DOCSLIB.ORG

Coping with the Long Term

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coping with the Long Term Coping with the Long Term An Empirical Analysis of Time Perspectives, Time Orientations, and Temporal Uncertainty in Forestry Coping with the Long Term An Empirical Analysis of Time Perspectives, Time Orientations, and Temporal Uncertainty in Forestry Marjanke Alberttine Hoogstra Marjanke A. Hoogstra Coping with the Long Term An Empirical Analysis of Time Perspectives, Time Orientations, and Temporal Uncertainty in Forestry Marjanke Alberttine Hoogstra Promotoren: Prof. dr. H. (Heiner) Schanz Hoogleraar Märkte der Wald- und Holzwirtschaft Institut für Forst- und Umweltpolitik Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Duitsland Prof. dr. B.J.M (Bas) Arts Hoogleraar Bos- en Natuurbeleid Leerstoelgroep Bos- en Natuurbeleid Wageningen Universiteit, Nederland Promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. ir. G.M.J. Mohren (Wageningen Universiteit, Nederland) Prof. dr. G. Oesten (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Duitsland) Dr. M. Pregernig (Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Oostenrijk) Prof. dr. B.J. Thorsen (Københavns Universitet, Denemarken) Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen Mansholt Graduate School of Social Sciences Coping with the Long Term An Empirical Analysis of Time Perspectives, Time Orientations, and Temporal Uncertainty in Forestry Marjanke Alberttine Hoogstra Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 16 december 2008 des middags te half twee in de Aula Hoogstra, M.A. [2008] Coping with the Long Term - An Empirical Analysis of Time Perspectives, Time Orientations, and Temporal Uncertainty in Forestry. PhD thesis Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. With references - with summary in Dutch and in English. ISBN 978-90-8585-242-1 The Road goes ever on and on Down from the door where it began. Now far ahead the Road has gone, And I must follow it, if I can, Pursuing it with eager feet, Until it joins some larger way Where many paths and errands meet. And whither then? I cannot say. Walking song from Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings - For my grandparents - I Contents CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................I SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... VII PREFACE ...............................................................................................................................XI 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Defining the research problem ........................................................................... 4 1.3 Research objective and research question .......................................................... 7 1.4 Research approach.............................................................................................. 7 1.5 Structure of the thesis....................................................................................... 10 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................... 11 2.1 The future time ................................................................................................. 11 2.1.1 Defining time ......................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 Time and action ..................................................................................... 12 2.1.3 Time perspectives................................................................................... 14 2.1.4 Time orientation..................................................................................... 16 2.1.5 Individual and cultural time................................................................... 17 2.2 The future time as source of uncertainty .......................................................... 18 2.2.1 The unknowable future........................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Uncertainty and action .......................................................................... 20 2.2.3 The social construction of uncertainty................................................... 21 2.3 Coping with uncertainty ................................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Rationality and bounded rationality ...................................................... 22 2.3.2 The limits to the rational models ........................................................... 25 2.3.3 Towards an alternative to rational action ............................................. 28 2.3.4 The concept of sensemaking................................................................... 33 2.3.5 Sensemaking versus (bounded) rational action ..................................... 39 2.4 Recapitulation................................................................................................... 40 II 3 TIME PERSPECTIVES ................................................................................................. 43 3.1 Methodology .................................................................................................... 43 3.1.1 Research approach................................................................................ 43 3.1.2 Data collection ...................................................................................... 44 3.1.3 Data analysis......................................................................................... 48 3.2 Results.............................................................................................................. 49 3.2.1 Forest management planning ................................................................ 49 3.2.2 Future time perspectives........................................................................ 52 3.3 Reflection on the results................................................................................... 55 4 TIME ORIENTATIONS ................................................................................................ 59 4.1 Methodology .................................................................................................... 59 4.1.1 Research approach................................................................................ 59 4.1.2 Data collection ...................................................................................... 60 4.1.3 Data analysis......................................................................................... 