungsaktion in Debrecen ....211 GÁBOR PUSZTAI, “Wo Menschen leiden, müssen Menschen helfen” Trianon und die Kinderzüge in der niederländischen Presse ............................227 ORSOLYA RÉTHELYI, The Trianon Peace Treaty and the Children’s Trains. Reflections on Revisionism in Dutch and Belgian cultural production ...241 Authors .......................................................................................................253 FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Great War, taking place between 1914 and 1918, and its consequences sig- nificantly changed the history of the world and Europe in its very foundation. The dissolution of the defeated Austro-Hungarian Empire – and within that, the Kingdom of Hungary – reshaped the former geopolitical map of the Danube Basin. From a Hungarian perspective, it emerged into international law with the signing of the peace treaty of June 4, 1920 in Trianon, close to Paris, and it also meant the negative turning point of the modern Hungarian history. The Hungarian nation, which, until then could be defined as the sole constituent and maintainer of their very own multinational Kingdom of Hungary, found itself in the small nation position and this fact, along with the territorial and popu- lational loss, determined the life and collective consciousness of Hungarians for generations. The resulting Trianon syndrome has many narratives and domains of interpretation, although, a common feature of these is that the attitude towards the Peace Treaty of Trianon still influences, to a greater or lesser extent, the fate of Hungarians living in the Carpathian Basin. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Hungarian peace treaty (generally accepted and widely used simplification: Trianon) after the Great War, many Hungarian research institutions and institutions of higher ed- ucation organised academic events. However, the implementation of these were largely made impossible by the Covid-19 pandemic, spreading in multiple waves. An international conference was organised, named Trianon 1920–2020, by the Department of History of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Debrecen, which could not be held even on the postponed date of November 2020 due to the second wave of the pandemic. Therefore, the Executive Committee of the Conference decided to commemorate the centennial of the signature of the peace treaty with this English/German language academic publication compiled with the co-production of experts, who were invited to give lectures on the con- ference. Our concept and goal with the composition of the publication was to give relatively new interpretations and original viewpoints in some respect, com- pared to the previously existing ones. Under no circumstances did we want to extend the Trianon discourse, which can be interpreted variably, with political, ideological, subjective aspects, nor with standpoints affected by emotional factors and feeling of loss. Therefore, experts of the period were invited primarily from the younger generations, furthermore, we paid special attention to a wider, international and European perspective in the volume via our topics and authors. In addition, it was a significant criterion not to simply approach the issues of Trianon through the classic, historical way of research, but ethnological, historical geographical, international cultural and humanitarian history of relations themed articles can also be marked in our pub- lication. 7 RÓBERT BARTA The international aspects, the contemporary and regional conditions and the analogies and comparisons of these provide the backbone of the publication. The thorough study of Manfred Jatzlauk analyses the peace treaty concluded with Germany in Versailles and its consequences. Anssi Halmesvirta, in relation to the Hungarian peace treaty, draws a parallel between the Finnish and Hungarian development between the two world wars. Éva Mathey covers the case of the Hungarian peace treaty in close relation to the revisionist politics, and puts it in the focus of the USA’s reactions. Róbert Barta partially does the same from a British perspective, focusing on the work of Carlile Aylmer Macartney, who, as a pro-Hungarian historian and diplomat, represented the moderate British sympa- thy towards the revisionist thoughts from 1937. Krzysztof Kania examines the procedure of the Polish state’s revival in the light of the contemporary balance of power from 1919 to 1921. The consequences and effects of the peace treaty of Trianon (as most of the peace treaties concluding the Great War) can mostly be perceived in the domestic political situation of the countries. Thus the following group of the studies deal with this subject, in which Róbert Kerepeszki examines the main tendencies and general characteristics of the deviances of Budapest be- fore and after the Great War. In the study of László Bernát Veszprémy, examples for the radical, aggressive acts of right-wing groups can be read about, when he explains the western Hungarian events of the White Terror. Kinga Czechowska also concentrates on conflicts in domestic politics, examining the fate of Jewish minority in the newly independent Poland. Richárd Hörcsik gives an overview about the effects of the peace treaty on the Hungarian Reformed Church in his church history study. A similar research is conducted by Maarten J. Aalders in connection with the Dutch churches, and this essay is also important because the Dutch-Hungarian relations, dating back to centuries, in fact advanced the Dutch sympathy towards the defeated Hungarians, even if Holland had been in a very different situation during (neutrality) and after the Great War than Hungary. Róbert Keményfiexamines the effects of the peace treaty from a geo- graphical point of view, diversely and thoroughly, highlighting that the interna- tionally known Hungarian geographers and cartographers did not only criticize the peace treaty on a professional level but also took part in the foundation of the Hungarian revisionist politics. The illustrated study of Szilvia Tömöri uses the research criterion of European ethnology to convincingly prove the presence of the Trianon syndrome and revisionist politics in everyday commodities and ornaments. New and exciting research findings are given by the studies about the child protection and child support
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