64 4.2 Results.............................................................................................................. 66 4.2.1 Individual time orientations................................................................... 66 4.2.2 Individual characteristics as determinants of time orientations............ 68 4.3 Reflection on the results................................................................................... 69 5 (U N)C ERTAINTY ....................................................................................................... 73 5.1 Methodology .................................................................................................... 73 5.1.1 Research approach................................................................................ 73 5.1.2 Data collection ...................................................................................... 75 5.1.3 Data analysis......................................................................................... 76 5.2 Results.............................................................................................................. 78 5.2.1 Expressing (un)certainty in forestry ...................................................... 78 5.2.2 (Un)Certainty and time.......................................................................... 80 5.2.3 Factors influencing expressed (un)certainty.......................................... 81 5.3 Reflections on the results ................................................................................. 83 6 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................... 85 6.1 Coping with the uncertain future in forestry..................................................... 85 6.1.1 The (far) future in forestry..................................................................... 85 6.1.2 Coping with uncertainty ........................................................................ 87 III 6.2 The future of long-range planning in forestry .................................................. 91 6.2.1 Current planning and its consequences for forest management ............ 91 6.2.2 Enhancing sensemaking in forestry ....................................................... 92 6.2.3 Scenario thinking in forestry.................................................................. 95 6.2.4 Not uncertainty, but surprise ................................................................. 98 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................... 101 7.1 Conclusions .................................................................................................... 101 7.2 Recommendations .........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EGU2014-6135, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(S) 2014
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-6135, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Dynamic aspects of windstorm Kyrill (January 2007) Patrick Ludwig (1), Joaquim G. Pinto (1,2), Simona A. Hoepp (1), Andreas H. Fink (3), and Suzanne L. Gray (2) (1) Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany ([email protected]), (2) Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, (3) Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany Several dynamical and mesoscale aspects concerning severe windstorm Kyrill (January 2007) are analysed by results of high-resolution simulations with the regional climate model (RCM) COSMO-CLM. After explosive cyclogenesis south of Greenland takes place while crossing a very intense upper-level jet stream, Kyrill underwent secondary cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic Ocean just west of the British Isles. The secondary cyclogenesis (Kyrill II), was located on the occlusion front of the mature cyclone (Kyrill I), which is very unusual compared to typical frontal cyclogenesis generally occurring along the trailing cold fronts of existing cyclones. The mechanisms of secondary cyclogenesis are investigated based on moderate-resolution (0.0625◦ grid spacing) RCM simulations. The formation of Kyrill II along the occlusion front follows common mechanism for secondary cyclogenesis like breaking up of a local, low tropospheric PV strip along the front and diabatic heating with associated development of a vertical extended PV tower. Kyrill II propagated further towards Europe, and its development was favoured by a split jet structure aloft the surface cyclone, which maintained the deep core pressure (around 961 - 965 hPa) for at least 36 hours.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded 10/05/21 02:25 PM UTC 3568 JOURNAL of the ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES VOLUME 74
    NOVEMBER 2017 B Ü ELER AND PFAHL 3567 Potential Vorticity Diagnostics to Quantify Effects of Latent Heating in Extratropical Cyclones. Part I: Methodology DOMINIK BÜELER AND STEPHAN PFAHL Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich,€ Zurich, Switzerland (Manuscript received 9 February 2017, in final form 31 July 2017) ABSTRACT Extratropical cyclones develop because of baroclinic instability, but their intensification is often sub- stantially amplified by diabatic processes, most importantly, latent heating (LH) through cloud formation. Although this amplification is well understood for individual cyclones, there is still need for a systematic and quantitative investigation of how LH affects cyclone intensification in different, particularly warmer and moister, climates. For this purpose, the authors introduce a simple diagnostic to quantify the contribution of LH to cyclone intensification within the potential vorticity (PV) framework. The two leading terms in the PV tendency equation, diabatic PV modification and vertical advection, are used to derive a diagnostic equation to explicitly calculate the fraction of a cyclone’s positive lower-tropospheric PV anomaly caused by LH. The strength of this anomaly is strongly coupled to cyclone intensity and the associated impacts in terms of surface weather. To evaluate the performance of the diagnostic, sensitivity simulations of 12 Northern Hemisphere cyclones with artificially modified LH are carried out with a numerical weather prediction model. Based on these simulations, it is demonstrated that the PV diagnostic captures the mean sensitivity of the cyclones’ PV structure to LH as well as parts of the strong case-to-case variability. The simple and versatile PV diagnostic will be the basis for future climatological studies of LH effects on cyclone intensification.
    [Show full text]
  • Severe Storm Xynthia Over Southwestern and Western Europe
    Severe Storm Xynthia over southwestern and western Europe A severe storm named “Xynthia” affected Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, France, parts of south-east England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany and Austria. Strong gusts on 27-28 February 2010 caused extended damage on traffic routes, electrical power outage, destruction due to flooding at the French Atlantic coast and more than 60 losses of lives. Most of the damage was in France and western Germany. The track of this storm and its rapid development were outstanding, but the magnitude of the gusts was comparable to other violent storms in the past. Synoptical development and weather conditions Xynthia arose from an initially shallow low pressure system which formed over the subtropical sea area south of the Azores Islands on Friday, 26 February 2010. The southward flow of colder air masses in the upper air caused the deepening of a broad trough over the central and eastern North Atlantic. A shortwave trough within this broader system and a high temperature difference between extremely warm air over Africa and colder air over the eastern Atlantic caused a strong cyclogenesis of Xynthia. On Saturday, February 27, the cyclone moved northeastwards over Portugal and the Bay of Biscay to the westernmost areas of France and intensified very rapidly to a core pressure of about 967 hPa around midnight which means a deepening of about 20 hPa within 24 hours (Fig. 1-3). During the following three days it began weakening and moved further northeastwards along the coastline of northern France and the North Sea, and then it crossed the southern Baltic Sea to southern Finland until March 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Orkantief Sabine Löst Am 09./10. Februar 2020 Eine Schwere Sturmlage Über Europa Aus
    Abteilung Klimaüberwachung Orkantief Sabine löst am 09./10. Februar 2020 eine schwere Sturmlage über Europa aus Autor(inn)en: Susanne Haeseler, Peter Bissolli, Jan Dassler, Volker Zins, Andrea Kreis Stand: 13.02.2020 Zusammenfassung Orkantief SABINE (in Westeuropa CIARA und in Norwegen ELSA benannt) löste am 9./10. Februar 2020 deutschlandweit Sturmböen bis Orkanstärke (12 Bft) aus. Die höchste Böe meldete der Feldberg im Schwarzwald am 10. Januar mit 49,1 m/s bzw. 177 km/h. Der Kern des Orkantiefs zog vom Atlantik kommend über Schottland nach Norwegen, wobei der Kerndruck zeitweise unter 945 hPa lag. Zwischen Nord- und Südeuropa bestanden Luftdruckunterschiede von etwa 80 hPa. Das dadurch generierte Sturmfeld erfasste weite Teile West-, Mittel- und Nordeuropas. In Deutschland war der Sturm, der sich von der Nordsee in Richtung Alpen ausweitete, von teils kräftigen Schauern und Gewittern begleitet. An der Nordsee gab es vom 10. bis 12. Januar mehrere teils schwere Sturmfluten (Abb. 1 und 4). Die extreme Sturmlage war schon Tage vorher angekündigt und es wurde von Tätigkeiten im Freien sowie Reisen während dieser Zeit abgeraten. Sport- und Musikveranstaltungen wurden vorsichtshalber abgesagt. Am 9./10. Februar stellte die Bahn in Deutschland den Verkehr zeitweise ein. Flüge und Fährverbindungen fielen aus. Viele Schulen und Kindergärten blieben am 10. Februar geschlossen. Der Sturm ließ in den betroffenen Ländern Bäume umstürzen und deckte Hausdächer ab. Auf den Britischen Inseln kam es zu Überschwemmungen. In einigen Regionen (auch in Deutschland) gab es Stromausfälle. Abbildung 1: Sturmflut am Weststrand von Norderney. Die Wellen laufen bis auf die Promenade, die als Küstenschutz dient, herauf.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2018 YEARS Local Leader, Global Partner CONTENTS
    Annual Report 2018 YEARS Local Leader, Global Partner CONTENTS General Information Financial Status 2 Vision-Mission 44 Economic Outlook 3 Shareholder Structure 50 Turkish Insurance Industry 4 Corporate Profile 52 Turkish Reinsurance Market and Milli Re in 2018 6 Milestones 56 Global Reinsurance Market and Milli Re in 2018 12 Chairman’s Message 63 Financial Strength, Profitability and Solvency 14 General Manager’s Message 64 Key Financial Indicators 20 Board of Directors 66 The Company Capital 23 Participation of the Members of the Board of Directors in 67 2018 Technical Results Relevant Meetings during the Fiscal Period 69 2018 Financial Results 24 Senior Management 71 General Assembly Agenda 25 Internal Systems Managers 72 Report by the Board of Directors 26 Organization Chart 74 Dividend Distribution Policy 27 Human Resources Applications 75 Dividend Distribution Proposal 28 2018 Annual Report Compliance Statement 29 Independent Auditor’s Report on the Annual Report of the Board Risks and Assessment of the Governing Body of Directors 77 Risk Management 81 Assessment of Capital Adequacy Financial Rights Provided to the Members of the Governing 81 Transactions Carried Out with Milli Re’s Risk Group Body and Senior Executives 81 The Annual Reports of the Parent Company in the Group of 32 Financial Rights Provided to the Members of the Governing Body Companies and Senior Executives Unconsolidated Financial Statements Together with Research & Development Activities Independent Auditors’ Report Thereon 32 Research & Development Activities
    [Show full text]
  • Homo Erectus, Became Extinct About 1.7 Million Years Ago
    Bear & Company One Park Street Rochester, Vermont 05767 www.BearandCompanyBooks.com Bear & Company is a division of Inner Traditions International Copyright © 2013 by Frank Joseph All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Joseph, Frank. Before Atlantis : 20 million years of human and pre-human cultures / Frank Joseph. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Summary: “A comprehensive exploration of Earth’s ancient past, the evolution of humanity, the rise of civilization, and the effects of global catastrophe”—Provided by publisher. print ISBN: 978-1-59143-157-2 ebook ISBN: 978-1-59143-826-7 1. Prehistoric peoples. 2. Civilization, Ancient. 3. Atlantis (Legendary place) I. Title. GN740.J68 2013 930—dc23 2012037131 Chapter 8 is a revised, expanded version of the original article that appeared in The Barnes Review (Washington, D.C., Volume XVII, Number 4, July/August 2011), and chapter 9 is a revised and expanded version of the original article that appeared in The Barnes Review (Washington, D.C., Volume XVII, Number 5, September/October 2011). Both are republished here with permission. To send correspondence to the author of this book, mail a first-class letter to the author c/o Inner Traditions • Bear & Company, One Park Street, Rochester, VT 05767, and we will forward the communication. BEFORE ATLANTIS “Making use of extensive evidence from biology, genetics, geology, archaeology, art history, cultural anthropology, and archaeoastronomy, Frank Joseph offers readers many intriguing alternative ideas about the origin of the human species, the origin of civilization, and the peopling of the Americas.” MICHAEL A.
    [Show full text]
  • Originally Published As
    Originally published as: Klaus, M., Holsten, A., Hostert, P., Kropp, J. P. (2011): Integrated methodology to assess windthrow impacts on forest stands under climate change. - Forest Ecology and Management, 261, 11, 1799-1810 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.02.002 An integrated methodology to assess windthrow impacts on forest stands under climate change M. Klausa,b, A. Holstena, P. Hostertb, J.P. Kroppa aPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany bGeography Department, Humboldt-Universit¨at zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Ger- many Corresponding author: Anne Holsten: Tel.: +49 0 331 288 2689, E-mail address: holsten@pik- potsdam.de Abstract Storms have a high potential to cause severe ecological and economic losses in forests. We performed a logistic regression analysis to create a storm damage sen- sitivity index for North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, based on damage data of the storm event “Kyrill”. Future storm conditions were derived from two regional climate models. We combined these measures to an impact metric, which is embedded in a broader vulnerability framework and quantifies the impacts of winter storms un- der climate change until 2060. Sensitivity of forest stands to windthrow was mainly driven by a high proportion of coniferous trees, a complex orography and poor quality soils. Both climate models simulated an increase in the frequency of severe storms, whereby differences between regions and models were substantial. Potential impacts will increase although they will vary among regions with the highest impacts in the mountainous regions. Our results emphasise the need for combining storm damage sensitivity with climate change signals in order to develop forest protection measures.
    [Show full text]
  • The Characteristics and Structure of Extra-Tropical Cyclones in a Warmer Climate Victoria A
    https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2019-2 Preprint. Discussion started: 27 August 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. The characteristics and structure of extra-tropical cyclones in a warmer climate Victoria A. Sinclair1, Mika Rantanen1, Päivi Haapanala1, Jouni Räisänen1, and Heikki Järvinen1 1Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, PO BOX 64, FI-00014 Correspondence: Victoria Sinclair (Victoria.Sinclair@helsinki.fi) Abstract. Little is known about how the structure of extra-tropical cyclones will change in the future. In this study aquaplanet simulations are performed with a full complexity atmospheric model. These experiments can be considered as an intermediate step towards increasing knowledge of how, and why, extra-tropical cyclones respond to warming. A control simulation and a warm simulation in which the sea surface temperatures are increased uniformly by 4 K are run for 11 years. Extra-tropical 5 cyclones are tracked, cyclone composites created, and the omega equation applied to assess causes of changes in vertical motion. Warming leads to a 3.3% decrease in the number of extra-tropical cyclones, no change to the median intensity nor life time of extra-tropical cyclones, but to a broadening of the intensity distribution resulting in both more stronger and more weaker storms. Composites of the strongest extra-tropical cyclones show that total column water vapour increases everywhere relative to the cyclone centre and that precipitation increases by up to 50% with the 4 K warming. The spatial structure 10 of the composite cyclone changes with warming: the 900–700-hPa layer averaged potential vorticity, 700-hPa ascent and precipitation maximums associated with the warm front all move polewards and downstream and the area of ascent expands in the downstream direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential and Scientific Requirements of Optical Clock Networks For
    submitted to Geophys. J. Int. Potential and scientific requirements of optical clock networks for validating satellite gravity missions Stefan Schroder¨ 1, Simon Stellmer2,Jurgen¨ Kusche1 1 Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation, University of Bonn 2 Physics Institute, University of Bonn SUMMARY The GRACE and GRACE-FO missions have provided an unprecedented quantification of large-scale changes in the water cycle. Equipped with ultraprecise intersatellite ranging links, these missions collect measurements that are processed further to monthly sets of spherical har- monic coefficients of the geopotential, which then can be converted into estimates of surface mass variation. However, it is still an open problem of how these data sets can be referenced to a ground truth. Meanwhile, stationary optical clocks show fractional instabilities below 10−18 when averaged over an hour, and continue to be improved in terms of precision and accuracy, uptime, and transportability. The frequency of a clock is affected by the gravitational redshift, and thus arXiv:2012.02618v1 [physics.geo-ph] 4 Dec 2020 depends on the local geopotential; a relative frequency change of 10−18 corresponds to a geoid height change of about 1 cm. Here we suggest that this effect could be further exploited for sensing large-scale temporal geopotential changes via a network of clocks distributed at the Earth’s surface. In fact, several projects have already proposed to create an ensemble of optical clocks connected across Europe via optical fibre links. Our hypothesis is that a clock network spread over Europe – for which the physical infrastruc- ture is already partly in place – would enable us to determine temporal variations of the Earth’s gravity field at time scales of days and beyond, and thus provide a new means for validating 2 Stefan Schroder¨ et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Judge Orders Expedited Release of Grand Jury Minutes in Fanion Trial
    The Westfield News Search for The Westfield News Westfield350.com The WestfieldNews Serving Westfield, Southwick, and surrounding Hilltowns “TIME IS THE ONLY WEATHER CRITIC WITHOUT TONIGHT AMBITION.” Partly Cloudy. JOHN STEINBECK Low of 55. www.thewestfieldnews.com VOL. 86 NO. 151 TUESDAY, JUNE 27, 2017 75 cents $1.00 SATURDAY, JANUARY 18, 2020 VOL. 89 NO. 016 Judge orders expedited release of grand jury minutes in Fanion trial By PETER CURRIER ecutors representing the She added that the prosecu- Fanion was arrested in Fanion’s indictment and bail Staff Writer Commonwealth be ordered to tors plan to comply with the November. hearing, Sandstrom said that SPRINGFIELD — Another comply with rule 14, which request to give the grand jury Judge Callan said that he Fanion’s story detailing the pre-trial hearing took place concerns pre-trial discovery. minutes, but that they are would give an order for the moments before and after his Jan. 16 in Hampden County Much of the case against written by private third-party minutes to be expedited and wife’s death was inconsistent. Superior Court for retired Fanion relies on expert testi- company Philben and “put on top of the pile.” She said that Fanion had been Westfield police det. Brian mony and some out of state Associates. Sandstrom said Brown noted that he does having an affair and wanted Fanion, 55, who is accused of witnesses. that the minutes include not yet know what experts he to leave his wife, but did not BRIAN FANION killing his wife, Amy Fanion, Assistant District Attorney approximately two days of needs for the defense because want to risk losing part of his 51, in May 2018 and staging Mary Sandstrom said that testimony.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations of LEAP
    222 SURFACE CO2, CH4 AND RN CONCENTRATIONS AND EMISSIONS OVER RUSSIA FROM OBSERVATIONS IN TROICA EXPERIMENTS E.V. Berezina A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Pyzhevsky lane, 119017 Moscow, Russia [email protected] Estimation of greenhouse gases emissions is a very important problem but it is complex enough because of nonunifornm distribution of greenhouse gases sources and sinks in the surface atmospheric layer. A chemically inert radioactive gas 222Rn emitted from the soil more or less uniformly over the continents [Biraud at al., 2000] can help in solving this problem. The only significant sink of 222Rn is a radioactive decay and its half-life (~3.8 days) is long enough to use it as a reference tracer for investigations of different atmospheric processes including emissions of different compounds over land [1-5]. 222 In this paper the Rn tracer method for estimation of biogenic CO2 and CH4 emissions over continental Russia from continuous measurements in railroad expeditions TROICA (Transcontinental Observations Into the Chemistry of the Atmosphere) along the Trans-Siberian railroad crossing the immense territory of Russia with different meteorological and geological features is presented. 222 Surface CO2, CH4 and Rn concentrations as well as meteorological parameters were measured simultaneously at a height of about 4-5 meters during the mobile laboratory movement in 7 expeditions 222 from Moscow to Vladivostok and back. The obtained data allowed us to investigate CO2, CH4 and Rn variations over the continent in detail. It was noted that night concentrations of the observed gases are significantly higher than the day ones that is caused by the influence of temperature inversions.
    [Show full text]
  • Extratropical Cyclone Model for Europe
    In 2007, Kyrill roared across Europe, AIR Extratropical causing widespread damage and resulting in insured losses of more than Cyclone Model EUR 4.5 billion. Sometimes several storms can strike in rapid succession, as Christian, Xaver, Dirk, and Anne did for Europe in the winter of 2013-2014, for example. The AIR model helps you assess the risk from wind for single storms as well as storms clustered in space and time, including the most extreme events. AIR EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE MODEL FOR EUROPE With European windstorm losses, on The model’s damage functions leverage findings from average, surpassing those of any other comprehensive engineering studies, the analyses of billions of euros of the latest claims data from various peril in the region, companies need a market segments, and AIR’s detailed post-disaster surveys. A wide array of policy conditions is supported— realistic, detailed model to manage the including coverage limits, deductibles, loss triggers, and risk. reinsurance conditions. A Comprehensive View of Extratropical The AIR Extratropical Cyclone Model Cyclone Risk Across Europe While tropical cyclones exhibit relatively symmetrical for Europe captures the meteorological structures, extratropical cyclone (ETC) systems are complexities that define the hazard, markedly more complex. The AIR Extratropical Cyclone Model for Europe captures this complexity, from the including storm frequency and storm unstable atmospheric environments in which the storms clustering; provides seamless spatial form, to the sophisticated processes needed to translate winds aloft to high resolution surface-level winds, to the coverage across 22 countries; and observed clustering of storms in time and space explicitly accounts for differences in Robust Catalog Captures Even the Most regional and temporal vulnerability for Extreme Events Because of the complex structure and the dynamic traditional and specialty risks.
    [Show full text]